1.

INTRODUCTION

 Detects the presence of echo signal reflected from a target and extracts
information about the target

 Detection of radar signals in noise

 Matched filter and related topics

 Signal processing
 2.MATCHED-FILTER RECEIVER
• MATCHED FILTER:
 Maximizing the output peak-signal-to-noise ratio of a radar receiver maximizes the
detectability of a target

• MATCHED FILTER FREQUENCY RESPONSE FUNCTION:

Frequency response function
H  f   Ga s *  f exp  j 2ft m 

Fourier transform of the received signal s t 


S f    st exp  j 2ft dtm

The received signal spectrum can be written as

S  f   S  f  exp  js  f 
 H  f   H  f  exp  jm  f 

H  f  exp  jm  f   S  f  exp  js  f   2ft m  

H  f   S f 

m  f   s  f   2ft m

• MATCHED FILTER IMPULSE RESPONCE:

 
ht    H  f  exp  j 2ft  df  Ga  S *  f  exp  j 2f tm  t  df
 

Since S *  f   S  f 


ht   Ga  S  f  exp  j 2f tm  t  df  Ga stm  t 


tm  t   0 , or t  tm
• RECEIVER BANDWIDTH:

 Bandwidth of super heterodyne receiver is essentially that of IF.

 Maximum signal -to-noise ratio occurs at the output of the IF.

• DERIVATION OF MATCHED-FILTER FREQUENCY RESPONSE :

H  f   Ga S *  f exp  j 2ft m 

When the input noise is stationary and white (uniform spectral density).

The ratio to be maximized is

S 0 t  max
2

Rf  (1)
N

S 0 t    S  f H  f  exp  j 2ft df (2)

The mean output noise power is
N0 
N  H  f  2
df (3)
2 

Substituting eq’ns (2) and (3) in (1), the R f becomes

 2

 S  f  H  f exp  j 2ft  df

m

Rf  
H  f  df
N0

2

2 

Schwartz’s inequality
2

 P * Pdx  Q * Qdx   P * Qdx

The equality sign applies when P  kQ .
Letting
P*  S  f exp  j 2ft m  and Q  H f 
2
And recalling that  P * Pdx   P dx

 2  

 H  f  df  S  f  df  S  f  df
2 2

Rf  


 
N0
 H f 
N0 2
df
2 
2

Parseval theorem, which relates the energy in the frequency domain and

the energy in the time domain, states that

 

 S ( f ) df   S (t ) dt  signal energy  E
2 2

 

2E
 Rf 
N0
• OUTPUT SIGNAL FROM THE MATCHED FILTER :

The output y0 t  of a filter is the convolution of the input yin t   st   nt 

and the filter’s impulse response ht 


y0 (t )   yin ( )h(t   )d


h(t )  s(t ) then ht     s t   


y0 t    y  s  t d
in

• CORRELATION RECEIVER:

 The input signal yin t  is multiplied by a delayed replica of the

transmitted signal .

 The product is passed through a LPF to perform the integration.

 If the output is of integrator (filter) exceeds a predetermined

cTR
threshold at a time TR , a target is said to be at a range R 
2
 The cross correlation receiver tests for the presence of a target
at only a single time delay TR .
• MATCHED FILTER FOR NONWHITE NOISE:

Noise is represented by a nonwhite power spectrum Ni  f  ,

2

Ga S *  f exp  j 2ft m 
H f 
N i  f 2
When the noise is white, Ni  f   constant .
2

 S f  
*

 
H f 
1
 Ga   exp  2ft m 
Ni  f   Ni  f  
 Nonwhite-noise matched filter can be interpreted as the cascade of two filters.
 The first filter, with frequency response function 1 , makes the
Ni  f 
noise spectrum uniform. It is called the whitening filter.
 The second is matched filter when the input is white and
the signal spectrum is S  f  .
Ni  f 
• SUMMARY OF THE MATCHED FILTER:
1. Frequency response function: S *  f 
2E
2. Maximum output signal-to noise ratio:
N0
3. Magnitude of the frequency response: H  f   S  f 

4. Phase of the frequency response: m  f   s  f 

5. Impulse response: s t 
6. Output signal waveform for large signal-to-noise ratio:

autocorrelation function of st 

7. Relation between bandwidth and pulse width for a rectangular-like pulse
and conventional filter: B  1
S* f 
8. Frequency response function for nonwhite noise:
N i  f 2
 3.DETECTION CRITERIA
 Detection of signals is equivalent to deciding whether the receiver output
is due to noise alone or to signal plus noise.
• NYEMAN-PEARSON OBSERVER:
 Described in terms of the two types of errors.
 One type of error is to mistake noise for signal when only
noise is present.
 Occurs whenever the noise out of the receiver is large enough
to exceed the decision-threshold level.
 This is called Type1 error. In radar it is false alarm.
 Type2 error occurs when a signal is present, but is erroneously
considered to be noise.
 The probability of a Type1 error is fixed, and the probability of
aType2 error is minimized.
• LIKELIHOOD-RATIO RECEIVER:

 Ratio of the two probability density functions, with and without

signal present, or

Lr v  
Psn
Pn
 The likelihood ratio is a measure of how likely it is that the envelop v
of the receiver output is due to signal plus noise as compared with
noise alone.

 The Neyman-Pearson observer is equivalent to examining the likelihood

ratio and determining if Lr v   K , K depends on the probability of
false alarm selected.
• INVERSE PROBABILITY RECEIVER:

 It requires knowledge of a priori probabilities.

 It is not usually possible in radar to define quantitatively the a priori-

probability.
 If the a priori probability is constant, it reduces to the likelihood-
ratio receiver.
 4.DETECTORS
 Extracts the modulation from the carrier in order to decide whether or
not a signal is present.

• OPTIMUM ENVELOPE DETECTOR LAW:

 It can be found based on the use of the likelihood-ratio receiver.

 The optimum detector law can be found based on the use of the
likelihood-ratio receiver.
y  ln I 0 av 

This equation specifies the form of the detector law that maximizes
the likelihood ratio for a fixed probability of false alarm.
A suitable approximation is

y  ln I 0 av   av   4  2
2

For a large signal-to-noise ratio a  1 , this is approximately

y  av
For small signal-to-noise ratios

y
av 
2

4
I, Q Detector:

Input signal: st   at sin2f 0t   t 

The output of the in-phase channel is I t   at cos t 

and the output of the quadrature channel is Qt   at sin t  .

The input signal can be represented as st   I t sin 2f 0t  Qt cos 2f 0t

Thus the I and Q channels together provide the amplitude and

phase modulations of the input signal.