LTE/EPS Overview

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OPEN THE DISCUSSION

Based on the participants experience with 3G networks, initiate a brainstorm and
collect 3G limitations and weak points.

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LTE Drivers:
1.- Wireline technologies keep improving, a similar evolution is required in the
wireless domain to make sure that the applications run smoothly independently of
the access network.
2.- More capacity demanded
3.- Operator cost must be reduced to maintain profitability when flat rate services are
offered.
4.- Other wireless technologies competing with LTE (i.e. WiMAX promising high data
capabilities)

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Following settings and requirements apply when obtaining LTE max bit rate in
Downlink:
•173 Mbps on the physical layer
•FDD with 20MHz bandwidth carrier
•2x2 MIMO (2 antennas for TX, 2 Antennas for RX)
•64QAM modulation
•The bit rate refers to User plane only, meaning that it is already excluded:
•Control overhead (7.1%)
•Reference symbol overhead (7.7%)

Following settings and requirements apply when obtaining LTE max bit rate in
Uplink:
•57 Mbps on the Physical layer (just user plane)
•Single stream transmission with 64QAM assumed
•Reference symbol overhead (14.3%), already excluded
•FDD with 20 MHz bandwidth carrier

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Scalability of bandwidth
Urban areas:
Most likely LTE will be deployed.
Stepwise deployment in UMTS 2.1 bands will be possible at a later stage.

Rural areas:
Option 1: deploy UMTS in 900 MHz band.
Advantage: rollout can start now
Disadvantage: a block of 5 MHz need to be taken out of
the GSM band. Not a lot of operators can afford to take out
this much of spectrum due to heavy usage in this band
Option 2: Introduce LTE in 900 MHz band
Advantage: reuse of GSM 900 Sites.
step by step introduction of
LTE with smaller granularity (1.4 / 3 / 5 /…MHz).

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Reference:
- HSPA R6 and LTE R8 from 3GPP R1-071960
- HSPA R6 equalizer from 3GPP R1-063335
- HSPA R7 and WiMAX from NSN/Nokia simulations

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Cost per MByte decreases with introduction of new technologies.

From HSPA to LTE, the cost per MByte will reduce with more than 70%
Why?
-Flat architecture.
-All-IP transmission network
-Increased spectral efficiency > bits per Hz per cell for LTE (2X2 MIMO) ~ 1.7
-Reuse of spectrum > Refarming of existing 900 MHz band in rural areas possible.
For urban larger bandwidth expected in 2.6 GHz

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•A more detailed list of the requirements and objectives for Evolved UTRAN can be
found in TR25.913 from 3GPP.
•3GPP TR 36.913 provides de requirements for the EUTRAN within LTE-Advanced.

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•First LTE Workshop took place in Canada in November 2004, where the LTE work
was started as a study in the 3GPP. First set of requirements was presented,
together with proposals for technology selection. Both vendors and operators
contributed to the workshop.
•June 2005: first approved version of LTE Requirements
•OFDMA and SCFDMA multiple access selection for Downlink and Uplink
respectively was close by the end of 2005
•The study item was closed in September 2006, and detailed work item started to
make LTE part of the 3GPP Release 8 Specification.
•In December 2008, the Rel-8 specification was frozen for new features, meaning
only essential clarifications and corrections were permitted.

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•March 2009 the ASN.1 code was frozen, starting backwards compatibility; it
defines the first version of the protocol that can be used as the baseline to develop
the commercial implementation. (The Rel-8 standard was complete enough that
hardware designers had been designing chipsets, test equipment, and base stations
for some time) Specification “deep” freeze: any changes in the specs are not
allowed. Typically the system is commercial, its key functionalities are running.
Potential improvement will come only as part of a new release.
• LTE standards development continues with 3GPP Release 9, which was frozen in
December 2009. Including among other topics:
•LTE MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast System): operation of a
broadcast carrier.
•Self Optimized Networks (SON)
•Network Sharing
•Enhanced VoIP support in LTE
•Requirements for LTE Multi-band and Multi-Radio base stations

• Updates to all 3GPP specifications are made every quarter and can be found at the
3GPP web site.

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•The PS Core Network is streamlined by separating the control plane and the user
plane.
•The SGSN becomes a pure control entity.
•The user plane bypasses the SGSN directly to the GGSN

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Node B functionalities:
•All radio Protocols
•Mobility Management
•Header Compression
•Packet Retransmission

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More details on LTE Radio Interface Key Features coming on “LTE Air interface basics”
section in this chapter.

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EUTRAN Key Features

Evolved NodeB
•No RNC is provided anymore
•The evolved Node Bs take over all radio management functionality.
•This will make radio management faster and hopefully the network architecture simpler

IP transport layer
•EUTRAN exclusively uses IP as transport layer

UL/DL resource scheduling

•In UMTS physical resources are either shared or dedicated
•Evolved Node B handles all physical resource via a scheduler and assigns them dynamically
to users and channels
•This provides greater flexibility than the older system

QoS awareness
•The scheduler must handle and distinguish different quality of service classes
•Otherwise real time services would not be possible via EUTRAN
•The system provides the possibility for differentiated services

Self configuration
•Currently under investigation
•Possibility to let Evolved Node Bs configure themselves
•It will not completely substitute the manual configuration and optimization.

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EPC Key Features

IP transport layer
•EUTRAN exclusively uses IP as transport layer

QoS awareness
•The scheduler must handle and distinguish different quality of service classes
•Otherwise real time services would not be possible via EUTRAN
•The system provides the possibility for differentiated services

Packet Switched Domain only

•No circuit switched domain is provided
•If CS applications are required, they must be implemented via IP
•Only one mobility management for the UE in LTE.

3GPP (GTP) or IETF (MIPv6) option

•The EPC can be based either on 3GPP GTP protocols (similar to PS domain in
UMTS/GPRS) or on IETF Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)

Non-3GPP access
•The EPC will be prepared also to be used by non-3GPP access networks (e.g. LAN,
WLAN, WiMAX, etc.)
•This will provide true convergence of different packet radio access system

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Updated from 2006.

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LTE worldwide landscape as of March 24th, 2011. GSA report available at

http://www.gsacom.com/

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Network commitments as of March 24th, 2011. GSA report available at

http://www.gsacom.com/

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Comments concerning IPR:

-UMTS: high number of essentials and many IPR holders, very aggressive licensing policy
(Qualcomm) by holders without product business, no effective IPR regulation (forming
licensing pools) in place
-LTE /SAE: also many patents and IPR holders, but aggressive ones are not so dominant,
most patents hold by infrastructure & terminal vendors, increased IPR awareness /lessons
learned from 3G), additional IPR regulations planed via NGNMN (early declaration of IPR
licensing fees, forming licensing pools possible)
-WIMAX: nearly same number of patents and patent holders as for LTE, but many of them
will not provide Wimax products, expectation of aggressive licensing (Qualcomm, Wi-Lan),
licensing pool initiated by INTEL up till now not successful, slightly lower number of essential
patents expected than for LTE

Economy of scale:
-UMTS/HSPA: designed for evolution of GSM networks, therefore new terminals will contain
UMTS/HSPDA too  leverage of GSM footprint, same is for Basestations (site and
component sharing) /and Core network entities
-Wimax: mainly driven from Notebook market (INTEL Chipsets will include WIMAX),i.e.
datacards. dedicated handsets expected to follow, but extend unclear (probably technically
more difficult due to shorter battery lifetimes)
-LTE: GSM and UMTS network footprint can be leveraged. High terminal volumes can be
expected (GSM/UMTS/LTE multimode terminals from beginning), also platform sharing in
Basestations.

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Spectrum availability and cost impact:

-UMTS/HSPA: paired spectrum assign in 2GHz band in many regions, in Europe partly
high costs due to auctions, continuous 5MHz bandwith required
-Wimax: currently suited for TDD spectrum, in 3,5 Ghz band and in some regions probably
also in 2,5 Ghz band as well as in unlicensed bands, more cost intensive due to 3,5 Ghz
band
-LTE: planned for 2,6 Ghz band (W-Cdma extension bands) and refarming of GSM
frequency bands (scalable bandwitdth)

Terminal variety:
-UMTS/HSPA: designed for evolution of GSM networks, therefore also broad availability of
GSM/UMTS multimode terminals
-Wimax: currently starting with datacards of Notebooks only, but terminals planned,
unsure how many terminals vendors will provide Wimax terminal, especially which
multimode capabilities exist
-LTE: as evolution of GSM and UMTS network a wide variety of terminals can be
expected, probably most of them supporting GSM/UMTS as well

Voice performance:
-UMTS/HSPA: Circuit switched was as well as Voice over HSPA in future
-Wimax: No circuit switched voice, VOIP only, pure QoS management
-LTE: VoIP only, but lowest latency in Air-I/F and network due to flat architecture and QoS
mechanism, at the beginning also directing of voice traffic to GSM/UMTS overlay network
possible

Broadband data performance:

-UMTS/HSPA: up to 14 Mbit/s DL, 5,6 UL
-Wimax: high data performance upt to 50 Mbits/s
-LTE: highest data performance up to 160 Mbit/s (DL) and 50 Mbit/s UL, high spectral
efficiency

Lean Architecture:
-UMTS/HSPA: 4 Node architecture (Node-B, RNC; SGSN, GGSN)
-Wimax: 3 Node architecture (AP, ASN-GW, CSN-GW)
-LTE: Ultra flat architecture 2 Nodes only (eNodeB, SAE-GW)

Compatibility with existing systems:

UMTS/HSPA: internat. roaming, HO to GSM systems
Wimax: currently no IW to other systems, difficult to implement
LTE: Full IW with GSM /UMTS networks will be defined and implemented, also IW to other
systems like WIMAX /CDMA2000 planned

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