What can we learn from the field of psychology to inspire climate action

specifically within the medium of art?

Sage Davis

Senior Project Advisor: Torrey Baldwin

Abstract

Climate change is the most pressing issue that the human race is currently facing and

action needs to be taken to create social change. Though we may not see or experience direct

consequences, we need to act to ensure there is a future for us and the human race as a whole. In

this paper you will learn about what specific actions and information will inspire the most

climate action and how we can portray those through art. Through this research on psychology

and many studies we can see there are three main ideas to include within the art to inspire the

most climate action; positive and negative framing of the issue as well as a personal connection

and keeping the issue relevant. We can use this information and incorporate it into art to inspire

the audience to take action on climate change.

12th Grade Humanities

Animas High School
6 April 2020
 Part 1: Introduction

Jeff Bezos has recently, " announced a new fund to back scientists, activists, and

organizations working to mitigate the impact of climate change. " ( Bezos et al ) He has agreed to

commit 10 billion dollars to begin and will be launching a fund called the " Bezos Earth Fund. "

Bezos captioned his Instagram post with, " I’m committing $10 billion to start and will begin

issuing grants this summer. Earth is the one thing we all have in common — let’s protect it,

together.⁣⁣ " Meanwhile, on the other side of the spectrum, " President Trump made the decision

to withdraw from the Paris Agreement because of the unfair economic burden imposed on

American workers, businesses, and taxpayers by U.S. pledges made under the Agreement. "

( Bezos ) As you can see, the US has a lot of different opinions when it comes to how important

it is to take action on climate change. According to an article by NASA on the " Scientific

Consensus, " " Multiple studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals show that 97

percent or more of actively publishing climate scientists agree: Climate-warming trends over the

past century are extremely likely due to human activities. " ( Shaftel et al ) If the most powerful

people in the world are not in agreement around how essential it is to take action on this issue, it

is time that we look at the efficacy of these various climate change approaches. We need to look

at what psychology says is the most effective way to inspire action. We need a universal

message and an effective way of presenting the issue so that we can take action that is approved

and appreciated by the majority. We need to find the most effective way of portraying this

message and these actions to inspire the most action possible. This paper focuses on which

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approaches to portraying an issue are most effective towards inspiring action through art. Art is

a relatively uncontroversial medium though it has the ability to depict and explore some very

controversial issues as declared in the ​Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ​ " Art and Interpretation " by

Szu-Yen Lin. The article " Art and Interpretation " By Szu-Yen Lin states,

" Anti-intentionalism gradually went out of favor at the end of the 20th century, but it has seen a

revival in the so-called value-maximizing theory, which recommends that the interpreter seek

value-maximizing interpretations constrained by convention and, according to a different version

of the theory, by the relevant contextual factors at the time of the work’s production. "

( Lin et al ) Psychological research suggests that climate change messaging is most effective

when individuals communicate both the positive effects of action and the negative effects of

inaction, and when the messaging feels personal and relevant. Artists who wish to inspire

climate change action should utilize both positive and negative framing and cultivate a personal

connection with the audience.

Part 2: Historical Context

Climate change is one of the most pressing issues the human race is facing and needs to

be acted on. Climate change is something that has been happening for many years however it

was only recently that we began accepting the fact that it is happening and realizing the

consequences it is having on the human race, much less acting on it

The first calculation of greenhouse gasses and their effects on the planet was first

documented in 1896 when Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish scientist, used some observations that

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were found by Samuel Pierpoint Langley in 1890. These were " observations of increased

infrared absorption where Moon rays pass through the atmosphere at a low angle, encountering

more carbon dioxide ( CO2 ), to estimate an atmospheric cooling effect from a future decrease of

CO2. " ( Langley 32 ) He found that the cooler atmosphere would hold less water vapor causing

a cooling effect. Arrhenius' colleague Arvid Högbom found that carbon production from

industrial sources in the 1890s was comparable with the natural sources. By the late 1950s, more

scientists were arguing that carbon dioxide emissions could be a problem. Some of the scientists

were proposing the idea that in 1959 that CO2 would rise 25% by the year 2000, with potentially

" radical " effects on climate. In 1967 the new era of digital computers, Syukuro Manabe and

Richard Wetherald made the first detailed calculation of the greenhouse effect. They found that

a doubling of carbon dioxide from the current level would result in an approximately 2 °C

increase in global temperature. By the 1960s, the smog had become a serious problem in many

cities, and some scientists began to consider that, because the clouds in " polluted " air contain

more water droplets, the " cooling effect " could affect global temperatures. Scientists were

unsure whether the cooling effect or warming effect of greenhouse gas emissions would

predominate, however, they began to suspect that human emissions could be disruptive to the

climate in the 21st century if not sooner. In 1968 after lots of research, scientists were finding

that if the earth's temperature was to increase significantly, a number of events would be

expected to occur. These events would include the melting of the Antarctic ice cap, a rise in sea

levels, and warming of the oceans. [At this point, Revelle, a Stanford research scientist, had

found that humans are now engaged in a vast geophysical experiment with their environment, the

earth. Significant temperature changes are almost certain to occur by the year 2000 and these

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could bring about climatic changes.] ( Revell 3 ) In 1969, the Northern Atlantic Treaty

Organization ( NATO ) was the first candidate to deal with climate change on an international

level. It was planned then to create a hub of research and initiatives of the organization in the

civil area, dealing with environmental topics such as acid rain and the greenhouse effect. An

article by John Sawyer found that, " The increase of 25% CO2 expected by the end of the

century therefore corresponds to an increase of 0.6°C in the world temperature – an amount

somewhat greater than the climatic variation of recent centuries " ( Sawyer et al ). John Sawyer

and James E. Hansen and other scientists published the 1981 study of Climate impact of the

increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and recognized that:

It is shown that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming should emerge from the

noise level of natural climate variability by the end of the century, and there is a

high probability of warming in the 1980s. Potential effects on climate in the 21st

century include the creation of drought-prone regions in North America and

central Asia as part of a shifting of climatic zones, erosion of the West Antarctic

ice sheet with a consequent worldwide rise in sea level, and opening of the fabled

Northwest Passage. ( Hansen et al )

In 1985 a joint Conference on the " Assessment of the Role of Carbon Dioxide and Other

Greenhouse Gases in Climate Variations and Associated Impacts " the World Meteorological

Organisation [decided that the greenhouse gases " are expected " to cause significant warming

in the next century and that some warming is inevitable.] ( Villach et al ) In June of 1988, James

E. Hansen made one of the first findings that human-caused warming had already affected the

global climate. Shortly after, hundreds of scientists gathered in a " World Conference on the

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Changing Atmosphere: Implications for Global Security. " They concluded that the changes in

our atmosphere were due to human pollution and that these posed a major threat all around the

world. These scientists declared that by 2005 the world should be pushed to reduce its emissions

by about 20% below the levels in 1988.

The 1980s also saw significant breakthroughs regarding global environmental challenges.

The ozone depletion was diminished by the Vienna Convention in 1985 and the Montreal

Protocol in 1987. Government leaders began discussions to try and grasp control of the flow of

greenhouse gas emissions to prevent the predicted outcomes. This led to the first global

agreement to reduce greenhouse gases, the Kyoto Protocol, was adopted in 1997. In 2001

President George W. Bush announced that the United States would not be putting the Kyoto

Protocol into action because it was " fatally flawed in fundamental ways " and stating some

concerns that the deal would hurt the U.S. economy. Five years later, in 2006, former Vice

President Al Gore gave his thoughts on the dangers of global warming with the debut of his film

" An Inconvenient Truth " and won the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for his work on behalf of

climate change. President Barack Obama signed the United States onto the Paris Climate

Agreement, in 2015. In that agreement, 195 countries pledged to set targets for their own

greenhouse gas cuts and to report their progress. ( Onion et al ) Humans began to take action on

fixing the climate as we began to see the scientific data that supports the true effects of humans

and how much of an issue it truly is. As we were learning more and more about it, people have

taken many approaches to educating others on the issue, bringing attention to it, and taking

action that helps the climate.

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 Taking action on a social issue can take many forms, one of which is art. Art can be used

to inspire people to act on a social issue. It does a great job at portraying an issue and how

people feel about it without too much controversy as shown throughout the article " Art and

​ rt is a way to express yourself in a creative

Interpretation " in the ​Encyclopedia of Philosophy. A

and unique way. Throughout history, we can see that art has been used as a tool for social

change for many social issues such as the AIDS memorial quilt, the Non-Violence sculpture, the

Za'atari Project and many others.

According to the National Museum of American History, in the 1840s, there was a

popular group of singers, the Hutchinson Family Singers from New Hampshire, and they had

introduced music to the creation of the antislavery movement. Music was their form of art that

they decided to use as a tool for social change. They wrote and produced the sheet music for "

The Grave of Bonaparte. " This song was about the singers' feelings and how they were

concerned about freedom when it came to the American antislavery movement. They also

helped build antislavery networks thanks to their travel and the newspaper coverage of their

events and the showcasing of their art through their music. The success of their antislavery

songs showed that the cause had commercial appeal. Works such as the novel, another medium

of art, ​Uncle Tom's Cabin​ catered to that appeal and helped further develop the antislavery point

of view as declared by the National Museum of American History in the article " How do the

arts promote social change? " by Amanda B. Moniz. This shows that art is used quite often as a

tool for social change and has affected many social movements throughout history. Art has

many different mediums to it, music being one of them so we can see that through these

examples art has been used to aid in social change.

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 As you can see, art has continually been used to inspire people and inspire action on a

social issue through time. Another example of this comes up after the Civil War when people of

all races wanted to give African Americans opportunities to pursue a better and higher education.

In 1871 the Fisk Jubilee Singers were organized and using smart marketing techniques to attract

audiences, the group toured the United States and Europe. The singers advocated for African

American rights and independence. Using art to impact a social situation and create that specific

social change. Amanda Moniz, the author of " How do the arts promote social change? " states:

In the early 1880s, Russian Jewish refugees arrived in the United States fleeing

brutal persecution at home. Newspapers around the country covered their plight

and efforts to aid them. Using a common fundraising technique, supporters

organized a benefit concert, featuring musical societies from Boston, Lynn,

Salem, and Taunton, Massachusetts, to assist the refugees. As with other benefit

concerts, the publicity around the event provided an opportunity not only to solicit

support but also to foster reflection on societal challenges.

When looking at the arts and how they can affect social change, these examples show

how the arts and activism has had such a close relationship for centuries and will for years to

come. The tradition of Americans using arts of all kinds to inspire and move people to support

all manners of charitable endeavors has shaped the American society by pushing causes forward

while also shaping the American culture by creating an appreciation for the arts.

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 Part 3: Main points

There are three things that people need to involve in their presentation of an issue to

inspire the audience to intercede. These three things include positive and negative framing of the

issue, a personal connection from the audience to the issue, and to keep the issue relevant.

Positive and negative framing shows people both sides to the issue, positive effects of action and

the negative effects of inaction, giving them hope and keeping them grounded as well as showing

them how urgent the issue is and a bit of fear to get people moving.

Humans respond to both positive and negative framing when looking at serious issues the

world is facing, [however, people are more exposed to the negative framing of an issue such as

climate change. In the article, " How Framing Climate Change Influences Citizen Scientists’

Intentions to Do Something About It, " Dickinson declares, " We were able to refute the

generalization that positive framing is always superior at eliciting interest and intention to take

reasonable action to reduce climate change. Instead, our results support the idea that when fear

is co-framed with an object, the object matters. " ( Dickinson, et al. ) We can see in this study

that when highlighting the positive impacts of behavior changes, we can see some changes that

included an increase in participants and their interest in taking personal action. This quote shows

us that we need to co-frame the issue, both positive and negative framing, to inspire climate

action. We tend to see a lot of negative information on the news about what is happening to our

climate, whether that is it changing rapidly, how much time we have left, how it will affect us if

we do or don’t act, and much more] stated Dominik A. Stecula and Eric Merkley in their paper

​ tudies show us that we need to also highlight the positives of an

Framing Climate Change. S

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issue for the best response from the audience and inspiring the audience to take action. For

example Finland has planted 150 million trees per year for decades according to " The Happy

Broadcast. " Not only do we need to frame the issue from both sides, the audience will need a

personal connection.

Therefore we need both positive and negative framing of an issue to influence action and

social change however, if a person is not connected to an issue or sees no direct harm being

done, they will have no reason to change their actions. Therefore, we need to create a personal

connection between the audience and the issue. This can come in multiple forms, such as using

an outside source such as an animal or place that is being harmed by the issue. Thinking of other

organisms, especially those which one cares about can create a very powerful set of emotional

responses including empathy, compassion, a sense of potential loss, and a desire to protect.

These are all strong motivators of environmental action and may also lead to emotional action

within the problem of climate change, especially when combined with a sense of collective

success. Swim states, " To effectively contribute, psychologists need to communicate with other

disciplines in the social and natural sciences and develop more widely shared understandings of

relevant human phenomena associated with climate change that can be integrated with

understandings and frameworks of other disciplines. " in​ Psychology and Global Climate

Change: Addressing a Multifaceted Phenomenon and Set of Challenges.​ ( 13 ) This quote shows

us that we need we need look at other forms of communication and create that personal

connection through evidence to create an understanding of an issue then bringing the people to

take the initiative upon themselves to create change. This quote also shows us that we need to

keep the issue relevant. If the issue is not relevant or does not pose a threat to humans or

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something that is personal, people will not make an effort to change their habits. One way that

this can happen is to create a relevant connection between the audience and the issue to invoke a

feeling of empathy, the strongest emotion and most likely to lead to action. After finding what

the people are empathetic about, that object or thing can be used as an influence of change and

movement.

Another way that one can create the personal connection from climate change to an

audience is to bridge the future to the present, showing people that not only is it an issue of the

future, but we are already facing the consequences and to limit those, people need to act in the

present. This idea suggests that to be successful, climate change education will need to form

cognitive bridges to the audience and to their prior experiences as well as to the things or people

to which they are attached and using physical analogies that allow people to see and picture what

might happen in the future if climate change goes unnoticed. This means that we must make the

connection between the audience and the issue with something personal and relevant. Such as if

you have a group of bird watchers and you are trying to inspire climate change, one might tell

them that unless they change their action and fight for the climate, the birds that they love to

watch will die from the natural disasters caused by climate change. This concept is studied and

explored in the article " How Framing Climate Change Influences Citizen Scientists’ Intentions

to Do Something About It. "

Art can be used to inspire people to take action on issues resonating with our world

today. Art however is unique in every way and means something different for each person

including the artist. [The artist may have an intended message within the art however the

audience can still decipher their own messages, inspiring them in their own way.] Szu-Yen Lin

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declared in the Encyclopedia of Philosophy. This is why art is relatively uncontroversial, it is

because the audience can infer whichever message they want and art is made to be unique and an

expression of the artist. Positive and negative framing can be portrayed through the art in many

ways. One of which is through the pictures and colors that you choose to use. In the article, "

Colors and emotions: how colors make you feel " Allision Gremillion found, " Different colors

affect the brain in different ways, some creating an emotion of sadness, nome of anger or fear,

others of happiness, and some even cause hunger. Through specific use of colors, you can

portray a positive and negative outlook on the issue being portrayed. The use of the colors

yellow, red and orange can have an attention grabbing effect and signal danger or make you take

action ( think stop signs, hazard warnings, and barrier tape ). " ( Gremillion et al ) The use of

pastel colors like peach, light pink or lilac can also have an uplifting effect on your mood. The

brighter and lighter a color, the more happy and optimistic it will make you feel. You can also

use cool colors for a more negative effect, to evoke the feeling of sadness and inspire creativity

and action. The use of certain images can also affect the emotions that are created after viewing

the art piece. When portraying an issue, if you show all of the negatives within that issue

through visuals, negative emotions will be portrayed. Rather, if the art focuses on the positives,

the emotions felt will be more on the optimistic side.

To portray both the positive and negative of the climate change issue, the art needs to

contain warm, pastel colors to inspire creativity and more vibrant reds and oranges to inspire

action, as well as cooler colors to give the negative emotion. Art is also a great way to connect

with people on a personal level because the audience can interpret the art with their own

perspectives and opinions to think about what actions need to be taken for something to get done.

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More specifically, to give the negative framing of climate change, the artist could use specific

images such as the world melting or dying to give the negative framing of climate change and

the negative outcomes if there is no action. To positively frame the issue, the artist could use

smooth visuals, creating a feeling of calmness, the artist could also use images of the positive

outcomes if we act on climate change now. It is up to the artist to decide how to incorporate all

of these things, or seperate them, in their own unique way that they feel will inspire the most

amount of people. In the article, " How Can Artists Lead Dramatic Social Change? " The

author states, " Good art can educate and create empathy, and empathy leads to change. Global

leaders in business and politics are increasingly aware of this and are investing in art as a way of

engaging with communities, improving lives and boosting economic growth. " ( Chinoy, et al )

this quote declares that art can be an aid in social change when it comes to larger issues such as

climate change. These include socially-engaged art, community-engaged arts, animation

Culturelle, community cultural development, cultural mediation, social ( practice ) arts, and

participatory arts. There is also the use of art education, recreational arts, creative arts therapies,

popular education, and creative leadership processes can be closely related to these forms. Art

can be used in many ways to create social change and can include all of the necessary forms of

presenting the issue to inspire the most climate action. " The arts community has tended to use

community engagement to mean the deliberate and active ways arts organizations engage

constituents and the public in order to align organizational goals, programs, and services with

community interests and needs. Community engagement might take the form of assessment

processes, working with advisory groups, and ways of gathering community input to develop

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more relevant and meaningful programs. " Stated an article on social change by a company

called Animating Democracy.

Though it may seem like action on climate change to help solve the issue is easy if we all

do it, there are many reasons as to why we have yet to implement any changes. For humans,

ignoring climate change in the here and now has benefits to both the individuals and the

organizations. Individuals do not have to make immediate changes in the products they buy, the

cars they drive, or the homes they live in if they ignore the influence their carbon footprint has

on the planet. For companies, they can keep producing items for less money if they don’t have

to develop new processes and change their products to limit carbon emissions. The government

can save money by relying on current methods for generating power rather than developing and

improving sources of green energy, even those that are more cost-effective in the long run.

Another reason people do not act on climate change is due to the fact that many effects of

climate change are distant from most people. The article " Why People Aren’t Motivated to

Address Climate Change " by Harvard Business Research quotes, " Research on construal level

theory argues that people conceptualize things that are psychologically distant from them ( in

time, space, or social distance ) more abstractly than things that are psychologically close. " This

means that if there are weather disasters that are happening due to climate change, they tend to

happen far away from where most people live, not giving people an incentive to act. Therefore,

most people are not forced to grapple with the specifics of climate change, but rather they treat it

as an abstract concept and do not act on the issue. Abstract concepts do not motivate people to

act as forcefully as specific ones do. When an issue such as climate change does not affect

someone personally and in the moment, people will see no need to act or change anything within

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their daily lives to help. There is no need to change your actions if they are not doing anything

to harm you.

Conclusion:

In Summary, there are certain aspects of an argument that are needed to inspire the most

climate action. As shown, to inspire the most action, positive and negative framing is needed as

well as a personal connection from the audience to the problem and keeping the issue relevant.

Humans also need to be exposed to what is happening in the present to give people an incentive

to act on. With this, we still have a need for more people to take more action like Jeff Bezos

giving 10 billion dollars to help climate change. However, only a select group of people have

the ability to give so dramatically so as a community we must take action and bring attention to

the issue so that more people can take action on a personal level to create bigger change.

Within the artist community, we can learn after studying the psychology of climate

change that there are three main things to incorporate in the art to inspire the viewers. Artists

can use positive and negative framing within the art to create a sense of urgency as well as hope,

inspiring action among the viewers. Art can also be used to create a personal connection to the

issue that also keeps the issue within a reasonable distance for action. Artists can then

incorporate all three of these tactics to inspire the most climate action from the audience, creating

a better future for mankind. As a whole, the community can pay more attention to the risks to

our climate and put effort into finding out what is currently going on in the community that the

human race is benefiting from. If the human race is stagnant and changes nothing, it will go

extinct over time While looking forwards and understanding the consequences may take time,

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energy, and money, we can see that taking these actions is necessary to guarantee the human

race a future. By combining art and science we stand the greatest chance of communicating this

crucial message to the world and helping our Earth survive.

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