Larutan

Moondra Zubir, Ph.D

 Mixtures
• a combination of two or more
substances that do not combine
chemically, but remain the same
individual substances; can be
separated by physical means
• Two types:
Based on the prefixes
– Heterogeneous “hetero” and “homo,”
what do you think are
– Homogeneous characteristics of these
two types of mixtures?
 Heterogeneous Mixture
• “Hetero” means different
• consists of visibly different substances or
phases (solid, liquid, gas)
• a suspension is a special type of
heterogeneous mixture of larger particles
that eventually settle
• Example:
Notice the
visibly
different
Trail Mix substances
 Homogeneous Mixture
• “Homo” means the same
• has the same uniform appearance and
composition throughout; maintain one
phase (solid, liquid, gas)
• Commonly referred to as solutions
• Example:
Notice the
uniform
Salt Water appearance
 Solution
• a mixture of two or more substances that is
identical throughout Salt water is
considered a
• can be physically separated solution. How
can it be
• composed of solutes and solvents physically
separated?

the substance in the smallest the substance in the larger

amount and the one that amount that dissolves the
dissolves in the solvent solute

Iced Tea Mix Iced Tea Water

(solute) (solution) (solvent)

Colloids (milk, fog, jello) are considered solutions

 Solubility
• the amount of solute that dissolves in a
certain amount of a solvent at a given
temperature and pressure to produce a
saturated solution What do we call things
that are not soluble?
• influenced by:
Temperature Pressure

Solids increased temperature causes Solids increased pressure has no

them to be more soluble and vice versa effect on solubility
Gases increased temperature causes Gases increased pressure causes them
them to be less soluble and vice versa to be more soluble and vice versa
Ex. Iced Coffee Ex. Soda, “The Bends”
 Parts of a Solution
• SOLUTE – the part
of a solution that is Solute Solvent Example

being dissolved
solid solid
(usually the lesser
amount) solid liquid
• SOLVENT – the part
gas solid
of a solution that
dissolves the solute liquid liquid
(usually the greater
amount) gas liquid

• Solute + Solvent = gas gas

Solution
 Concentration
• the amount of solute dissolved in a
solvent at a given temperature
•described as dilute if it has
a low concentration of
solute

•described as saturated if it
has a high concentration of
solute

•described as supersaturated if
contains more dissolved solute
than normally possible
 Definitions
Solutions can be classified as saturated or
unsaturated
un saturated..
A saturated solution contains the maximum
quantity of solute that dissolves at that
temperature.
An unsaturated solution contains
less than the maximum amount
of solute that can dissolve at
a particular temperature
CONVERSIONS BETWEEN
SOLUTION PROPERTIES
 Concentration of Solute

The amount of solute in a solution is given

by its concentration.

moles solute
Molarity (M) = liters of solution
 1.0 L of
water was
used to
make 1.0 L
of solution.
Notice the
water left
over.
PROBLEM: Dissolve 5.00 g of NiCl2 in
enough water to make 250 mL of solution.
Calculate the Molarity.
 USING MOLARITY
What mass of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is
required to make 250. mL of a 0.0500 M
solution?
 Learning Check

How many grams of NaOH are required

to prepare 400. mL of 3.0 M NaOH
solution?
1) 12 g
2) 48 g
3) 300 g
 Concentration Units

An IDEAL SOLUTION is
one where the properties depend
only on the concentration of
solute.
Need conc. units to tell us the
number of solute particles per
solvent particle.
The unit “molarity” does not do
this!
Two Other Concentration Units
MOLALITY, m
mol solute
m of solution =
kilograms solvent

% by mass

% by mass = grams solute

grams solution
 Calculating Concentrations
Dissolve 62.1 g (1.00 mol) of ethylene glycol in 250. g of
H2O. Calculate m & % of ethylene glycol (by mass).
 Learning Check

A solution contains 15 g Na2CO3 and 235 g of H2O?

What is the mass % of the solution?

1) 15% Na2CO3
2) 6.4% Na2CO3
3) 6.0% Na2CO3
 Using mass %

How many grams of NaCl are needed to prepare

250 g of a 10.0% (by mass) NaCl solution?
 Try this molality problem
• 25.0 g of NaCl is dissolved in 5000. mL
of water. Find the molality (m) of the
resulting solution.