LONG QUESTIONS- ANSWERS

Q : Name the main gas fields of Pakistan and explain the use of natural gas in different
industries.
NATURAL GAS
Occurrence:
The country is well endowed with natural gas.Following are some of the important gas fields: 
(a) Natural Gas Deposits At Sui:
It is the biggest deposit of natural gas in our country.It is situated in Sibbi district of Baluchistan.This gas
field is considered as one of the biggest gas fields of the world and gas is being supplied to different parts
of our country from this field through pipe lines. 
(b) Dhullian Gas Field:
Mineral oil has been discovered at this place in 1937,so Attock Oil Company ,while searching for more
oil,found natural gas at this field in 1994. 
(c) Meyal Gas Field(Dist.Attock ,Punjab):
Pakistan Oil Field Ltd.Company discovered both oil and gas at this place in 1968.Gas is being supplied
through a pipe line for the industrial areas around Rawalpindi. 
(d) Mari-Sari -Hundi:
Mari-Sari-Hundi are also the gas fields from which gas is being supplied for various other purposes and
also to three fertilizer factories. 
(e) Toot Gas Field (Dist.Attock,Punjab):
Natural gas has also been found at toot and it is being used since 1980. 
Recently gas has been discovered at Dhabi South Sonoro,Bukhari,Matil and Jabo in Sindh and at
Makhdompur in Punjab. 

Use of Natural Gas

 It is mainly used as fuel in homes and industries.
 It is used in the synthesis of chemicals like uera etc.
 It is used in the production of electricity.
 It is used as fuel in place of petrol in vehicles.
 The uses of natural gas in different sectors of Pakistan are as under.
o Power Generations 33%.
o Small industries as fuel 25%.
o Fertilizers 22%.
o Cement Industries 15%.

Q : Discuss the role of Middle East in the production of natural oil and name four major exporting
countries of this region.
The Economy of the Middle East is very diverse. Composed
of Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan,Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, State of
Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, andYemen. The individual
economies range from hydrocarbon exporting  to government led socialist economies to free
market economies.
Collectively, the region is best known for producing and exporting oil. The oil industry significantly
impacts the entire region, both through the wealth that it generates and through the movement of labor.
Most of the countries in the region have undertaken efforts to diversify their economies in recent years.
Middle East as a global leader in oil in particular and energy in general.
Aside from having the largest proven crude oil reserves in the world (66% of reserves of OPEC members),
the region enjoys close proximity to, and strong economic and cultural ties with, oil-hungry markets such
as China and India. China alone is projected to account for half of global oil demand growth in the next
five years.
Middle East has had the foresight of broadening its energy horizons to include alternatives such as solar,
wind and nuclear power. In addition, while the region has vast oil reserves, it has not yet maximised its

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production potential. It can still boost output to match surges in global demand as opposed to other
countries where production is already at, or near, peak levels.
These are some of the factors that create a substantial buffer for the Middle East to maintain its oil
dominance amid short- and long-term market challenges.
Four Major Oil Exporting Countries
1. Saudi Arabia
2. Iran
3. Iraq
4. Kuwait

Q : What is meant by population transition ? With the help of a diagram, state different stages of
population growth.
Demographic Transition Model
The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is based on historical population trends of two demographic
characteristics – birth rate and death rate  – to suggest that a country’s total population growth rate cycles
through stages as that country develops economically. Each stage is characterized by a specific
relationship between birth rate (number of annual births per one thousand people) and death rate
(number of annual deaths per one thousand people).

Stages of the Demographic Transition Model :

In Stage 1, which applied to most of the world before the Industrial Revolution, both birth rates and
death rates are high. As a result, population size remains fairly constant but can have major swings with
events such as wars or pandemics.
In Stage 2, the introduction of modern medicine lowers death rates, especially among children, while
birth rates remain high; the result is rapid population growth. Many of the least developed countries
today are in Stage 2.
In Stage 3, birth rates gradually decrease, usually as a result of improved economic conditions, an
increase in women’s status, and access to contraception. Population growth continues, but at a lower rate.
Most developing countries are in Stage 3.
In Stage 4, birth and death rates are both low, stabilizing the population. These countries tend to have
stronger economies, higher levels of education, better healthcare, a higher proportion of working women,

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and a fertility rate hovering around two children per woman. Most developed countries are in Stage 4.
A possible Stage 5 would include countries in which fertility rates have fallen significantly below
replacement level (2 children) and the elderly population is greater than the youthful population.

Q : Explain the Tea cultivating areas in the world.

Tea Growing Regions
Assam
Assam, a high plateau in northern India which straddles the Brahmaputra River, is the largest tea-
growing region in the world. The first harvest of the year starts in February after a prolonged harvest
break. Assam teas are harvested in May-June.
Darjeeling
Darjeeling, on the southern slopes of the Himalayas in northeast India, is unquestionably the tea region
par excellence. In early April, depending on the weather, the “in between” seasonal leaves are harvested.
Ceylon
The tea of present-day Sri Lanka is called traditionally by the old country name Ceylon. At around 60 %
of its net export profits, tea is the most important export of Sri Lanka, a land of mild, subtropical climate
and diverse vegetation.
Formosa
Since 1870, present-day Taiwan produces Green and Black teas that bear the island’s former name;
Formosa. In the mountainous rural areas to the north and north east, tea is cultivated by about 100
relatively small tea companies.
Indonesia
The first tea that arrived in Europe in the 17th century was transported by junk (small boat) to Bantam on
Java, then loaded onto the large ships of the East India Company. The tea gardens on Java and Sumatra
harvest all year round. Java shows a distinct peak in quality in the months July to October (the dry
season). During this period, the quality and flavor of Javanese tea is comparable to a good-quality, mild
Ceylon tea.
China
China is reputed to have the oldest tea traditions. Cultivated in China for circa 5000 years, Green tea was
first mentioned in writing around 600 B.C. and later described fully in the works of the poet Lu Yü in 780
A.D. Most Green teas and semi-fermented Oolong teas come from the provinces Anhui, Zhejiang, and
Fujian.
Japan
Tea spread throughout Japan after it was brought there in the 8th century from China by a Buddhist
monk. The first tea garden was located on Japan’s largest lake, Biwa-ko. The most important tea-growing
district is Shizuoka, which lies in picturesque surroundings at the foot of the holy mountain Fuji. Almost
half of Japan’s entire production is picked here, especially Sencha tea.
Africa
Africa, a comparatively “young” tea-growing nation, produces around 15% of the world’s tea. The tea
that is produced is almost exclusively CTC (crush, tear, curl) tea for the British market. Highland tea, e.g.
from Kenya, can achieve an excellent quality in the best plucking season (December to March) but
unfortunately, these days it is rarely produced in the traditional manner.
Brazil
Maté
The “green gold of the Indios” is obtained from the leaves of the evergreen maté shrub; the leaves are
sold either green or roasted. Maté contains caffeine. Just as in the process for Black or Green tea, maté is
withered and dried, and the length of brewing time, from 5 to 10 minutes, determines the drink’s effect.
British Tea
Although it was the Dutch who first brought tea to Europe early in the 17th century, it remains the British
who hold the reputation as “The tea-drinking nation”, at least in terms of quantity. The subtler, higher
quality teas are rarely featured on the average British household’s shopping list.

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Irish Tea
The Irish market prefers rich teas that “go far”, such as the high-quality teas from Kenya, Rwanda or
Burundi. Their choice of tea is mainly based on its strength. They are partial to brews that are very strong
and robust when poured.

Q : The construction and maintenance of roads and railways in the desert areas and equatorial regions
is difficult. Discuss.
Climate consideration cannot be ignored whole laying down lines of communication. The construction
and maintenance of roads and railways in the desert areas and the equatorial region are difficult. In the
desert strong winds carry great quantities of sand which cover roads and railways. In the equatorial
region, the swampy character of the land and the dense vegetation make the construction of roads and
railways difficult and their maintenance even more difficult.

Q : Climatic influences are more marked on agriculture than Industry. Comment.

Impacts of change in climate will affect: agricultural food systems in all countries, including exporters
and importers as well as those at subsistence level. Changes in mean rainfall and temperate as well as
the increase in extreme events win affect agriculture, livestock, forestry as well as fisheries. Many
impacts, such as increased land degradation and soil erosion, changes in water availability, biodiversity
loss, more frequent and more intense pest and disease outbreaks as well as disasters.

Q : What is the most important by product of cotton? Explain its importance.

Cotton seeds are valuable by-products. The seeds are delinted by a similar process to ginning. Some
linter is used to make candle wicks, string, cotton balls, cotton batting, paper and cellulose products such
as rayon, plastics, photographic film, and cellophane. The delinted seeds are crushed and the kernel is
separated from the hull and squeezed. The cottonseed oil obtained from the kernels is used for cooking
oil, shortening, soaps, and cosmetics. A semi-solid residue from the refining process is called soap stock
or foots, and provides fatty acids for various industrial uses such as insulation materials, soaps, linoleum,
oilcloth, waterproofing materials, and as a paint base. The hulls are used for fertilizer, plastics, and paper.
A liquid made from the hulls called furfural is used in the chemical industry. The remaining mash is used
for livestock feed.

Q : Highlight the major buyers of coal in the world market.

India will overtake China and become the largest importer of coal in the world in 2012, reported by
Bloomberg, citing research analysts from Citigroup. India’s purchases of coal from abroad this year will
amount to 118 million tons compared to 102 million tons in China. Major coal importers currently with
more than 30 million tons are Japan 182.1 million tons, China 151.9, South Korea 109.9, India 76.9, Taiwan
64.6, Germany 45.9, and United, Kingdom 42.2.

Q : Why are accurate details about uranium not available?

The deposits of uranium are located in many countries of the world. The deposits of uranium are also
found in ocean but it is impossible to mine uranium from the granite rocks of the ocean. 95 percent
deposits of uranium are found among fourteen countries of the world while 5 percent deposits are also
located in other countries. The mining process of uranium is being continued among 37 countries of
the world. Due to increasing utility of uranium and because of national interest, the accurate details about
uranium are not available.

Q : Why is rice . not grown in the ‘Tundra? Explain.

Rice is essentially a tropical crop; it requires high degree to temperature ranging between 70 degree F
and 100 degree F. Whereas Tundra lies between 70 degree latitude, it is terribly cold throughout the year,

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the temperature remain below freezing point. The snow fall occurs even in summer season. That is why
rice is not grown in the tundra.

Q : The salt range and the Potohar plateau are noted for non-metallic minerals. Explain.
Minerals are inorganic substances found deep inside the Earth, which are ‘mined’ for various uses.
Mining is the process of removing the mineral ore from the Earth or from mountains and rocks, with
heavy machinery and/or dynamite blasting. Minerals are of two kinds, metallic and non-metallic, i.e.
minerals that contain or do not contain metals. In Pakistan, we have some metallic minerals such as
celestite, barite, manganese, bauxite, iron ore, and copper, but chromite is the only metallic mineral we
have in abundance, and which is mined on a large scale; it is found near Muslim Bagh in Balochistan.
Chromite is used to make stainless steel from which surgical instruments and cutlery (knives, forks,
spoons, etc.) are made. Balochistan is particularly rich in copper deposits, found at Saindak.

Q : Differentiate between Makran Coast and Sindh Coast.

The coastline of Pakistan extends 1,050 km (650 mi), 250 km falling in Sindh province and 800 km in
Balochistan. It borders the productive NE Arabian Sea famous for its upwelling phenomenon. Its
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers an area of 196,600 sq.km. and the territorial waters cover an area
of 24,000 km². The’continental shelf of the Sindh coast extends to a distance of 150 km whereas that
of Balochistan only measures 15-40 km. The prevailing ocean current direction is clockwise during the
southwest monsoon season and anti-clockwise during the northeast monsoon season. The salinity value
is generally 36 ppt. Tides are neither very high nor very low, but intermediate; the mean average height is
about 10-11 feet. Tides are higher on the eastern side and their velocity is generally between 1-2 knots but
may increase to 4 knots in narrow creeks. The Makran Coast Range forms a narrow strip of mountains
along about rs percent of the total coast length, or about 800 km (500 mil. These steep mountains rise to
an elevation of up to 1,500 m (5,000 ft). Most of the coast is
underdeveloped, with deserted beaches and only a few fishing villages.

Q : Pakistan has great potential for the development of Solar power. Why is the generation of solar
energy less developed in Pakistan?
Pakistan lies in an ‘area of one of the highest solar insulation in the world. There are certain regions
of south, Quetta valley and Central Punjab that receive maximum solar radiation, the nation wide
average, however, has been recorded on daily basis as 5.5 KW/m². [6] This means that there is a vast
potential for converting the untapped solar energy source for useful means. This potential can
be exploited to produce electricity, which can be provided to off grid communities in the northern hilly
areas and the southern and western deserts. According to the Pakistan Energy Book 2004-05, solar energy
falling on 0.25% Balochistan province would be adequate to meet the current requirement of the country
with 20% efficient devices.

Q : Write a short note on Tobacco-growing areas of Pak.

Tobacco is also an important cash crop. The ‘best tobacco growing areas are in Mardan and Peshawar
and Punjab. Yields in Pakistan are about twice those for neighboring countries largely due to the
extension services provided by the industry. Quality, however, is improving only slowly due to problems
related to climate and soil. Farmers have started inter-cropping tobacco with vegetables and sugarcane to
increase returns. About half of the total production is used for cigarette manufacturing and the remainder
used in traditional ways of smoking (in hand-rolled cigarettes called birris, irr water pipes, and as snuff).
The share of imported tobacco is increasing gradually in response to an increased demand for high-
quality cigarettes.

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Q : What is Human resource management? Indicate the important aspects to show the quality of
Human resources.
Human resource management (HRM), entails planning, implementing, and managing recruitment, as
well as selection, training, career, and organizational development initiatives within an organization. The
goal of HRM is to maximize the productivity of an organization by optimizing the effectiveness of its
employees while simultaneously improving the work life of employees and treating employees as
valuable resources. Consequently, HRM encompasses efforts to promote personal development,
employee satisfaction, and compliance with employment-related laws.
The primary goal of the quality of HRM is to provide an atmosphere that promotes employee
equipment. Empowerment requires the alignment, authority, capability, and commitment of employees.
In order to achieve these goals, there are several steps that must be taken to achieve each goal.
Authority:
In order for employees to the have the authority and opportunity to contribute to the organization, the
following steps are required:
• Individual authority, responsibility, and capability are consistent
• Barriers to successful exercise of authority have been removed
• The necessary tools and support are in place
Capability:
Employee capability can be developed through:
• Organizational training initiatives
• Educational development
Commitment:
An organization must earn the commitment of employees through:
• Reinforcement
• Recognition
• Rewards

Q : Write in detail, the factors that determine. the regional location of an Industry.
Manufacturing is the second largest type of production after primary production activity of
hunting, fishing, mining, lumbering, farming etc. Manufacturing has undergone a big change as a result
of advancement of science and technology.
The location of manufacturing industries depends upon a number of geographical and economic factors.
These factors are known as factors of localization of industry. The most important factors are:
(i) Raw material.
(ii) Source of Power.
(iii) Labour.
(iv) Means of transportation.
(v) Market.
(vi) Other factors like climate, Government Policies, capital, water, land etc.
(i) Raw Material:·
Among the factors influencing location of an industry, close proximity to raw material availability of
regular supply of cheap raw material are of almost significance. Therefore, industries are set up close to
or in the regions where raw material is available in plenty.
(ii) Source of Power:
All types of manufacturing industries depend upon one or the other sources of power. It may be coal, oil,
electricity, gas etc.
(iii) Labour:
Modern industry requires large labour force, both skilled and unskilled. The availability of cheap labour
in a region is an important factor determining the localization of industries. Different types of industries
require different types of labour force.
(iv) Means of Transportation:
Industries depend upon efficient and cheap transportation system, which is essential for the movement

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of raw material as well as the finished products. They may be rail, road or water. Railway junctions are
considered to be the most suitable sites for the localization of industries.
(v) Market:
Market is an important factor in determining localization of industries. Goods are manufactured to be
sold in the market. Industries are generally set up close to urban centers. 
(vi) Other Factors:
(a) Climate:
Climate also plays a part in the location of industries. The stimulating cool temperate climate is more
suitable for the development of industries because this type of climate adds to the work efficiency of the
labour force. 
(b) Capital:
Development of industries requires a large capital investment. It may come from any source, local or
foreign. Banks and other financial institutions play an important role in the growth of industries from
time to time.
(c) Government Policy:
In order to give boost to industries in the country, the government gives certain guidelines, tax
exemptions, electricity at concessional rates, subsidies, rail link etc. if these are set up as per government
plan. 
(d) Early Start:
There is a tendency to set up new units in the area, where that industry is already much developed. It is
because the area has been enjoying benefits of developed means of transport, financial institutions,
banking facilities, availability of skilled labour and marketing ease.
(e) Personal Preferences:
Personal whims, prejudices of an entrepreneur and preferences also matter sometimes in the setting up of
an industry in an area, ignoring all the economic and commercial considerations.

Q : Give an assessment of E·Commerce development in different regions of the world.

As of September 2006, over 1 billion people (or 16.7% of the world population) had access to the
Internet (Miniwatts Marketing Group, 2006).World usage has increased by over 200% between 2000 and
2006. Yet, in developing countries, usage rates are Significantly lower than in developed countries.
The technologies designed to improve commercial transactions using the Internet have evolved
as quickly. However, we have not yet achieved an ideal world of painless and secure transactions
utilizing the Internet, as unresolved privacy issues of the purchaser have impeded the further
development of the technologies.
Moreover, recent technological developments such as the introduction of digital signatures may
widen the gap in the use of e-commerce technologies. Therefore, it is important to examine
the perspectives of developing and transition economies with regard to the likely enforcement of digital
signatures in carrying out e-commerce transactions. This is an important issue related to the expansion
and promotion of e-commerce in developing countries.
We then analyze the introduction, use, and enforcement of digital signatures as well as their
likely implications for developing and transition countries. Finally, we propose a set of recommendations
that may assist different Stakeholders.
The highest-ranked areas of the world in terms of e-readiness are North America, Western Europe, and
some countries in Asia. On the other hand, the bulk of the countries with lower levels of e-readiness are
located in developing and transition regions.

Q :Write a detailed note on hydroelectric power production in Pakistan.

The projects currently under discussion include 621MW Palas hydropower project, 567 MW Spat
Gah hydropower project, 28 MW Basho hydropower project, 33 MW Harpo hydropower project, 70 MW
Lawi hydropower project, Naigaj hydropower project and 300 KW Hingol hydropower project, 43 KW
Kurram Tangi Dam.

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 As a start, the German Economic Minister said her country had already committed finances
for Keyal Khwar hydropower project located in NWFP on river Indus at Dasu. The project would
generate 130 MW power. The focus of many of these development projects are the rural areas in the
North West Frontier Province and the least developed federally administered tribal areas of the
country affected by insurgencies.
In addition to mega projects such as 1000 MW Neelum- Jhelum hydropower project, a number of
community-based micro hydro projects are being executed with the help of the Agha Khan Foundation in
Pakistan’s Northern Areas and NWFP. Within this region, out of a total of 137 micro-hydro plants, the
AKRSP has established 28 micro-hydros with an installed capacity of 619kW.
Pakistan’s current installed capacity is around 19,845 MW, of which around 20% is hydroelectric.
Much of the rest is thermal, fueled primarily by gas and oil. Per capita energy consumption of the country
is estimated at 14 million Btu, which is about the same as India’s but only a fraction of
other industrializing economies in the region such as Thailand and Malaysia, according to the US Dept of
Energy 2006 report. To put it in perspective, the world average per capita energy use is about 65 million
BTUs and the average American consumes 352 million BTUs.

Q : Climate influence is more marked on agriculture than industry. Comment.

Climate largely influence on agriculture. Agriculture requires proper climatic conditions for the
growth on verities of crops. Rainfall and temperature must be moderate and suitable for the cultivation of
particular crops. Industrial development is less affected by climate.

Q : The best Fishing grounds are developed at the meeting places of warm and cold ocean currents.
Comment.
Cold and warm climates are best fishing grounds in the world. Mixed sea water enriches in fish
species and plankton that are the basic food Of fishes. Warm Gulf stream and cold Labrador current meet
near gaud Bank which is one of the best fishing grounds in the world.

Q : Write the types of Forests.

Forests of Pakistan:
In Pakistan the forests are spread over 3.7 percent of the total area. There are four kinds of forests in
Pakistan.
(i) Alpine Forests: There are three kinds.
(a) Alpine Forest of Northern Highlands:
These are at the height of above 4000 meters and occur in the mountain slopes of Chartial, Dir, Swat and
Kohistan, Alpine forests occur over a small area. The trees include silver, fir, Juniper and birch.
(b) Evergreen eonlterous forest of Northern mountains:
They are found at the height 1000 m to 4000 m. They remain green throughout the year and have cone
shape and the leaves are pointed. Swat, Dir, Malakand, Kohistan, Mansehra, Abbotabad and Murree hills
are the main areas covered with these forests. The famous species of deodar, Keil, Chir poplar, Mapple,
Willow and birch are found in these forests. They provide timber for making furniture and boxes Wood is
also used as fuel.
(c) Deciduou forests of Western Mountains:
The valleys of Gilgit, Hunza, and Swat are rich in these forests. Mulberries, Apricots, Apples and
Pomegranates and Walnuts are fruits of these trees.
(ii) Sub-tropical Dry deciduous forest:
The hilly tracts, platean of Potwar and Baluchistanupto a height of 1000 meters are covered with these
dry evergreen forests with some dry deciduous patches. Chilgoza and pencil pine are important trees in
Baluchistan area Phulahi, Kahu an jund occur in the plateau pine.
(iii) Tropical Scrub Forests (Rakh):
These forests are in the plain areas of all provinces. They have hardwood trees and can grow in adverse
conditions also. They provide timber, firewood and fodder. Trees of Acacia-and babool are common here.

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(iv) Bela Forests:( Riverine Forests):
They are located in the flood plains of Sindh and Punjab. They are a .good source of fuel, wood for
Jurniture, & charcoal. The trees of Babool (Kekar) grow in small rainfall areas.

Q : Write note on Textile industry development in China OR India.

Textile Industry in China:
The art of cloth making from cotton originated from India. This industry has been flourished in various
countries of the world. China is the largest producer of cotton textile. China has a better marketing
facilities” and self sufficient in requirements. Shanghai is the chief center of the texitile industry. Other
include Tunstin, Tsingtao, Hankow and comtion.
Textile Industry in India:
The art of cloth making from cotton originated from India. All the process involved in the formation cloth
from cotton were done by hands. Now textile industry has been flourished in India. Bombay is the most
ideal place for textile industry. The first mill was established in Bombay. Calcutta is the second largest
centre. Other important centers include Ahmedabad, Poona, Kanpur, Oehli and Madras not only
self sufficient in their requirements and have to import large quantity annually.

Q : Write about the Natural gas producing countries of the world.

Natural gas has remained in human use since prehistoric times. It is an important need of today. It is used
for industrial as well as domestic use.
Natural Gas Producing Countries:
RUSSIA: The largest producer of natural gas is central Asia is Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
U.S.A.: U.S.A. produces about 80% of world’s natural gas. The use of natural gas in U.S.A. began in 1820.
Today 3000,000 miles of pipe lines distributed gas to 27 states.
CANADA: The third largest gas producing country of North America. Gas found in Quebec and Ontario.
MEXICO: The gas producing areas lies in tar Pico Oil region.
INDONESIA: Indonesia rank, top as gas producing countries in the Asia. Gas found in Smarta and
Borreo.
PAKISTAN: Pakistan also produced some amount of gas.
(vii) Why are Prairies grasslands called the bread basket of the world?
ANSWER: Wheat is the most important of all grains of temperate climate. Canada is the major producer
of wheat. It is grown in almost every state. It is mostly grown in the cool temperature region. The
Canadian wheat growing region is also known as the Bread Basket of the world. It export large amount of
wheat.

Q : Describe the means of Irrigation in Pak.

Over the years, the canal irrigation system of Pakistan has witnessed many paradigm shifts in the
context of advancement and effectiveness. From the olden practices of the conventional well system to
the modern approaches of perennial canals and tube wells, the canal irrigation system of Pakistan has
beheld some very significant changes.
In the initial years of the adoption oj the canal irrigation system, there were various ways to irrigate the
fields such as shaduf, charsa, Persian wheel and karez. In Shaduf, it is a balancing act where a bucket is
attached to one side while on the other side the weight of the bucket is balanced by a tantamount weight.
Shaduf is used to irrigate a small piece of land. Coming to Charsa, it is characterized by animal
power, which is incorporated to draw the water from the well. Then comes the Persian wheel which is
used to irrigate vast expanses of land and is a system of perpetual water supply. Coming towards the
next one, it’s the karez, which is a horizontal canal, which is built underground in the foothills. This
approach is primarily used to prevent the evaporation rate as it is built underground.
Q : In which season does Pakistan receive most of its rairifall? Give reason.

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ANSWER: The average rainfall in Pakistan is less than 20 inches annually. Pakistan situated in the
Monsoon region. The monsoon lauds receive most of their rainfall during the summer months ..Heaviest
rainfall is on the coasts and stapes of mountains the annual rainfall is usually more than 80 inches in some
places. Areas far from the sea receive about 40 inches of rain.

Q : Give reasons for the uneven distribution of Population in Pakistan.

(i) The more densely populated centers of Pakistan are situated in the urban areas, which are the busiest
centers of trade and commerce. Besides, so many industries have also deyeloped around these areas.
The surrounding areas, around Lahore, Faisalabad and Gujranwala, are very fertile. The irrigation
facilities are available, so the necessities of life can be had easily. The employment facilities in different
industrial and commercial units are also available. That is why the population of rural area is migrating
towards these urban centers and their population is increasing very rapidly.
(ii) The areas situated in the plains are more densely populated than the mountain, regions, because the
mountains having pugged topography are not suitable for agricultural activities. Besides, in winter, due
to intense cold, snowfall is common and the mean of transportation become ineffective the establishment
of industries not possible in these areas due to scarcity of resources. That these areas are thinly populated.
(iii) In the plains, the density if population also differs in various regions. The areas of Punjab and Sindh
there irrigation facilities and other resources are available; density of population is more than the dry
Barani areas. Lahore, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Multan districts are more dense than Attock, Jhelum and
Dera Ghazi Khan Districts. Similarly in Sindh, Hyderabad, Larkana, Nawabshah districts are
more densely populated than Tharparkar, Thatta, Dadu and Sanghar Districts.
(iv) Those areas which are situated far away and where climate is intense, irrigation facilities are not
available ,rain is meager and there is scarcity of resources, even the water for drinking purpose has to be
brought from long distances, there density of Population
Q : Why is rice not grown in Baluchistan on a large scale?
ANSWER: Rice Is a’ crop of tropical and sub tropical areas. It requires an average temperature of about
90%. In areas with less than 40°F are not favorable for cultivation of Rice. Rice is a water plant and it
requires a large amount of moisture. Most of the land of Balochistan is rocky and mountainous
insufficient rainfall and dry weather is the measure cause. Rice is not grown on large scale in Balochistan
because extreme condition of temperature and scanty rainfall it seems impossible.

Q : Karachi is the main trade centre of Pakistan. Comment.

Karachi is the main trade center of Pakistan because it is the only largest seaport of Pakistan. All
the imports and exports of our country are performed through Karachi port. The ocean routes on which
Pakistan shipping corporation operates include Karachi to U.S.A.,Karachi to U.K. and their west
European countries. It also operates services from the far Easter countries, china and Japan. Karachi
international Airport, has gained the reputation of an international Airport. It has became a stop over for
many flights coming from the West. PIA is providing the facilities of sift transportation of perishable
goods to other countries which has increased the volume of exports and export receipts.

(vi) Write note on anyone of the following

(a) Makran Coast
(b) Lower Indus Plain
ANSWER: (a) Makran Coast:.
The coastal area of Balochistan is about 850 miles lOng the people living around Pasni, Gwader, Ormara
are engaged fishing. The chief verities of fish caught here. About 80% of the fish caught in this area is

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dried, canned, salted and exported to various Middle East and South Asian Countries. Three fishing
harbors have been developed. Ice factories and refrigeration plants have been set up by the Government.
(b) Lower Indus Plain:
South of Mithankot, the Indus and its tributaries join to make a greater river. In the lower Indus plain
three barrages have been built across the Indus to divert its waters in to canals for irrigation. They have
brought prosperity to central Sindh.

Q : Differentiate Barrage and Dam.

Both the .dam and barrage are barriers constructed across a rivet or natural water course for
diverting water into’ a canal mainly for purposes of irrigation, water supply etc. or into a channel or a
tunnel for generation of power.
In case of a barrage, its entire length across the river i.e. between the banks is provided with gates having
their bottom sill near the river bed level. Thus, the storage behind the . barrage is solely created by the
height of the gates. The dam on the other hand has spillway gates almost near its top level and the
storage behind the-darn is mainly due to the height of concrete structure and partially due to the
gate height. In both the cases, however, the number and size of gates is adequate to pass ·the design flood
during monsoons.
Q : Highlight the distribution of Iron and Steel industry in Asia.
The iron and steel industry and ferrous foundries produced goods in 2005 valued at about $126
billion. The industry consisted of about 79 companies that produced raw steel at about 122 plants, with
combined production capability of about 106 million tons. Indiana accounted for about 22% of total raw
steel production, followed by Ohio, 16%, Michigan, 6%, and Pennsylvania, 6%. Pig iron was produced by
9 companies operating integrated steel mills with about 31 blast furnaces in continuous operation.
The distribution of steel shipments was estimated as follows: warehouses and steel service centers, 23%;
construction, 15%; transportation (predominantly for automotive production), 13%; cans and containers,
3%; and other, 46%. About 1,100 ferrous foundries continued to be importers of pig iron into the United
States, mainly from Brazil, Russia, and Ukraine.
During the first 8 months of 2005, monthly pig iron production fluctuated near 3.0 million tons,
and monthly raw steel production fluctuated near 8.5 million tons. Production totals during these periods
decreased about 19% for pig iron and 6.1% for steel from those of 2004. Steel production was trending
upward during the first 8 months of 2005. Shipments of steel mill products for 2005 were down nearly
11% compared with those of 2004. Imports of steel mill products increased an estimated 3.4% compared
with those of 2004,and U.S. net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption exceeded )
estimated 15%, the highest level since 2002. The OECD expected world steel demand to increase by about
5%, driven by the continuing strong growth in demand in China, where steel consumption was expected
to increase by nearly 11%.
The China Iron and Steel Association stated that the country’s new steel policy will result in significant
consolidations of a fragmented steel sector, which should reduce the threat of oversupply from China.
Chjna’s top 10 steelmakers were expected to control more than 50% of that nation’s total steel output by
2010 and more than 70% by 2020.

Q : Why is Gold called precious metal? Describe the world distribution of gold.

Gold an important position among all the precious minerals. The use of gold is common in the
world from older days. Today it is used for making coins and ornament. Gold reserves are the common
measure of a country’s economy.

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WORLD GOLD PRODUCERS:
(1) UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA: It is the leading producer of gold about 50% of world’s output of gold
is mined.
(2) U.S.A.: Large deposits of gold and brass are present in the mountains.’ South Dekota, Deadwood,
Alaska, Alabama and California are the major gold producing states.
(3) RUSSIA: Russia is the second in gold production. She produces about 1/4th of the world’s gold. Most
of the gold comes from the places Aldan and Kolyma, river in the northern Siberia.
(4) CANADA: Canada produces 10% of world’s gold. District of Ontario at the place of porcupine and
Kirkland. Besides this gold is also obtained from the North Western region of Quebee
(5) JAPAN: Hokkaido and Honslu island produce some amount of gold.
(6) PHILIPPINES: Philippines is another gold producing country. Gold is obtained in Philippines from
Luzon Island and Mindanao.
(7) INDIA: The famous mine of gold is located at the place Kolar in Maysore. These mines are known as
Kolar mines. Hutti, Nandid roog, Raichur, Chittot and Warangal districts are other regions for the
production of gold.

Q : Give an account of three rice-producing countries in Monsoon Asia.

RICE PRODUCING COUNTRIES:
CHINA: China is the-largest rice producing country in the world. It accounts for about 35%of the total
produce.
INDIA: It is the second largest rice producing country in the world. River delta regions in south of India
and Coastal plains are the centers of rice production. In Northern regions rice is cultivated in the fields of
river Ganges and Jummna. Western Bengal has also prominent status in the production of rice. He has to
import large quantity of rice and India is not self sufficient in her requirement.
PAKISTAN: Pakistan produces a large amount of rice. Rice is mostly grown in canal irrigated areas of
Punjab and Sindh. Different types of rice are cultivated in Pakistan and Pakistan has prominent status
among rice exporting countries of world.

Q : What are the main sources of Electricity generation in Pak.? Give an account of Thermal power
production in Pakistan.
ANSWER:
SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION:
Mineral oil, Natural gas, Hydal power, Coal, Biogas and Nuclear energy have been used as a source of
electricity generation.
THE THERMAL POWER PRODUCTION:
The progress of a country depends up on the power resources. The power resources not only fulfill the
electricity .requirements but also plays an important role in the industrial development. Electricity
generates through thermal power.
THERMAL POWER STATIONS:
The government has been set many thermal power stations through out the country. The main thermal
power stations are:
SHADARA THERMAL POWER STATION:
Near Lahore at Shadara a thermal power ctation has been set up generated by natural gas. It produces
about 85 M.W. thermal electricity.
LAKRRA THERMAL POWER STATION:
Three thermal units are being generated by coal in Sindh in Lakrra district and 150 M.W. thermal
electricity is being produced.

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PASNI THERMAL POWER STATION:
In the province of Balochistan near Makran coast at Pasni two thermal units are generated by diesel and
17 M.W. thermal electricity is being produced.
KARACHI ELECTRIC SUPPLY CORP. (KESC):
This corporation has been constituted for the supply transmission and distribution of electricity to the
district of Karachi and Lasbella. This corporation has set up thermal power station generated by gas oil in
different areas of Karachi and now this corporation is producing 1756 MW as on June 30, 2006. Electricity
from their power .station has become functional generated by atomic fuels in Karachi and 100
M.W. electricity is supplied by this project to the areas of Karachi.
MULTAN THERMAL STATION:
A thermal power station has been built by WAPDA at pairan Ghaib near Multan in 1960. Here steam is
being used. Its production capacity was increased in 1963 and now its producing 265 M.W. of electricity.
FAISALABAD THERMAL STATION:
There are three thermal power station are working at Faisalabad. One station with the help of steam
producing 132 Mega Watts of electricity and other two are gas turbine. One is producing 200 Mega Watts
and Abdullah pur Gas turbine is producing 15 M.W. of electricity.
GUDDU THERMAL STATION:
To fulfill the requirement of electricity in upper Sindh a thermal power station has been built at Guddu ,
it is producinq 430 Mega Watts of thermal power projects in private sector. To meet the demand or
electricity the government has made many contracts with the companies in private sectors to produce
electricity and to sell it to WAPDA.

Q : Write about the main Sugarcane cultivation areas in Pak.

ANSWER: SUGAR CANE:
Sugar is obtained from the sugar cane plant. It is usually a tropical plant requires high temperature,
abundance of water and fertile soil.
CULTIVATION OF SUGAR CANE IN PAKISTAN:
Sugar cane is an important crop of our country. It is used for making sugar. It is a Kharif crop.
AREA: Accordinq to the economic survey of Pakistan in the year 2005 – 06 about 907 thousand Hecaters
of land near under sugar cane. It is mostly grown in the canal irrigated areas of Punjab, N.W.F.P.and
Sindh provinces.
PUNJAB: The main suqar cane producing areas are Sargodha, Faisalabad,. Multan, Bahawal pur,
Lahore, Gunjranwala and Rawalpindi.
SINDH: Hyderabad, Badin, Khairpur, Nawabshah, Sukkar and Thar Parker are important cotton
growing areas of this province.
KHYBER PAKHTOON KHWA: Sugar cane is mostly cultivated in the areas of Mardan and Peshawar.
However amount of sugar cane is also cultivated in Bannu and Daira Ismail Khan.

Q : Explain the importance of Electronic media in the world.

There are many different ways in which people communicate such as, through the phone,
through personal encounters, and by attending work place, school, seminars etc. Though media is not the
only communication medium used to dispense the flow of information, its importance in developed
countries is worth mentioning as it has been the main source to inform people on political issues or
current affairs as well as being as the main source of entertainment. 
The flow of information from one geographical location to another has increased in speed
considerably with the advent in digitally enabled communication devices. Different network channels
over cable or satellite TV, newspapers and radio channels are emerging at a ‘very rapid pace providing
the people with a medium to connect themselves with the outside world. Print media has always been a
dominant medium throughout the decades in the western civilization, but it is the emergence of the
television which has become the backbone of the global commercial development. Television contains

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the ability to produce multimedia content and thus has the immense power to·change an individual’s
perception of reality. It is of no wonder that in order to believe in something-, one has to have complete
faith in the source of information.

Q : Into how many climatic, regions may Pakistan be divided

Pakistan is situated in the north of tropic of cancer. Pakistan is a sub-tropical country. It is situated in
the western part of the monsoon region. Some of the areas in the north of Pakistan is warm and mist,
whereas the mountainous area have highland type climate.
Pakistan is divided into following regions on the basis of its climate.
1. Sub-Tropical Continental highland
2. Sub-Tropical Continental plateau
3. Sub-Tropical Continental
4. Sub-Tropical Coast land

Q : What is the importance of Monsoon rainfall for Pakistan

ANSWER: The relative importance of data on winter snow accumulation and summer (monsoon) rainfall
for estimating annual runoff in the Jhelum River basin, Punjab Himalaya, Pakistan, has been investigated.
Strong correlations were found between point measurements of the annual maximum of snow pack
water equivalent and of total winter precipitation in the Kunhar sub basin, and total annual discharge. In
addition, total winter snowfall showed a generally significant correlation with annual discharge.

Q : China, Brazil and Australia together produce more than 55% of the world’s iron-ore. Write a note
on the distribution of iron-ore in these countries.
Iron Ore Industry is a concept that contains iron ore mining, quarrying, crushing, grinding, iron
ore beneficiation, ore reduction, iron ore transporting, trading, primary production, iron ore prices, iron
ore production plant, wholesale , iron ore shipping, ore slag recycling, pollution solution, iron ore specific
solution, etc.
Iron Ore Mining:
Mine Production (2009): 2356t
Major Countries: China, Brazil, Australia
Major Companies: Vale (formerly CVRD), BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto
Key Uses: Steel industry
Main process: Drilling, Blasting, Excavation.
Iron Ore Crushing & Screening:
In earlier mechanized opencaat mines, processing involved was crushing to required size and separation
of various products by dry screening. With the increasing emphasis on cleaner product, wet screening
has come in vogue in place of dry screening. Small capacity crushers have now given place to large
capacity crushers with improved reduction ratio. From Jaw crushers, mine operations have switched over
to gyratory and cone crushers where closely sized materials are required.
Iron Ore Haulage and Transportation:
At global level,’ high horse power (2400hp) and large capacity dumpers up to 350T have already been in
service in advanced countries, trolley assisted dumpers of 120 T and unto 170 T are in use in view of the
spiralling fuel costs, faster cycle and better productivity.
Iron Ore Prices:
Iron Ore trading especially iron ore price is a world trading issue for all the iron consumption
countries. Iron Ore prices are expected to rise during the 2010 through 2011 period. Expected price
increases are anticipated to range between 10% up to 60%, ‘in some cases, as new contracts for iron ore
delivery are negotiated.
This is good news for all iron ore miners, as it will continue their growth period forward.

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