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2009_10_6

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5
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6
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wD;eef; Oifpefil:eh ]]wkud f.vAuf.bl,}}eh trf,xkuf,vDvv l hm? trf,xkuf,vDurdl f;vdrl f;/

il:tefrD: tlrkefwef:clof:eef. ref:arjzmrf:yAef pmif;zmifvmuf,vmuf,vhm:vhm:ul;yldifyldifbof./

il:eef. rmiyf ug ;f rmiv
f [ qmi;f zSorf j: wrf;wD; ule:f qhm: teftrf,vuf:vSre
f ef.sv;Oif? wrf;wD; ule:f
bdi:f teftrf,vuf:vSre f ef.sv;Oif qmi;f Ouf:bof./ ugy;f eef ule:f auj.tef c[;y[.yj: Ohmqq [ of;
uof,eef. vgif;vlvmh ulrd f;vlrd f;eif,eefeef. vlof,so;bof./

qof;apjcrf:vlif ule:f eh. trf,vDvv l mh ? trf,vDurdl ;f vdrl ;f zh:tefr:D bdol ,f wj,rh;wif:erf? tefr:D tl
thmyoA b
f [,? tefrD:Mh:wmi:f cSrf; vrfzw
dk f:zkw d f:eef./

zh:eef. ayj:oj; vh;rh;blod ,f pSi;f ref:qkid f qmi;f b[,rj:aO qmi;f zSorf j: wrf;wD; ule:f qhm: teftrf,
vuf:vSrf eef.sv;Oif? wrf;wD; ule:f bdi:f teftrf,vuf:vSre f ef.sv;Oif qmi;f rh;bof./ ugy;f eef
ulef:auj.tef c[;y[.yj: Ohmqq
[ of; uof,eef. vgi;f vlvmh ulrd ;f vlrd f;eif,eefeef. vlo,f so;bof./

7
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

zh: tefr:D tAepf iS f: arjr;h pkyf,zAof;rlnf. yj,xle d ,f aO udw k :f Mh:zh:rh; vrfzwdk :f zkw d f:oh.bof./ qlod :f
wle;f blod ;f wle;f rh. wD;yj,xle d ,f eef. oef:cke d :f yle.f uGj,wif:erfue g ,f qif,awqmi;f tgu,f rj:cke d :f bof./
qof;apjcrf:vlif Ipme:f tefr:D OdeO f D,vwArx f e l f;eef. tofzik f:OdeO f ,D vaO qmi;f arjpyk ,f
rh; auj.zl; vlvmh ? ulrd ;f vdrl ;f ref:eef.bof./ ule:f qlod :f eef. wrf;wD; ule:f tefvv l mh urdl ;f vdrl ;f qlod :f eef.
vku;f vmi:f auj; trf,rD:vh;/ olo:f uGmh :qlod :f wloO
f wf:qlod :f eef.auj; trf,rD:vh;/ auj.xlud ;f pyf. clo:f rge,f eef.
auj; trf,pyf.vh;/ cofqodl :f eef. trf,rD:vku;f vmi:f trf,rD: zl;ykw;f clo:f rge,f cofsv; rde l q f idl f.eif, awj
wlef;xmefulnf:bof./

f of;uof,aO wrf;wD;
ugy;f eefsv; zl;rD:wmi:f N.cofe.h tgeuf efN.pef zge:f ymi;f vD yke;f wloq
il:eef.sv;Oif? wrf;wD; zh:eef.sv;Oif? wrf;wD; cket f e
g ,f tefr:D tvkrf:tvmi:f erfeef.
sv;Oif? wrf;wD; Ipme:f qof; tefr:D Odex f rf: wArx
f e
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eh rkecf rf:Tzj: apj:vmw;f eif,ehbof./

ayj:apj:vmw;f uGj,eif,eh ckeaf pjcrf:vlif yaO,ewD,auj:Ov qif,tofacj;uGmr:f eh. vof;vmw;f

xkid f wrf;wD; Tzj:bof./ ]]qof;pof:wD;cj; Twj:qof;eh. xkuf,rSef;q[sw.cj;atj;/ qof;pof:wD;cj; Twj:
qof;eh. xkuf,rSe;f q[sw.cj;atj;/ qof;pof:wD;cj; ayj:awvmw;f wD;wSuf;ref:qkid f rle d ef if, tofcol :f
cgif tefiyl .f oh.eef. yde;f sesv;Oif? rle d ef if, clo:f cgif tefNrf,wlr:f oh.eef. zkn,f sesv;Oif?
rde
l e f if, ule:f uGiw f mi:f bl,eef. vmw;f seyefOe
f juiG w A ;f wj; Ohmwmi:f ref:sv;Oif? ]qlod :f tefr:D wj
vDeef. awpefpmi;f zmib f l,}ehaO ylid f:wh;zh:seyef wD;e[:vyf:Odi,f eef.sv;Oif? rle d e
f ef
eif,uof, rkecf rf:Tzj:eh. tofvig f;wmi:f ul;vhmyidl faO seTwj:uGj,wD;cj;bof./ qof;pof:wD;cj; rkecf rf:
Tzj:eh. yAew f D; cj;qof; ykid t f id uf odl f:vDwD;cj;bof./ wrf;wD; Twj:qof;eef.sv;Oif? wrf;wD; Oif,cj,
qof;eef.sv;Oif yAew f ;D cj;qof; ykid f;tdiuf odl f:vDw;D cj;bof./ sw,tof oef:rlod f;eh.uGj, rkefcrf:Tzj:
auj; wgi:f rhmoj; cj;wsy:eh. yAet f kyjOuj, ayj;tgu,f vlif tefuodl f:brfqof;pof:uGj, awj,qlo;f Okw:f ymef
eef.aOurf:wD;cj;/ qof;apjcrf: vof;vmw;f eif,ehbof./

(qkrf:qAifcrf:vSif:)

8

YkWfXubj 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
wD;e[:avj:uvlie f .h oj,wvgi;f bkr,f brf rD:oh.
ul;yldifyldifaO qmof:oj,wz[ref: tgefuef rD:oh.
tgi;f uSo;f wD;ckud .f wge:f pif:z[ref:bl,/ qmo:f ykw.f
pof:auj; rD:oh. tgi;f uSo;f tefuyf:uhm,vln;f ykw.f x
qof; rle d ef if,-
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(4) ukOe d j,Ili,f tgi;f wD; tofeyd .f yme,f J eh
bl,/ tgi;f wD; OD,wD;eh. qmi;f pAwf:P; ulef:rj:oh;
Tzj:cof yAex f rf,rOif,ao,usv; qmi;f tge,f Mwf;
xkid f wD;vDOuk wdb,l ehbof./
e[:tgif;wD; OD,wD;eef. rpj,ayj:xde.h vh;
oj;yAef tgi;f uSo;f vlod af Oyde l ;f ehb,l / rlod ;f urf,zj,
sw,wif;r[,eef. vgif;oj; urf,zj,eh. awyAef
9
1
qAifcrf:vSif: 17
qof;Okcrf: (wmif.bmef:)
urf,zj,vdy;f pkod .f trf,eef awyAeuf rf,zj,tef
rD:Tzj:pkod .f eh rgu,f rloe
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eef. eifve d uf rf,zj, sw,tgu,f yAerf j: tgef
wmif:ydlef;auj; yAefwD;rpj,ayj:xdaOtrf,uj:
cmof:zh:vmif.urf,zj,eef. eifvdefrldif: tef
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wSe;f uSo;f tefqof;zl;vDcof yAeTf zj:uGj, ul;qof;
qof; ul;tli:f tli:f eef.auj; yAew f ;D rpj,ayj:xd
eh.uln:f sv; tgi;f wD;eh; cof;yj:tgi;f wD; todQpd
wXje (tgi;f wD;trf,yh,g zj;vh;)ylid e f idk f;bof./
pdr:f Mrf: tgi;f uSo;f rpj,ayj:xd trf,eef wle;f
ayj:xdsv; tgi;f wD;yvmi,f wSe;f uSo;f eef. Mif.oj;
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17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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Ilw.f IAe:f oj; uhbmef oAi:f ulo:f uwj: 292 vuf:? rD: ay,aO vSy;f sw,wif;rj: rlod ;f yDNof,ymu,f 2 eef.
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vuf:bof./ vku.f wD; wj;Ilw.f IAe:f ubj,aO wj,uGj, cke d :f rj:sr:ukr:f cke d :f rlod ;f yDNofymu,f 3 eef.bof./
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avj.ruGj,auj;vh;bl,/ bmr:f vAof Ndo:f rdeuf ;l rlid :f rlid :f bmr:f rlod ;f vAoe f .h sw. urf.yj;erf yAev f mh :rkod :f rlod ;f yD
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uSof; qmof:ykwf.rj:wif:pkdifaO ohm:eh. Oj,Oej, qldof:eh.sw. yAeftefckdef:sr:zldrf.xSrf rldof;yD
ykwf.xqof; ogwf;ohm:uGj,? Oj,Oej,pdef,wl, cke d :f Nofymu,f 12 eef.bl,/ pke,f pmi;f ykw.f xqof; OD
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rlid :f tde,f wdb tofuw l :f rhmtyk aw, vgi;f ukr:f auj, tkr,f vgr.f Myf;oh. rpj,ayj:xdb,l / e[:eef. owf.wh:
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ykw.f xubj,eh. qif,zgw;f yAeq f rk :f uge:f xdi:f rlod ;f yD 2008 e[:vle d f 'Sy.f oID,eef.bof./ ayj:oj;
ykw.f xubj, rlod ;f 1953 vde l af r, 28 oef:eef. Mwf;xkid rf j: cmo:f uwf:ul;yDqidk f ule:f qmo:f ykw.f e[:
bof./ urf,zj, ul;rlid :f rlid :f tgeuf efrj:oh;Tzj: wD;ykw.f xu
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bj,eh. qmo:f ykwf. cof;yj: ckid ;f ekid f;? qmo;f pdef,wl, ul;yDbof./
cof;yj:ckdif;ekdif;bl,/ vlifygifqkdif; rldif:tdef,wdb vdol af Oeef. ulef:rlid :f xh:? rlid f:OD,Nof,? rlid :f
auj; tofikde:f e[:vlifygifqkdi;f ? tofwmif:qhg;xSrf rme;f ? rlid :f uByme,f ? rlid :f sc,zlud ,f sv;rlid :f oef:wlu:f
qkrf:vkrf;zj. (zhm,ukrf:xdif:clof:uof,clof:rgef)aO cofqldof:eh.auj; tgefuefrj:qgrf: qkrf:z[qkrf:
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Ij, (bmrf:vAofMif.oj; erf.'j,ul,)aO erf.Mif; ref:/ tefvt D mr:f ej,aO vDOodl f:q[ej,eef.
tefe.h bmr;f yAew f ;D ykw.f xqof; tmy,f erf.rj:/ ayj:oj; Mwf;zSofuGj, e[:omif:ykwf.xubj,qkdif

10
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
xmw;f q[e.h uwf:bAeuf jG ,urf:vAoaf O ule:f qlod :f tgeuf efeyf.brf oh;Ojb,l eef. wmi:f Okirf ef:
tefvuk .f ul;rlid :f rlid :f rj:eef. tgeuf ef rD:erf.q[ awrD:rgu;f ymu,f ay,vlod "f aO rD:oh. zhm,wlu:f xmw;f
rAw.f wj,awj,uef eyf.brfuef wif:OAi;f eef. rapj,ayj:xdbof./ wlef;rh.ngif,ayj:xdeh. yAef
bof./ wle;f rh. tefuw dl ,f Nrf;aej,crf:qof;OD,xmw;f aO
ohm:aO qof;auj:wr vh;nme,f Oyf.ynf,nk yAeftgif;wD; qof;auj:wr vh;nmef,Oyf.yh,nk
aO yAeTf zj:bof.eef. uSe,f qof; bl,Oof:wD; w[;ref:eef.bof./ uln:f uj; wlef;rh.ngi,f ayj:xd
pdr:f Mrf:eef. ekid ;f wD;qAw:f oef: qAw:f oef:aO bmr:f vAoe f .h trf,q[;wle;f iof;(wle;f rl,v)ref:
tefeef.auj; yAeuf jG , tgi;f wD;qAw:f wD; (Owf bof./ ugy;f Oifeh ckeaf pjcrf:pde,f wl, tefqodk ;f
wXje)uGj,bl,/ oj; OOifueef. ref:trf,eyf.brfyw k .f xqof;
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Ogipf iA v f odl b
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ref:qof; eif;apjv;h Ody:f yD Ody:f tAw:f yDeef. xkid rf j: 1870 wAre f ef. wle;f pke;f r[,eef. cke d :f
ehbof./ ohm:aO cket f aOj:ueef.auj; qof;ckef ule,f yif:uGj,ySw;f ehbof./ zgi:f eef. cket f iA :f u
qmof:ykwf.cof tgefuef Okdyf,sr:ukrf:vkrf:vj:rj: vAwf;cof qif,tofacj;ylifwrf:vlif:aO P;]Oj,
ymefOkdyf,ymefbl,/ ymefckeftAif:uvAwf;rj:tkyf. st:vSwf.qef:wj:ueAif,urf,} tofykef;zgef:
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wlef;rh.ngif,ayj:xd tefqmof:ykwf.pof:cof ohm:aO vh;nme,f Oyf.yh,nkbof. rkecf rf:Tzj:

11
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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Okwf:cgwf,qlof;ymef
b rlvyIdbjboUfUOfO ? ZbaZIoOkwf
trf,bmefumif:vgwf;
woEfEej/
wuf:Mwf;xkdifbl,ul;auj.bof./
3. Ñanamoli Bhikkhu and Bodhi Bhikkhu
(trans.), The Middle Length Discourses of the * qlof;uj;wmif:xof;
Buddha, Wisdom Publications, Boston, USA, yh,wof;Mwf;rj:
(third ed.,) 2005.
tduf,yj:qAyf:uSef:
4. Dhammika, S. Ven., Middle Land Middle Way,
Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, S r i yh,iSef:wrfwgif;
Lanka, 1999 (2nd editon). vgif;whmyh,xkdif
5 OD;Mobmo q&mawmf? rZösr
d a'oNrKd U&Gmrsm;rS vDckdifpjbof.
ordik ;f &ky<f uif; yk&H yd v
f mT rsm;? Mahavir Press, cgef.wof;Omrftef
Varanasi, India, 2006ckEp S f ('kw,
d tBurd )f / (1) bkdef;yefwj wj,e
(2) OD,vvbdyf:ref;
(3) urfyef;zj,oej,
ygifOmif;uGj,ul;auj.aOurf:/ /
vmofqAwf: (xkif.ylif:)

17
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18
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19
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
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clof:wmef:qldof:eef. Orf.rdlefeif,qdlof.zef: urfroUfUOfO IlyOkww f />

20
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21
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yqfaqjaIj pdww f oj ywfwdaujo - tofvw l .f ckeydfyrd f,ydOj,I vh;xku,f wmif:yle d ;f tofrw d ;f xSu,f
(cD,vlw.f eif;vlw.f )uGj,aO vli:f vlw.f aO qif, zj,wderf ef:eef. vgi;f wmif:ref: rD:oh.bl,Ogif
yhwe d uf jG ,}} ehb,l bof./ tdie f old v
f ig ;f eyf.brfqold :f vgi;f - 1.ugy;f ydol ;f wdok :f cSy:f wdeuf jG , wD;edol af q,wd
eh.aO pefxikd of j; qmof:ykw.f xzj,Oj,e[:rdil :f bif,ue(omif:ugi:f rl:)? 2.ugy;f ydol ;f trf,Oku;f wdef
rmef;urf;erfeh. tofpSif:Owf.xj,yAefb[,aO aO bAy,f nj: edol w f ;D eif; Oif,cj,/ qof;nj,ej,
sv; vSw,f rh;bl,wSi;f wSi;f auj; trf,Odlo:f wdko:f Zdorf,O O(zl;wSr;f yyf. ODvufcEfXtZdeo#Duj)
cSyf:wdef e[:omif:uRif:rkefqof;sv;omif:ugif:rl:? Orf.oj;- aq,wdbif,ue ueeh. yAew f ;D tefye ld ;f
eSwf;bdlef.uef; bdyf:cSyf:wdefaO cmrf,vgif; vl,rgu,f erf.wAe:f zh:-ehbof./(aqwd aqwdbifUaE
zj,wdefvdlwf,wdefrh; tofukOlof,ref:vlifbl, wd Uef X yk y f z jWD p d yl Q e#f $ jeZl a w
bof./ aqwdbOfO Zlrdwav/ ed O Qf Q ewf
xSi;f zhm,edik ;f qrf. ugy;f ydol ;f pefxikd of j; ayj: xjbj
xjbjwd Zducf O k C> OfO edOW D ewfxjb/ OD
wdok :f cSy:f wdee f :[ omi:f uRi:f ehqikd f ref:yAef tuj,Io vufcEfXtZdeo#Duj? ej;-2.8)/
vgi;f trf,eyf.brfaOtrf,uj: Orf.bif:oj; ref: uAo,f vln;f vgi;f eh. Orf.trf,vh;pef e[:yj,vd
yAew f mif:zdw:f ehb,l bof./ uAo,f vln;f vgi;f ref: qof;vmwf;oh.Oif/ uln:f vh;pefe:[ twf.xuxj,
qmif;yAew f mif:zdw:f eh. Orf.vh;pef qof;rpj, wSr;f oh.eif,eefaO e[:wD,uj, Orf.ydw k ,f se wD;
ykw.f xacj:O
xacj:OwSr;f vgi;f ckeaf pjcrf:ydr,f ydOj,I rdil :f ygif,ref:P;wArfxlef; wSuf,vSif:vDeef.bof./

22
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
zde k v f ud ;f xrf:qdol :f eh. zde k e f ikd ;f sv;zde k e f ikd ;f e[:omif:eef.sw. yde l ;f tgeuf ef wdok :f cSy:f wdef
Orf.trf,wSr;f rdol ;f ymefvoA uf efv:l uge,f / ayj:aw aO uGj,uGj,cde k :f cdek :f vlib f ,l bof./
wSu;f cmof:wmif:pdik f bmefpmif,uefsw.qdik f OD,vuf. uAo,f vln;f vgi;f vDwokd :f _trf,vDwokd :f cSy:f wdef
cefxyj,v yj,vd qof;eh. qof;rpj,uwf.Oy tgeNf of e[:omif:uRif:rkeq f of;sv; omif:Tzj:ugi:f rl:eh.sw.
aO uAy:f Mrfce l .f ch; qkwrk Nf rf;uefo.h rdol ;f ohm:aO rD:wD;rdil :f rmef;rdil :f vAouf n l :f yAet f ef wduk .f vh;xAif
ykwf.x qof;tofyIdedyf.ymef,bof. Omrfvldef uefb,l ? zhm,tefoj;]]vDwokd :f }}eh auj;rD:? zhm,tef
(3vde l )f ? OD,vuf.cef,xtwf.xuxj, xuxj,qrf. qof; oj;]]trf,vDwdko:f }}eheef.auj; bif:wdku.f rD:bl,
rpj,ykw.f xacj:O cde k :f wSr;f yAez f e kd of .h wD;rdil :f wif:erfbof./ uAo,f vln;f vgi;f eh. zl;xwf:Omif
OD,Nof, ohm:aOykw.f xqof; tofyIdeyd .f ymef,bof. qdok ;f OAiv f okd :f qof;edik ;f rde l e f if, qof;Qeuj,
pAifyhmymuf,yD (1100 yD)? OD,vuf.cef,xyl,Ie Zdorf,O uRif:rpj,uef,xj,Iki,f oAi:f trIyl,Isw.
wD,uj, uj,(yyf.wD,uj,zde k uf of,)qrf. qof;xrf,ryj,v vmwf;oh.eif, yj;w[;eh.bof./
wSr;f oh. ohm:aOtwf.xuxj,bof. edik ;f ymu,f yD (100 ]]ygVdawmf?t|uxm?#Dumwd\ Yk pum;
yD)? OD,vuf.cef,xtzd eowD,uj,(yyf uj, .wD,uj, onf ,ckacwfjrefrmAk'b ¨ momwd\ Yk
zde k rf ,[ )qrf. qof;nj,ej,zdorf,O cde k :f wSr;f oh. t,ltqudk raxmufcMH uygwum;/
rdol ;f ymefce k zf ol :f awj,zbj:(1782-1819)? wD; ]oD[Vkd ?f ,d;k ',m;? uarÇm'D;,m;? avm}
rdil :f trIylI (e[:wdil :f oAi:f vlod ,f bmrf:vAo)f ohm:aO [laom ax&0g'Ak'b ¨ mom av;Edik if w H Ykd
ykw.f xqof; tofyIdeyd .f ymef,bof. pdik O f ig pf iA O
f ,D ü ausmif;0dik ;f twGi;f ? bk&m;0dik ;f twGi;f
ymuf,yD (2400 yD)eef.bof./ wd0Yk ,f zdeyfp;D onf csn;f omjzpfMuo
uAo,f vln;f vgi;f vDwokd :f _trf,vDwokd :f cSy:f wdef wJ?h jrefrmt,ltm;jzifh xdo k t l m;vk;H ajc
e[:omif:uRif:rkeq f of;sv; omif:Tzj:ugi:f rl:eh. egu;f z0g;udk "g;cGcJ MH u&awmhrnf? jrefrmAk'¨
aOrdlif:rmef; Orf.vh;pefqmof:ykwf.xzj,Oj, bmomwdu Yk m; ausmif;0dik ;f twGi;f odYk
wmif,rdil :f - rdil :f eif,rdil :f xh:? rdil :f vmof:? rdil :f urf, pufb;D pD;í vnf;0if&MJ u\? EGm;vSn;f ?
ayj:wD:bj:qdol :f eh. rdol ;f uGj,e[:omif:uRif:eef. trf, jrif;vSn;f pD;ívnf;0if&MJ u\? xdx Yk uf
vh;pefye ld ;f xgw,f cSy:f wdeaf O uGj,eif,uof,/ tef crf;em;aom armfawmfum;Bu;D udv k nf;
pof:vh;pef tefxmif,qSi;f wD;qrfOw k :f pof: wD; pD;í 0if&MJ u\? pD;p&m,mOfww Ykd iG f t
edki;f rdlee f if,wD;owf.zuSof;Tzj:OSifcAof tef ao;i,fq;H k zdeyf,mOfuu k d m; rpD;0H&h mS Mu
qdok ;f vdok :f e[:vlu;f rD:bl,wD;oAi:f uki:f xAy;f ? rdil :f xh: acs? xdjYk yif bk&m;ajrbk&m;0dik ;f twGi;f ü
eef. ule:f rj:oh;Ojref: ab;oef:tmef,Nofymuf, ausauseyfeyfciG jhf yKtyf cif;usi;f jyo
auj.aOwj. cof;e[:omif:uRif:auj; trf,vh;pefye ld ;f tyfaom Zmwfyo JG bifrsm;udMk unfh ½I
xgw,f cSy:f wdeaf Ocof;eif,uof,/ yde l ;f uln:f xgw,f um ESy?f wHaxG;wdu Yk kd axG;&JMu\? xdyk JG
rdlof;qrf awcdkef;uGj, e[:uRif:Tzj:eef.ulnf:? aps;ü pm;~uiG ;f pm;usew f u Ykd v kd nf; ypf&J

23
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Mu\? uav;rsm;udyk if &SL&SLw,f0MhH u
ao;\? zdeyfuu kd m; rpD;0HMh u&Smacs? zdeyf
rpD;bJ ausmif;0if;twGi;f 0ifí zkv H ;l ae
aomajcjzifh ausmif;ay:wufjcif;ESihf
zdeyfp;D í ausmif;ay:wufcgeD;rS zdeyfcRwf
Ny;D vQif zkrH vl;aomajcjzifh ausmif;ay:
wufjcif;wdw Yk iG f tb,fow Ykd ufjcif;u
ajcz0g; "g;cJcG &H aomtrIEiS hf eD;pyfygo
enf;¿
ydef,zhm,wh:- acj;uGmrf:yj,vdqof;
twf . xuxj,sv;wD , uj,qd l o f : eef .
ref:trf,rj:imrf,uefOif wif:yhm:ole.f
wmif:pefxikd f qmof:ykw.f xzj,Oj, rdil :f
rmef;? wD;rdil :f tefye A q f mof:ykw.f ax,
Iomwf;eif,uef wif:rdil :f rmef; rde l e f if,
rdil :f OD,Nof,? rdil :f xh:? rdil :f urf,ayj:wD:bj:?
rdil :f vmo:f qdol :f eh.sw. yde l ;f wdok :f cSy:f wdef
cof;e[:omif:uRif:bl,oj,? ayj:tofwmif:pef
xdik f qmof:ykw.f xzj,Oj, rdil :f rmef;oj;
sw. ule:f qdol :f eef.aw vh;xku,f wmif:
yldef; tofrdwf;xSuf,zj,wdef cofOAif;
rlwf:bof./ qmof:ykwf.xzj, Oj,rdlif:
rmef;sw. e[:omif:uRif:eh. vSiaf uj;pwf:
cD,cof;bof.? avj.rj.avj.olo:f auj; pwf:cD,
cof;bof.? vlw.f uj:auj; bif:pwf:cD,cof;
bof.? wlu:f wj,tef yAecf ild ;f cD,vAu.f aO
ydlef;Okwf: cSyf:wdefeef. Orf.trf,
pwf:wdok :f cD,cof;e[:omif:uRif:/ vdol e f ef.
ayj:yAef yg:h Tzj:sv; yde l ;f Orf.seqmw;f
seOSi:f ayj:ehqikd f zgi:f rdol ;f wduk .f tgef
uefcof;q[wlnf:ygh:bl,eef. urf;zgif;
24
bif:pwf:xlre f rf.vhm: chm:erf.rku;f O[,e[:
omif:uRif:omif:Tzj:bl,vl:? urf;zgi;f bif:
Orf.pwf:OD,P;vku;f tge,f vSiO f .D aOj.
bAo;f O[,e[:omif:uRif:vl:uge,f bof./ wlu:f
wj,cSyf:wdefsw.qdkif Orf.trf,pwf:
wdkof:cof;e[:omif:uRif:/ teftrf,wdkof:
cSyf:wdefaOsv; wdefulof;zkef,rkuf.?
ulo;f ulr,f ulo;f tkiaf O cdek ;f edlouf Rif:sv;
wif:tefwdkof:cSyf:wdefaOsv; ayj:
qrfcdkef;uGj,edlofuRif: qif,ugh;xgwf,aO
ckdef;edlofuRif:eef. tefv[Orf.aw
qrfoyd j,uowf; vgi;f xku,f yde l ;f tof rdw;f
xSu,f zj,wdeaf Otefva[ ej:H}} oj;eh
bof./
vde k :f Okw:f sw. pof:vh;N.oj;- yefpj
vgif;vDwdkof:_trf,vDwdkof:cSyf:wdefe[:omif:uRif:
rkefqof;sv;omif:Tzj:ugif:rl:eh. yAefrj:bgef.
ydlof;q[Owf.xj,ulef:pof: tefulofbrfeyf.xdkof
edol Of j,Oej,vlod pf iS :f ej,eSe,f ydil e f ikd ;f (rD:Owf.
xj,vhmvhm trf,rD:yhm:ole.f ynf,nj,ukr:f uSr)f ? Orf.
vh;vlpefre S ;f acj;uGmrf: tefqof; rpj,ykwf.x
acj:O wSr;f oh.e[:OD,vuf.cef,x ouf.utwf.xu
xj,eef.oj; ]]bge.f ydol ;f ckeaf pj crf:ydr,f ydOj,I
rD:odyj,uowf;oef:vif tefref:qof; wdok :f cSy:f
wdeuf jG ,wD;edol af q,wdbif,ue (omif:ugi:f rl:)sv;
Orf.trf,Oku;f wdeaf ObAy,f befre S ;f nj:edol f
wD;eif;Oif,cj,sv; vh;xku,f wmif:yle d ;f tofrw d ;f
xSu,f zj,wderf ef:}}eheef. auj;ydil e f ikd ;f bof./
acj;uGmrf: tefqof;rpj,ykw.f xacj:O xacj:Ooj;oh.eef.
auj; Orf.wSr;f oj;]]IjQj IjQj udIJ}}eh
J sv; ref:trf,
q[;uGmrf:wSw;f awj:? ygi,f oj; ref:qof;bmrf;ide:f
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
yde l ;f vmwf;-ehun l :f bof./ vdol e f ef. ayj:bl,wD; pif:z[ref:eef.bl,bof./
yhm:ole.f uyf:uhm, vgi;f Oke,f vh;Oke,f yAeuf e l :f tef
uAo,f vln;f ulw:f rhmqkr:f ukvOruf.uvlu;f cof umyf; zdketf di-f
ymerf old ;f vAoef .h xwf:Omiof j;ayj:ehqikd -f wuj,cof 1. WDCedujab OkrifUvodvjOdeb d j?
tefrj:e[:omif:uRif:eef. Orf.trf,vh;wdok :f cSy:f ODvufcefXoUfU#f$uxjb? Ojrnfn
wde?f wlu:f wj, rkeq f of;tefb,l wD;uRif:eef. zvOkww f oEfEej? ej;rl,!#f$?126/
Orf.wdok :f cSy:f wdef tefqef.Okicf w kd :f umyf; ref: 2. WDCedujab? ODvufcefXoUfUtZdeo#D
bl,eh qgi,f ref:Twj:pdok `f rD:acj;xmrf eif,ehbof.? ujb Wkwb d ZjuOfO Ojrnfnzv
eh.yAeftefuyf uyf:uhm,vlnf;vgif; wlif,olif:ulef:/ Okww f oEfEej? ej;- 2.8/
Orf.xSif;ayj:bl,wD;qAif,yhm: olef.uyf:uhm,vlnf; 3. Bodhi Bhikkhu (trans.), The Discourses on
vgi;f rlw:f O[oj;auj; vgi;f trf,wdok :f cSy:f wdef e[: the Fruits of Recluseship: The
Samannaphala Sutta and its Commentaries,
omif:uRif:aO rj:cde k ;f edol uf Rif:eef. N.uj;wdeuf ol ;f Wisdom Publications, Buddhist
wdefulrf,aO wdlof:pAwf:P;uRif:ulof;udlof,bl,bof./ Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka,
1989.
Orf.xSi;f ayj:bl, wD;qAi,f yhm:ole.f uyf:uhm,vln;f
4. Zeumbd0o H t&Si?f
vgif;yhm:bl,v vDaO xwf:Omifauj; teftrf,
bmoma&;jyóemrsm;
wdok :f cSy:f wdee f ef. qmif;bAy,f qlu.f wdol .f nj: vAu:f
(*g'D,ef;OD;pde0f if;tar;? t&SiZf eum
ydw:f vAu:f ygw:f ? emrf?zAorf .h ? ygw:f rh.qdol :f eh.aO
bd0o H tajz)? ynmtvif;jypmaywdu k ?f
qmif;yAet f ef: wIhm:qAy:f OSy,f wloq f of;uof,bl,
&efuek Nf rKd U? 2002ckEpS (f 'kw, d tBurd )f /
bof./ wD;eh;sw. ugy;f ydol ;f yAet f efN.pefurf;
5. &a0EG,?f b0wdi k ;f qkaH wGUcsiyf govm;
zgi;f aO cde k :f Okyd ,f ch;seuln:f sv; ref:xku,f rSe;f
ESib
hf moma&;vrf;ñGe"f r®pmpkrsm;?
pdok _f trf, xku,f rSe;f tefoj;eef.sw. rD:wD;wmif:
aevpmay? &efuek ?f 2004ckEpS f
N.sv; yhmole.f zl;vlvud ;f cof cde k :f Okyd ,f ole.f tof
(wwd,tBurd )f /

Mh:wdeTf zj:yAeqf of;eh. ayj:ref:qof; trf,twdw.f xmef,aObAy,f qdik f

trf,xmif,qSi;f ? ayj:ref:qof;twdw.f xmef,aObAy,f qdik f qmif.cof rj:bAy,f auj; trf,pmh ?
zlevf il w
f ul :f vli:f O[,auj; trf,phmvh;ehbof./

(XrfryW-$? y-129)

25
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

pmif;wlofvduf;

26
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17

27
17-qAifcrf:vSif: xrf
1 :Owd yxmef,OD,ylid f
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
xrf:Owdyxmef,OD,ydlifeh. ykwf.xqof;
apj:tguf,rguf,se rldof;zgif:ref:qof;bl,Oof:
e[:Odil ,f wlid :f rdil :f ukIk? wD;omef;vliurf
furfrjOxrf,r
eef.bof./ ref:qof;bdlif:ql: vgif;zgef:vD
pj;yldif rdlefeif,- 1.eif,pdkofq[Owf.woj, aw
zdluf,qdkef;cmofO[? 2.eif,pdkof awcmrf;ylef.vh;
vgif;q[vdlwf,rh;? Mif.ph;? 3.eif,pdkofvgif; wkuf.c
wlofq[awrgwf,phm? 4.eif,pdkofawpkyf;vh; rmuf;
nmef,zlo,f nmef,? 5. eif,pdok af wN.pef vh;edy.f
ymef,-ehqdlof:eh.bof./ Okwf;rpj,Owdyxmef,
eh. ref:uGmif;cGmifej,sv; wD;eh; awcwf:q[
Oyf:vSif:se Nofabj;wD;uSyf;ref:ulnf:/
xrf:Owdyxmef,(4)yldifsv;wD;ygif,ref:
1. ujbjekyOfOejOwdyxmef,?
2. aowejekyOfOejOwdyxmef,?
3. qdwfwjekyOfOejOwdyxmef,?
4. xrfrjekyOfOejOwdyxmef,/
(1)vgif;bArf;wlnf: wD;wlofcef,xj,eef.
Mif . oj; ujbjek y Of O ejOwd y xmef , /
28
qof;OkoI rmof:crf: vj;OAof;
(2)vgif;bArf;wlnf: wD;cmrf,qmrf,ylnf;eef. Mif.
aowejekyOfOejOwdyxmef,/ (3)ckuf:
oj;aowejek
bArf;wlnf: wD;qfGeef.Mif.oj;qd qdwfwjekyOfO
ejOwdyxmef,/ (4)vgi;f bAr;f wln:f wD; eDoIe
Twj:qldof:eef. Mif.oj;xrf xrfrjekyOf OejOwd
yxmef,bof./
zgi:f rlod ;f bAr;f wln:f vln;f Owdyxmef,eef.
awvh;rD: erf.uwf.OD,ydlifwArfwlof rdlefeif,-
1.vgif;cwf:q[ P;udav,Oj,rgwf,bAef(tjwjyD
oDIdb)? 2.vgif;N.qSif;vSif:vD (OrfyQnfn)?
(3)vgif;rD:OwdTwj: (Owdrj)? 4.vgif;idlif.so;
ySwf; qfGwdwf:ySef:sv;qfGtrf,Oj,(tZdQf@j?
aWjreOfO)qldof:eh.bof./
(1)ujbjekyOfOejOwdyxmef,eh. Orf.
rD : (6)wg e f ; bof . ? (u)wg e f ; tjejyje
tjejyje?
(c)wgef;tdIdbjyx jyx? (i)wgef;Orfyqnfn /
(q)wgef;ywdulvreODujI/ jI (O)wgef; Xjwk
reOdujI jI/ (n)wgef;eoOdoxdu eh yAefqldof:
eh.bof./
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(u)wgef;tjejyje
tjejyjeeh. vmwf;vlnf;vgif;
oh.OwdaO wlnf:qgrf:vlrf:cof;vlrf:tguf,bof./
ayj:aweif;umefTwj:eh awvh;vlud ;f pj wD;tef
Omif,xkuf,zdwf,bAefvDeef.aO eif;cGh,ukwf,?
eif;cky.f cof,? trf,eef eif;elod w f if, tofwe d f
bgef, P;wkduf.Omif,xkuf,eef.aOsv; oh.wlof
Okdof;Okdof;? vgif;tj,Ikif,q[pkpof:eef. qyf:OfG,
wD;ymhcl;eifaObof. wlnf:wgif:qgrf: vlrf:cof;
vlr:f tgu,f tefpof:xln;f q[b,l eef.bof./ qgr:f
eif, vlr:f cof;vlr:f tgu,f ul;urf:urf:eef. rmhpwk ig :f
f ef. Orf.P;pkoj; vlr:f cof;
qgr:f ul;urf:ul;urf:? vdol e
vlrf:tguf,eh. yAefIkyf;Twj:? tefpkeh.qrf. yAef
emrf,Twj:-eh qgrf:vlnf; wmif:N.odyOfOej,
nmef,eef.bof./ vldofeef. Orf.olef;ch;vlnf;
vuf.cej,Omrfydlifoj; ]]Ikyfemrf,cef,xj,eh. rD:
vgif;Ozj,o yAefyAefvkvksv; ref:trf,ref;
edrf yAeted ftedqfq? rD:vgif;cmefq[ yAewk fwuk fc?
ref:trf,qgrf: wmif:vlof,umifq[z[ yAefOazj:
tewfw}}ehbof./
(c)wge;f tdIb d j,yx
j,yxqrf. vmwf;vln;f vgi;f
tofq[O[, tofOwdqyf:udkuf: wD;tdIdbj,ykwf;
OD,yldif- rldof;yh? rldof;qluf:? rldof;eif;? rldof;egef:
ul;urf:urf:eef.bof./ oh.OwdaO wlnf:wgif:
qgrf: tdIdbj,ykwf;OD,yldif P;N.pefoj; vgif;wlif.
edik t d j,ykw;f eef. yAeIkfIyk ;f ? tefoe
f Id b l .f ch;qgr:f
eef. yAeemrf femrf,Twj:eheef.bof./ vdlofeef.
vgif;ref:yAefvkeef.qrf. P;tofodyOfOej
nmef,pefxikd f tefref: yAeO f azj:tedqq f ?
wku.f c? tewfw vuf.cej,Omrfyldie f ef.bof./
29
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
(i)wge;f Orfyqnfneh. vmwf;vln;f vgi;f
oh.OwdaO N.qSif;vSif:vDqgrf:umeftef pof:
pAwf:bl, tefpof:wlif.edkifbl, ul;ydlifydlif rldef
eif,- uGj,ej;? Nefvif? wlnf:wmif:ej;? wlnf:
cdkef:wmif:vif? rldof;clwf:? rldof;bAwf,? rldof;wldof.xd?
rldof;wkdof:clof:cgif? rldof;udef?rldof;Olwf.? rldof;bdyf:?
rlod ;f yg,h ? rlod ;f zmh;tge,f ? zmh;vlif rlod ;f vmwf;? rlod ;f bl,
bAefbAef rldof;wlif.ekdifbl, ul;urf:quGj,qdlof:eh.
wif:OAi;f eef.bof./ OrfyQnfneh. Orf.sz
tguf,uGj,xSif;(4)rAof:- 1.olef.ch;vlnf;Omwfxu
Orf y Qnf n -rD : zg e f : vD trf , rD : zg e f : vD ?
2.ole.f vln;f OyfyjbOrf yQnfn- Omif,xku,f
trf,Omif,xkuf,? 3.olef. ch;vlnf;aujqIOrfy
Qnfn--wj,pAwf:umefeef. rSef; trf,rSef;?
4.ole.f ch;vln;f tOrfarjpOrfyqnfn- vgw;f
umif:tefwkdrfwef yAefqldof:ehbof./
(q)wgef;ywdulvreOdujI jIqrf. vmwf;
vlnf; vgif;tefvDtdrf,tldof,rldof,qmef;wD;wlof
qof;uof, tefyeA cf el Nf of? clewf ol f quGj, qkvrk :f
wkrfugwf.xj,O(32)qldof:eef.bof./ P;pkoj;-
qkvkrf:wkrfugwf.xj,O 32 eef. yAeIkfIyk f;Twj:?
tefpkeef. Orf.yAeemrf femrf,Twj: eheef.bof./
vdlofeef. vgif;ref:yAefvkeef.qrf. P;tof
odyOfOejnmef,pefxikd f tefref:yAeO f azj:
tedqq f ? wku.f c? tewfw vuf.cej,Omrfyldif
ehbl,bof./
(O)wg e f ;xj,wk r eOd u jI
jIqrf . vmwf ;
vlnf;vgif;xmwf; yxoD? tjayj:? aw,aqj:?
ojabj:bof./ P;N.oj;- xmwf;vlif(4)yldifqldof:
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
eh.yAeIkfIyk f;Twj:? tefpkeef.Orf. yAeemrf
femrf,
Twj:ehbof./ vdlofeef.Orf. vgif;ref:yAefvk
eef. P;tofodyOfOejnmef,pefxdkifoj; ref:
yAeOf azj:tedqq f ? wku.f c? tewfw-ehb,l
bof./
(n)wgef;eoOdoxduqrf. vmwf;vlnf;
oOdoxdu(9)yldif tefyldef;ySwf;ulef:wmhw;D efG:
yj,pAof; rdlefeif,- 1.wmhbof. vh;OgifOmrfoef:
tefwkduf.vrfufG;tkdif,wdkif,bl,eef.sv;Oif?
2.tefyAefwlofwmheef. wlofuj? rj? vif:w?
vif:wgh:cof clyf:umyf;wkdwf.qefbj. Ouf:udefbl,
eef.sv;Oif? 3.wD;wlofwmheef. vkyf,ref:yh,
zmwf,uefvDvldwf;? tAefref: wkduf.zgwf;ekuf:
qyf:bl,eef.sv;Oif? 4.wD;wlow f mheef. vky,f
ref:sw.yh,zmwf,uef? elod .f eifref:sw. trf,rD:
bof.? vlw d ;f eku:f qyf:rmuf,rlod b f ,l eef.sv;Oif?
5. wD;wlofwmheef. vkyf,ref:yh,zmwf,uefvD?
eldof.eifsw. trf,rD:bof.? tAefref:wkduf.
zgwf;uef oh.bl,tdwf:tdwf:tgwf:tgwf:eef.
sv;Oif? 6.wD;wlow f mheef. vky,f ref:zmwf,uef
bof.? vky,f ugu:f Nof? vky,f wlowf e d rf odk :f quGj,wduk .f rD:
bl,wD;zfw G ;D ref:eef.sv;Oif? 7.wlow f mheef.
vky,f ref: zlud ,f cmofqidl .f eif,Mhcmofeef.sv;Oif?
8.wD;wlow f mh eef. ukdw:f vky,f ref: pkdiuf of,wmef,
vh;yAefOgifOmrfyDeef.sv;Oif? 9. wD;wlofwhm
eef. cmof:bmrf:pkid e f j,? vky,f ref:zif.rgw;f Orf.
ayj:yAefzgifuGj,eef.sv;Oif qdlof:eh.bof./
abj:uD,zl;uBmif.urfTwj:cof wlnf:wlofwmhqldof:
eef.aOsv; ygi,f q[oj;- ]]atj:J uofauj; aw
vh;wmhqidl .f ehun l :f eif,uof,? wlocf ef,xj,pof:eh.
30
ref:yAefIkyf;sv; emrf,Twj:ulnf:}}ehaO tof
odyOfOejnmef, N.pefvig ;f Oazj:tedqq f ?
wkuf.c? tewfw vuf.cej,OmrfyldifaO wlnf:
wgif:pkqgrf:eef.bof./
(2) ao,wej,ekyOfOejOwdyxmef, eh.
vmwf;vln;f vgi;f (u)Okcao,wej,~ vgi;f qmrf,
ylnf;Oldof:Oj,uwf:bAef? (c)wkuf.c ao,wej,~
vgif;qmrf,ylnf;bl,bmuf;cmefqfG? (i)tkyduf.cj,ao,
wej,~ vgif;qmrf,ylnf;Oldof:Oj,sv; cmefqfG
eef. vgwf;wif:Ogiftef? olef.ch;qgrf:eif,eh
aOsv; wD;wlofabj:uD,eef. Okcao,wej,
ayj,yAefrj:auj;vD? wkuf.cao,wej, ayj,yAefrj:
auj;vD? tkyduf.cj, ao,wej,ayj,yAefrj:auj;vD?
yAefteffvfGauj; tofOwdTwj: wlnf:wgif:qgrf:
ul;urf:eef.bof./ e[:ao,wej,ekdif;tef ekdif;
tefeef.auj; OjrdOao,wej, sv; edIjrdO
ao,wej,eh rD:Ogiyf idl b f of./ ao,wej, tefuoA ,f
uyf:vlnf; ujrukif,tjIkif,pj;yldifeef. yAefOjrd
Oao,wej,/ teftrf,uyf:umh,vln;f ujruki,f tj,
Iki,f pj;ydil e
f ef. Orf.yAee f Id jrdOao,wej,/ ao,
wej,ekid ;f rAo:f eh. yAerf j:Ogirf oA :f sv; ao,wej,
wif:OAif;rD:uGj,(6)rAof:bof./ wD;ao,wej,qldof:
eef. qmrf,ylnf;bl,vlnf;eif,pkdofauj; ayj:tof
Owd pkwlnf:wgif:qgrf:qdkif ref:yAefumef sz;
wled :f ao,wej,ekyOfOej,Owdyxmef,bof./
Orf.xSi;f ao,wej, tefr:D wmif:e[:? ao,wej,
tefr:D wmif:egu;f qlod :f eef.sv;Oif? vgi;f wmif:
ao,wej,yAefsv; vgif;wmif:ao,wej,rgwf,
bAef? wif:OgifrAof:qldof:eef.sv;Oif? awvh;
olef.ch;pkqgrf:? ayj:oj;wmif:olef.ch;eef.au,rj:
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
pSif:b[,rj:eh? ao,wej,ekyOfOej,nmef,
eef.auj; ckdef;rj: cldif,ukdrf:rj:? ayj:sz;wdlef:
yAerf j:qdil .f eefbof.eh vgi;f wdw:f ySe:f trf,rD:
Oif? vgwf;umif:vgif;wdwf:ySef:e[:avj:ubof./
vgi;f qmrf,cmrf,yln;f ao,wej,auj; yAeemrffemrf,Twj:?
vgif;tofOwdolef.ch;pkqgrf:auj; yAeemrf femrf,Twj:
bof.? vdlofeef. Orf.xkuf,vDtofodyOfOej
nmef,aO wlnf:qgrf:Oazj:vgif;ref:yAef t
edqfq? wkuf.c? tewfwbl,bof./
(3)qdwfwjekyOfOejOwdyxmef, qrf.
vmwf;vlnf;vgif; tofOwdaOwlnf: qgrf:wD;
q[eef.bof./ ref:rdlefeif,- 1.zgif:rldof;yAef
q[rkdwf;ruf.(Ij,u)bl,eef.sv;Oif? 2.zgif:rldof;
vgw;f umif:q[rw dk ;f ruf. (odwIju)bl,eef.sv;Oif?
3.zgif:rldof;yAefq[qq[vrf (awj:O)bl,eef.
sv;Oif? 4.zgif:rldof;vgwf; umif:awj:Oq[vrf
(odwawj:O)bl,eef.sv;Oif? 5.zgif:rldof;irf:
iofyAefq[arj:pbl,eef.sv;Oif? 6.zgif:rldof;
trf,irf:iof:yAeq f [ odwarj:pbl,eef.sv;Oif?
7.zgif:rldof;clwf: aij:yAefq[Oifcdwfwbl,eef.
sv;Oif? 8.zgif:rldof;zlif.ydofyAefq[odcdwfwbl,
eef.sv;Oif? 9.zgif:rldof;vDrSwf; yAefq[rpuf.
ukwf.bl,eef.sv;Oif? 10.Zgif:rldof;trf,rSwf;
yAeq f [ trpuf.ukw.f bl,eef.sv;Oif? 11.zgi:f
rlod ;f rSw;f aO qof;uof,yAeq f [ tkwwf Ibl,eef.
sv;Oif? 12.zgi:f rlod ;f avj:uD,Twj:tefrw S ;f aO
qof;uof,trf,rD: yAefq[tekwfwIbl,eef.
sv;Oif? 13.zgif:rldof;edrfref;yAefq[Orj,pdw
bl,eef.sv;Oif? 14.zgif:rldof;trf,edrfref;
yAefq[tOrj,pdwbl,eef.sv;Oif? 15.zgif:
31
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
rldof;vgwf;udav,Oj, yAefq[odrkwfwbl,eef.
sv;Oif? 16.zgif:rldof;trf,vgwf;udav,Oj,yAef
q[todrkwfwbl,qldof:eh. tefyAefbl,ul;urf:
ul;urf:qlod :f eef. ole.f ch;wln:f wgi:f P;pkvig ;f ref:
yAef? Orf.xSif;q[tefrD:wmif:e[:? q[tefrD:
wmif:eguf;? vgif;q[qldof:eh.yAef? vgif;wmif:q[
qldof:eh.rgwf,bAef? tofOwdwlnf:wgif: olef.ch;
aOsv; vgif;tjIkif,q[pkabj:uD,pof: cofqldof:
eef.auj;pkrj: Owdref;ukrd :f rj:aO vgi;f q[rw dk ;f
ruf.q[Ij,uquGj,qldof:eef. yAefemrf,Twj:? Owd
vgi;f ole.f ch;wln:f wgi:f pkauj; yAee f mrf,Twj:uln:f
ehaO tofodyOfOejnmef, pefxdkifeldof
Oazj:tedqfq? wkuf.c? tewfwvuf.cej,
Omrfyidl af O ole.f ch;wln:f wgi:f pkqrg :f eef.bof./
(4)xrf r j,ek y Of O ejOwd y xmef,qrf.
vmwf;vln;f vgi;f pkwig :f qgr:f Twj:wif:OAi;f qlod :f
eef.bof./ xrf,rj,ekyOfOej,Owdyxmef,
eh. awvh;ole;f ch;wln:f wgi:f pkeodl f eDoIeTwj:
(5)yldif? tkywjeuf.cef,xj,(5)ydlif? tjbwe
(12)? ygw.f qif,(7)ylid ?f Oqf.qj,Twj:(4)ylid f qlod :f
eef.aOsv; tofOwdTwj: ukduf:qyf:olef.ch;
wlnf:wgif:pkqgrf:eef.bof./
(u)vg i f ; ol e f . ch ; wl n f : wg i f : qg r f : eD o Ie
(5)yldif~ 1.ujrqf!efweDoIe~ q[avj:z
tefqyf:qgh:uj,rukif,Twj:? 2.yBj,yjweDoIe~
q[awj:Otefch;P;vkvoS f? 3.xderdwfx eDo
Ie~ q[ikdyf:ioftrf,ymif,qSif;? 4.tkWfXqfq
ukufukqfqeDoIe~ q[zlif.ydofrh;vldwf;? 5.odqd
udq@ f jeDoIe~ q[xmif,xlrd f trf,wSy:f wwf:vh;
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
wif:OAif;qldof:eh. yAefTwj:eDoIe tefqmif;
arjtkw d :f wyf. vyf.ySw;f tefprk mef,rSe;f wD;wlof
qof;uof,/ vgif;sy,ymuf;? vgif;rgwf,bAefsw,uGj,
qlod :f eef. awvh;ole.f ch;wln:f wgi:f pkqrg :f bof./
(c)vgif;olef.ch;wlnf:wgif: cef,xj,(5)yldif
qrf. vmwf;vln;f qgr:f 1.Ilyuf.cef,xj,- vgi;f O
azj:Ikyf;vSuf;vhm;ydef,ySif? 2.ao,weuf.cef,
xj,- vgif;qmrf,ylnf;Oazj:ao,wej,? 3.Oif
nuf.cef,xj,- vgif;Oazj:rhmwgif: Onf,nj,?
4.Oifcj,Iuf,cef,xj,- vgif; Oazj:Oif,cj,I?
5.odnnf j,euf.cef,xj,- vgi;f Oazj:q[N.qlod :f
eh.bof./ vgi;f cofye
A f sv;rgw,f bAeq
f odl :f eef.
toftekyOfOej, nmef,aO wln:f wgi:f pkqrg :f
bof./
(i)vgif;olef.ch;wlnf:wgif:qgrf: tjbwe
(12)yldifqldof:eef.qrf.~ quf.cjbweb
(wj)? aOjwjbwe(pl)? cjebwe (cl;eif)?
qdiof j,bwe(vde.f )? ujbjbwe (wlo)f ? rej
bwe(q[)eh tjbwezhm,e[: (6)yldif/ Ilyj
bwe(pmif;)? Owfwjbwe (OAif)? uefxj,
bwe(thm)? IOjbwe (OhmomefIO)? zgwf.
xyfyjbwe(wD;xdwldof.)? xrfrjbwe (tj
Ilif,xrf,r)eh tjbwezhmeguf;(6)yldif/ tef
vmwf;rj: qdlof:eh.ref:yAeIkfIyk f;emrf,ulnf:ehaO
tof OwdNrf;wif:odyOfOejnmef nmef,aOsv;
N.qgrf:wgif:qgrf:? vdlofeef. olef.ch;vlnf;qgrf:
Oazj:tedqfq? wkuf.c? tewfwvuf.cej,
Omrfyldifeef.bof./
32
(q)vgi;f ole.f ch;wln:f wgi:f ygw:f qif,(7) ylid f
qrf. vmwf;vln;f vgi;f tif,uj,vgi;f wmif: wj,vh;
azj:xdnmef,ehbof./(YkQf@wd atwjbjwd
aYjXd? aYjXdbj tifaUj YgQf@ifaUj? Uj WD-#D
2. 129) 1.OwdOrf, ygwf:qif,-vgif;OwdTwj:
zmif.wgif:qgrf:umefvD? 2.xrf,rodqbOrfygwf:
qif,- vgi;f wmif:N. ynfnj,Twj:e[:umefv?D 3.oDId
bOrfyw g :f qif,-oD,Idbvgi;f cwf:q[vn l ;f umefv?D
4.yDwO d rf ygw:f qif,- vgi;f Nrfqrl :f vln;f umefv?D
5.yOfOwdOrfyw g :f qif,- vgi;f wloq f i[ rd :f bAef
vlnf;umefv?D 6.OrjxdOrfygwf:qif,-vgif;edrf
ref;vlnf;umefvD? 7.tkyduf.cj,Orfygwf:qif,-
vgif;zAif,yAif:zj,umifomif:cdkif;tkyduf.cj,? yAefqldof:
eh.bof./ wD;ygwf:qif,(7)yldifqldof:eef. qSuf,pk
yAeIkfIyk f;emrf,aO tofOwd?odyOfOejnmef,
wgif:pkqgrf:vlnf;Oazj: tedqfq? wkuf.c?
tewfw vuf.cej,Omrfyldifeef.bof./
vgif;olef.ch;wlnf:wgif;Oqf.qj,(4)yldifqrf.
vmwf;vln;f vgi;f Oazj:Twj:qdok ;f q[;rmef,rSe;f
wkdef:trf,vSuf;vhm;chm.ydlif;? rdlefeif,- 1.wkuf.c
Oqf.qj,- rD:Oazj:vgif;cmefq[sw.? qldof:
Owf.woj,cofwif:vlif tefvh;qj,wd?qIj,?
yBj,xd?rIe?aOj:u?yIdawo?wkuf.c? awj:reOf
O?tkyjbjO? puf.trf,vh;bl,Nrf;? trf,puf.Orf.
vh;bl,Nrf;? vh;zmwf,vdy:f ? zmwf,cg;h sw,uGj,wif:
OAi;f eh. wD;pky;f ref: yAecf ef,xj,(5)ylid ?f eh.yAef
wkuf.cOqf.qj,/ 2.OrkwbOqf.qj,- yAef
idlef;iof;vgif;wmif: wj,cmefq[sw.? avj:z
wefpjeh. pAw:f P; udw l ,f yAez
f or[,bl,clod :f clod :f ? ujr
wefpjrkdwf;ruf. Odlof:rlef;vlnf;tjIkif,ujrukif,?
Zowefpj rkdwf;ruf.Odlof:rlef;qgrf:zo? odzo
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
wefpj zorldof:ej;trf,rD:xSif;bof.eh sw,uGj,
tofwefpj avjzcmrf,iof;aO yAefOrkwb
Owf.qj,/ 3.edaIjxOwf.qj,- rD:Oazj:
wkuf.crgwf, bAefsw.? 4.ruf.uOwf.qj,- wkdof:
urfqrg :f ruf;uif,ySw,f ylid af O yAeO f e
A ;f wmif: Ol,
ql:wD; wkuf.crgwf,bAefsw.ehbof./
ruf;uif,ySwf,yldifqrf.- 1.Orf,rjwdwfxd-
pefrSef;? 2.OrfrjOifuyfy-olef.rSef;? 3.Orf
rjojqj-vmwf;rSef;? 4.Orfrjurfrefw-pAwf:
rSef;? 5.OrfrjtjqD,o-vhm:pjvAif.wgif.rSef;?
6.Orfrjojbjr-cwf:q[rSef;? 7.OrfrjOwd-
zmif.rSef;? 8.OrfrjOrj,xd-q[edrfrSef; yAef
qldof:eh.bof./ abj:uD,zl;pAwf:umefTwj:pof:cof
wif:OAi;f vlo,f pktefye A w
f uk .f cOwf.qj,? vlo,f
sy,ymuf ; pS r f y S w f ; Ork w bOwf . qj,? wj,P;
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
Mwf;xkdifedaIj:xOwf.qj,eef. vlof,sz;
wldef:qgrf:OAef;wmif:ruf;uif,(8)ydlif qdlif.eif,
tefserj:qldof:eef.aOsv; wlnf:wgif:pk
qgrf:uGj,ul;qef.ul;qef.bof./
(rmhwgif:~ tefwSrf;serj:eh. yAefwj,
zl;vAyf;pAef;cof wD;uSyf;ref:ulnf:/ Oifch;N.
wD;uGmif;qkdif Okdyf,vAyf;pAef:tofe[:yyf. tef
qof;TOj,vlifrldif:egifwSrf; u>zDIwfxyujOeD,
uBmrf:eef.w)/
zke
d t
f id t
f ofe:[ yyf.urf,zD,Iwfxyuj,OeD,
uBmrf: tefTOj,qof;vlifrldif:egif wSrf;rdlof;yD
1336eD;/

bj,tof ]w}pAwf:auj.
]w}uofpAwf:
]w}uofckdif
]w}uofuGj,
ohm:rj: vmw;f qlid f.eef
umeftefv[trf,oj;
N.uj;Okrf:cmof:bmrf:
yof,pmrf:ySwf;vhmvhmulnf:bof./
rldof;yldef;pAwf:trf,ekdif
rldof;yldef;ckdiftrf,uGj,
wgef;wj,rldof:ej;rj:
pof:pj:bj,tof ]w}pAw:f tln:f vDxiS ;f /
Ohmrldif: (omef;xmef? xkif.ylif:)
33
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1
bgef.Oifvlof,vlvduf;
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

qof;eef,awj:(wmif.bmef:)

tefumh,ql:uef P;ulef:pof: vh;rdkwf;

ukod :f cof;tgu,f uyf:Odyk ,f uef}ehv:l uge,f /
tykrf, ydlef;oj; tj,pj,Iwgef;wj,ulef:pof:eh.
thm;vdlof.x rD:bl,Ogirf oA :f / rAo:f edik ;f eh. yAetf j,pj,I wge;f
ldof.
wj,tguf:atj wgef;wj,q[ rdlefeif, wmif;N.
ul;vgif;vgif;eef.bof.? xSif;rAof:edkif; Orf.
yAef tj,pj,Iwmif:udefwmif:bSrf.wgef; wj,
wlosf v; Ohmq[pof:bl,bmof:bde k :f uGj,vh;eef.
bof./ umefvltmef,vduf;eh. ref:yAefvhm:pj
vdu;f vmh:eh. yAeyf mh:rge:f tefr:D uj;cefb,[ wmif:N. tj,pj,Iwj,vAif.tguf:atj rAof:edkif;
tefekdif;bof./ ymefrdlof;vAofeh. ulef:pof: bof./ ugy;f eefsv; pof:xku,f vD arjvltmef,
tgefuefpjwmif:N.tefrD:e[:vduf;vmh:eef. vdu;f bl,/ vdol e f ef. wj,awarjole.f ckud .f pef
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34
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35
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36
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37
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38
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emi:f O[OO [ e S f rj:qh;g xSruf Gj,aO ohm:Odr:f ymiTf wj: sv;vgi;f Ndo.f tle;f ele:f q[eef. ymi,f O[ujG ,wif:
bof. emi:f O[OO [ e S f rlod :f cof;yh:g bmw,f erf.uRi:f ugi:f OAi;f bl,/ e[:rlid :f ule:f eh. yke;f wj,vku;f vmi:f sw.
pki:f oAi:f ymiO f mi:f bof./ pof:cke d :f cAe:f uefo.h aw rA w f . wj,sr;tef o j;eef . trf , rD : Og i f a uj./
cke d f:rj:xlyf:uef wD;ymiTf wj: wlef;wD:ehbl,/ vh;ide:f cmo,f sr;xof;trf,ayj:bl,vDoj;ehaOw
(8.3.09) vku.f uAi:f wkif rj:so.wD;uRi:f tgi,f rif, zldof,ref: vh;pefvkuf;rkefref:rj:eh ckdef:ukdif.
uvj, oAi:f ukepf id :f cke d :f ekid ;f aO apj:Twj:yefujG , umi.f bl,vDrj:urf:vAob f l,/
bof./ (9.3.09) vku.f ukepf id :f rj:tofOrg :f oef:wD; rldof:bl,wmif.bmef: Omrfoef:aO zgif:ej;
erf.qmif Nde:f yj;cde,f qkcofaO Okyd ,f yle.f uGj,cof; Oge:f erf.eh. bmr;f zkn,f ymiTf wj:wD; sq;oAi:f uRu.f
yh:g yDue g :f ide
k :f yIdbwf.wdOwf.xrf,ryj,v oAi:f sr: tdu,f OD,ayj.qgr:f eif, cyf.rhmw;D w[;eh.bof./
rldif:ehm:bof./ crf;eef. apj:Twj:yef yhg:yDugef: (7-16.3.09) uRi:f ymiw f :D egiyf id f abj:uD,(242)
ide
k :f wD;uRi:f Okwig :f ayB. ule:f ayj:wAryf ud f:uGj,OAi;f (7-16.3.09) uRi:f clot f ik f uRu.f sr: / (129)
bl,/ (10.3.09) Okyd ,f cof;yh:g bmw,f erf. yDue g :f idek :f (7-16.3.09) uRi:f Noferf. uRu.f sr: / (312)

39
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(10-20.3.09) uRi:f vlif Ogiaf uB: abj:uD, (324) ykw
d f,ymiTf wj: wD;erf.qmib f l,eef. yD;egi.f bmi:f
(10-20.3.09) uRi:f egiaf uj; OD,ayj. / (120) vrfpof:cof tgefuefrj:vl,rj:oh; rj:xgrf,Twj:ul;
(13-28.3.09) uRi:f wj;ylu,f OD,ayj. / (420) oef:? rmiof ef: yD;egi.f bmi:f awrj:rgu;f 150 auj.
(14-21.3.09) uRi:f xrf; egicf oA f / (275) vlod b f l,/ ul;yDsw. bmr;f pAwf:ymiTf wj: wD;uRi:f Okcd
yD;egi.f egicf oA fauj; rj:ymi:f sv; vh;rlod f:zkn,f wj,bli,f aOwj. yDe.h bge.f ylod ;f uRi:f Okcw d j,Ili,f
ymiTf wj:yefcof qAwf:oef:bl,bof./ wrf;wD;ymif wkduf.pAwf:uRif:r[,sv; qif,chm.rj:pAwf:wD; uRif:oj,
Twj:zgi:f rlod ;f Oge:f erf.eh. qlod :f pof:qof;cl:qj,uI Olo,f bof;/ TOj,wuj, tgeuf efcwf:q[O,[ pSi:f sw.
(uRuf.sr:)? qof;cl:uef,xrj,(vj;OAof;)? qof;cl: sw.aO cSr.f vSy;f uGj,ul;ylid ?f abj:uD, (164)auj. rj:
ac,ru(uRuf.sr:)? qof;cl:crj,okw (wlif,vmof:)? cof;umefTwj:aO umifcrf;ulef:xgrf,Twj: ayj:wArf
qof;cl:ae,rdef,w(egifydif) qof;qmif:wduf.c uRif:vlef.uRif:ul;crf;bof./ qof;wduf.c? qhm:vSif:
(rlid :f umo)f ? qof;qmi:f qef,wj,oI (rlid :f bh)? qof; sv; emif:O[O[OSefauj; rj:qhg;ymifTwj:eh.bl,/
qmi:f Oke,f wI (vhw g idk cf rf:)? qof;rkee d ,f w (rlid :f zgif:wkduf.zknf,ymifTwj: wD;erf.qmifeef. vh;
umof wmi.f bme:f ) TOj,qhm:vSi:f (OD,ayj.)? emi:f O[ ide:f cmo,f imo:f qof;TOj,oj,bj,r rlid :f umof wmi.f bme:f
O[Oe S (f wmi.f bme:f )qlod :f pof:qh;g uef yef,ykw;f vge,f wD; rlid :f umosf v; yAecf mo,f imo:f wrf,eh.g rgiq f [
uef zkn,f ymiTf wj: qAw:f wD;Nrf;uefbof./ yke;f wj, wif:OAif;bof./
(21-30.4.09) qkrf:pof:cke d f:Nrf;uef ykw d ,f qof;TOj,oj,bj,reh. yAeq f of;auB:ql:vD yke;f
ymiTf wj: wD;uRi:f umie f rf.vef; yefabj:uD, (167) wj, zl;wSrf;vduf;qof;ekdif;/ tefzl;wSrf;vduf;
auj.bl,bof./ (1.5.09) bge.f ylod ;f zSov f e
dl Nf uf: vh;uGj,ckdef;qef.qgrfOj,Oej,qkdif;rldif: wD;wj;
r[,ySwf,crf;bof.sv; pof:qof; qif,vkuf.erf. uki;f eh. yAeq f of;TOj,oj,bj,r wkud f:Olef: qD.se
vef; Okyd f,cmo:f wmif:rj:ymiv f il f wj,awrj:cof;yh:g OAe;f wmi:f sv; qif,vh;cke d f;aO xkid w f D; bgw;f
wSr;f wgy,f cle.f ch;vdu;f yIdbwf.wdOwf.xrf,ryj, Mwf;wD;yhmrj:bof;/
v uSe,f qof;qkid ;f wh: ygu;f urf: (51)bof./ 2008 ohm:aO ymifTwj: erf.qmifbof.uGj, 21.5.09
yDumh zig :f yh:g yDueg :f crf:eef.sw. yh:g ude k :f ej,aO Okyd ,f cmo:f wmi:f uGj,apj:Twj: wrf;wD; ome;f bAe,f uRi:f
ulef:ymifvlifayj:trf,pef/ yDeh.sw. Orf.ayj: odOw k .f xd tefpw A :f yh:g wSr;f wgy,f cle.f ch;vdu;f yId
trf,pefue l :f wmi,f oAi:f / cof;yh:g wSr;f wgy,f vdu;f bof. bwf.wdOwf.xrf,ryj,v ygu;f urf: 12 eef. yke;f
aO xkid rf j: (10.5.2009) zl;wSr;f vdu;f cof vku.f wj, Omrof ef:bof./ 23.5.09 oef:vde l Nf uf:vyf:
ymiv f il f Mwf;zSof oAi:f erf.qmif rj:ydw k ,f zkn,f ymif ohm:aO vl,wme:f bmw,f erf. yh:g yIdbwf.bof. zl;
Twj: wD;uRi:f oj,Olo,f cmo:f wmi:f Ody:f oef:ehsv; ohm: wSr;f vdu;f cof vku.f ome;f bAe,f rj:so.oh;ugi:f rl:umw,f
oef:Omrrf ig :f yhm Mwf;zSoaf O yD;egi.f erf.qmicf of ul,aO cke d ;f rj:vkod ;f Oof:wD; wle;f wD: wD;uRi:f ydw
tgeuf ef ph,ugipf ,h rgi:f pyf.wge;f bge;f q[b,l sw." umwf;OD,oef:/
sw,tof vde l af r, 11 awj,xkid f 20 oef: zgi:f 28.5.09 vku.f wle;f wD: cke d :f Okyd ,f cmo:f wmi:f rj:

40
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
wrf;wD; ymiv f il af O rj:ydw k ,f zkn,f ymiTf wj:odywf.O
ej, cmo:f wmi:f Ody:f oef:sv; abj:uD,rD: (254)auj./
qof;cl:eef,wdb? qof;cl:ac,rj,qj,I? qof;wdu.f
c? TOj,qhm:vSi:f cof qh;g xSruf jG ,awj,ayj:bof.bof;/
ohm:ymiTf wj:erf.qmib f of.wlo;f emi:f O[OO [ e S sf w.
uGj,rlod :f wmi.f bme:f rlod :f ykw
d f,zknf,ymiTf wj: wrf;wD;
ymifOmif:aO ckdef:cAef:uefoh. awrldof:xlyf:uef
wD;rldif:ukwf;ehbof./
zgi:f ymiTf wj: ymivf il f uRi:f rln,f awj, rlod ;f (4.6.
09)eef. tofqof;TOj,vlif aOj:zdw (tUfUrpj
yEf#w d ? zl;cof;qkr:f atj:oj,wj,qIdb qkid ;f
rlid :f ) uRi:f rif,uvj,rln,f awj, oAi:f ymiv f il f pAw:f yAef
qkid ;f aO Oif,cj,qof;cl:Ogef uRi:f ydwumw;f uRi:f
rln,f awj, tdu,f vln;f pof:qof;Okcrf:(wmi.f bme:f )
Nrf;yj: qkr:f pyf.cmr,f atj:oj,wOif,cj,? qkr:f Oj,O
ej,sq;oAif:? qkr:f xj,e zhm,Oj,Oej, rj:cke d :f
Mwf;ymiuf rk f wrf;wD;uRif: rif,uvj,rlnf,awj,aO
uyf:uhm,vlnf; ej;umef wj,auj,Omi;f pAwf: uRi:f Tzj:
vlifeef. qif,vh;q[uef wSyf:wwf:uGj, qgrf:
eif,wD;w[;eh.bof./
uRi:f Tzj:vlif tefye A w f ;D q[.wkod :f vD yke;f wj,
ymiyf :gh wSr;f wgy,f cle.f ch;vdu;f yIdbwf.wdOwf.xrf,
ryj,v uSe,f qof; qkid ;f wh:eh. awtme:f pAw:f yAef
uRi:f Ogiq f ef.? P;ayj:yAef tgi;f wD; Okyd ,f pAw:f yh:g
wSr;f wgy,f cle.f ch;vdu;f ? tgi;f wD;yefO:l qof;tgi,f
vdu;f cof? tgi;f wD;yefqrk ;f wD,uID,rlid :f wh:uGj,ehb,l
bof./ 1371 eD; ayj:tgu,f oj,rj: awsw,bj.uRi:f
uof,aO awOkyd ,f wrf:omi:f zSeuf mef wj,awauj,
Omif;uGj,bof./
ugy;f eef eif,pkod f qof;aq,wej, qof;wj,
epof:cof ayj:awvh;zifwrf: arj;tkrcf rf: ]tek
41
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
Ujrud }eef. qif,vh; ygif,cmo,f wkud :f Ole:f rj: eif,
ehbof./ vl,wmef:uRif:tefoj;eef. zgef:vD
ref: rD:b[,rD:erfwme,f v[eq h idk f wD;e[: axIjyj
wmef,? wdEuk#dWjbujeef. seoh.qAwf:yldif
eif,ehbl,bof./
(1) ayj:oj;whmeD rlid :f ule:f zD vh;Mwf;vDuBj.ej,/
(2) wD;bl,wD;Oof: rD:tliof: Nde:f apjvof:ckud .f Oj,/
(3) clew f rk ,f elod .f Ome;f wked ,f eAw:f zme;f cD;bme;f ulopf mh ujG ,/
(4) wlorf D:ugi.f phm. trf,rj:yhm. bmecf hm.uhuhoj,/
(5) zefvz D efimr:f zefuyf:wmr:f trf,pmr:f vh;zefujG ,/
(6) vgi;f bgi,f rof:rj; trf,xly:f ej; wke d :f oj;vgw:f Ogw:f uGj,/
(7) tgu,f yle.f wku.f bmu;f vh;zlo,f rmu;f Okw:f Omu;f Orf,OIj,/
zge:f vDqw A :f tef tgeNf .pef tgeuf efwig :f rhmujG ,/
ugy;f eef qof;aq,wej, wuj,pof:cof tgef
uefyig ,f q[aO qh;g xSryf efb,[ erfaOurf:/ ymif
Twj:wD;ymifvlif abj:uD,rD: 254 auj./ (8.6.09)
Odrf:ymifTwj:bof.aO yguf;rj:egef:wD; owf.ydw
umw;f wlef;wD: cke d f:ekid f;/ xSif;oef:ekid f; vku.f
wlef;wD: Okdyf,cmof:wmif: zSofxkdifrldif:ukwf;aO
sw,tof (9-15.6.09) zknf,ymifTwj: wrf;wD;
uRi:f OD,Idrif,uvj,Ohmcodl :f rlid :f ukw;f ? abj:uD,rD: 124
auj./ zl;wSr;f vuf; rj:zkn,f ymiTf wj:wD;rlid :f ukw;f eh.
erf.wgef:ref: e[:OD,pj;yDe.h vh;Okyd f,sz;rlod :f
xkid f rlid :f rdw;f sv; rlid :f vlib f l,/
wD;rlid :f rdw;f (16-21.6.09)sw. ykw d ,f ymiTf wj:
wD; uRi:f tj,Ome,f aO abj:uD,rD: (185)auj./ zgi:f
bl,rldif:rdwf;eef. tefvh;awj,Ol;bl,ul;oef:
cke
d :f eef.sw. yAew f mr,f rh;bof;/ bge.f ylod ;f rlid :f
rdw;f eh. yAex f ik f.wSrf, yAew f ;D zkuf,Ogrf;vh;ej:
sv; qArfrldof;rkdef.Okdef:ugef, yl,rgef,sv;qof;
qgrw f :h pof: rj:sw,wif;rlid :f pmi;f apjaO bl,Oof:uGj,
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ukud :f yke
d :f rj: tme,f NofpiA yf rD ef:bof./ ej;vderf idl :f
OkifaO erf.ymif,vhm,Nuf:ymuf,ay,vldofulnf:sv;
qif,rh;rle d of iA f:vlod f,bof./ yD;egi.f rme;f e[:oAi:f rj:
ymi:f zl;wSr;f vdu;f sv; ohm:oef:ekid ;f rgi:f vh;rlod :f apj:
Twj:zhm,rmef;yef wrf;wD; ugif:rl:Olnf,wgif,tl:
Omrof ef: ule:f rj:xgr,f Twj: ayj:wAruf Ri:f uGj,bl,/ wD;
uRi:f tj,Orf,auj; ule:f rj:xgr,f Twj:umicf rf; ayj:wArf
uRi:f vle.f uRi:f qlid .f eif, ul;yDb,l /
(23-29.6.2009) Okyd f,rj:ykw d f,zknf,ymiTf wj:
wrf;wD; uRi:f Tzj:vlif rlid :f vlif cmo:f wmi:f qAw:f oef:
aO abj:uD,rD: 120 auj./ vh;pef ayj;tgu,f sr;
tgu,f yvgi;f cofauj; vku.f elod v f agh O rj:cof;umeTf wj:
qgr:f wh:bl,/ yD;egi.f wh: Omy,f vmy;f eh. rkw d ;f Twj:wh:
bl,sw.eif,uof,/umicf rf; tgeuf efrj:xgr,f Twj:ayj:
vle.f uRi:f Tzj:cofujG ,bl,/ TOj,qof;Oif,cj,qof; wD;
rlid :f vliaf uj; bge.f ylod ;f pof:yAev f wdl ;f wh:eif,uef
tgeuf efrj:yef vgi;f q[te k ,f bl,sw./
(30.6.09) umife[ Odrf:ymifTwj: wD;rldif:vlif
aO Okyd ,f cmo:f wmi:f wj,awygu;f rlod :f bl,/ rj:Mwf;
zSof ymiq f mrf vh;pef yD;egi.f wif:erf tgeuf ef
rj:y[.Ogifzmuf,cmif; wmif:uj:aO y[.uef,awj:zl;
wSr;f vdu;f oh.bl,/ zlet f eg ,f auj; zgu:f zSu:f oh.sv;
aweif;aO uef,awj:eldofOAef;wmif:uj:auj;
trf,Omi,f xku,f ugy;f eef zl;wSr;f vdu;f qif,cke d ;f
rldof:wD;qIgyf; pdrf:ugif:rl:eef.aO wuj,cof OD,
ome;f pj;Olef tgeuf efce dk ;f rj:qgr:f sv; elod q
Igy;f tge,f eef. ule:f ayj:Owf.wSu:f oh.bl,/ ohm:yef
Odef wli.f wuf.bof. wuj,qkr:f awj.Omi,f Orf.tof
zle d rf ug ,f bkod ;f rj:ymi:f oj; P;rlod :f rAw.f wj,yefcof wD;
awj.Omif,ehsv; vh;olef.wlnf:vhmvgif;vhmzhm,
aO qif,pyf.tofze dl rf ug ,f cofbof;/ yD;egi.f awj.
Omif,cofymif:vh;aO qlrf:ej,sv; cofayj:tgef
wlyf:rkdof:ayj:viftguf,Ojvj:uGj,bl,/
pAw:f eefaO uj:zl;wSr;f vdu;f cofauj; qif,
cke
d :f ohm,Nofuj: uGj,qgr:f axj;vlicf of awj.Omi,f bof./
uj:vlicf ofsw. rmu,f uj:ref: vh;pef cmw;f qlud ;f vAu:f
oh.bl,/ q[;bl,sw. cmof:wmif:rD:rguf; Nuf:vuf:yhm"
uln:f aOwj. ayj:zlerf j:eh rmiw f ;D tki"f rke
d ;f "
sv; uj:ayj:crf Orf.ayj:vh;tgeuf ef wkw d .f qef
qgh;bl,/ vh;apj;rguf;cmof:bmrf: ekdif;rgif:yhmaO
qif,Mwf;zSofawj.Omif, rldof:vkdof;Oof: wrf;wD;
uRif:umwf, tefqof;TOj,tkuf.uef,O eif;oh.
eef.bof./ umifcrf;rj: vh;apj:Twj:yefyD;egif.
awj.Omi,f cke d :f ekid ;f ule:f rj:xgr,f Twj: ayj:wAruf Ri:f
uGj,bl,// bge.f ylod ;f yAerf idl :f eAi;f sv; wmi:f vl,wuj,
cof wke d :f yj:rj:eAi;f ul;auj.bl,/
xSi;f e[eidk ;f (1.7.09)qof;tde,f wu Orf.rj:
ymi:f oj; P;rlod :f tSo,f yefw;D ome;f cof ome;f ymirf mu,f rkod :f
ehsv; coftofuj:axj;vlif rj:pyf.sv; qif,qgr:f
axj;vliuf jG ,ome;f rmu,f rkod :f tefub h meaf wj.Omi,f
rgu;f Omrv f uf:eef.bl,/ yD;egi.f wh:pof:urf.yj;erf
tgeuf ef bl,Oof:wD;tefr:D ej: (wD;yAi:f )aOw
yD;egif.wh:awj.Omif,pof:cofsw. tgefuef bl,
qgr:f aw:vhO g efvgh qlid .f eif, yvgi;f eef.aO
pAw:f umee f iA f;bof./ yDeh. bgef.ylod f; ulef:vrf,
rmu;f cof toferf.bj;bgr.f eAi;f sv; cefeiA ;f wlu:f
f ej,aO trf,ayj:yAefumefehbof./ OAef;wmif:
rmifwD; rmuf,uj:vlrf,tkif ayj:qlrfuGj,ckdif;vldofaO
vgi;f uyf:Okyd ,f OAe;f wj;Ohmwmi:f yD;egi.f pof:cof elod f
vhg wkud f.rD:wmi:f bmy,f zkw d f,wif:erfb,l /
qof;qmi:f tde,f wueh. yAez f ;l auj,Omi;f uRi:f
wh:ykwf.wuj,bj, wD;tdef,wdbaO bmrf:vAof
42
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
ref:qof;rj:pAwf:vl, Ojvj:vifekdif;wD;omef; TOj,Noferf. (qof;TOj,qj,uI? urfr#f$jej
ref:sv; zl;wSrf;vduf; qif,qgrf:rldof:wlnf:aO qIdb)awpAw:f Nif:xrf:r[, wj,abj:uD,cof eif;
rlod :f rAw.f wj,Twj:yef ule:f ome;f cofbof./ cofauj; umee f ef.bof./ ohm:eef. Okyd ,f ylef.uGj, OD,ayj.?
tgeuf efqrl f:Olod :f y[.pyf.sw."oj;"bl,/ rdol :f tofOrg :f oef: wrf;wD; Nde:f vki:f aOj: (ule:f
ohm:vl,wmef:bof. ckdef:yguf;rj: pyf.tofOgrf: apj;uj:pof:) bge.f ref: rif,uvj, ylu:f OofNe d :f r[,
oef: wrf;wD; awj.Omi,f aO cke d :f Okyd ,f ygu;f rj:rlod :f ref:eef.bof./
bof./ rj:so.wD; uRi:f wgi,f yvlo.f wuj,cof tgef ohm:oef:Okyd ,f cmo:f wmi:f Mwf;rj:xkid f vj;OAo;f rj:
uef qlrf:Oldof: rj:vl,wmef:ayj:yef:vlifuGj, vkod ;f Oof: wrf;wD; uRi:f umirf idl :f aO Mif.ymiuf rk f Oif,
OAi;f bl,/ crf;oj: bge.f ylod f; zlefrj:oh.sv; OAe;f cj,qof; wlif,oAif:vj;OAof; wj,awtkyf,ukrfuef
wmi:f wD;tkie f ef. ayj:yAee f rf.uGj,OAi;f / uj:rj:crf vgi;f yh:g yDue g f:idek f: yIdbwf.wdOwf.xrf,ryj,v
tkif trf,qmi;f uGj,/ yD;egi.f awj.Omi,f cof qlod :f ule:f wlif,oAif:vj;OAof;bof./
qhm: awrD:rgu;f 6o yhm tgeuf efc,D uj: axj;vliq f rg :f oef:xd(3.7.09) Okyd ,f cke d ;f rlod :f vkod ;f Oof: wrf;
rj: yke;f wj, qh;g xSrrf odl f;uj:crfeb h ,l / rmiw f ;D auj; wD; vhw g idk cf rf: rl,aq; awj,xkid f oef:vle d yf w S ,f
vh; tofue l :f vmu;f qg;h P;uj:ayj:ylef.tki/f rmiw f ;D rle:f bl,/ vde l yf w
S ,f vgi;f crf;ekid ;f (7.7.09) vku.f
auj; vh;tof axj;vlifvmuf;qeftguf,tofsv; rl,aq; Mwf;zSorf j:wmi.f bme:f aO sw,zkn,f ymif
uj:vrfpof:sw. ayj:wmef,uhGm:tlduf,ulrf,bl,bof./ Twj:e[:oj,uGj,bof./ e[:oj,yDeh. ykw d ,f zknf,ymiTf wj:
zSorf j: ymiq f mrf wif:yD;egi.f awj.Omi,f rj:zmw,f qAwf:wD; ekdif;wD;Odyf:oef:qgrf:eif, OAef;rhm
uefaO Okdyf,tguf,cmof:wmif:rj:sv; zldof,zSofrj: wD;w[;eh.bl,/
wD;ymiuf e g f ome;f yD;egi.f vh?g yD;egi.f wh: bl,qgr:f oef:xD tgif;wD; abj:uD,
uefeef. cofv;h ide:f cmo,f oh.sv; tgeuf efp,h ugif 8-17.7.09 tlre k fxrf:Nrf;Oj, (wmi.f bme:f )234
rgi:f aO y[.pyf.vl,yl,aqj,oh.bl,/ cofOydk ,f ymi:f P;apj: 19-28.7.09 Nrf;bAef (vj;OAof;) 185
Twj:yefcof ckdef:ekdif;ehsv; qif,vh;Okdyf,bl, 29.7.09-8.8.09 vhw g idk cf rf: (rl,aq;) 450
Oof: wrf;wD; uRi:f ymiuf e g cf e dk f:ekid ;f / yAee f odl vf gh 10-20.8.09 uRif:Mif, (rldif:bh) 460
sv; vlr:f yof, uwf:qke d ;f bAev f ?D wD;bAr;f rki;f auj; 21-30.8.09 uRif:qdermef,tgif, (rlid f:ymwf,) 111
vDbrA ;f vDwn l :f ul;zhm,/ crf;eef. apj:Twj:yef yD; 1-10.9.09 uRi:f rkif;Oj, (erf.wl;) 205
egi.f ome;f ymiuf e g b f of.aO xSi;f e[eidk ;f (2.7.09) 12-21.9.09 uRi:f OSif (OSeof D) 207
umie f q [ of. vku.f ymiuf e g O f ydk ,f cmo:f wmi:f xSi;f ? rgu,f zgif:rldof; zknf,ymifTwj:wD;wmif.bmef: Odyf:
ukr;f wkud .f Okr,f oh.aO uj:vrfpof: tefeuk :f ulr,f wif: oef:eef. ohm:oef:ul;oef: uGj,apj:Twj:wD;omef;
vrf:eef.auj; avj;vlirf j:qgr:f OAe;f wmi:f cku:f qgr:f cSy,f oAi:f wmi.f bme:f aO vl,cmr,f yde k cf mo,f yef
cmu:f vku:f vmu:f aO zSorf j: uRu.f sr:bl,/ rj:s0.vl, vgif;wj,awsr:ukrf:auj, uRif:awj,Tzj:vlif rpj,
ide k :f (50)OSef wrf;wD; uRi:f Noferf. tefqof; rked oAif:wmif.bmef:eef. ul;oef:aO umifcrf;

43
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ckdef:yguf;rj:apj:Twj: wD;tlrkefxrf:Nrf;Oj,bl,ul; zjume.f ? erf.wD:? zjuodl q f odl :f eh.bl,/ uyf:uhm,vln;f
oef:bof./ wj,awsr:ukr:f auj, uRi:f awj,Tzj:vlif ej;umeO f j,Oej,Tzj:yAeq f of;pof:eh. vDv;h tof
rpj,rke(d wmi.f bme:f ) zl;wSr;f vdu;f pefxidk af O acj;uGmr:f Nofyof;iof;ike:f rku.f qkr:f vlif Oif,cj,qkid ;f
vl,cmrf,oh. ]]qof;wj,eiof;vlif uRif:awj,Tzj: wh: qof;TOj,ynf,nj,eef,w (vhv g rS )f zl;cof;
3000 auj.}} ehoh. ul;ome;f ul;rlid f:bl,/ qkr:f Oif,crpj,ej,bu qkid ;f rlid :f zgr.f Nrf; vmw;f oj;
qof;wj,eOmrpf iA af uj. wj,awyAeif of;qof; eef. O[,q[bl,sw./
wj,euRi:f awj,Tzj:vlif wmi.f bme:f eef. yAef vAif.vh;bl,pj.`
qlod :f tefr:D aq,wej,aO vl,wme:f ekid ;f OSef ]]auj.ruf.yIdbwf;eef. pof:awvh;tof yId
(trf,eef)ekid ;f OSecf e dk ;f elod ef ef.bof./ ayj: bwf;vAif.yefcof? auj.ruf.ywdywf;eef. pof:
oj; vh;qof;wj,tefv,l ekid ;f OSee f ef. Omrpf iA f awvh;tof ywdywf; vAi.f yefcof? ayj:pof: trf,
auj. ayj:ehqkdif wj,awpAwf:uRif:Tzj:vlifeef. vAi.f yefcofv;h eh cofawuGj,pjue d f wD;yle d ;f trf,
pof: awqmi;f vh; ide k :f vl, Omrpf iA O f eS sf v; bkr,f pmif.}}ehbof./
brfoj; awpAwf:yAefvh;bl,ehaO qif,wkduf: ugy;f eh wrf;wD; qlod :f ruf.xrf:Twj:eef. wj,
Ole:f vl,cmr,f oh.eif,eefbof./ zl;vlvud ;f pof: awtofxrf:Twj: vAi.f yefcofeh yAeyf e k ;f zge:f
cof z[z;l v[aOtrf,oj; Oifoj; c[;yAeif of;qof;wj, pof:Oif,cj,qof;wh:wif:OAif;bl,bof./
euRi:f Tzj:vlif rpj,rkew d mi.f bme:f (e[: 3000 wlofsv;wif:q[
auj.eef.)ehqdik f vl,vh;bl,/ crf;oef:e[
zgi:f rlod f; rj:ydwk ,f ymiTf wj:wrf;wD; vj;OAo;f wD; r[,O[uwf:vAefvln;f /
uRif:Nrf;bAefeef.sw. wif:Oif,cj,qof; wlif,
oAi:f vj;OAo;f aO uGj,pjapj:Twj: wkud :f Ole:f yke;f wj, qof;Okcrf:(wmif.bmef:)
yh:g yDue
g :f ide
k :f yIdbwf.wdOwf.xrf,ryj,v uSe,f zl;yluf:ygifOj,Oej,Oefvhg
qof;wlif,oAif:vj;OAof;eef. ul;e[ul;oef:bl,/
vh;Mwf;zSox f idk f erf.ygi;f ? rlid f:wle
erf.rj.? pmifej: Ndef:vgef.? rguf,wgif:? egifuGhm:?
sq;tSef,? tD,ehm:? awj:b? yl,wj,? cldof:edrf:?
d :f ? ome;f aq;?
umef
Oifoj; c[;P;umeq f of;uof,
erf.ch.?egirf e g f? rlid :f wAr?f rlid :f bmi:f ? Nofyudk .f qlod :f qAof:bof.wlof;ayj:ehqkdif
eh.aOekdif;oef:apj:Twj: OD,yguf; pj;yguf;yefuGj, wloq f of;uof, vku.f pAw:f wj./
bof./ umicf rf;rj: cke d :f ygu;f rj: apj:Twj:yef abj:uD, Oifoj; c[;P;umeq f of;uof,
cof wD;Nrf;bAef vj;OAo;f bl,bof./ eme:f bof. ayj:ehqidk f
yD 2009 eh. ymiTf wj:zkn,f bof.uGj, 22 ymiaf O q[.ulef:wmi,f auj. pAw:f yefwj./
abj:uD,rD:uGj, 4690 auj.? wkud .f ukw d :f xSi;f erf.crf:? qkdef;pmef (Oefvhgqmif.)
44
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
uke:f rkeyf nf,nj,
ule:f pof:eh. ayj:wSu;f uef wif:Owf.woj,
wmif,qdol :f qdik f ref:uBwge:f vdol yf e ld ;f eh. bge.f
ydol ;f rD:yhm:ole.f ynf,nj,eef.bof./ bge.f eef
qif,q[.udeO f wf: qdol :f tAepf iS :f wlob f ,[ aOpof:
rde l e f if,- qmif.?rj.?vj:?olo:f ?uGmh : qdol :f eh.vh;bl,
bof./
tofqrA rf dlo;f ymefule:f pof: sw,bAe,f si;rj:
eef. ule:f pof:vh;q[.rmuf,pSi:f (Muscle)aO pAw:f
udeuf mefymh :zku,f Ogr;f ? pAw:f ph;? pAw:f ej:? pAw:f Ole?f
zku,f wle;f rgu,f wle;f rmuf,sv; vAi.f wloO f wf:? pj
udew f loxf lde,f ? rAw:f yj? pjyjqdlo:f eh. vh;q[.yj:
tgu:f atjnmef,ynf,nj,ehaOwj. teftrf,rD:
trf,yAesf w. vh;oj; rmuf,pSi:f eef.bof./ cmof:
wmif:tefue l :f pof: vh;q[.rmuf,pSi:f eh. vh;oj;pdik f
aOyldef;? tmef,NofpAifyDref: vh;vAyf;pAef:
N.eif,eh/ sw,tofymee f ef.rj: awj,xdik Nf ofymu,f
yDrdlif:(18)eef. vh;oj;yAefumyf;ymefrmuf,pSif:
(Muscle period) ehbof./
xdkifrj:Nofymuf,yDrdlif:(19)eef. cdlif;qmuf;
(Machine) tefoj;eef. tgu,f rj:e[:ukeb f l:
Ily.f eef.bof./ sw,tofeef.rj: ule:f pof: pAw:f
cdil ;f qmuf;tgu,f rj: rAo:f edik ;f bof.rAo:f edik ;f aO q[.
wdok :f uefrj:eef. pAw:f P;vgi;f bl,Oof: ule:f pof:
vh;vSu;f vhm;rj:sw.sw./ tefcild ;f qmuf; vh;Ndo;f
Ndif:rj:eh. rD:rj:cmof:wmif:(200)yD sw,tofNof
45
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
qof;ukrjIjZdyjv (vj;OAo;f )
ymuf,yDrild :f (18) awj,xdik (f 20)ehbof./ umyf;ymefe.h
auj; awvh;oj; umyf;ymefcild ;f qmuf;(Machine pe-
riod) ehbof./
ayj:oj; yle.f Nofymuf,yDrldi:f (20)eef.rj:bof.
auj; cdil ;f ynf,nj, ]]yhm:ynf,nj,zhm,uyf:Odyk ,f sv;
yhm:ynf,nj, zhm,ygi,f cmof, [communication & in-
formation technology (C.I.T.] qd l o f : eh .
udik .f umif.Ndo;f Ndi:f rj:aO urf,zj,eh.auj; pAw:f P;uSy;f
rj:? vAu.f rj:sw.sw.bof./ cdil ;f yhm:ynf,nj,tefe.h
vh;q[.cmof:bmrf:(20)yDe.h uln:f vh;pefwold :f wge:f
cdyk ;f ej;rj:sw."/ e[:umyf;ymefe.h awvh;oj; ule:f
pof: seerf.uwf.ule:f vh;vD"aO vgi;f oj;ule:f eh.
yAeO f wf.woj, tefr:D nme,f ynf,nj,tgu:f atjeh
eef.auj; wde k :f trf,rD: acj;xmif,xdlrO f ifaO
tdw:f / umyf;ymefawj;vAoe f .h ule:f tefq.[ udef
rmuf,pSi:f sv;cdil ;f qmuf;qdol :f eh. rD:bl,aOwj.auj;
tefyhm:ynf,nj,ulef: wdlof:wgef:cdkyf;ej;rj:bl,
bkud ;f "aO Ndo;f Ndi:f oh.bl,eh. awvh;oj; ]]erf.uwf.
yhm:q[ (erf.uwf.yde k .f N.yhm:pef nmef,ynf,nj, -
Mind Power) eh. yAeof .h wD; vrf,vgi;f ref:sv;
umyf;ymefe.h auj; yAerf j:umyf; ymef ]]erf.uwf.yde k .f
N. yhm:ynf,nj,-Mind Power period bof./
umyf;ymef teftofnmef,eif,uef? ynf,nj,
eif,uefsc.uefe.h Mwf;xdik rf j:bof./ trf,c[;Mwf;
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
auj; trf,vh;bof./ eif,pdok f awbl,Oof:qgr:f cdw k :f ydol ;f yhm:ynf,nj,pof: trf,yAi:f yde l ;f vh;sv; wln:f
vh; umyf;ymefnmef,ynf,nj,eh. pof:Orf.awvh; zhm,v[auj; wduk .f yAeuf e l :f wlu:f vde
k :f yde
l ;f bl,/ aw
pAwf:pdkoftefoj;eef. zl;vlvduf;pof:cof olef. Odyk ,f bl,uGj, rde l ef if, umyf;ymefxO d ig ef ef.uln:f
wlnf:wj./ ayj:c[;cdkwf:ydlef;auj; vlof,P;wmif: pj.` trf,eef awtmef:pAw:f P;cde k :f rde
l rf old ;f
cwf:q[o,D Idbsv; ynf,nj,pof:rde l yf eld ;f ? apj:c[; umyf;ymef xdedkif;eef.pj.` tefoj;eef. rD:
ylef.ydlef;auj; vlof,P;wmif:cwf:q[oD,Idbsv; wD;wmif:cwf: q[sv;yhm:ynf,nj,pof: rdlof:ej;
ynf,nj,pof: vdol yf e ld ;f eef.bof./ eef.uln:f bof./
rdlof;umyf;ymefxdedkif; ]]umyf;ymefrmuf,pSif:}} urf:vde k O f wk :f umyf;ymef tefpof:wduk .f vwf:
eef. pof:vh;yAeuf e l :f qef.Oki?f rD:rdil :f pif:acj? bl,eh.yAet f efv`[ Orf.vh;awj,Ol;wmif: bmyf,
rD:ckepf mi:f acjaOwj. xdik rf j:umy;f ymex f O d ig f ]]umy;f zdw k ,f qdil .f pdok `f Ohmihmiof:vhm:ref:yAepf okd `f Orf.
ymefcild ;f qmuf;}}eef. bge.f ydol ;f trf,arjvSu;f vhm; Mwf;xdkif cmof:wmif:rguf;uj;pdkofbof.` Orf.aw
yde,f ySiq f rg :f umyf;v[ymefeef.aO trf,rD: erf. tmef:Mwf;uGj,wD;v[` cmof:wmif: tefawOdyk ,f yhujG ,
uwf. tefuyf:uhm,vlnf;yhm:qmuf;eef.sv; vh; eh. awvdul ;f OAe;f wmif:v[` awpAw:f pdok yf h P;ayj:
wluf:yAef cD;cj;ydlef;awj,Mwf;xdkifbmrf:vAof Mwf; wD;tefpof:c[;xdkifbdlif:rhmpof:` tefoj;
eh.bof./ xdik rf j:umyf;ymefxe l ;f Omrf ]]umyf;ymef eef. P;zl;vlvud ;f pof:cof arjxwf:Omifwn l :f
yhm:ynf,nj,}}eh.vl: pof:awOdyk ,f yAeuf e l :f qdil .f pdok f cde
k :f wlouf of,aOurf:ehaO-
vj,` ayj:wln:f tof bmrf:vAoe f .h oj;sw. bge.f qof;cl:ukrj,Ij,Zdyj,v (vj;OAo;f )

bj.
bj.Olyf: bj.ymuf, yAefyl.xkef
bj.qof; bj.ckef yAefavj:zj.
bj.cldof:ulef:uBj. yAefvof;bj;/
uAy:f MrfOil ,f - qmi:f aqj:wdu (vhrg w
l .f ? ymiv
f il )f

46
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17

47
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

48
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17

ukOlof,qgef qof;Okcrf: (wmi.f bme:f )

rlod f;ymeTf zj:eef. qof;Ipme:f wj,cof qlod :f bl,bof.}}

vh;Ome,f tzde,f nde,f eef. uh.uh.rlod :f tSo,f rlid :f ]]zgi:f rlod f; r[:emi:f uj;eef. wD;wlof cdif:r[:
zD? rlod :f xly:f nj: ckez f e
D mi:f zDcofaO wgi;f xmrf emif:ul;wD; thmOSofMrfzD tefxkuf,q[eef.
vgif;rkefvDukOlof, tefcofvh;pAwf:rj: wrf;wD; Mrfqw g f,wlof;uGj,bl,bof.}}
rldif:ulef:eef.bl,bof./ ]]emi:f zD zgi:f rlod ;f r[:emi:f ulid :f vdr,f ohm,wlof
oef:ekid ;f qof;tekIw k .f xj, (qof;wjwyd ,f ) r[:emi:f eef.qkid f wef:Oj, tefO,[ oh. wrf;
Mwf;zSorf odl :f rlid :f zD vh;rlod :f pef emi:f zD pmi;f vD wD; qgu:f Nofr:[ emi:f eef. vh;ide:f rle d e f if,
tge,f auj.ekid ;f vh;bl,Oof:apjord me,f pmi;f vDcudk .f
OAif,wl,Idbj,pj;ylid fbof.}}
cSr.f ej,sv; ref:qof; qif,uGj,xmre f if,ehbof./
]]bge.f ylod ;f vlr:f xgi:f yof,sv; yme:f ukr:f r[:
]]emi:f zD rle d e
f if,vmorf jrig :f Ndo;f Ndi:f vSi:f
tefcgef:ohbl,e[:vlrf:eef. vh;idef: rldef
ylid :f ul;yj;ul;zhm,eif,eef iof:wlorf :[ emi:f tef
eif, OAiw f l,Idbj, pj;ylid fbof.}}
vDpmef.q[ej,eef.auj; Ndof;Ndif:yldif:vSif:uGj,
]]thmMrfrug f, tefrD:oh. wD;elod fNofr[: emi:f
ul;yj;ul;wmif:oh.bl,bof.}}
tefr:D thmOoS Mf rf tefpw A :f P;bAeq f [ tef
]]zgi:f rlod ;f r[:emi:f uj;eef. wD;wlocf id f:r[:
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d rf ug ,f zDre
d ,f Ol,queef. Mrfqw g ,f uGj, ul;yj;
emi:f ul;wD; tgu,f rj: OAipf h,wkid f;zDcof tefvD
ul;zhm,bof.}}
xgr,f vDie d :f tefxuk ,f q[eef. ul;cdi,f ul;cmo:f
]]emi:f zD r[:emif:eh. ulnf:vh;elrO f w k ,f
49
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
thmMrfrguf,eef.ulnf:bof./ ulnf:vh;pef pmif; O[vsD w.atj;/ ylid v f mu,f ref: erf.qke d ;f O[vD
zmif pmi;f vDpmi;f imr:f zDcofun l f:bof./ zgef:vD qgef:igef:atj;/ ykdef.ref: tofzgifOhm:crf:
tefeh. yAefzgef:vDukOlof,tefv[aej:/ Oldof,oh.atj;}}
uofxmrrf :[ emi:f bof./ wgyf,yefrj:vl:}} ]]rguf,rlofywkrf,rj, ul;yldif" rguf,rlofcmof ul;yldif"
ohm:aO qof;tekIw k .f xj, xmruf jG ,eif,eh uD;pmi;f vD wAre f ig of h.atj;/ ayj:oj; vlr:f bAef
emi:f zDpmi;f vDte g ,f auj.eef. qif,Mrf:rkod :f oh; tgef,xgif:yof,rj:qkdif thmOSofMrfxkuf,rSef;q[
aO cke d :f wgyf,vmw;f oj;- ayj:qgw,f wlo;f uGj, ul;wD;ul;wmi:f aO xku,f rSe;f
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tln:f vDuof,cj;emi:f eef. yke;f wj, Oif,cj,cof ]]wD;pdr:f apjord me,f eh. wle;f rh.OayB,sv;
qof; ref:pAw:f vl,uRi:f yky.f yj,Ili,f atj;/ zgi:f rlod ;f Oif? rh.rmuf,vmif:sv;Oif? wlef;xmefsv;
ref:emi:f pAw:f yh:g bmw,f erf.uRi:f eef. ugy;f ylod ;f Oif? wle;f rmu,f ymo.f sv;Oif? wle;f rh.vmu,f vhm:
vh;pef uRi:f vlicf udk .f ckud .f eef.sv;Oif? vh;Nrf ul;ylid "f sv;Oif trf,vh;zku,f aOwj. tgu,f rj:
qlrf:qgrf: vgif;yhg:vl,wmef:bmwf,erf.uRif: wif:OAif;atj;}}
eef.sv;Oif cj;emi:f rD:q[eyf.brfaO Nrf" ]]auj.tefv;h ege:f zefpef apjord me,f
qlr:f qlr:f Oj,xktekarj:wej,qgr:f atj;}} tefrD:OAifwl,Idbj, tkdwf,eef;oh. tefrD:
]]ugy;f ylod ;f zge:f vD vh;Nrfqrl :f Ojxt k ek OAif uGmr:f omee f mi:f zDte g f,cofeef.auj; cof
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50
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1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
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52
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53
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54
tgeuf efviA .f rj? Ogeyf efrjaO P;vkr:f vj:ule:f
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 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
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tdif zl;b[,ule:f vlie f .h yAe' f id ;f ref:bof./ Odeaf O yliaf cj;qdOif, P;cj;pSrrf jb,l bof./ ckerf j
auj; vuf.vgw.f Ogw.f OSw.f vSe;f cof;w[;yvmif,

55
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ckefapjcrf:bof./ bmrf:eefulef:cof cwf:q[ wmif:tefzw d :f tefxuk ,f ref:sw."aO wSy:f
tmif;wdnyg :f ref:sv; ckeaf pjcrf: qif,pmrf.wmyf; wwf:Odok ;f tefqokd ;f q[;ref: rde l ef if,bj,ql,
cofo.h bof./ eef.cj;atj;/ ayj:auj.tefpof:puf. Orf.oh.? auj.
tefpof:qif: Orf.pSrf? yAefvhm:vuf:vdif:ulwf.
ckefrjpwf:pmef yefpjsu;vdwf; aij:uln:f / rjNde:f Orf.trf,tofwmh ? rjacj. rjumif
aej,qof;ckefrjauj; vdkof;Ndof.qlof;uSyf.aO vhm qdol :f trf,rD:wD;ydik ;f tdiuf n l :f vh;whmvhm"ayj:eh
zkw:f tgu,f rj: w[;yvmif,ckeaf pjcrf:aO oh;Ojeyf. sw. trf,q[;oj; q[.cj;pSrrf jwif:rlw:f ? vh;oj; vlud ;f
brfxmrfoj; ]]qof;pof:wD;cj;? qof;pof:q[.cj;pSrw f mh pSrrf jumifvmh uln:f }} Mif.ymof,eif,ehaO vof;oj;
rjwif:rlw:f "ehcj;pj.}}ehbof./ ]]qof;rkefb[,ckefapjcrf:wD;cj;? umeftef
]]q[;tdol ;f ? uofq.[ tofwmh OAi;f "tdol ;f }} qof;pof:pAwf: rdlof;vAofeh. trf,qgrf:Twj:aO
]]bge.f wmif:zdw:f Oifsv; q[.cj;pSrw f mh cj; tdw:f }}ehaO Mif.uGmrf:oj;
vj,`}} ]]rjapjrjNde:f eh. vAi.f oh.vDimrf:? zmifimrf: pSi:f
]]bge.f ydol ;f cof cly:f udee f ifcmwf; avj.rqlud ;f cdil ,f ? zl;tky,f ydil ,f cof trf,tofwmh vj:"/ qdol :f pj:
rj.qdol :f eef.tdol ;f }} trf,rD:auj.vl? ege:f xlqrg :f wmif:? tAepf iS :f trf,
]]yAerf jwlov f [cly:f eh qgi,f qof;pof:N. wlof wArf yde l ;f q[.rj:cj;pSrw f mh }}ehbof./
ref:cj;pj.`}} ]]rAo:f cket f efoj;eh. vlo,f wAu:f wAiz f ;l vuf.
]]uoftrf,N.eif,uof,}} ule:f phm.uln:f ? trf,q[;wj,wAu:f wAiuf e l :f vD? rdol ;f vAof
]]ayj:trf,N.oj;yAew f ol v
f e
[ sh w." uj;yAerf j eh. zl;vuf.vh;udev f ?D zl;vDv;h nj:whm? atj:J
Orf.q[.tofwmh rw l :f "eef.trf,Omi,f xku,f cj;blo.f }} vgi;f eh. trf,vDye A af Otdw:f ? e[:avj:eh. t
]]eifquld ;f avj.ruofe.h ugy;f ydol ;f ref:yAerf jcyl :f xrf,r teftrf,qgrf:Twj:eef. ayj,rj:bof.
sv; uj;yAerf jeh. awvh; q[.tofwmh rlw:f bof./ aej:}} ehbof./
]]ayj:eef uj;yAefrjNdef:wif:OAif; qdlof: ckerf japj:Twj:eif,ehsv; ckeaf pjcrf: vh;
eef.auj; tofwmh rlw:f "cj;pj.` trf,eef qdol :f ide:f aO qif,xmrfoj;-
tefvw g ;f wmif:cj;whmauj;rD:bl,cj;pj.`}} ]]qof;ckefrj? yAefz[vuf.clyf:eifavj.r(I
]]rD:tdol ;f ? rje[:apj? e[:Nde:f sw. trf,tofwmh xj:)eh qgi,f qof;N.pdok `f
eif,uof,}} ]]N.atj;}}
]]ayj:eef qof;pof:eh. yAeuf e l :f vdul ;f ej;? ]]yAez f v
[ j,? yAerf jwlov f `[ }}
wln:f ej;vAu.f ej;b[, qgr:f tuwdaO wSy:f wwf: ]]yAefrj tefbl,e[:apjqof;pof:eh. ulnf:
cj;bof./ tefcj;ygi,f q[sw. ayj:qgr:f tuwdvudl ;f atj;}}
ej;aOpAwf:eh. trf,Omif,xkuf,/ trf,q[;ckef ]]qof;pAw:f pdok Nf .oj;yAerf je[:apj`}}
qgr:f Twj:? rAo:f qof;cket f efoj;eh. awvh;pj vgi;f ]]ayj:qof;pof:trf,bkr,f ? toferf. elr:f Olr;f

56
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
sv; bdol ;f bj;egu:f avj:uefaO wduk :f cof udef bof./
wln:f cj;sv;}} cdkef:rj:Nrf;qmwf;
ckeaf pjcrf:auj; q[.ule:f ref: pAw:f qdil .f eif, ckeaf pjcrf: rdil :f yj,IeOD,eef. rj:yAeq f of;
ckerf j Oif,eef.aO tofbj;bjwgi.f vlo;f wduk :f tj,eef,wj,bof.? yIdOmwf;eef. rj:yAefyId
yefsv; tefyAefrje[:apj qldof:vuf.clyf:eif Omwf;Tzj:bmrf:vAob f of.? ckerf j rD;ynf,nj,eef.
avj.reef. pmuf;tgu,f yAee f ifrwl :f bof./ qrf. rj:yAef uofTzj:bof./ vgi;f qdil :f tefe.h
rj:e[:]]ukuuf Ik qjwu}}qmwf;qof;rhm (22) eef.
ckerf japj:Twj:yef ckeuf le:f bof./
ckeaf pjcrf: vh;ide:f acj;su;vdw;f yefpjOku.f wD;e[:yde k :f eh. wge;f vDbild ;f ref:qkid f ckef
bki;f vgi;f rjqdol :f eef.qkod ;f q[;sv; yAet f ef tky.f ydil ,f zgi:f irf:omef;rdil :f eh. -
eyf.brfeold cf e k rf jsw."aO q[.ule:f ref: tof (1) awvh;N.vgi;f zdw:f vgi;f xku,f ?
qgi;f zdul ,f rj:uif;rki:f yefb,l bof./ ckerf jauj; Odyk ,f (2) awtrf,vh;wln:f ej;vAu.f ej;b[,qgr:f
Oif,Ogeyf ef ckeaf pjcrf:oj; tuwd?
]]qof;rkefb[,ckefapjcrf:tdlnf.H uBmif.qgrf: (3) wmif:zdw:f eh. ayj:N.oj;zdw:f bof.ehaO
xrf:Twj:Odok ;f "wj./ puf.Ojayj;sr;ule:f rdil :f qArf cde
k :f yde,f ySif vSu;f vh;yAet f efvrD j:vh;bl,?
ule:f e[:apj? Oduk :f pmefcofwj./ pAw:f P;rSe;f qgr:f (4) bj,oj;ule:f awj;rjyAeO f wf:bif:rD:Twj:?
xrf:Twj:cket f yk .f ydil ,f Ody:f ydil af O bj,bl,rof udef (5) Orf.oj;yAerf jaOw rD:erf.q[arjpuf.cdol :f ?
rmif P;rD:OwdTwj:ukud :f wlo?f P;rD:Oderf :D xrf:wj.}} (6) rjeh.wmif:N.trf,yAi:f ule:f auj; arjzgr.f
apj:Twj:uGj,eif,ehbof./ uef?
ckeaf pjcrf:auj; xgr,f uGmrf:Oif,Ogecf e k rf jaO (7) awj;ckeaf pjcrf: rdil :f yj,Ij,eOD, bif:
pAw:f umefvuD O k ol ,f uGj,bof./ uj;yAerf jwif:OAi;f auj; xgr,f uGmrf: ckerf jaO pAw:f umefvig ;f vDv;h ? qdol :f pof:
vgw;f az:cAeaf Otrf,uj: ckeaf pjcrf:auj; cmrf, yAeuf el :f bmrf:vAoe f .h zl;b[,ule:f vlif zl;rD:ynf,
vAi.f vlcofrw l :f awj,Okw:f qlo;f ymefujG ,bl,bof./ nj,? Oif,cj,qof;cof Oif,Ogev f ig ;f vDeef. ugy;f
acj; Oif,Ogef aej,crf:qof;ckerf jeh.ref;ukrd :f Oifsv; pof:trf,qgr:f vh;-ehqold :f eh. yAew f e g ;f
wj, rde k ,f Ogipf iA yf e D b h of./ Ogerf ef:bof./
Tzj:yAeq f of;pof: yAeyf w k .f xrj:aO vmwf;oj; tefvb D ldi;f wD;rj
]]pof:qof;eh. pAw:f umefq;hg xSrq f old .f cdol :f ? vl,edol .f - rjarjpuf.qof;? rjwgi:f qof;? arjqg;h qof;
vdlwf; whmwmifqdlof.cdlof:eh.(njwwfxqIdbj) ref:cde k :f ?
trf,q[;rdol ;f vAouf n l :f ? yAerf j: qArrf old ;f wduk .f Omif; - qof;ref:Ogeyf efqild .f pdok f arjpAw:f qdil .f
yj,IrD,eef.tdlof;/ qgh;xSrfumefqdlof.qmwf;eh. eef?
yAeb f idl :f tmef: vlipf of:qof; tefeikd ;f tlod ;f }} eh - rjeh. rD:Owf.qj, edol q f of;ref:? ule:f puf:

57
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
vifqodl .f qmw;f eef. ygi,f oj; ref:trf,yAi:f rj? nmr.f
ckn;f vlod rf jehbof./
rjtefuj;b[,vldofcrf:
rD:rjwloe f ikd ;f wD;oAi:f rwIyf.? rdil :f tde,f wdb
qg;h xSruf wS ,f sc Ohmq[ue l :f rgu;f Omof:auj.yhm? cmof:
wmif:Odyf: OgifyD? xdkifwD;ref:whmuGj, ckefpmef
yvdu;f cof ayj:vh;wuf.brf/ wD;rdil :f tdi:f uvAw;f
rD:bj;ehm:xof;auj.edik ;f whmuGj, vh;OmrfO,D oef:
rjref:uGj,rguf,ydlef;rj:tof? vh;oj; rD:Owf.qj,
aw."/ wD;rldif:uBymef, rjwlofekdif; ayj:oj;
xkid cf mof:wmrf:crf; qof;ref:awygu;f rj: rlod :f Nde:f eh
ref:uh.rj:y[.pyf.wD; wj;Ilw.f IAe:f wj,aO,? ayj:oj;
qof;ref:zSorf j:eh ref:qlr:f qlr:f Olod :f Olod :f pyf.
qof;ref: qgr:f qof;ref: rlod :f uGj,awj,ayj:xkid Nf e
pAw:f eefu;l oef:bof./ xkid e f if,oef:ekid ;f rjwlof
eef. uGj,y[.qof;ref:auj; qof;ref:trf,zSorf j:?
ref:auj; Okyd ,f y[.uGj,awj,rlid :f vSi:f ? Okyd ,f y[.xSi;f oef:
ekid ;f ? trf,uGj,wmif:v[aO Okyd ,f y[.qof;ref:bl,
wdu:f "/ ule:f urf;zgi;f tofcof;rke:f wmif:udef tg,h
ref:auj; ref:trf,udef? Okdyf,y[.qof;ref:bl,/
qof;ref:eef. whmuGj,aO trf,qmif;ygu;f rj:qlid .f
eif,ul;ygu;f sv; rjwloe f ef. Okyd ,f y[.qof;ref:pAw:f
eefawj,ayj:whmuGj, wD;wj;Ilw.f IAe:f eef.sv;
wj;Ilw.f IAe:f eef.auj; qyf:qkod ;f oj; ]]wj;Ilw.f
IAe:f rj}} awj,xkid of ef:rlod ;f eh.bl,/ tefe.h ref:
seyef rjeh. rD:uwdOwf.qj, wD;elod q f of;ref:
eef.bof./
vh;vlcmof, Myanmar Times rhm(2)? wge;f
(433) eef.wSr;f oh.oj; ]]ehm:sc,Oax: vliaf uj.
edkif; Odkof.tofrjwdySwf.wlofedkif; uj;cefref:
udik ,f ide
k :f awj,vj,Nuf:OSe?f rSe;f ide k :f rmef; rgu;f Nuf:
Ody:f vmef.yhmbof.? uj:rj:pyf.rj wD:omif:Ndo:f rdee f .h
rD:OmrfOyd :f vrf:yhmehbof./ ehm:sc,Oax: eef.
vmwf;oj;]]crf:eh. rD:uj;ceftdlof;? rjeh.trf,
rD:uj;cefb,[ ? ugy;f eef qif,Odok .f uj;b[,"}}ehbof./
ref:ygi,f oj; rjeh. rmifwol rf :D zki:f umrf,vdol af O
ule:f xrf,rwj,? ule:f bge:f eh. ayj:cofbe g :f udef
qif,vh;? rjOax:trf,vh;bge:f ude?f rD:wD;ege:f
cSr.f "? arjy[.Nde:f ? uSw,f sczl;vuf.vh;vl:uge,f bof./
rjeh. ayj:vdyk ;f cof cofve S ;f yhm;bl,? uln:f ayj:wmif:
wlud ;f rj: ay.trf,ay.auj; arjcly:f cde k :f bof./ wD;
sw.ref: ule:f pof:eh. rD:erf.uwf.vdol rf j? zki:f b[,
vdol O f wf:? pof:cSe:f vDpwf:pmefzrg .f uef? rD:Owf.
qj, edol q f old .f cdol :f z[ref:bof./ uAo,f vln;f vdil ;f rjeh.
d :f bif:rD: uGmrf:uyf:xku,f oj;-
rjwjrgw,f trf,tdyk :f cD;?
qof;eD;trf,tdyk :f cof;/
rjtrf,pof,qmif;cly:f ? ule:f trf,Oly:f qmif;phm./
bdik ;f N.vgi;f ule:f ? bdik ;f cSe:f vDpuf.rj/
rjudecf ;D qdik t f rf,ruf.vof; ? ule:f udecf of;Orf.
ruf.vof; qdik w f j.trf,thmrj-ehquGj,qdol :f eh.bof./
z[ve[ rf.q[ bj,P;bgr:f rjaOurf:/
qof;OD,p (rlid :f egi)f
58

'gef.wh:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
]]'gef.-Font}}tefoj;eef. yAefyldifzmif
wlov f ud ;f wj,aw tofq.[ wkod :f rlod ;f wSr;f rlod ;f 'dr:f
tgu,f rj: wj,awvlv;h qlod :f eef.bof./ the particu-
lar size and style of a set of letters that are used in
printing, etc.
umyf;yef cgrf,ydof,wldof,bmrf:vAof ayj:trf,rD:
'ge.f wlov f ud ;f eh cgr,f ydo,f wlod ,f auj; awtrf,qmi;f
pAw:f umefOifv;h sv; 'ge.f eh. vh;oj; yAev f ig ;f
b[,ckduf. ykef;wj,cgrf,ydof,wldof,ehauj; awj;trf,
zdw:f / bge.f ylod f; cgr,f ydof,wlod f,tguf,rj: q[.wkod f:rj:
erfsv; umev f ud ;f vhm:ul;ylid f" ul;qmo:f clod f: tgef
uefce dk ;f b[,rj:sw.sw.eh z[auj; awtrf,xAif
vh;/ wh:pof:auj; eif,pkod f awrD:rj: wlov f ud ;f cgr,f
ydo,f wlod ,f eh arjz,[ arjref: tgeuf efcwf:q[ pAw:f
yAef]]'gef.wlofwh:}}rj:bl,/ 'gef.wh: tefzl;
wSrf;vduf;cof sw,vh;pefaO q[.rj:eef.sw.
yAef A Shan tefy;D qhm:ekw:f (rgu,f ul,Oh;g vSif wj;
uki;f ) Mif.tof zl;arjpw A :f 'ge.f wD;wj;uki;f rj:clif
pAw:f yef rgu;f rlod ;f yDcIdw.f 1991-92 eef.bof./
vkuf;vkif:wmif:su: tefyAefqhm:cBdw.f wdef,auj;
pAw:f aO bdy:f wkod :f pif:ref:bl,acjacj/
zgif:rldof;eef. wh:zl;bdyf:q[. cgrf,ydof,wldof,
auj; yh,ayj:erf/ zl;wSr;f vdu;f cofauj; vh;bdy:f wkod :f
'ge.f A Shan aO pAw:f tgu,f yyf.ogu:f yyf.qlid :f qlod :f
eh.bl,/ yyf.qlid :f wh: teftofwol f vdu;f cgr,f ydo,f
wlod ,f aO tdw,f tgu,f tgew f mi:f Okw:f yde l ;f eef.
sw. yAeyf yf.qlid :f ]]rgu,f vli,f vAo}f } tef]pSi:f Olod f
cSi}f wSr;f eef.aO tdw,f tgu,f rlod ;f 1992 eef.
bof./
59
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
A Ying
ohm:aOeef. xkdifrj: 1996 eef. qof;
eef,awj:(rlid :f rl.)sv; zl;wSr;f vdu;f vh;vhm:pAw:f
zge.f wrf;wD; qhm:az,(vhm:O[w:h )aO qif,pAw:f
tguf, zgef.qhm: (Sai Fonts) bof./ ohm:eef.aO
xSif;OmrfyD wif:qof;aw,aqj:(zkif:cgif,)aO
qif,vSu;f vhm; pAw:f yAerf j: ]]'ge.f auj.qhm:}} Kaw-
sai bof./
tefpw A :f A shan eef. auj.tefpw A :f ref:
Orf.trf,q[; ulef:vAef;vduf;wh:/ ugyf;eef
awvh;oj; Omif,xku,f qlid .f pdok af uj; pAw:f uGj, P;eAu:f
tgu,f vh;vdu;f wh:auj; qke:f bof.ehaO tgeuf ef
q[.wkod :f bdy:f wkod :f rj:bl,/ uln:f uj; qkr:f zl;wSr;f vdu;f
cof (e[:Oif,cj,qof;) qif,cke d :f rj: tky,f uefoj; c[;
pAw:f P;yAef vgu:f rkod f: tefimh :vguf:rkod f:rmef; (Win
Myanmar Fonts)ehsv; qif,awrj: pAwf:tguf,
]]auj.qhm:}}eh.bof./ 'ge.f auj.qhm:eh. blid :f tme:f
rD:eif,eh-
(1) P;yAew f ol vf ud ;f wh:
(2) vgu:f oh.rkod f:ref: P;ihm:qrfvug f:rkod f: wlof
vdu;f rme;f ? (bge.f ylod ;f pof:bl,e[:rlid :f zgr.f Nrf; rlid :f
rme;f sv; Orf.vh;q[.wkod :f vdu;f rme:f bl,wj,aO,)
(3) P;vh;q[.yj: wloyf j,vdwh: (wlorf e l f:)
(4) P;pmi;f zmiv f ud ;f wh: rD:erfcrS .f vSy;f
blid :f tme:f qlid .f ehaO qif,awpAw:f tgu,f rj:
'ge.f auj.qhm: (34)tefaO bdy:f wkod :f uefrj:bl,/
qgr:f eif,oj; umy;f ymev f uS ;f vhm;rj: ul;oef:sv;
Oif,cj,wh: qlod :f uGj,bl,egu;f rlid f:auj; uwf.cSe,f zhm,
cgr,f ydo,f wlod ,f rj:aO e[:cmo:f wmi:f 1998-99eef.
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
tgefuefpAwf:tguf,rj:xSif; 'gef.wh: teftof
vgu:f wlov f ud ;f tif:udw:f wif;aO wrf:wlov f ud ;f wh:
qgrf:vguf:rkdof:tif:udwf:bl,/ rldefeif,oj; wlof]r}
auj; tofo.h wD; ]m}/ wlo]f e}auj; oh.wD; ]n}v[ qlod :f
eef.bof./ cofauj; ole.f oj; bge.f cofb,l egu;f rlid :f
vh;q[.wkod :f vdu;f tif:udw:f erfeah O qif,aw
pAwf:tgu,f rj: zgef.qkod f;oj; Tai,Tzerngkoang Tai,
Cjourney ql d o f : eh . aO bd y f : wk d o f : uef u G j ,bl ,
Okdof;z[wef:ref:/ vdlofaOeef. tefqkrf:
rme;f rmiq f odl :f pAw:f tgu,f yef 'ge.f wh:auj; rD:rj:
urf;zgi;f / Oke,f wloz f r[ ef: pAw:f tgu,f rj:auj; rD:rj:
wif:erf/
yefpj'gef. trf,rdlefuef
ugy;f ylod ;f oj; wh:pof:eh. trf,wef:vh;bdy:f wkod :f
qmu;f ayj.vduf; (Typewriter)/ e[:yD 1985 awj,
1990eef. qmu;f ayj.vdu;f eh. qof;TOj,eIej,
x(rl,aq;)? qof;TOj,eef,awj: (ome;f qmr)f ? qhm:
ekw:f (wj;uki;f )cofqodl :f eh. tme:f Oif,pAw:f qmu;f
ayj.vdu;f bl,aOw trf,wef:vh;yAerf j:/ uGj,wgi;f
xmrw f nl :f cgr,f yeD, wj,awpAw:f yefeef.auj;
yldef;oj; awvh;Oif,wD;at,ref: (100)vkuf;
qif,aw qmif;pAwf:yefehsv; rj:vgrfpjwlnf:
wh:pof: wj,awvh;q[.wkod :f qmu;f ayj.vdu;f rlod ;f ymef
eef. trf,Ol;rD:/ bge.f Oif trf,rD:ayj:ehqidk f
(1) bge.f ylod ;f yh,bmr;f q[.sv; yh,N.wD;ygi,f vhm:q[.
ref:? (2) bmy,f zkw d ,f ugy;f ide
k :f wgif:? (3) ayj:q[.
wdkof: qmuf;ayj.vduf;Okef,wlofehqkdif rldof;ymef
(r.O.v)eef. cofqmi;f xmi,f xlrd w f ;[ xlrd ef odl J f
bge.f ylod ;f qlod :f eh.sv; qif,trf,yAeb f yd :f wkod :f rj:/
ohm:eef. trf,pkid f cgr,f ydo,f wlod f,tguf,rj:sv; vh;oj;
60
wh:pof: trf,wef:vh;bdyf: qmuf;ayj.vduf;aO
cmr;f uGj, bdy:f cgr,f ydo,f wlod ,f urf:vAoe f b h ,l / Oifoj; pof:
bmr;f bdy:f wkod :f qmu;f ayj.vdu;f rj:ehsw. pAw:f pkod f
auj; vgu:f vhm:q[.wkod :f wD;oh.omi:f wlov f ud ;f pof: aw
bif,pmuf;ref:rj:qgrf:qmuf;ayj.vduf; qldif.eif,
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]]oif,uD,O qif,arjwmif:arjynf,nj,aOydil "f
pkdof}} ehoif,uD,Oauj;
]]atj; arjynf,nj,OoOD,O tefoj;eef.
wD;cj;atj;}}cdke:f wgy,f qldi.f eifesh v; Tzj:yAef
qof;pof:auj;
]]OoOD,O tefoj;eef. wmif:uwf.ref:
uwf.cSef,zmh,v[vj,}}omif,uD,O qif,cdkef:wgyf,
]]atj: qof;pof:auj:wrwD;cj; ayj:cj;pof:
rke:f yof,OoOD,Oref:wIj:aOtof eAy.f rdok :f cj;
wgh,wlnf: vkyf,uguf:Nofulef:wmhayj: ehqkdif vhpk
ref:ckdef:uGj,aw, zkif,zov[eh wD;cj;atj;}}
ayj:oif,uD,O cde k :f wgy,f uGj,qlid .f eefauj; Tzj:yAef
qof;pof: qif,tofzik :f wef:clo:f qof; zmef,tof
vkyf,uguf: Nofulef:wmhOD,yldif
(1) tefuGj,zSofMwf; rdlif:iImh:
(2) tefckdef:rj:aw, zordlif:ulef:
(3) tefuGj,aw,rdlif:zD
(4) tefcof;qmrf,edyf.yefuGj,
qif,tof vky,f ugu:f NofO,D vku;f eef. rj:wrf:
yef zmh,ej;oif,uD,OaObof. qif,q[.ref:wuf.
aeTzj:yAeq f of;bl,bof./ omif,uD,Oauj; qif,rj:
yof,rke:f OoOD,O ref:wIj:ref: qif,tofeyA .f
66
rdkof:ref: wgh,wlnf:vkyf, uguf:Nofrmhedkif;aO
]]atj: auj.eh. zSouf jG ,rdil :f iImh:bof.wD;cj;}}
cdkef:wgyfoj;eefauj; Tzj:yAefqof;pof: qif,oj;
]]Oj,xk...Oj,xkoif,uD,O qdok ;f bl,aw. rSe;f
bl,aw.bof.}} ehcdkef:ylifuGmrf: bgif;abj:bl,
bof.? ayj:wuf.rmhOgifauj; vgif;cdkef:rj:aw,rdlif:
ule:f ? ayj:wuf.rmhOmrfauj; vgi;f cde k ;f rdol :f aw, rdil :f
zDeef.auj; wuf.vh;rSef;bl,sv;Tzj:yAefqof;
pof:auj; bgi;f abj:ref:qmh: wif:Omrfyug ;f bl,bof.?
zdol ,f zSoMf wf;rj: urf:rmhO,D eef. ref:qmh:yof,rke:f
OoOD,O ref:bl,wj;vmhyug ;f auj;ref: qmh:trf,pk
vh;bof.sv; tmhauj; tmhej,Ndof,ref: Orf.ayj:
yif:wlu:f rj: brf:wif:wloaf uj; wde k :f oj;trf,pkv;h
bof;/ Tzj:yAefqof; qif,wuf.oj;
]]yAefpdkof oif,uD,O Ndof.bof.pj.}}
]]atj: q[;wD;cj;atj; tefe.h sw.cj; pof:
cwf:q[wmef,pkdofauj; trf,pkvh;wD;cj; ayj:qof;
pof:pkeh rgu,f vmwf;yefcj;pof: aOurf:wD;cj;}} eh
aObgr:f ql: Tzj:yAeq f of; pof:bl,bof.? Tzj:yAef
qof;pof: qif,cdkef:oj;
]]omif,uD,Otdol :f zl;tefwyS :f ySw;f udavOj,
pAipf j;bof.eef. zordol :f ej;auj; rln.f rlw:f blw:f
OAif; Orf.vh;cof;qmrf,eduf.ymefeef. ulef:pof:
ulnf:trf,uj:ZDcofwmif:OAif;auj; trf.pk wmif:uGj,
ref:qof;vh;aOauK.eef.bof. zl;pkpef Owf.
qj,OD,yj:aO cof;qmrf,uGjeduf.ymefeef.bof.
uofTzj:qif,Mif.zl;vD zl;Frwf;qof;vD qof;Frwf;
ehbl,bof;}} ehbof;/
urf:eef.oif,uD,O qif,wmif,vof,oj;
]]qof;pof:auj:wr tofref:wIj:aOcdkef:
vSu;f ref:wIj;eef. ayj:oj;ehtrf,rD: wmif:Okr:f
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ref:eif,uof,cj;? ugy;f ehsv; ref:wIj: tefcj;
pof:arjeef.cj;pof: awyefqof;pof:wD;cj; ref:
wIj:tef qof;pof:arjeef.auj; cde k :f Ogeyf ef
cj;pof: aOurf:cj;}}ehbof.? bmrf:eef.Tzj:yAef
qof;pof: cdkef:wgyf,oj;
]]omif,uD,OJ uofTzj:eh. trf,rD:zdif;tof
ref:wIj: cde k :f vSu;f tof ref:wIj:/ uln:f uj; ayj:
c[;vh; ref:wIj:uofTzj:sw. awoh.rAw.f wj,aO
Ogefyefvh;bl,}}cdkef:wgyf,oj; eif,eefbof.?
omif,uD,Oauj;
]]atj:vDw;D cj;bof; qof;pof:auj:wr ayj:
eh Ogefref:wIj:qof;pof: yefcj;pof:aOurf:
wD;cj;}}oj;ehaObku.f rdok :f cdok :f wmif,oh;vof; bge:f
Ogefynf,nj, wD;Tzj:yAefqof;pof:bl,bof;/
Tzj:yAefqof;pof:auj; qif,cdkef:oj;
]]omif,uD,O rdol ;f OlOe g rf ef:wIj: qef.Okif
eef. qgif,rD: vgif;wmif:uBmif.wmif:urf tgef
wmif:ref:pj.}}
]]atj: rD:bl,wD;cj;}} cdkef:wgyf,qdlif.eef
auj; Tzj:yAefqof;ckdef:oj;
]]ayj:oj;eh eif,pdkof ayj:awarj ref:wIj:
uofTzj:vDve D ef. tgew f mif:Okw:f awvh;uBmif.
urf refwyIdowf. wgw.f wAi,f Oj,uj,Iuj,buwj,
Owdurf,rxmef:tlod ;f }}ehsv; qof;omif,uD,Oauj;
bgef.ydlof; yAefzl;nmef,vSwf:sv; ayj:oj;vh;
tofO,[ q[ vgi;f urf,rxmef:auj; Orf.pkqrg :f cef,
xj, yAev f kye A vf k qSi;f qSi;f vSi:f vSi:f sv; tof
odywf.Oej,nmef, aw,tgefej;aO qif,pkyf;
vh;tIpwf.wzlof,aO yAefIpmef:wj,uGj, urf:
vAofbof;/
omh:eef. qkrf:ykef,ej:cof cdkef:tgefuef
67
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
rj:xlyf: qof;omif,uD,OaO xmrfoj;
]]yAepf okd f Ogerf ef:wIj: wD;Ipmef:auj:wr
bof.bof;pj.?}}
]]tdlof;...Ogefbof.bof;}}
]]ayj:eh pof:cdkef:uGj,wuf.aeydlef;}}
]]ykef;wj,pj:sw. trf,rD:vgif;wj, awuGj,
qgrf:Olbof;}}
]]rdlof;tgefwmif:auj; pof:oj;bl,sv; Ipmef:
auj:wreh. ref:qof; rD:ynf,nj,pAwf:P; ydlef;
yAefq[ref:eh bmrf:vAof wmif:qof;pof:aO pof:
qdol :f eh. wj,awpAw:f umef qgr:f uef trf,rD: bof.
sv; pof:zmwf,uefwD;eh;bof.}}
oj;ehaOazwmif:tguf,uGj,urf:vAofbof./
omh:vdke:f rj: Tzj:yAeq f of;pof:auj; qgi,f bgi;f
abj:yefqef. wD;e[:au; Omif,cj,Ipmef: ckef
sv; ulef:rD:wmif:erf (eh:au;yIdwf;Omwf;
OD,ydil )f eef. zmhywdzmef,nmef,vmuf,vmh:eef.
qof;omif,uD,Oeh.uBaOydlef;? wgef:aOydlef;?
Frmwf;aOydle;f ? Okiaf Oydle;f bof;oj;ehbl,bof;/
eh.yAev f ig ;f wmif:uwf. OoOD,O ref:wIj:
sv;ydkef:qof;oif,uD,Obof;/ /
qof;TOj,qoe (wmif.bmef:)
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

wmi:f bmr;f
tefbj.tgu:f atjsv;wyf:vk
Ogu;f pef - OBV _UK
www.telePK.com
yde,f wSr;f - vmof:ySr:f

1. trf,udecf of;e[ 5. Okw,f thmvrl :f rAev f rl :f pif;

ule:f auj.tef rD:wmi:f bmr;f trf,udecf of;e[
eef. qmif;pAwf:P; pSif:vdlwf;omef wSrf,eSef,?
tefe.h ref:trf,tgeq f ;hg zdrl .f pSi:f tgu:f atj ukr,f
xlef;sv; pAwf:P;erf.pSif:tguf:atj wluf:bl,
bof./
e[:tif,uj,clid ;f wlopf of:eef. tgu:f atje.h vh;
vAi.f xmw;f tgu,f OD,uBed ,f (oxygen)erfvold yf e ld ;f bof./
ayj:pof: Orf.uh.vh;Okwf,thmvlrf:rAefvlrf:pif;eh
ref:qmi;f pAw:f P; xmw;f tgu,f OD,uBe d ,f sv; pSi:f tgu:f
atjbyl ;f bgr:f bof./

2. udee f rfvodl yf e l .f ej, 6. wjee g :f trf,tdr,f

vgi;f eh. qmi;f pAw:f P; vdw l ;f yhtug :f atjeukd :f zgi:f rdol ;f pof:ege:f eh. ref:pAw:f P; tgu:f atj
aO qmi;f tgepf iS :f ole.f yhm:q[qw k ;f bgr:f bof./ vdok f;umeb f of.? ayj:wjee g f:trf,tdr,f eh pdik frj:
qmi;f pAw:f P;sO<vf(cell)OAe;f vdw l ;f tgu:f tge,f
3. vkw;f vSe:f bj;
urf;zgi;f vkcwf,uGj,ehbof./
tefe.h qmi;f pAw:f P;tgu:f N,pAo,f aO yAeaf Ij:
uj,vliv
f rdk :f (Alzheimer’s)bof./
7. ylu.f Nof? Okr,f NofaOege:f
4. udet f efomee f rfej,yle.f vgi;f ylu.f Nof? Okr,f NofaOege:f eh. arjpwA :f P;
vgif;udeftefomeferfeh. emef:pAwf:P; uj,yke,f whm,tgu.f Ohm.(carbon dioxide)Okiaf OOrf.
xmw;f chyIlo,f wde:f (proteins)qdrl ;f sv; pSi:f xmw;f pAw:f P;tgu.f OD,uBe d ,f (oxygen)bgr:f sv; qmi;f wdol .f
tj:pmeb f yl ;f aO pAw:f P;erf.pSi:f tgu:f atj trf, tgu:f atjbof./
cde
k ;f b[,/

68
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
8. q[.umet f ug f:atjzig :f rdol ;f trf,bl,vD 7. udet f j:pmef tefpik cf ol ;f vln;f erf.ref:
umet f efv;h q[.tgu:f atjoe l .f rde
l e
f if,umef teftrf,yefpiS :f yhm:bl,vD? e[:tj:pmef tefv;h
pAe:f qdol :f eh. ayj:pof:ukr,f rdik .f pAw:f ej,zSof rdol ;f zgi:f toferf.ref:clo;f eef. yAev f ;h uj;pdok af uj; xku,f vD
pof:trf,bl,vDeef.qdik f qmi;f pAw:f P; tgu:f atj bgrf:q[.erf.ref:ehbof.? zgif:rdlof;Ndof.rgh;eef.
xdik .f sv; vkvoS b f ,l bof./ bj,ayudik .f umi.f udef tj:pmet f efcol ;f ehbof./
8. udefeldof.vdyf:yjvdyf:sv; tj:pmeftef
9. trf,rD:umeof e l .f vgi;f rle;f Olod :f vdy:f pSi:f yle.f zuf:blod ;f emi:f cAoe f .h vDue d tf ef
umeof e
l .f eh. yAeuf mez f ukd :f vSe,f yeftug :f vdy:f ref: trf,eef pkiw f rl ;f rgu;f 3-5 yke;f bl,
atjroA :f edik ;f ? ugy;f eef vDr:D umeof e l .f tefre
l ;f bof.?
Odlof:? ayj:trf,rD:qdkif qmif;pAwf:P; tguf:atjN, zuf:cAocf ol ;f eef. xku,f vDue d Pf ;ref: OAi;f e[:
prf:uGj,ehbof./ wjvoA uf n l :f (trf,xku,f vDuyA :f Odr:f oh.aO ude)f eh
10. trf,ayj:uh.vmw;f uGmr:f bof./
umeftkyf,tlof:uefvlnf; wmif:olef.Okifeh. 1. Mwf.wgu.f (hot dogs)
pAwf:P;rD:zgef:vDwj,tguf:atjbof.? ugyf;eef 2. edol .f pSi;f edol .f ay, uke,f (bacon)
ayj:trf,uh.vmwf;uGmrf:auj; qmif;wdlof.tguf:atj- 3. cof;rke:f auB,wlo:f emw.f (doughnut)
ehbof./ 4. tj,vl:clo;f (chips)sv;cmo;f rke:f cku.f cD,
(cookies) quGj,qdo l :f eh.bof./

vgi;f qdol :f tefpw

A :f P;wyf:vk
1. ege:f vduk :f vku.f vj;?
2. uef;zhm;eg.h umie f ?[
3. udee f rfve
l .f vdol yf e
l .f ?
4. udecf of;e[trf,rme,f (rmiyf ug ;f udef
rmiyf ug ;f trf,ude)f ?
5. udeb f j;bjerfee S ,f yle.f (bj;bjxuk ,f ?
trf,xku,f vDpjzuld :f Ojwif:arjbj)?
6. udet f j:pmef tefoe A .f oh.pdik ?f tj:pmef
tefarjOyA ,f wdw:f Mh;(qh:g ) (rde l e f if,- bj;?
vof;? yk? auj,zD,? erf.eAi;f omeq f uGj, wif:
erf)? tj:pmeftefbgrf.OD? tj:pmef tefclif
pAw:f yAef (trf,q[;Ozj,o)?
69
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
qkdof;ref:pgif.oj; ]emh:ikdef:}ehbof./
wif:wlofpmif; teftrf,vDbArf; vDwlnf:
eef. egef:bAwf,oh. wD;eldoful,eef.bl,/ref:
qyf:wmif:yAefrj:auj; rD:Omrfvldefymhbof./
emh:ikdef:eh. yAefulef:tefpSif:awj:Ob[,/
qArrf odl ;f wkud .f ekr,f eef.auj; trf,pge,f c[;bgr:f z[/
ayj:q[awj:Oref: tguf,rj:eh ref:trf,xdif:
q[ref:vh;? c[;pAwf:Oifauj;pAwf:uGj,bof./
ref:rD:vkuf;Omrfauj./ Ogifauj.b[,eef.
yAez f l;qmh:/ auj.vke d :f Okw:f eef.yAez f l;bdi:f /
qArfrldof;ref:wkduf.ekrf,eef. vkuf;qmh:ref:Ogif
auj. trf,cmrf,bl,qgrf:ref:vh; ugyf;uGmrf:ygif.uGmrf:
vj,ref:? trf,pAwf:qgrf:eif,umifq[ref:vh;aO
tguf,ymh;uGj, wmif,wD;wmif,oAif:bof./
tefye A v f uk ;f bdi:f ref:eh. Orf.rD:vkuk ;f vmif:
Omrfauj./ Ogifauj.yAefzl;bdif:/ xSif;auj.ekdif;
yAez f ;l qmh:bof./ auj.zl;qmh:eef.aw. qArrf odl ;f
tj,bkvh;Odyf:Ogifeef. cof;uGj,bl,e[: Oj,O
ej,aO pAwf:umefOjOej, wmif:pkdifbl,bof./
awj,tj,bkref: ayj:vh;Omof:OD,aO qif,
xmuf;yAefulef:pldef:bof./ vh;oj; ref:wef:yAef
70
wkduf:Okduf:
wmif:whm
(Ndof;Ndif:'j.)
rkeq f mif:OD,oj,aO qif,xmuf;bof./ rlod ;f vAoaf uj.
yAefemh: trf,bl,vD wmif:yAefwAuf:iSef:bl,eh.
rD:auj.yAefar;ref:qmh:sv; wif:ref:qmh:ulnf:
y[.vlvgrfvkrf:vj:wlnf:xkdif/ tefyAef yD;emif:
ref:Ogiaf uj.eef.auj; tgu,f uGj,pjike d :f pAw:f umeff
wD;oAi:f bof./ qkod ;f ple d :f ref:qmh: pgi.f oj; ]qhm:uge}f
ehbof./
auj.yAefemh:cofauj; trf,bl,vD oef:ekdif;
bof.oef:ekdif; yAefwlfdof:pSif:rj:/
xmif,aw,pmhOrf.trf,pmh/ blwf:bjqgrf:auj;
ayj:OAi;f ikde:f qgr:f wmif:erf/ pSi:f tle;f pldo.f ej,/
plofyef,plofrof:ej,/ udeftrf,omefegef: trf,
vyf:/ vlrf:emofuh.ckdef;eh ref:uh.cif:qldof:eh.
bof./ awvh;oj; yAew f mif:yAeuf e l ;f xof;pkod /f trf,
eef yAeof w l ;f umrf,tefeidk ;f pkod /f ugyof j; rlod ;f ref:
wkduf.ekrf, yAefulef:q[pmof; q[uBmrf:sv; trf,
arjygi,f q[eodl z f /[ ayj:yAew f j,ref: awvh;? yAef
Oke,f vh;ref:ehzc[ ;[ qAy:f " z[c;[ vh;wlod .f q[auj;
bof. ref:trf,ole.f xkid O f if pAw:f uGj,wdu:f "bof./
rlod ;f vAof vh;rj:ege:f bAw,f bl, elod uf ,l eh.auj;
q[awj:O? q[avj:z? q[arj:pref:eef. plrf,
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
irf:tlrftkdef emh:idkef:oh.bl,/ wwf:zmh,v[auj;
trf,cmwf,vh;/ Orf.oj; wmif:yAefwAuf:iSef: qrf
Ohmq[bl,bSef;"auj; ukrf,yAefarj:p Nrf,tkdwf:
wefoh.sv; trf,pAwf;p[;ehm:ikdef: q[uwf:bAef
vh;/ trf,wwf:cmwf,vh; eldofclof:cgifikdef:crf:/
trf,yAif:ayj:pmef.q[vh; vgif;yAefylef.rj:oef:
vifqldof:eef./
rmifcedk :f rmifce dk :f uGi"f uj:"aO rmifyug ;f Orf.ph;?
rmifyguf;Orf.ulof wkdef,zmef;aOoj;
]]bj,ayrj:tofuof bj,ayrj:tofuof}}
]]Olc[;whmpj.? Olyh,pkvgif;uofugef,pj.}}
auj.yAeq f mh :ugeaf w. ugy;f bmrf;bl,e[: Oj,O
ej,rj:aO pk.vgi;f ehm:ike d :f yAe?f pk.ile
d ;f tefemh :
ikdef:uGif"uj:"aOwkdef,ulofap qldif.ehbl,/
ref:qhm:pk.ygi,f oj; ehm:cofe.h trf,xdi:f q[v;h /
trf,wwf:q[vh; eldofzoulef:/ trf,pmef.q[
yAif:ayj:vh; vgif;tefyAefylef.rj:oef:vif/
rmifyug ;f qhm:ugef tofcidl ;f WD,oD,wD,aO zkn,f
cSyf:Twj: p[;auj.yAefehm:cof xgrf,ehauj; ehm:cof
Orf.oj;/ ]]Oku.f bki;f plej,? Oku.f bki;f q[ej,? bj,
ayygh,bof.}}
ugy;f ehm:cof trf,xdi:f q[v;h /trf,xdi:f tj,Iki,f
(wmif:olef.)vh;sv; bdkif;pkdifbkdif;yAefwldof:rj:/
uh.uGiwf ldo:f rj:? ulopf iS :f wldo:f rj: qhm:ugesf w. pkxkdif
vgif; ehm:cofyAefeh. awtrf,vgwf;whmvh;bof./
ayj:ehm:cof yAeq f idl .f ehaO Ohqc[ mwf,uGj,eh aw
wluf:xkdifwD; zotrf,vD tyj,btrf,pmif.eh
eef. qhm:ugef pk.xkdifvD"bl,/
crf;eh.ehm:ikdef: yAefauj; yAefwldof:pSif:rj:
wduf:" uGifauj;uGifej,/ ulofauj; ulofej,/ wmif:ulof
wmif:uGifaOoj;
71
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
]]Ndof,JNdof,JOlbj,rj: Olbj,ayrj:ql:uof?
uoftrf,vh;pAwf:OifOl}}
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]]tlofikdef:uof clof:cgifuof/ pldef:uofeh. aw
trf,phmvhmySw;f uof/ uoftrf,bgr:f trf,qgr:f / yle d ;f
awrj:tofuGj,eh uoftrf,qgrf:}}
ehm:iked :f aw. trf,pkwol O f ifbof./ wmif:yAef
auj;wAu;f iSe:f / tj,Iki,f (wmif:ole.f ) trf,vDeef.
auj; rlef.cof;rj:bl,e[:wjref:/ q[arj:pref:
eef.auj; tkdwf:wefuGj,ul;zhm,/ ehm:ikdef:awygh,
Ohmq[cmwf,auj; rldefeif,sy.q[/ qhm:ugefrD:bl,
wD;pdr:f ehm:ike d :f eef.aO vh;pefyidl yf e A f ehm:cof
qldif.eef ref:qhm:yAeftef xkdifq[uGj,sw."
ref:qhm: qif,uGj,pSef:ymef.rguf, (zldefrguf,) sv;
cof;wSu,f rj:bof. qyf:'h:wAe:f sv; wSe:f pgrf wD;
cAif,Tzj:yAefqof;aO wif:sr;ref:qhm:aO Myf,
tkrf;tof wlofehm:cof yluf:wif;eif;Mrf:rkdof: ohm,
ej;ql:Tzj:yAefqof;bof.auj; qhm:ugeftgefehm:
ike
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pyf.Ode?f Oli,f yke d rf w S .f wj, yefOwf:woj,bof.
aO cke d :f tofwol e f mh :iked :f vly.f ege:f bAeuf jG ,vD"
imrf:"bof./ wloe f mh :ike
d :f aw. tle;f pke;f "oh.bof./
qhm:ugef qif,eif;pdrfcmif;ehm:cofaO vh;
vmwf;aeyef vgif;p[;arjxdif:q[ xdif:tj,Ikif,
(wmif:olef.)bl,/
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p[;pof: q[trf,uwf:bAev f ;h / ehm:wwf:cmwf,ySw;f
p[;vh;"/ ref:qmif; arjtgefpof: uGj,wD;trf,vD
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pof: vh;pAwf:ylef.rj:eef.aO plrfqlrf:qgrf:cj;
sv;/ ref:awyefq[ ehm:uwf:bAefvh;/ aw
yefq[emh:qkdef:ymif,rj:/ ul;qldof:ul;vgif;eh. emh:
trf,tofqgrf:uGj,vh;/ emh:wwf:q[ySwf; p[;vh;"
cj;sv;/ tefawqyf:qgrf:emh:pof:uGj,eh. yAef
pmif;vDoj;
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emh:iked :f auj; vyf:wjvD"imrf:"aO rde
ref:xdif:q[vh;? rldefeif,oj;q[ref: uwf:bAef
rj:bl,/ rldefeif,oj; ref:wwf:q[ySwf:vh; ul;
qlod :f ul;vgi;f / cmof:bmrf:trf,pkid O
l e

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f if,

d :f
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zoemh:ikdef: tefref:awvh; vSuf;vmh;uGj, OAifqkdef;qmif,omefN
zSofxkdifeef. yduf.Orf.oj; qmh:ugefsv; vkuf; arjtAwf:vlqlrf:ySif:
vmeful;auj. trf,qgr:f pl.xkdif pefxkdiv f ;h ehauj; trf,vmwf;wSif:wrfwgif;
qmh: ugefsv; vkuf;vmefehm:ikdef:ul;auj.aw. N.vgif;yldef;vgif;pof:
bkrf,brf oh.oj; emh:ikdef:awzSofpgwf;xkdifuGj, ayj:bl,Oof:qldif.eh
wD;zovDeef. trf,pmif.ehbl,bof./ ulef:wif:vhmpuf.ySif:
wmif:whmtefoj;eh. ref:rldefOkduf:eif,uof, oef:vSif;vh;bl,rlef;
bof./ ayj:pof:wkduf.Okrf:ref:eef.auj; ygif,oj; wlef;q[vh;Oldof:Oj,
pof:awqmif;uGj,wluf:xkdif wD;trf,vDehbof./ xkdifujG ,wD;v[auj;
tAefpSif:tefawqmif;wkduf:ay. Okduf:ckefwhm awj;arjpuf.qldof.qmwf;
(wmif:whm)eef.aw. yAex f rf:ykw.f xqof;bof./ trf,vmwf;xmif,vAuf.cldof:
qArrf odl ;f wmif:whm trf,yh,pgw;f xkid f wD;wlopf of: uh.uldof:brfpj;qof;
ul;auj.eh. p[;arjtgeuf efzudk :f wkud :f Okud :f wmif:whm vgif;uof,Oof;oof:vrf
oh. P;vh;aOurf:/ bldef.urfcef,wD,uGj,
p[;ul;auj. arjtofxrf,rykw.f xqof;aO tgi,f ykef;wj,ymefOlpof:
sy.vh; Okud :f wmif:whm cwf:q[zudk :f oh. p[;uwf.cSe,f vh;bl,Oof:uwf:bAef
p[;vlif.vSef, qlofwmif:whm yh,pgwf;xkdifwlofpof: awyAet f efpmi;f vDoj; pmi;f vDuGj,bl,bof./
ul;auj.eh. p[;arjvlduf;pj pAwf:Omif;umefvD tef
awyAet f e A pf iS :f pof:uGj,eef. b[,"erf"aOurf:/ cj:qgrfNdef: (xkif.rmof:)
pldif:pldof;'j.

72
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
vdyf:eef.bof./ ulef:auj.v[ z[aOrof,oj; ayj:
vh;ykdif;tdif zl;yj,v(ulef:rlduf;)eef.qkdif qlof;
ymefpof: wkdef:pmif;qj.uGj,urf:Okdof;bof./
ayj:vh;ykid ;f tdib
f ,l qrf tln:f auj.vD ayj:eh
ykef;wj,umefOkef,wlofqof;uof,sv;Oif umef
ykef;ulef:wif:erfsv;Oif umeful;Orf,qldof:
eef. pof:wkdef:vh;rof wlofuwf:bAefqgrf:bl,
sw."/ ugy;f eefsv; ayj:rD:tln:f auj.vD ayj:eh
qkdif vh;oj;pof:rD:oh. vgif;wArfxlef;bl,yldifekdif;/

2. clo:f cgit
f q k .f qj,
qj,J tefoj;eh. qgr:f eif,
rkecf rf:Tzj:yAeq f of;pof: apj:oh.oj; ]]OufujaQw>k
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ul;ylid "f auj;ref:qif;tgi,f sy.vh;? yle.f vgw;f vh;}}
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auj.v[r:D wArx f e l ;f oh.qkid f yke;f wj,zowloq f of;
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eh. rD:oh.vgif;wArfxlef;- ayj:awole.f wln:f zmh,zj,Oj,? Oj,Oej,pof:eh
1. tlnf:auj.vD? tdifykdif;eldof vgif;umefrmuf;rD: tefclof:cgifwArf
2. clof:cgiftkwf.qj,? xle;f eh.aO pAw:f p[;ref:ckde;f b[,wldo:f wge:f rj:
3. ymh:bl,vD? bl, wif:erfwif:vmhb,l tefoj;eef.awj;tgef
4. wkdof:urf Odefxrf:? uefpl.xkdifuefbl,/
5. wmif:tofqkdof;q[;(OrfrjWd#f$d)- umefpjumefymh:rmuf;rD:eh. Tzj:yAef:qof;pof:
eh rD:oh.pj;yldifbof./ wkdef: yefpSif:urf:Okdof;bl,/ ulef:rldif:tefoj;
umefymh:rmuf;rD: trf,ayj:wArfxlef;eef. ulef:
1. tlnf:auj.vDJ tefoj;eh. yAefyldif b[, tefb,l Oof: e[:rlid :f eef.wke d :f pAw:f Omif; tef
ckduf.vlif ykef;wj,ulef:clif:umifpof:sw." ayj:pof: pmif;pmh. teftrf,rSe;f qgr:f Twj:eef.urf.yj; erf
zdw:f tln:f auj. (ayj:rD:tln:f auj.trf,vD)ayj:eh bof./ tefeh. tdifeldofclof:cgif tefq[.wkdof:
qlo;f ymefpof:eh. rle
d q
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73
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ule:f pof:eh. ylid v f il rf ef:sw. vlo,f rmuf;rD: Okod ;f z[
wef:ref:ulnf: ayj:wArfxlef;uGj, Okdof;z[wef:
ref:bof.auj; vgif;omef;rldif:ckdef;b[, r[,Okifrj:
tefoj;eef. eef.sw. wkdef:yAefrj:qgrf:
ymh:rmuf;rD: tgu:f vgu:f z[ tgi;f vgi;f ref:eef.uln:f /
wj,awwArfxlef;vh;eh.auj; tdifeldofurf,
nmef, oDIdb vgif;cwf:q[ z[ref:eef.bof./
ayj:cwf:q[pmof;pSif:auj; wkdef:yAefulef:rmuf;rD:
cke
d ;f b[,Okod ;f z[wef:ref:bl,/ trf,zgi:f vlod v f ;h
wmif:cwf:q[ulef:vh;vj:"/ pof:vlof,tof wmif:
cwf:q[te g e f j;]]oDIb d jXdywd}}Okyd ,f wkid ;f uGj, cmof:
ej;wduf:"ulnf:/ayj:trf,yAef bgef.vlnf;umrf,
eef.ej, ayj:trf,q[;bgef.vlnf; umrf,pmh.rj:
ymh.pof: ayj:ehsw. wkdef:rmuf;rD:rldefyldef; tef
yAef zl;rmuf;eef.bl, tefoj;eef. vDawj;oh.
q[b,[ "bmof: q[pmof;pSi:f eef.ygiO f mif;uGj, Okod ;f z[
wef:ref:bl,/
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bof.auj; qgr:f eif,qof;uof, rki;f rgi:f bge:f Ol:oh.
eef. wkdef:awyAefrj: qgrf:eif,tluf:eif,q[
pof:bl, tefoj;eef. tefeh.vh;oj; yAefvgif;
wArfxlef;yldifekdif; (vgif;ekdif;)bof./
3. ymh:bl,vD... tefoj;eh. qgr:f eif,rke:f crf:
Tzj:yAefqof;pof: apj:oh.oj; ]]tjaIjuB yIrj
vjZj- tefpof:trf,rD: wmif:yAeaf Ij:uj,OifaO
vh;bl,uwf:bAefOldof:bl,eh. yAefvmyf;Ol: vlif
tefeidk ;f bof.}} ule:f pof:eh. clo:f cgiif e
dk :f crf: uj;
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pSif:Oif yldef;tgefuef uGj,qgrf:wj;qgrf:wmif:
74
OAifOrf.ayj:yef:vlifoh. pkduf:"pmuf:" OAifuj: Orf.
ayj:arj: wdw:f "wgw:f "yef:vliuf jG ,auj; vh;wmif:cgh
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d ;f bl, ayj:oj;ehqidk .f .. aq:qdr,f tefpof:rD:oh.
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d :f
trf,yef wmif:Olod :f q[pof:vh;aOcSu:f eef.bof./
bgef.yldof;ehsv; bl,vDtefoj;eef. ayj:
pof:rD: wArx f e l ;f oh. ayj:eh pof:c[;pAw:f Oif? c[;udef
Oif c[;uGj,wmif:v[auj;vh;? c[;uGj,pjuj. pjcmhauj; imh;
vlrq f p[ of: vh;ul;vgi;f sv; qif,oj;vgi;f bl,vDue d f
omefe.h ayj:pof:rD:oh. wD;wlew f ol pf of: ayj:ehqidk f
yAefvgif;wArfxlef; yldifedkif;bl,eif,uof,bof.../
4. wkod :f urfOe
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f rf:...tef
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vDtgefuefoh.euf:"qlrf" Okdof;z[wef:ref:bl,
sw."/ tdifeldofvgif; Odefxrf:(OD,v)eh.aO
bof. ref:yAef yldifckduf.vkduf.ykef;wj, e[:clif:umif
avj:uvlifeh.bl,wif:erfbof./
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wkduf:awj:uef Orf.ayj:Okuf.bkif; tlefuof:bl,
e[:urf,zj,vlifeh.auj; iof;ij,ref: ykdef.xmef
ref: vkuf.rj:wD; tefulef:pof:e[:avj:u trf,
qgrf:rmhrD; tefpgif.oj;(Odefxrf:)eef.bof./
qldif.eif,ulef:ul;yguf; rldof;ylef.rj:wif:pkdifeef.
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
z[z;l v[auj; qgr:f Odex f rf:oh. Okod ;f z[wef:ref: qif,vl.Okr:f =ehr:D oh.vgi;f vl.Okr:f Omrfyild f Omrf
sv; pAw:f ple d :f bof. trf,vgr.f Nof. trf,cwf:aOj: vgif;eef.bl,sw."bof./
qldo:f eef. bge.f yldo;f ule:f pof: arjwkdo:f urfOdef ulef:pof:eh. qmh:aOtrf,oj; bdif:aOtrf,
xrf: arjrD:q[ve D ef.sv; e[:rlid :f ? e[:tlid ,f ? e[: oj; ayj:yAefuGj,ulef:]]Omh:Omrfvkrf:}}eef.qkdif
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wif:erfwmifvmh/ ulef:vldof bdif:vldofuGj,urf:Okdof;bof./ ulef:auj.
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pof:trf,oh.euf:ejaO Orf.oh.rofyw S ;f rmif ayj:eh xdif:Olyf:wlofplofq[eef.sw. wkdef:vh; uwf:
qkdif 1.tj,bl. qlof;ymefpof:awygwf:rj:? 2.aIj: bAef zoqmwf;eh.sv; zoqmwf; ej;wif:Ogif
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tefpof:vmrf:trf,ckdwf:vh;eef. awyAefrj:- rldefqldif.eif,]]rpj, xrf,rdutl.yOuj,}}cofsw,
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ekdif;cSef:pif;qj. yAefzgef:pmh. uGj,rldof:ej;eef. pj;ymuf,aO vh;qkdof;oj;]]xrf,rdutl.yOuj,}}pj;
bl,sw."oj;"bof./ tefpof:vh;wlu:f Okr:f yle d ;f vh; ymuf,ehbl,bof./ e[:cof pj;ymuf,eef. tl.yOuj,
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yAeaf O vlo,f cwf:q[p;[ yAe]f ]qmh:rof:ay,}} tef zl;uAof,vlnf;e[: Twj:eef.bof./
oj;eef. awj;awvDbl,sw."/ e[:tl.yOuj,pj;ymuf,eef. Orf.rD:oh. ploe f j;
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vkrf:}}Okrf:Omrfvmh:bl,- qAwf:auj. wif:rlwf:e[:pldef:cofeh. rD:oh. ulef:
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vl.Okrf:? 3. Oj,Oej, wlefwlofqof;uof,auj; bof./

75
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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bl,/ pAwf:eef tefyAefaIj:uj, ao,wej,auj;
yAeftef pmof;pSif:oh.sv; ref:auj; vmrf:pl.oj;
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vh;bof.}}ehaO qif,q[.vku;f vmif:ref: rlod :f ymif:
Oif,cj,cofqof; rj:vgwf;apj:yef Okwf;wmef,
wD;pdrf:ref:eef.bl,/
urf:eef. qof;Ipmef: Omif,cj,qof;ehauj;
qif,tgeuf efvw g ;f apj:yef Owdyxmef,Okw;f
wmef, tefuyf:umh, vlnf;vgif; buf:bArf;wlnf:
e[:cef,xj,pj;plof wlew f lopf of:ckde:f eef.bof./
bmrf:zgif: rldof;qof;Ipmef:Cof wkduf.tgef uef
vgwf;apj: Owdyxmef,Okwf;wmef,bl,eef.
bge.f ylod ;f tlre k z
f ik :f umefwmif:vD tefref:vh;
pAw:f Omif;pmif;ygirf j: yDbmof:cmof:pkid e f ef.sv; xkid f
wD;ckez f cD il :f wkOw d j, ayj:vh;tofwif: avj.rj.
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ref: rldof:rldif:zDehauj; rpj,xrfrduqif,vmwf;
tguf,Olyf:ref:oj;...
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sv; cofqof;auj; qif,ukdw:f bkdw:f ySw;f OAiTf wj:
tefcofvw g ;f bl,eef.bof./ qof;Ipmef:Cofauj;
tgeuf efce dk :f ygu;f Omh,ugBrodl :f uGj, wD;owf.wmif:rlw:f
bof. / bl,"rpj,xrf,rdutlOuj,cof Orf.ckdef:pl.
wlofrj:sv; ugrf.ulnf:vh;pefvkuf;bdif:cof tgef
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76
yj:bof.sv; ref:qif,xmrfoj;
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81
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82
tofte l ;f xmyf.bmyf.uGj,aO ayj:xdik q f ol ;f pdik rf ug ;f
(3)rlif:awj,(6)rlif: awpefrSef;xSif; OmhtAef
OmhpSif:cdkef:uSef,cSifrj:? vdkef:eef. ayj:xdkif
bmef;qlo;f (12)rli:f wlow f mheef. Orf.cde k :f tof
cSifudkuf:vdkuf:uGj, wif:wlofwif:cdif:bl,eef.bof./
bge.f eefsv; uGmrf:uvj:ej;zdul ,f cofoj;(RIGOR
MORTIS)oj;ehbof./
zgi:f bmrf:(12)rli:f tefoj;rj:eef. uSe,f cSif
udkuf:vdkuf:uGj, wmif:wlofaObof.auj; ayj:Mwf; rj:
xSif;(12)rlif: wlofwmheef.Orf. ckdef:tlef;uGj,
xmyf.bmyf.xSif;urf:edkif;? qdlof:eh.yAefvgif; vD
tmrf:vlifoh.bl,eef.bof./ xSif;vdkef:eef.rj:
vgif;cmef,xj, aweof;wl,vmef;eef. auj,q
pefyrk z f mhcjG ygw:f edlof wD;tefr:D oh.(wyf:)eef.
cAofOgrf,Odkuf:vdkuf:rj:bof./ vgif;ySuf,ydlif;rj:eef.
yAefvlnf; rlif;rSif:(ySuf.wD:ID:bdlof:) wif:erf
sz;rD:oh.e[:Omh Oh;ekr,f qdol :f eef.sv; rde l e f if,
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ch,vdlwf;vSifauj; qdlrf;qdkrf:aO pmhuGj, ugyf;xmwf;
vmhqold .f vmhyild f vkvoS uf jG ,oh.sv; ej;wj edol .f eif
qgr:f wlof qif,vh;pefyuS ,f ydil ;f rj: urf,tdw k ,f wdw
k ,f
urf,tmwf,wmwf,eef.bl,bof./
bgef.ydlof;xmwf; (Oj,vzj,wmh,tguf.Oh.)
tguf,yAefrj:eef. tmhwl tmheof;rdkwf:rAefrj:
eef.bl,bof./
vdkef:eef. ayj:oj;ylef.vdlofaO(3)oef:?
edol .f eifauj; urf,yif;"aO ygw;f wdol .f rSe;f nj: wD;
v[auj; vmef;wluf:uGj, urf:vAofeef.bl,bof./
ayj:oj;wlofwmheef. vh;rj:rguf;qAwf:oef:
edlofedlof.w[;eifulef:wmheef. awvhpef yAef
xSi;f ykrw f rk yf ig :f u[;aO ayj:ref:ugu:f vmef;uGj,auj;
vh;peferf.qSif erf.eof;vhbg.h tgu,f rj:? tmhwl,
tmhrAefauj; cdkef,cdkuf.rdkwf:pSif:rj:eef.bof./
zgif:bmrf:eef. wgif.ykrfauj; u[;ugif,Olwf,
b[,rj:sv; Oly:f sv;cl;eiftrf,uj: (uof;wgj,I)yAof
ygi,f uof; wD;qdol :f eef.auj; vh;peferf.wl, erf.
eof;auj; vhtguf,rj:ylef.wlofrj:? Nnf,wjauj; u[;
rSef:rj:? uSrf;Ogifzmh,auj; u[;yD:rj:? vdef.auj; u[;
wArfOlyf:oh.sv; buf.wlnf:ej;wjauj; wdkef:
trf,rdlefuof,? vkvSofrlwf:uSif;? trf,wgif:vh;Oif
eef.bof./
vde
k :f eef.rj: ayj:vh;Ody:f OD,Ody:f pj; oef:
rj: umyf,eAy.f wdee f yA .f rdok :f eef.auj; Oge,f vle,f
Nif;uGj,eef.bof.? eifapj,edlof. apj,wlofwif:
OAif;auj; vmef;wluf:uGj,z[ref:? tmhwl,tmheof;
auj;vdlofudkef:rj:aOuof,? rSif:rlef:cAofcofauj;
rj:auj,Nif:sz;vkuf;sz;vmif: yAefvkuf;egef
qD:sO,cof;wofe:[ wlocf ef,xj, ayj:qgw,f OAi;f
bof./
83
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
bmrf:eef wgif.ykrfauj;wdkif,b[,yD:rlef:rj:?
bge.f ydol ;f rli;f rSi:f egeq f :D tgu,f sv; eifyrk e f ef.
ayj:rde l cf ikd Mf ef;prf:bof./ tefr:D oh. e[:wlocf ef,
xj, wlow f mhue g ;f edol .f uge;f vdw l ;f uge;f tAef uge;f
pSi:f qdlo:f eef.auj; pSi;f pAo,f uGj,rlw:f uAi;f aO udkw:f
oh.elod .f qyf:vkyuf n l :f / bge.f ydol ;f wloO f wf:wwf:
rSi:f bwofvv k oS uf jG , uAi;f rlw:f eef.bof.sv; e[:
rguf;pj;Odyf:yD rdlof:eef. pkuj;awrD:oh.bl,ulnf:?
ayj:vdlofaOvdkef:eef. awudkwf:oh.vkyf, trf,
eefugifvkyf, vmh"ulnf:eef.bof./
bge.f eef pof:udlw,f yAerf j: edki;f ule:f rle:f
rj:edik ;f pmif; cof;yAerf j:qmof:cdol :f eyf.brf ykw.f x
qof;sv; rdlof;zgif:pof:pAwf:? cwf:? Omif; vh;bl,
eef. bj,ayP;vh;z[,cde k :f yj;vif(eSi)f ? tefoj;
(wuof wuof wuof)tefoj;eef.aOurf:? wlof
pof:eh. qgrf:eif, ref:wkdef:yAef wloftOkz
(tefpif;oln,f ? trf,cSr.f vSy;f )eef.sv; ulod :f pmif;
zmifaO bj,ayyAef q[rj,eaOurf:? wD;Okw:f
ref: vgi;f q[qyf:ySe:f wlouf oftefoj;eef.auj;
bif:awvh;tof avj:ukwf.wIj,rmuf;aO wSyf:
cmwf,ySw;f eef.bof./ umefvig ;f xof;? qAy:f ? wmh?
tedwf.q? wkuf.c? tewf.w? tOkz tef
Tzj:yAeq f of;apj:tgu,f rgu,f se Oif,Oget f eg v
f D
eef. P;vh;tofO[,q[aO wkdof:urfuGj,qgrf:aO
urf:/
TOj,qdif,okef: (bAef) uRuf.sr:
sr:/
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

qgrf:eif,Nofacj;ref:yefoh.oj; ]]Twj:trf, trf,ygi,f q[Twj:avj:uxrf,sv;ulo?f bge.f trf,N.

qyf:q[ vgi;f v[auj;uloe f j,}}eheef. ugy;f ydlo;f oj; quf:Twj:tedw.f q? wku.f c? tewfw sv;ulo;f ?
e[:rdil :f ule:f eh. tefvuD ol rf ef:erfej, sw,tof ulobf ,l auj; qgi,f Orf.awvgw;f vh;pdok ?f vgi;f qAy:f
az:zh:? az:erf.? az:cke?f az:zl;vuf. ule:f vgif;OSyf,? vgif;clyf:vgif;cdkef; vgif;ch;vgif;emof
qlef? az:zlef? az:zDvl:? zDzmh:? az:wlof vgi;f yAev f ig ;f xof; vgi;f wmhqold :f eh. bge.f ydol ;f Twj:
xdlef,Owf:pmh.? az:il:qdlof:eh.auj; yAeftef trf,qyf:q[sv; vgif;ulofqdlof:eh. yAefrj:bof./
vDulofbof./ wD;sw."ref: ayj:udlwf,yAefulef:rj: rD:Ikyf;
vdol ef .h rof.uj: az:vlr:f vli?f az:tdi,f Oef,? emrf,cef,xj,pj;Nof wlosf v;q[b,l sw. vgi;f yAef
az:vSw,f vSi.f ? az:vlw.f uj:? az:wuaz:eh. aO cdkef:vk? vgif;vkbof.aO cdkef:yAefeef.
pkuol bf ,l ul;ydil "f bof./ Orf.ymhuol yf j: ulotf rf,vh;udef z[trf,umif:bmefvh;? N.bl, pof:trf,umif:bmef
ulot
f rf,vh;eki;f ulot f rf,vh;pef ulot f rf,vh;xgr,f vh;Orf.awuGj,ulopf w A :f Oif az:Oifrj:auj;vD zD
ulot f rf,vh;elr?f ulot f rf,vh;puf. uloyf dle;f ? ulopf of: zAw,f zdol .f Oifrj:auj;bof. qgi,f ref:aw tofpof:
eif,uef,sw, uGj,yAev f ig ;f ulob
f ,l ul;tefu;l vgi;f uGj,rdil :f iImh: qgi,f ref:awtofpof:ugj, uj;wD;tsy,
bof./ OD,zkif,eef.pdkof.` tefvlof,ulofaOydlef;eh.
bgef.ydlof;OifOrf.ulof bgef.Twj: trf,qyf: vdloaf OumeftukOlo,f ydliv f oA f pof:trf,wmyf;vlo,f
q[sv; vgif;v[auj; ulofbl,ul;ydlif"bof./ bgef. ulofOifbl,bof./

84
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
wlofpof:eh. nj:az:auj;vD trf,nj:az:
auj;vD N.awvh;wmhbl,trf,umwf;/ vh;Odlof:
auj;bof. wkuf.cauj;bj, wj,awtrf,wmheef.
wdkef:trf,rD:/ auj.tefudlwf,rj:sv; trf,arj
wmheef.trf,rD: ulef:pof:eh. ayj:aOauj."wmh
uGj,Orf.oj; bge.f ydol ;f eef.bge.f ydol ;f eh. bge.f ydol ;f
az:aOydlif"sv;wmhuGj, uh.tgefuefoj;ehbof.
ayj:tofTwj:Owf.qj,oj;aw. bgef.ydlof; rD:Ikyf;
sv;emrf, qif,arjwmhbof./
ugyf;ydlof;qdlof.eef.sv; Twj:tefoj;eef.
pof:vDqyf:q[b,l aO"bof.? ayj:Twj:trf,qyf:q[
vgi;f v[auj;uloe f j, awwmhauj; ulov f ;h qke.f ySw;f
wlocf id :f zmifpmif;qof;uof,? ulov f ;h zmwf,bmef clo:f
cgiif e kd :f crf:tku.f qj,? aOvmhy,h nj, vgi;f qof;uof,
rD:qef.rD:xmef;oh. qdol :f uj;vmwf;rj:qdol :f eh. yAef
qdlof:cof trf,rD:Twj:e[:q[eef.bof./
wD;eh.zl;wSrf;vduf; awtofydkef:ykef,ej:
cofOmrfauj.eef. ch;sezl;vlvduf;pof:cofugef,/
rdlof;Tzj:yAefqof;auj:wrpof: vkuf.rdlif:Ij,quAof,
abj:cdi:f rj: wD;rdil :f Oj,owf.xdeef. ule:f rdil :f Oj,
owf.xdcof tgefuefrj: pyf.Nrfqlrf:uef,awj:
Tzj:yAefqof;wif:erfwmif:vmhbl,bof./
e[:uj;ulef:qdlof:tefrj:uef,awj: Tzj:yAef
qof;eef. yj:qmh:OkWOfOe? qmh:Okre? qmh:
Okazju? cofOmrfauj.eh. yAev f uk ;f yke,f ej: tef
rD:OSiv f aD O ayj:tlraf rjrdev f ;h eef.bof.? Tzj:
yAefqof;pof: qif,xmrfoj;
]]qmh:tgef,wif:Omrf tl;OlOrf.uGj,wmif:
v[vj,`}} cofqif,wgyf,oj;
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f of;uloyf e A uf ol w
f mhsv;
tlrO f iS af O ymh;uGj,bl,edlouf mifpmof? ymh;bl,e[:erf.
85
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
Orf,rkw;f wIj, e[:xrf;pdroef,wj, yke.f atj;}}
wgyf,uGj,eif,ehbof./
tefye A t f ;l WOfOecofeef. ugy;f ulox f of;
sv; tlrfOiS fywfwrBj:aO rdlof:bl,uj;wD; edlof
umifpmof? tefyAef tl;qhm:Okrecofeef.Orf.
ugyf;ydlof; ulofyAefwmif:yAefsv; tlrftofOSif red
aqj:waO ymh;uGj,bl, e[:erf.Orf,rkwf;wIj,?
tefyAef tl;qmh:Okazjucofeef.sw. ugyf;ulof
wmhsv; tlrt f ofOiS af qj:wdIOaO uGj,wAw,f bl,
e[:xrf;pdroef,wj,bof./
uln:f uj; cofOmrfauj.eh. ymh;uGj,Oof: e[:xrf;pd
roef,wj, tef,vdkuf.cdkuf.qdlif.eif,eefeef.
qgif,cofOrf.awvgwf;vh;pdkof? ayj:cofwdkuf.yj:
wlofsv;q[uGj,bl,ayj:ehqdkif ulofsw.ulofoj;aO
sv; ymh;uGj,zSow f ;D v[auj;bof. wde k :f vlo,f uGj,yAef
wmif:yAe?f wde k :f vlo,f uGj,ql: wmif:xof; wdek :f vlo,f
cof;ql:wmif:wmhbl, ref:trf,vgwf;vh;bof./
tefawvgwf;vh;eef. vdlofaO cwf:q[
pAwf:umefwj,e oh.q[vD"aOsv; qkef.vl,
omif:wmef:? oh.q[bmof:"aObof. urfOdefxdif:
wlofxdif:q[ oh.q[uSef,"udkrf:"aObof. cwf:q[
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tofTwj:qyf:wlof vgi;f uloO f ifauj; bj,ayyefr:D
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17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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arjtoftefvO D [,q[auj; awqmif;pefwmif:vD
tefxkuf,rSef;qgrf:q[pof:aO zoymefulef:
qof;uof,auj; awvDwdlof:wgef:xSif;bl,/ e[:uj;
umefvDwlofpAwf:? Olyf:vmwf;? q[olef. Omrfbdlif;
eh.yAet f ef vDrw l :f "eh erf.wge:f zge:f vDref:
ukid ,f wmef,vh;rgu;f uj;pdok af uj; wuf:awvh;pyf.yln;f
tofbl,/
umefwmif:bmrf;trf,vD tukOlof,(wkqIdluf;)
eh.auj; awj;vDq[O[, zmif.uefoh.vh;vh;? umef
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bl,aOwauj; umeftrf,vD:qrf. arjsp.pmrf;?
wj,pefOe A ;f wmif: rmuf;zlo,f edy.f ymef,/ yke;f wj,
zDulef: ayj:awqmif;N.pef? arjN.xdkifvgif;
vD_trf,vDeif,ehauj; ykw.f xqof; qif,apj:yef
Twj: wD;ynf,qoufuD,pj;qof;? tefyAefOkwf;
xrf,rquf;uBj, eh.rj:bof./ e[:Okw;f eh.seyef
86
tefviD idl .f so; ]]ujrOkcefvud ekabju? twfw
udvrxj,ekabju}}ehOgifacj;/
omh:aOeh.bof. Orf.seyefvug :f vmh: P;uBmif.
urfuGj, qgrf:OAef;wmif: tefOdkof;tefrmef,
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wlnf:vD" e[:acj;uGmrf:ykwf.xqof; apj:vmwf;
Oif,Ogesf ebl,eef. c[;P;zDule:f cof arjvdlu;f
tof tefvDO[,q[eef.aO umeftrf,vDeef.
P;ymuf;ySwf;ehbof./
uyf:umh,vlnf; tefoj;]]abjedaOj reOd
ujI}}eh. qof;TOj,wD,awj: vmwf;oh.e[:yyf. vdu;f
Mrfwe g ;f ref:qof; wD;edik ;f ]]OAu.f cyku.f ulo,f cofe.h
ykef;wj,awMwf;xdkif qef.tIpwfxzlof,
eef. ref:pAw:f au:ql:yef}}oj;eh/ ugy;f ydlo;f arj
vdluf;tof tefvO D [,q[sv; qif,yAefqof; tId
bj,ugj,/ OyfykIdO O>aOO-tefoj;eh. bgef.
oj; vh;Nrf;ygif: ulef:vDzmh,eguf;zmh,e[: pAwf:au:
ql:yefaO qif,vh;nj:wmif:uwf:bAef? wmif:
cdkef;b[, e[:xrf:qof; rdlefeif, e[:avj:ueh.
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
rD:avj.Ixj:bl,? (avj.r) ugyf;ydlof; vh;tdifydkif;
rmuf,ref:Ogifvkuf;aO qif,zSofugj, wD;c[;Mwf;
eef.bof./ ayj:trf,rD:rmuf,avj. Ogifvkuf;eh
trf,qmif;wlif.edkif trf,xdkifwD;v[vh;/ rdlefeh
eif,uof, wj,yAev f ;h qof;tIdbj,auj; vlo,f tdif
ydkif;(OyfykIdO O>aOO)qmuf;zmh,eguf; abjed
aOj reOdujI-qmuf;zmh,e[: eif,uefaOuge,f
qif,yAefvh; wj,P;arjtofO[,q[ eif,eh yAef
bmyf,ej,sw."/
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qdlof:eef. tofwif:nmef, wlofuof,aO N.xdkif
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OAi;f eef.qrf. vlo,f pAw:f uGj, bj,vdok ;f bj,Oof:}}
oj;eh/ ykwf.xqof; c[;vmwf;seqdlif.pdkof pof:pj:
vDyig ,f q[qrg :f bl,/ ykw.f xqof; apj:vmwf;seeh.
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wmif:pefvD nmef,wlofuof, O[,q[oh.aO pAwf:
umefvDuGj,}}ehbof./
teftrf,vDeef.sw. bj,aytofcof;q[
bj,aypAwf:oj;eh wj,yAefvh;ulef:vDeh. vrf,
vgif;vdlof wj,yAefulef:vlifeef.vl:ugef,/
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tefbgif;tof rmuf,pdefvlif abj;O[,cdkef:wD;cj
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87
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
bl, trf,vkwf;trf,pmrf: xkdifcmof:bmrf: ej;rdlif:
qrfviS f:eef. qof;Mwf;xdkif qef.tIpwfw
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l ;f aO Orf.tofvig ;f vD O[,q[o.h
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ymef,uGj, wD;eef;bof./
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wD;rSe;f wmif: e[:xrf:qof;oj;ehaOwauj; ugy;f
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wmif:arj tofteftrf,vDO[,q[eh. rdlefuef
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ySwf;vhmej, vdlofaOOwf:ulnf:trf,uj: OAif
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Olef:xdkif qmof:cdlof:ykwf.xqof; ul;auj. ul;tdlif,
ul;wD;OD,vSeaf O P;arjouf.wmh: tofv;h Oke,f vD
wdkof.wmif: qmof:cdlof:ykwf.xaO N;arjvl,arj
wmef: arjuBmif.urfqgrf:vlnf; OdefOD,vugj, ul;
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1
zgi:f rlod ;f Tzj:yAeq f of;pof:bl,Oof: e[:ugBi:f
vlifykyf.yj,Ikrf, tefemif:odOj,cj, pAwf:vl,
wmef:e[:rlid :f Oj,owf.xdeef. rD:ygu;f ekid ;f rdol ;f
Tzj:yAeq f of;pof: wkud .f yhwoA :f (zmh;Omif:uBmef,)
bl,pdrf:cmif;ugBif:eef.? qof;Omif,tgef, tef
vh;qkdof;oj;]]oj,OAwf.x sv;zj,IwgjO}}
qif,rki;f pef Tzj:yAeq f of;pof:aO rj:ql:bof./
Tzj:yAefqof;pof:auj; qif,xmrfwlnf:qof;
Omif,tgef,oj,OAwf.xoj; ]]cldofOgifyj:eh.
qke.f ySw:f clod :f ]tkwwd .f O}yki,f ej:aOrj:cof;
e[:Oj,Oej,uofqof;eh. ykif,ej:cofwif:vmh
trf,aO.ae:cldofOifpj.}}ehbof./
qof;Omif,tgef, oj,OAwf.xqif, ckdef:
wgyf,oj;
]]Tzj:yAefqof;pof:wD;cj; Oifoj;vmwf;
Okdof;"ehcofaO.ae:xlef;cj;bof.}}
105
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
qof;tj,aq,b (rldif:abj)
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ueh. qldof.cdlof:ykef,ej:pof:eh. uldwf,tguf,wD;
Oly:f ckeO f mifsv;rBmwf;aOyle d ;f bof./ wmif,
cldof:eh. yAefulef: uldwf,tguf,rj: w[;wdefrkdof:
ckefOmifulnf:sv; qef.wSrf,aOykef,ej:
wif:rlwf:bof./ cldofOgifauj.eh. ildof;ej, yAef
cldof:ulef: rBmwf;aO uGj,bgrf:yAefcj; q[.wdef?
q[.rkdof: Ipmef:auj:wr cldof:tefqef.wSrf,
aOpof:eef.vj,? trf,Ogef,awj, ej;wj
qldof.cldof:pof:aOtdwf:? vDtmhyldef;ugyf;cldof
ej,ehatj;}}
Tzj:yAeq f of;pof: qif,cke
d :f wgy,f oj; ]]vgi;f
cldof:rBmwf;? trf,rBmwf; tefoj;eef. ref:
uyf:umh,vln;f vgi;f uBmif.wmif:urfbof./ wmif:uBmif.
urfz[vDauj; auj.eef.yAef ulef:cldof:rBmwf;
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
uln:f ? Oly:f sw.oj; yAeuf e l :f clod :f rBmwf;aO ayj:
rj:wln:f wmif:uBmif.urfpof:Orf. trf,qgr:f Twj:
pAwf:umefrlduf;vldif:? arjvuf.vdif,eh yh,vh;oj;
yAeuf e l :f clod :f rBmwf;/ ule:f rBmwf; tefoj;eef.
Odefpj;? OdefySwf,? OdefOdyf:? wdkef:bdyf:
wkod :f awj,qlo;f bof./ yki,f ej:cofe.h ugy;f oj; cof
trf,pl. vgif;yldifyAef vgif;vkrf;zj.sv; cof
xmif,oj; cofye A uf e
l :f ulw
d ,f tgu,f rj: e[:Oly:f ckef
Omifrj:}}ehbl,bof./
tefw:h pof:uh."Mif.uGmrf:oj; ]]wh:wh:ch:
Omifbe A :f rj:}} tefoj;eef.auj; ayj:rj:
wlnf: tefTzj:yAefqof;pof: apj:oh.eh.
eh trf,rmef,rSef;uefaOtdwf:/
Tzj:yAeq f of;pof: cke d :f Okyd ,f apj:vmwf; oj;
]]oj,OAw.f x vkr;f zekid ;f vku;f eh. ayj:oj;
cmof:ref:pkid rf j:eh zh:vmif.(zh:rh;)aO vkvoS f
OA i f ; rl w f : bof . / rl d o f ; ej; zh : awvmif .
urf,zj,eef. avj:uyBL,ckefOmifcof cof;udof,
ekid ;f tgu,f udo,f ekid ;f aO yke d z f mof,oh. tgew f mif:
oj; ]aw,tofyDeh. eyf.tmef,awj,xkdif
(100000)OSefyDeef. zh:awrh;urf,zj,
ehbof./ ayj:z[ulofauj; rldof;vAoftgefuef
tgu,f xle d ,f cwf:q[eif;Twj:aO bl,Oof:qgr:f
rAwf.wj,? uIkej,? tkyuf.cj, Twj:OD,yldifeh.w?
qlod :f tefbrk ,f brfaO cwf:q[Twj:eef.auj;
vh;ugj,zSorf idl ;f Omif wD;'h:rh;vkr;f 'j. trfxidk f
vh;eef.bof./ ohm:aO zh:rh;vkr;f zbof. cmof:
ref:pkdifoj;pkdif zgif:rldof;vkrf;z ckdef:ayj,yAef
r[,rj:eef. ule:f tefuBmif.urfTwj:aO uGj,zSof
106
rlid :f Omiftj,YOf.OIeef. cke d :f whmaO vli:f
rj:aw, e[:rldif:ulef:bof./
]]e[:qkid ;f rlid :f Omif tj,YOfOIeh. trf,rD:
wmif:udef rle d q f idl .f eif, rlid :f zD rlid :f ule:f ? tdr,f
wlduf;qgrf:q[Omef,yD,wd.Twj: wif:OAif;bof.?
iof:wlofrmyf;pldof;rmyf;pldof;aO vSif:oh.wj,aO,
bof.? ulef:qhm:emif:bdif:tefoj;eef.auj;
trf,rD:? pmif;zmifrldeuf efrlw:f bof./ oj,OAw.f
x zgif:rldof;eef. trf,yh,rD:umifoef:? vldef?
vmofemwf;cmwf;Oifsv; e[:vkr;f zj.vlie f .h
vyf:Odif, wefwduf:oh.wif:OAif;bof./ ykdif;
tdifiof:wlofcofeef.aO pefviS f:bof.? vldof
aOeifvdeftefvAof trf,rD:wlef;rh.rmuf,
omuf;wmif:udeO f if? ule:f qhm:auj;yh,rD: emif:bdi:f
auj;yh,yAe?f pmif;zmifue l :f rle
d uf efbof.? cofeif,
uefMif.uefoj;]]wlofrD:q[}}(ulef:)ehbof./
]]oj,OAw.f x pAw:f eefaO bl,Omif;udef
Oof:rj: cmof:pkdi?f vkr;f zauj; vSu;f vhm;rj:sv;
]]eifvdef}} tefoj;eef.auj; ayj,yAefrj:?
ODref:auj; pmif;vD? ref:auj;Mrfej,? tIOj,
ref:auj; qAr:f vD rle d ef if,rmuf,axj:ymwf;sv;
erf . zk d i f ; eg u f : avj:uef e ef . bof . /
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erf.ref:? ref:umrf;rldefeif, ]]ch}} trf,ayj:
vldwf, ayj:uwf: qyf:oh.eldofeifvdefbof./
e[:cofqldof:eef. rD:ulef:avjsvauj.ekdif;
qif,oj;]auj.coftldnf:J tefeh. tIOj,
ref: awyAefqldif.eif,pkdofst.} ehaO tof
rdkof:ref: vhm.tof ref:vdefeef.aO av:
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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auj,eef. q[qyf;ySe:f wef,ej,auj; yAerf j:
urf:vAob f of./ pAw:f eefaO ]]rD;auj.tgeaf uj;
awrD: auj.qgrf:}}ehav; auj.ekdif;sv;auj.
ekdif; bldif;uefrj:wduf:"bof./ pkdifrj: trf,yAif:
q[vDsv; qif,bdyf:urftofpAwf:yAefugef;
qldif.eif, urf:cof;eef.bof./
rlod ;f wkud .f tmif;aw bdy:f urfue d ef ef. iof:
wlofcof tefpdlof;vSif:oh.bl,eef.auj; rgwf,
ogw;f phmySw;f aOumifoef:? vku;f vle d ?f vku;f vmof?
emuf;cmwf; tefoj;eef.qif,ugh; ayj,yAefrj:
bof./ ugyf;eefav; qif,rD:rj:oef:? vldef?
yD? cmof:uwf:? cmof:rh;? cmof:'lef vkrf;zvlifeh
ayj,tgu,f yAerf j:bof./tof]]ref:vde}f }eef.
pAw:f yAew f mif:udeaf O bl,Omif:Oof:rj:cmof:pkid f
pmif;zmifue l :f auj; vSu;f vhm;rj:? rmifqold :f pmif;vD?
rmifqldof:pmif;qj.? ulef:tefpmif;vDeef.auj;
aO.ae:ulef:pmif;qj.? ulef:pmif:qj.cofauj;
trf,vmwf;awj, ulef:pmif;vDcof? bgef.yldof;
cofo.h q[rj,e pmof.pSi:f elod uf efej,sv; ]]ref:
vdef}}tefoj;eef.auj;phmySwf;cofbof./
]] zgif:rldof.eef. cofqif, tgefuefMif.
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phmbof.? atj:JtIOj,phmbof.) ehbof./ rlod ;f
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tgu,f rj:xSi:f ]]vge.f vde}f }bof./ tIOj,ref:
107
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
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vgef.vdefeef. pAef:yAefwmif:udefaO bl,
Omif;Oof:rj:cmof:pkid f q[rj,ecofeef.auj; ekid ;f
pkid e
f idk ;f pmof.pSi:f rj:vlod uf of,wdu:f "sv; ]]vge.f
vde}f }eef.auj; qif,vh;phmuGj,ySw;f xSi;f bof./
ohm:aO]]vgef.vdef}} phmuGj,bof. cldof:omef
tefoj;eef. cke d :f ayj,tgu,f rj:xSi;f (clod :f omef
tefoj;eef.auj; trf,rldefcldof:omefrldof;vSof
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f ifm ]]ref:vde?f vge.f
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cofauj; tdie f odl pf mif;zifcofaO aO.ae:ule:f
pmif;qj.? ule:f pmif;qj.cofauj; trf,c[;cmrf, cke d :f
oh.q[ rj,eaO trf,vmwf;awj,ule:f pmif;vDcof
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cldof:omefpof:trf,rD:bof.) ehbl,bof./
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ugy;f q[rj,etge,f OAe;f ekid ;f uln:f aO pAw:f p[;
wif:udeuf e l :f pof: ayj:vh;phmvh,ySw;f bl,/ qlod :f
tef t rf , ayj: vl i f . vS e f , q[ O azj:
Twj:cofsw. awolef.oj;]]tefuofoh.q[rj,e
eh. ref:awtrf,Omif;uef wmif:ulef:sv;
vkr;f zOifeb h ,l ? tefpw A :f p[; ule:f pof:qSu,f
szuef trf,cof;tguf,uef? trf,zgrf.OAifyAif:
ymuf,uefeef.auj; yAefq[rj,ebof./ tef
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
pAw:f P;wh:pof: auj.ekid ;f sv;auj.ekid ;f ? clod :f ekid ;f
sv;cldof:ekdif;? trf,zgrf.OAif yAif:ymuf,uefrj:
awj,xkdifbmrf:vAofeh.auj; yAefugyf; q[rj,e
wh:pof: b[,awj,uefeef.bof./ ugyf;q[rj,e
OAef;vAofaO Omif;uefwif:ulef:sv; vkrf;
zpj.? trf,Omif;uefpjeh wD;eh; wh:pof:aw
qSif;vSif:vDbl,? wgef;wj, awyAefq[rj,e
rj:eef.? Tzj:yAwq f of;pof: apj:oh.oj;-tdie f odl f
ylid yf e
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yAefq[rj,erj:/
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yAefq[rj,erj:/
3.tdifeldof]]Ohmcldof:}} qof;uof,aO yAef
q[rj,erj:/
4.tdifeldof]] ynf,nj,wmif:pk}} qof;uof,
aO yAefq[rj,erj:/
5.tdifeldof]]clof:cgifikdef:crf:}] qof;uof,
aOyAefq[rj,erj:/
6.tdifeldof]]pmif;zmif}}qof;uof,aO yAef
q[rj,erj:/
]]oj,OAwf.x ohm;aO cldof:omefphmuGj, rldof;
zgif:eef. ckdef:Okdyf,ayj,yAefrj: cof;Ojav:
bof./ ekid ;f pli:f eh. wmef,pln,f rmuf,yuf.rlod ;f vAo?f
trf,rD:cof;ylud ,f cmofOw k ,f vkw,f oh.? trf,vh;Oku;f
vh;pkif? ayj:ydwf:rj:auj; vlof,clyf:udefugh:/ ayj:
ydw:f bof. wD;Mh:uof,eef. cke d :f tgu,f r[,urf:vAo?f
pAw:f eefaO tofcof;Ojav: pAw:f yAef wmif:
108
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bldof, rD:erf.omefsv; pmif;zmifcof cSef:uSef,
cSifrj: qj:rj:vldofuof,aO qif,bAef:yAefrj:
pmif;zmif ulef:bdif: ulef:qhm:bof./ rldof;zgif:
vSuf;vhm;pmif;zmif yAefemif:bdif: ulef:qhm:rj:
eef. emif:bdif:auj; tofwjyuf:wlnf: cldif;
tif,uj,ule:f qhm:? ule:f qhm:auj; cke d :f tofwjyuf:
wln:f clid ;f tif,uj,emif:bdi:f ? ekid ;f wln:f ekid ;f
rD;q[qyf:ySef: eldofuefrj:pSif:ej,sv; xkdif
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wif:erfbof./ oj,OAwf.x zgif:rldof; cofwkduf.
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bguf:? cldoftrf,arjthmyldef;p? yAefOifsv; rj:
Mrf:Ogiuf ef see[:su;umif ule:f wif:erfwif:
vhmeh.}oj;ehaO tgeuf efbyd :f tofue g ;f pde?f
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eh.Okdif:pmwf,yefcofbof.}}
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eef. umefsw,ej;Ndef: umefMrf:Ogifeh.
ruf:rhmoj; yAefumeftxrf,rehbof./ ulnf:uj;
bmrf:vAosf w. ruf:rhmoj; yAex f rf,rehb,l bof./
ulef:tef pAwf:umefpgrf:Ogifuefeef. edkif;
vdlefsv;Oif? Ogifvdlefsv;Oif? trf,pwf:
cof;omef;? vh;yhm;aOj.rSyf:oh. e[:xdlef,bof./
vgif;umefpgrf:Ogifuefeh. trf,rD:cdif, rD:cmof:
pAw:f vh;ul;rdol ;f sv; zgi:f rdol ;f pgr:f Ogiuf efeef.
eif,pdkof ydlef;ayj:awtrf,pef qif,vh;pAwf:
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tdnl .f ayj:bof. pj:tofrj:oh. wj,umifcrf;? umife[
yguf; vAofbof.tdlof;} ulef:auj.eef.auj; bdlif;
tofvmh:ref:aO bl,bl,tofoh.wj,Ogifoef:?
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tgefuef pAwf:eef ydwf:tofMrfoh. Odrf:oh.
sv; rAw.f cof;tefbmrf;tgu,f rj:qgr:f oef:v[
oef:eef.auj; trf,tguf,rj:aO yAefrj: ymif,
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av: tefzdluf,zdluf,cmofcmofbl,eef. rD:ylduf,
apj,rAwf.ref:rj:aO wlef;ref: tguf,rj:
yAew f ;D yAew f ;D uln:f bof./ ugy;f q[avj:z? q[
cmef.tdlefcof vdlofrj:pSif:ej,sv; wlef;cof;
auj;vSu;f vhm;yAeaf uj yAeb f rg ,f uGj, yAew
f ;D yAef
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trf,tgu,f cde k :f rde
l uf of,bof./ ayj:oj; cof;bAe:f
yAef OmefyAefydluf,uGj, cofqif,qkwkrfuefaO
wSyf:wwf:oj;-
109
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
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qSuf,azyefuef vSefvdefz[ref:bof./
tgeuf ef ckw:f pgi;f vgr.f pgy;f tof wD;bl,z[ wD;
bl,ref:wj.? vdlofaO e[:cSyf,vSefvdefqof;
uof, awtrf,vh;uGj,tof e[:vSev f e d yf e ld ;f ?}}
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uGj,pjvuf.tof clof:cgifydlef; rj:udefvAif.wgif.
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cj;yefuGmrf:ref;bl,ehbof./ ohm:aO yhg,ref:
bof.trf,ayj:pdik f Odyk ,f vuf.xSi;f awj,ayj:xdik f
Omrfyguf;ugef,bof./ ulef:tefbdlef.trf,vh;
cofeef. tgeuf efrj:ayj.pSrf pdw k :f xj.ygi.f vj,
yefref:bof./ ule:f rmifauj.Orf. tofce g .f ayj.
tofrmuf.pde?f uge;f vdeO f ikd :f O[,yefref:bof./
vgi;f vuf.? vgi;f vSe?f vgi;f aO.se:? ygi.f vj,?
xkyf.ayj.pSrfuef tefoj;eef.auj; sw,yAef
rj: rlod ;f eef.bof./ vgi;f yefpj vgie f idk ;f bof.
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
vgi;f ekid ;f yAerf j:erfej,sv; ule:f wmif:vmhcof
qif,ql.wkrfuefaO zgrf.uefwSyf:wwf:oj;
]rldof;vAofeh. trf,rldefrldof;ul;yguf;bof. vgif;
vuf.vSef? ayj.pSrfygif.vj,quGj, vgif;yefpj
qlod :f eh.yAerf j:erfej,bof./ ugy;f eefeifpodk f
vgiyf efpj ayj:awtrf,rD:eef. Oifpof:zgr.f
uefvlduf;pjulef: auj.tefarjwSyf:wwf:Twj:
Omuf,xkuf,? xkuf,ayj.auj;ayj. xkuf,pSrfauj;pSrf
xku,f vkyd ;f ySw;f auj;vkyd ;f eef. rj:yAeq
f of:ckef
pof:eh cSef:cSrf.aw.bof.}
]]ulef:auj.eef.auj; pof:awtrf,yef
ref: pAw:f umefOif? cof;ej: tefpof:vh:Ody:f
ykee f ef.auj; wj,ekid ;f yke;f eh. pof:awOmuf;
yefref:}} zgrf.uefwSyf:wwf: eif,ehbof.
cofauj; zgrf.uefvlduf;pj auj.tef rif;Oif;
vof:vD? pAwf:p[;yldefayj: brfvh;? vmwf;Oif
auj; yAefeef.? rj:wmif,yAefckefyAefqof;
cofaO p[;y[.uSwf,scap.uif; yefulef:arjbj.
uof:? ule:f vuf:? ule:f vlid :f ? cofeef.bof./ ckef
rpj,Orf,rw(rpj,Orfrw) tefoj;eef.auj;
awayj,yAefrj:wD;eef; awj,xkdifbmrf:vAof
bof.? ugyf;yldof; yAefzl;tkyf.yldif,ph;ej: wif:
OAif;sv; ckefapjcrf:-cwfwdbehauj;oj;?
wSy:f wwf:Twj: rmef,rSe;f aOpAw:f p[; ule:f rlid :f
cofvh;q[Oldof:Oj,plrf;qlrf:sv; ]]IjQj=qof;
ckef}}ehauj;oj;? ayj:tif,uj, Omrftefeh.
wArfxlef;aOtef"ugef, qif,oj; yAefqof;
yAefckefbof./ ulef:rmifqldof:auj; tgefuef
olef.oj; atj:Jrldof;pof:wkduf.vkuf. rldif:Omif
110
aOsw,vlif:rj: yAefrldif:ulef:eef. iof:wlof
auj;pldof;vSif:bl,/ wmif:udefauj; ugyf;q[Omef,
yD,wdTwj:aO tdrf,wlduf;q[wmif:OAif;bof.?
rldof;vAofeh.Orf. ugyf;yldof;q[avj:z awj:O?
arj:p? rj,e tuBmif.wmif:urfpof: rlduf;vldif:rj:
erfej,bof.sv; iof:wlofpof:auj; ayj:vh;
phmaO bly;f bgr:f rj: awj,ayj:yAeb f ,l rlod ;f vAof
eh.bof./ eif,pkdof q[trf,vDpof:eef. ayj:
awphmuGj,ySwf; e[:wlofpof:eef. pof:awvh;
uBmif.urfbof./ tofvgif;olef.vlnf; eif,eh
pAw:f vgi;f wmif:ref:aO cwf:q[uBmif.urf pAw:f
p[;umefrudl ;f vlid :f phmuGj,ySw;f eef. ule:f wmif:vhm
cof qif,tgeuf efMif.oj;]]FYpre}} yke,f ej:
ehbof.}}
]]rmifqldof:Orf. tguf,xldef,pAwf: Okrf.cj:
apjvj:tgef,aO umefpkifcof;pAwf:zuf: O[,
zh:wif;erf. trf,pAwf: uGj,bl,Oof:pif:acj
cof;Omef,Twj:bof./ (rldof;tgefwmif: umifcrf;
auj; IaO:? Ipmef:cofvh;wkif:Ogrf:udefbof.?
rldof;Tzj:yAefpof: ayj,rj:trf,wef:pkdifOif
eef.? Tzj:yAefqof;pof:qif, ydif:nmwf;oj;
]]awtrf,vh;cmrf, wkif:udefOgrf:crf;ehbof./
vgi;f wmif: tefv;h ydi:f nmwf;eh. Tzj:yAeq f of;
pof:pefxkdif ayj:oj;wkif:Ogrf:udefOgrf:crf;eh
ulorf ef:ej, wuf.uj,? ule:f rlid :f cofauj; ylid e f idk ;f
wgef;wj,Ipmef:cof Orf,ukrf,pj cmrf,rkdif.udef
rkid .f bSr.f ugn:f sv; cmof:bmrf:eif;Twj:Orf. aw
trf,ayj:rD:erfauj; ylid e f idk ;f qif,vh;ydi:f nmwf;
bof./ awtofumife[ awj,ayj:xkdif (12:00)
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
rli;f umifoef:eef. Mif.oj;ploof ef:bof./ ohm:aO
(12:00)rlif:awj,xkdifumifcrf;eef. Ogef,oj;
plofcrf;bof./)
tofyldifyAefcofeef. pAwf;wmif: ref:aO
ulef:wmif:vhmcof tgefuefpduf;oj; ]]@jbu?
@jbu}} (zl;uBmif.urf Omef,Twj:ehbof./
rmifqodl :f Orf. trf,vh;Omef,Twj:OifaO cke d :f
xmuf;vlif:rj: bl,Oof;qgrf:omef; qgrf:Olef
wGmuf;ay,wmif,uj,vj:? Ogefay,wmif,uj,vj:
yefye dl ;f aO bl,Oof:bof./ ugy;f ylod ;f ref: trf,
tgu,f xle d ,f eif;Twj:bof.sv; ule:f wmif;vhmcof
qif,tgefuef Mif.ref:oj; ]]tQf@jbu?
tQf@jbu}} (ule:f trf,eif;tof Omef,Twj:
bof.) ehbof./
ulef:qldof: trf,tguf,xldef,aO bl,qgrf:
pldef: tofvkuf;sr: pAwf:udefumefph;ej:? umef
Okod .f chmeef. ule:f wmif:vhmcofte g uf efMif.oj:
]aoOfO? oAOfO= ulef:uj.chm} ehbof./ ulef:
qlod :f tefb,l qgr:f omef;qgr:f Oleaf O sv,pj
vuf.udefyldef; pSrfwlofOwf:whmaO rj:chmudef
tofumefrlduf;vldif:tgefplofaO pAwf:umefvAif.
wgi.f eef.Orf. ule:f wmif:vhmcof tgeuf efMif.
oj; ]]OkWfW? OkWfW}} (ulef:ugwf: ulef:
zmef)ehbof.}}
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cldo:f yki,f ej:? cldo:f ule:f uj.chm? cldo:f ule:f zmef OD,
rAo:f eh.ug:h ? vlod af Oeef. trf,yh,rD;clod :f z[Oif/
e[:OD,cldof:eef. z[pAwf:umeftrf,vDauj;
N.awj; awvh ; Mwf ; wD ; wk u f . ccmef q [ ?
111
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
z[pAwf:vgif;vDauj; awvh;Mwf; wD;Oldof:Oj,
uwf:bAefbof./ z[pAwf: tefvDtefqj.
Nrf;uefauj; awvh;xly:f nj: tefvt D efqj.
eif,uefbof.}}
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oj; auj.ugef:xdif: Olyf:wlofNofq[aO sz;
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xkdifedyf.ymef,bof./ ugyf;eh oj,OAwf.x ywf.
qky.f yef,zobmrf:vAosf v;Oif? zorlod :f ej;
sv;Oif wrf;wD; ulef:pof:eh. Twj:eef.
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urf:eef. oj,OAwf.x qif,vgwf;uj,xj,
oj; ]]e[:uj;ule:f wif:OAi;f rmifqodl :f eh. tdiyf idk ;f
q[b[, eldofqldof.cldof:bof./ e[:qldof:eef. cldof:
ckee f .h rBmwf;wge:f vlod yf e
dl ;f bof./ e[:zDue l :f
Owf.woj,wif:OAif;qrf. auj.zl;tefrD:
nmef,wmif:N. rD:wmif:wkod :f urfwrA x f e
l ;f eef.
rBmwf;wge:f vlod af Oyde l ;f bof.}} urf:eef. rkef
crf:Tzj:auj; cke d :f urf.xSrf acj;uGmrf:oj,OAw.f x
eif,eefeif,uof,/
oj,OAwf.sv; Zj,IwGj,qwif:Ogif vh;
idef:Twj: Tzj:yAefqof; eifehaO yAeftef
qlrf:Oldof:pmef.q[ pyf.tofTwj:Tzj:yAefqof;
bl,bof./
qof;tj,aq,b (rldif:abj)
ydef,wSrf;e[: OkwfyjaxbByjvdqof;?
tUfUnfnOkwf? 66? yldif !#f$/
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ykdef:uSyf;Tzj: ZlrdzOfOrkTwj
(cmofOkefwIo>OD)
vh;pefpkef;pmif; rkTwj,qldof:eh. tofykdef:
tefuyf:uhm,vlnf;Tzj:aOsv; pAwf:oh.ehbof./
tefyAefTzj: ZlrdzOfOrkTwj,eh.auj; ref:rD:
ykdef:ref:oh.aO vDcof;q[bl,sw."bof./ rldof;
aej,crf:qof; qrfawyAef Oyf.ynf,nkTzj:
eef. oef:vldefpluf:rlef: plofcrf;Tzj:qof; eif;
bl,w[;rh.ngif,azj:xd wD;eldofyvmif,plif:OSif
eef.aObof. wduf;xmef,oj; uj;uoftrf,yAef
Tzj: uofawtrf,vkuf.ehaO cwf:q[eif;urf,r
xmef:Twj:bl,bof./
zgif:bmrf:eef. ckeftdef:Orf. tofwif:Mh
cmofoQd bkww f IaOwkid ;f ? ckeuf j,euj:Orf. tof
wif:uj,xj,pAifykuf;aO vgwf:apj:? ckefOmifOrf.
uif;qgif;zlduf,qgif;cmof? ckefzDOef,wkwf.Odw
Orf.tofo:D OSivf iS af O oD:yef? ckezf cD ofurf;zgi;f
Orf.tofwif: vgif;yl,aqj, ul;vgif;"ul;yldif"aO
112
tgefuefyl,aqj,Tzj:bl,bof./
wlnf:vgif;eh.aO vh;pefbmrf:vAof qmof:
ykwf.pof:cof pAwf:ygh:Tzj:pkdof.? sw,ymifygh: uyf:uhm,
vlnf; vgif;vl,vgif;wmef:qdlof:eh. uh.vh;pef
uif;qgif;zdluf,qgif;cmof? vgwf;apj:xrf:Twj: aO
vgif;"? uif;zj Ij,Ormwf; yluf:qgrfydofOj,Oej,
ul;vgif;"qdlof:eh.aO yl,aqj,Tzj:yAefqof;bl,
bof./
zgi;f rlod ;f Tzj:yAeq
f of; wkud .f wgi:f Twj:bl, elod f
yvmif,plif:OSifeef. ckefzDrj,emwf;sv; wif:
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ul;yldif"aO rj:pdrftofwD;bl, Tzj:yAwfqof;bl,/
ckez f rD j,emwf;vlie f .h ref:vh;ydil ,f oh. yvmif,
zD tefekdif;oh.bof.ehsv; ySuf;Orf.oj; ref:
trf,c[;vh; yvmif,pli:f OSie f .h aOwauj; ugy;f ydol ;f
ref:c[;p[; twduf.xmef,Tzj:yAefqof; vl.sv;
qif,rj:vmwf;oj;-
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eef. yAef wj,uoftodl ;f }} ehaOq[.Tzj:vli:f edol f
yvmif,eef.bl,bof./ Tzj:yAefqof;pof:eh. ySuf;
Orf.oj; trf,rD:q[c[;vh; trf,rD:q[qyf:ySef: wD;
edlofyvmif,plif:OSifeef.aOwj. bgef.yldof; vh;
wdwf;xmef,o.hoj; uj;uoftrf,yAefTzj: uoftrf,
vkuf.ehsv; Okdyf,eif;uGj,pAwf:eefwduf:"bl,
bof./
tefckefrj,emwf;sv; vkuf;egif.way:
ref:ydkwf:bkdof:rj: cldif;bdyf:ul;yldif"eef. ayj:oj;
rj:zSof wD;pdrf:wdefTzj:yAefqof;auj; bAef:
yAerf ug ,f bj; cof;wSu,f OAi;f "bof.? ugy;f vgi;f eh.sv;
bmrf:vAof qgif,yAefrj:xkif: ykdefrguf,bj;cof;wSuf,
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ehbof./
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ref:aO awrj:pdrftofyvmif,plif:OSif wD;Tzj:
yAeq f of;eef. ckez f cD e
k Of mifcof tefeyf.brf
bl,pdrf:Tzj:yAefqof;qldof:eef. ayj:oj; vh;pef
qkrf:Okduf:rj,emwf;cof Orf.erfej, zhm,Tzj:yAef
qof; Orf.trf,rD:z[sv; coftgefuef ymh;ySwf;
Tzj:yAefqof;OAif;bof./
ugyf;eef Tzj:yAefqof; qif,tofrkdof:cgefcGj
qdvdefrldif:aO wldif,oj;
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b[,wmef:vlif Owf.w Owf.wu rj:eh.sw.
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xmyf;yj,IrD,rj: zoOrf.ayj:trf,tmef,vh;eef.
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erf.vlifrj:aO rj:vluf;ySwf;ckefrj, emwf;cof
wif:OAif;bl,bof./
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vkdef:Okwf:ref: bmwf,erf.aObof. toferf.
bmwf,eef. uGj,xguf,eldofvdefrldif:aO wldif,p[;
eifvdefrldif:vlifeh. pAwf:Omuf;aO,yefeh
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eh.aOsv; qif,pAwf:tguf,rj: pkef,pmif;Tzj:
113
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
tefyAef ]]ZlrdzOfOrkTwj,}} eh.bof./
xSif;vgif;ekdif; bldif:ql:oj; ayj;pof:vl,pof:
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b Owf.woj,cof ayj:awplrq f rl :f Ojxkqrg :f vh;
eef. yAeftefyefOAif tefekdif;ehbof./
zgef:vD
tefpkef,pmif;Tzj: tefyAefZl Zrl dzOfO
rkTwj,
wj,eh. e[:tgif,ySwf,yldifeef. ugyf;yldof;ref:
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tofpmif;Tzj:eh.uldof:brfoh.ehqkdif
1. qmif;tgi,f sy.vh; wD;e[:ymifwyg ,f ymifxiA uf ef/
2. qmif;tgif,sy.vh;Omuf;aO,/
3. qmif;tgif,sy.vh; wD;yldef;qSwf;yldef;xmrf/
4. trf,rD:az:cAefaObof. zl;cAefauj; trf,
uBmrf,pof:vh;/
5. qmif;tgif,sy.vh; zDvdyf:ydwf;wj, rduf;qj,
zDvl: yabj:uqldof:eh./
6. ulef:yAefao,wej,pSif:b[,ej, qrfwmhauj;
qmif;arjOmuf;Oj,cSef:rj:/
7. qmif;tgif,sy.vh; qmif.pmh. rj.pmh. olof:pmh. qldof:
wlofOwf:pmh.ul;yldif"/
8. qmif;tgi,f sy.vh; vdeuf Bmrf: ayj:awwif;ugBif:
r[, pldef:r[,qldof:eef./
9. vh;pefe[:uBmrf: wef,wIavj:uD,eef.oj;oh.
ayj:oj;tofvmh:yxmef:oj;ehqkdif tofwif:
tkyedwf.Obywf:aq:aO pAwf:auB:ql:
p[;ayj:pgw;f xkid f rmuf;zlo,f edy.f ymef, zge:f vD
ref:rD:wif:erf qdlif,eif,ehbof./
auj.uAyf:pgrfwgrfwSrf;
qof;cmof OkefwIo>OD (Oj,Oeorf,OD,)
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

114
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17

115
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ayj:tofzlof ulofnj:rkefqof;xmuf;
qof;eIdef,w (awj.Omif,)
wD;oD.pmef,wlduf;Ogefxrf: yIdbwf;wD;
ekid ;f e[:wlud ;f Ogex f rf:eef. Oif,cj,qof;ul;
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cke
d ;f b[,? e[:Oif,cj,Ogepf e A :f wif: erfeef.
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tj,bkref:qof;awrD;rguf; Omof:Ogif awoj;
zhm,vduf;ehauj; cdkwf:yldef;ylef.yldef;uGj,/
oef:vkdof;vduf; oef:Odefwj,crf;ekdif;
ugyf;yldof; wkduf.ekrf, rSef;cmof;bmrf:q[ydofsv;
trf,qmif;ole.f Oif qif,ole.f rSe;f nj: vgi;f c[;
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wkduf.ekrf,vSwf:OSof:? OifyAefzoulef:pldef:
auj; rSef;zgif: cmof:bmrf:bl,cSrf.bl,auBj, bl,
vgwf;vSof:? qif,wSyf:wwf:q[urf:vAof ayj:
xmuf;bof. awcwf:q[pw A :f umefaO pAw:f vAi.f
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116
ayj:tofar:qdkif pjauj.tefarjckdifumefej;
ple
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ehsv; bgef.yldof;Oif Orf.oj;eefeh qif,
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tefye dl :f vl, bl,wD;ugBif: tefye dl ;f pAw:f ? vh;
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vgwf; z[:z[:auj;vh;/ c[;Ogefvduf;auj;Ogef?
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
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yj:eef. xmuf;vlif:rj:qkdif awvh;pAwf:cj;
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Ipmef: tefxmuf;vli:f rj:eef. ilod ;f aO ref:
pkdofawrD:z[cj;vj,` ugyf;eef cj;pof:qif,
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117
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118
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119
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121
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124
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125
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
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126
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127
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
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(qof;qj,Ide,f )au:OD:? ckr,f ymif
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
uj;cefrguf,sv;
uj;cefulef:
oef:edik ;f zl;wSr;f vdu;f c[;vh;rgu,f wj,vmh;rgu,f
Tzj:yAefqof;sv; qif,uGj,qmh,umwf,? e[:umwf,
eef. zl;wSr;f vdu;f vh;pefrug ,f ul;rAo:f "ul;OSe:f "/
e[:rgu,f ul;rAo:f "ul;OSe:f "eef. zl;wSr;f vdu;f qif,
vdul ;f Odok .f tof tefqof;uof,uBdKuf;aO cde k :f ygu;f rj:?
rd l o f ; yg u f ; rj: qg r f : wmif : eef . zl ; wS r f ; vd u f ;
qif,olef.vgif;rguf,cofvlifrj:/
e[:rdlif:clif:umifeh. ulef:pof:awvh;pef
rgu,f rD:ul;rAo:f "ul;OSe:f "oh.bl/ qdol :f rgu,f emif:OD? rgu,f
cof;wSu,f ? Oay,? rgu,f yof:J eh.bof./ e[:rgu,f wu
rgu,f qdlo:f eh. ayj:oj;xdkicf mof:bmrf:cof rgu,f rj:ayj:
ehqdkif tgeuf efrgu,f ugj, pif:z[pif:ref:bl,bof./
tefrguf,cmof:uwf:auj;awrguf,? tefrguf,cmof:rh;
auj;awrguf,? tefrguf,cmof:zlefauj; awrguf,ugj,
pif:z[pif:ref:? ayj:rj:olef.wlnf: vgif;ydlifyAef
Ozj,ocofe.h vD"qdik f rgu,f cofe.h rdlo;f yh,pef yAef
vli,f rgu,f eef. tgew f mif:Okw:f awvh;pefwrk ,f
vAu.f "tge,f tgu,f rj:wD;wle;f rgu,f eef.aO pdik rf j:
xSi;f wmef,tge,f qif,awvh;pef pmif;yAerf ug ,f uD;
pmif;vDwjrj:/
128
qof;qef,awj:zj,O (Ohmymi)f
ayj:oj; uD;pmif;vDwjrj:ehauj; ule:f pof: tgef
uefqlrf:Odkof.qlrf:cmh qlrf:yuf:qlrf:elrf qlrf:xh,
pmif;udkuf:aO yAefwmif:pmif;vD wj,ulef:rdlif:bl,
tefeikd ;f eef.bof./ trf,wef:pdik O f if eif,uof,
bge.f ydol ;f rgu,f qdol :f eef.uD;pdik b
f of.pdok f trf,eef
bge.f ydol ;f Oif,cj,I(trf,ref;udrk :f ) pdok af uj;trf,N.?
rgu,f qdol ;f eef.eef. qif,vh;tofwmif:pmif;vDcof
tmyf;yef ulef:rdlif:clif:umifaO pAof,pSif;eof;Nif;
wluf:vdefugj,ySwf;bof./ ayj:rj: olef.wlnf:vDvD
sw. trf,q[;oj; bgef.ydlof;ref:uD;pdkif awyAef
bgef. Oif,cj,Itrf,ref;udkrf:bl, trf,pmif./
vgi;f rgu,f cof pAo,f pSi;f eof;aO Nif;wlu:f uGj,qdil .f
eh trf,q[;tefvmuf,vmh: wge;f wj,cof Oifeif,
uof,? bge.f Oifeh bge.f ydol ;f oj; ayj:oj; yAerf ug ,f rj:
bl,eh wde k :f awvh;pAo,f pSi;f eof;aO Nif;wlu:f bl,
pif:z[pif:ref: trf.pmif.eef.bof./ ulnf:uj;
vhm:pAof,pSif;eof;aO Nif;wluf:ref: rdlefuefaO
wauj; vmh:pAw:f yef zge:f vD ule:f rdil :f cli:f umifcof
trf,rdlefuef ySuf,ydlif;uefoh./
rguf,cofurf;zgif;eh. uD;rj:bof.aOw bgef.
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ydlof; wD;tefcofuD;eef. yAefwD;tefuhulef:
oh.sv; rdol ;f ule:f pof:uGj,pef Orf.ayj:pAo,f pSi;f eof;
aO Nif;wlu:f vdeuf jG ,ySw;f pif:uln:f cofbof./ cof
Orf. trf,wef:vh;pAwf:yef zgef:vDulef:rdlif:
cli:f umifaOtdw:f ? pmif;cofye A rf ug ,f tge,f uln:f auj;
trf,wef:vh; seulef:clif:umifaOtdwf:/
rguf,cofurf;zgif;Orf. uD;rj:bof.pmif;vDbl,?
ulnf:uj; uD;pmif;vDaOw bgef.ulef:pof:trf,oh.
Owdwlnf:sv; pmif;vDbl,pif:ulnf:ref:/ ugyf;
ule:f pof: trf,oh.Owdwn l :f sv; urf:vde k :f Okw:f
qif,vh;pAof,pSif;eof;aO Nif;wluf:vdefuGj,bl,
bof./
rgu,f urf;zgi;f Orf. pmif;vDsw.pmif;vDb,l uln:f
uj;trf,rD:tmhMrf? bge.f trf,rD:tmhMrfsv; trf,vh;
cmrf,wmif:ulef:clif:umif tofukif,tofrkefref:oj;
ref:yAefrguf, tefpmif;vDtefedkif;eh/ rguf,cof
urf;zgif;Orf. ymhOvdloftrf,pmif;vD Orf.rAefwl,
uge,f eef.bof./ bge.f ref:rAew f ,l sv; vh;cmrf,
wmif:ulef:clif:umif so;ySwf;uhuhbl,bof./
rgu,f rmifroA :f Orf. trf,rD:pmif;zmifaOw bge.f
ydlof;tmhMrfref: Mrfej,sv;vh;cmrf, wmif:ydlef;
Okw,f toftmhMrfref:aO trf,uj: vh;pAw:f yefyj:
qgrf:pdrf:Mrf:qof;uof, P;ayj:Mrfvlifoh.vl:ugef,/
rguf,rmifrAof:Orf. pmif;auj;pmif;vD tmhMrfauj;wArf
xlef; bgef.ydlof; pmif;vDauj;pmif;vD tmhMrfauj;
wArx f e l ;f sv; vh;cmrf,wmif: ule:f cli:f umifpof: pdrf
uefOdkof.pdrfuefcmh pdrfueftofrdlof: wmif,Tzj:aO
trf,uj: rmifyguf;rmifv[ emif:bdif:cof ymhtofyuf:
edlofNofcofqdlof:eh.vl:ugef,/ rmifyguf;rmifv[Orf.
ulef:pof:ymhtofwSuf;edlif: zoqmwf;ymefugef,
bof./
129
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
rgu,f qdol :f eh.eh. tofwmif:pmif;vD tmhMrfqof;
uof,aO pAwf:yefwmif:pmif;vD sr;wlef;rguf, cof
ulnf:trf,uj: pAwf:yefyj: wmif:pmif;vDulef:pof:
ugeb f of./ rgu,f qdol :f eh.eh.ydu.f Orf;oj; pAo,f pSi;f eof;
aO Nif;wluf:uGj,aOwauj; awvh;oj; rD:uj;cef
aONif;wluf:bl,ehbof./ yAefrguf,rdlefuefaOw
awvh;pef uj;cefqef.xmef;rguf,cof ySuf,yldif;
uefqild .f ehb,l bof./ ymefye A uf e
l :f pof:auj; awj;
awrdlefrguf,qdlof:eh.ulnf: trf,pmif./
ulef:pof:eh.auj; ugyf;ukOlof,pof: vh;pAwf:rj:
sv; qif,vh;rj: udlwf,yAefulef:bof./ wj,aw
vh;rj:udlw,f yAeuf le:f eef. tgew f mif:Okw:f aw
vh;sw,ywdOef,ax, wD;e[:wgif.sr; rguf;uof;
vde l O f yd :f vde l q
f old :f eh.aO qif,c[;vh;udw l ,f yAef
ule:f rj:? udw l ,f yAeuf el :f rj:bof.aOw wj,aw bl,
uGj, tj,bkbdkef:bmof:eef.auj; trf,imh;"eef.
bof./ tj,bkbdkef:bmof:bof.aOw rmifauj.eh.
bgef.ukrf,qgrf:wmif:auBj, wmif:rlef;ulnf:sv;
trf,wef:vh;pAwf: umefvDukOlof,Oif wmhuGj,
qdlof:eef. erfoj;erfbof./
bgef.eef ulef:pof:ul;auj. udlwf,xof; yAef
wmhrle d uf efaO wj,awvh;pef vmh:pAw:f umefvD
ukOlo,f ySu,f ydli;f uef trf,rdleuf efqdli.f ehbl,/ urf;
zgif;wmhaOw rD:uj;cefsv;wmh trf,rD:uj;cef
sv;wmh wmhvD wmhpmh. wmhrdluf; wmhvdlif:qldof:eh.
rD:wif:erf/ tefwmhrD:uj;cef trf,rD:uj;cef
whmvD whmphm. whmrdluf; whmvdlif:qdlif:eef. rD:wD;
cofpAwf:umefvDukOlof, umeftrf,vD tukOlof,
eef.ulnf:/ ayj:pAwf:vDauj; awvh;wmhvD
ayj:pmh.auj; awvh;wmhphm.trf,pmif.eef.bof./
ule:f pof:rmifauj.eh. yAeuf e l :f rj:aOw bge.f bl,
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
rofudefrmif bl,ySwf;vmhySwf;vguf, umefukOlof,
trf,pkpAwf:aOwmhugj,? ykef;wlofqof;uof, ykef;
ulef:wmif:erf ref:trf,pAwf:oh.yefOif? ulef:
auj.eh.eh. rdlefrguf,trf,rD:wmif:pmif;vD trf,rD:
tmhMrfOifeef.bof. trf,rD:uj;cefOif/
rmifauj.Orf. ykef;Okef,wlofqof;uof,sw.
pAwf:bl, ulnf:uj; ykef;ulef:wmif:erfsw. trf,
pAw:f aOwmhujG ,? ule:f qdli.f ehe.h Orf.rdlerf gu,f rD:
wmif:pmif;vDaO trf,rD:tmhMrfOifeef.bof./
rmifauj.Orf. wj,yke;f Oke,f wloq f of;uof, aw
rD:zgef:vDsw.ref:pAwf:bl, wj,ulef:wmif:erf
awrD:zgef:vDsw. ref:trf,pAwf:Oifyefvh;/
auj.eh.sw. rldefrguf,pmif;vDtrf,rD:thmMrf/
rmif;auj.Orf. ykef;wj, Okef,wlofqof;uof,
trf,vh;pAw:f auj;bof. ayj:vh;pAw:f yef yke;f ule:f
wmif:erfeh ref:idef:qlrf: pmef.q[bl,ul;cmof:
bmrf:? ule:f qdli.f ehe.h rdlerf ug ,f trf,rD:wmif:pmif;
vDaOw rD:tmhMrfbl,eef.bof./ tmhMrfref:
wdkef:Mrf yefqgrf:pdrf:Mrf:bl, ul;cmof:bmrf:/ rmif
auj.Orf. wj,ykef;Okef,wlofqof;uof, awcSrf.
vSyf;auj;pAwf: wj,ulef:wmif:erfauj; qgrf:eif,
tefqof;uof, ygiyf e A vf ;h eef. pAw:f yefb,l bof./
ulef:auj.eh. rdlefrguf, tefwmif:pmif;vDauj;rD:
tmhMrfauj;wArx f e l ;f eef.bof./ yAeuf e l :f tefr:D
uj;cefaOyde l ;f eef.bof./ udw l ,f yAeuf e l :f rj: rdel f
uefaOw awvh;pef vmh:pAwf:vmh:Omif;ySuf,
yldif;uefqdlif.eh.bl,bof./
bge.f eh rgu,f cofe.h rdol ;f cofy,h pAo,f pSi;f eof;aO
Nif;wlu:f vdee f ef. Oifqold .f oj;cofarj pAw:f yef
sr;wlef;rguf, qgrf:pdrf:Mrf:cof P;ayj:pmif;vD vD
bA r f ; vD w l n f : P;ayj:Mrf v l i f o h . ayj:eh q d k i f
wde k :f awyAef rgu,f tefr:D uj;cef b[,aOyde l ;f bl,
trf,pmif./
ulef:pof:auj; awj;rdlefeif, rguf,qdlof:eef.
bl,eif,uof,bof./ rdlof;qof;uof, yh,Mwf; e[:rdkof:
ckefwhmrIe rdlof;bif:wdkuf.yD:vD ekrf,vDbl,eh.
Oifqdlof.oj; qof;uof,pAwf:yef zgef:vD ykef;
qdol .f cdol :f zj,Oj, Oj,Oej, P;ayj: cde k ;f b[,r[,Okif
qgrf:eif,qof;uof, ygifyAefvh;eef. ayj:ehqdkif
qof;uof,awyAef ulef:tef rD:qdkof;rD:OAif rdlef
qdli.f eif, rgu,f Mrfpmif;vDqdlo:f eef.bl,trf,pmif./
bge.f eh rdol ;f zl;vlvud ;f pof:cof yh,xly:f ckew f mh
yh,Mwf;xdkif e[:rdkof:ckefwmheh. P;zl;vlvduf;pof:
cof arjpAwf:arjOmif; umefvDukOlof, arjpuf.zj,
Oj, Oj,Oej, qdol .f cdol :f qof;uof,aO rD:qdok ;f OAif
udkuf:ydkef: pif:z[pif:ref:ul;auj.aOurf:/
qof;qefawjZjO-Omhymif
(qlofcmof:-oAif:wlef;wlnf)

auj.teftug ,f q[vrfawj:Oeef. awvh;tof rAw.f wj,aO tgi,f sy.cofbof./

auj.tefr:D q[Oazj: trf,vDeef. awvh;tof Oazj:q[vaD O tgi,f sy.cofbof./
auj.tef xD,eAoef ef. awvh;tof vgi;f bke d ;f rSi,f aO tgi,f sy.cofbof./
tgif,sy. auj.tefvmwf;uGmrf:trf,rmef,rSef;eef.
awvh;vmw;f ugmr:f qkod f;q[;rme,f rSe;f aO tgi,f sy.cofbof./
XrfryW? aUjXoUf? tkwfwIjtkyjOdujowfxk/

130
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17

tln:f auj.vD
qof;aqj:wdu (clofvrf)

yde
l ;f eef. trf,ayj:bmyf,vliv f mifeif,uof,? Oif
oj; qof;uof,vSu;f vmh;sr:yef wmif:vmwf;wmif:qj
vhm:bl,vhm:Oof:? pmif;zmiftgef,pof: tdwf:edkif;
vh;auj; awqmif;arjrdw k ;f yde
l ;f yde
l ;f rdw
k ;f pof: vh;
bl,bof./
]]rh.wle;f edki;f trf,yAev f li?f Nde:f vifedki;f tefpof: vh;uyf:Odkyf,vmwf;awj, pAwf:auj.
trf,yAefomef;}} ugyf;eef ulef:pof:eh. rD:zdif; uefeef. c[;yAefvgif;Okef,wlofauj; awyAef?
xkif: tefbl,Nrf;Mrf:qgrf:uefbl,bof./ wmif: c[;yAef vgif;ej;umefwjimef:auj; awyAef? yAef
ulef:e[:Ndef:pof:sv;Oif? wD;owf.wD;uRif:sv; qdlif.pdkofauj;bof. rdlof;pof:yh,vh; uyf:Odkyf, vmwf;
Oif? wD;ej;umefwjimef:sv;Oif awvh;xlyf: awj,pAw:f auj.ydel ;f eef. xku,f vDN.oh. vgi;f yde l ;f
uef? pAwf:auj.uefbl,eef.bof./ rdlof;vh;pAwf: zgi;f bl,bof./ vgi;f zdi;f si; xki:f qmrf,yde l ;f sv;
auj. uyf:Odkyf,vmwf;awj,uefeef. ulef:auj. Oif? vgi;f zj,Oj,oj,wyde l ;f sv;Oif? vgi;f arjoh.
tefpAwf:auj.ydlef;vh;ul;auj.eef. vh;oj;ref: q[sv;Oif? vgif;arjN.sv;Oif qdlof:eh. yAef
yAef ulef:rD:wmif:Odlof:q[auj.edkif;bof./ vgif;wmif: tefekdif; ykef;wj,awuyf:Odkyf,
wj,qlof;ymefzotgef,pof:eef. erf.uwf. vmwf;awj,pAwf:auj.ydlef;bof./
wj,awarjpAw:f auj.yde l ;f eef. vlo,f rD:sw."? ugy;f eif,pdkof wmif:uyf:Odkyf,vmwf;awj,pAwf:auj.
ydlof;oj; wD;Ndef: wD;umefpof:eef. pof:awvh; ule:f wmif,auj. awimh;eef. erf.uwf. wmif:cef
uyf:Odyk ,f vmwf;awj, pAw:f auj.uefbl,bof./ Oif vgif;wmif:wD;w[;qdlof:eh.auj; vlof,rD:bl,bof./
oj; trf,arjuyf:Odkyf, vmwf;awj,pAwf:auj. ayj: (1) wmif:tlef;tgef,
ehqdkif wmif,auj.auj; awq[trf,ayj:Odlof:? wj, (2) vgif;vuf:vSrfOrS f:uj;
wlofpof:auj; erf.wgef: zgef:vD awst,rmif (3) vgif;arjrdkwf;ydlef;
bof./ ymefrold ;f vAoe
f .h ule:f auj; erfrj:wdu:f "sv; (4) rD:erf.q[ eif,ulef:ac.uef
erf.uwf. wj,awarjuyf:Odkyf,vmwf;awj, pAwf: (5) pmif;zmifvAyf;vhg. Omif,xkuf,
auj.ule:f wmif:erfv;h eef. vlo,f sw."bof./ wj, (1) wmif:tlef;tgef, tefoj;eef. ygif,oj;
awyAeuf le:f arjuyf:Odyk ,f vmwf;awj, pAw:f auj. vmh:pAwf:vmh:Omif;? vmh:vmwf;vmh:qjpof: tlef;

131
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
tgef,eef.bof./ rdlefeif, rmifauj. arjvmwf;
atj;qof;atj;cj; qdlof:eef.sv;Oif? rdlof;aO
auj." cmrf;uGj,yj;ej; zl;b[,ule:f vlisf v; arjulr;f
arjugrf:aO uef,awj:cj;? bgef:uGj, wmif:eh.
tdwf:ekdif;cj; qdlof:eh.sv;Oif vh;oj; yAefpmif;
zmif wmif:tlef;tgef,bof./
(2) vgif;vuf:vSrfOSrf:uj; tefoj;eef.
ygif,oj; rdlof;pof:pAwf: rdlof:pof:vmwf;eef. ref:
vSyf;uefwif: vgif;wmif:ref:vD? arjN.vgif;
N.wmif:? arjN.cmof:bmrf:? arjvmrf:ule:f qdol :f eh.
bof./ ule:f auj.tef vuf:vSrO f rS :f uj;eef. ref:
trf,pAw:f trf,vmwf;P;wmif,auj. ayj:vh;wdol .f q[
qAyf:q[uGj,vj:"eef.bof./
(3) vgif;arjrdkwf;ydlef; tefoj;eef. yAef
tefpof: arjpAw:f arjvmwf;awj,yde l ;f rdw
k ;f "udok :f "
bkr.f "bmh;"eyf."brf"eef.bof./ rmifauj.eh. arj
tmhydlef;ej,sv; wj,awcof;su; tguf,umifydlef;
eef. ide:f uloof .h ide:f euf:q[o.h ayj:yAee f if,eh
qgrf:tofvmh:yj;w[;eh.w/
(u) ayj:Nyf.nj: auj.tefpof:rdkwf;eh cwf:
q[P;vh;vmwf;awj,ref: tgew f mif:w/ Mif.
qdok ;f ref:aO vmwf;awj,ref:eef. cSe:f vD
bof./
(c) wD;at,Okwf:ref: edkif;oef:edkif;yguf;
vmwf;awj, trf,eef uGj,sv,tlnf: auj.
pof:w/
(i) ayj:rD:ymifukrf wD;owf.wD;uRif:sv;Oif?
e[:ygu.f e[:bgr,f sv;Oif wD;at,Okw:f ref:
edkif;vdlefedkif;yguf; P;vh;cdkef;Mwf;qgrf:w/
(4) rD:erf.q[eif,ulef:ac.uef tefoj;
eef. pof:vlof,arjbgrf:pyf.oj; tefpof:ay.
132
eef. yde l ;f Okr:f ? tefpof:Okr:f eef. yde l ;f ay.eh
eef. ref:yAeO f zj,oref:ehb,l bof./ vlo,f arj
ygif,q[oj; rdlof;ay.auj;rD:? rdlof;Okrf:auj;rD:ehbl,/
ugyf;ydlof;oj; ydlef;cSef,aOpof:sv; ay.uGj,eef.
bj,ayeuf:q[ wj,bkuf.bgif;ydlef;? vlof,arjoh.
q[oj; ugyf;pof:nmrf.sv; Okrf:ulnf: ehaO omh:rj:
eif,pdkofaway.vh;eef. vlof,vh;cwf:q[ vdlof
xSif;ulnf:eheef.bof./
(5) pmif;zmifvAyf;vhg. Omif,xkuf, tefoj;
eef. ref:trf,uyf:umh, wmif:pmif;zmifvDvSyf;
vof:? pmif;q? wSrf,? Okif? ref:c[;oj; vlof,arj
ekif;clof:vDv?D trf,olnf,trf,pif;? trf,okuf.trf,
omh:aO arjbl,rlwf:O[vDqdlof:eef.bof./
z[aOtrf,oj; ayj:pof:arjpAw:f auj.yde l ;f auj;
ydlef;qmif;awrdkwf;pof:vh;bl,? ayj:pdkifrj:auj; N.
awvh;yAef tlnf:auj.vDuefrj:bl,bof./
qdol :f vmwf;serj:eh. ref:yAef wj,awpAw:f
auj.uef rdlof;pof:bl,qgrf:uefbl, rdlof;eh.bof./
uyf:umh,vln;f tln:f auj.eh. e[:auj:OvO>bw k ;f ?
uvBj,erdwf.wOkwf;eef. rD:oh.oj;J
ygu;f edik ;f ckeaf pjcrf:auj:Ov vof;xmrfTzj:
yAefqof;oj;J
]]qof;pof:wD;cj;Jqof;pof: apj:oh.Twj:tef
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xSif;oj;J
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ej,uofTzj:eh. ydkif;tdifodaou tefzdwf,bAef?
vgif;ylef.vgwf;Ij,U? vgif;rgwf,ySwf;Ij,UaO
tofwmif:N.pef qdkof;q[;eef. Ndif;udlif:ql:
edyf.ymef,aOsv; sz;wdlef: Orf,rj,wdwf.xd
bof./ rD:wmif:olef.qdkof;q[aOsv; sz;wdlef:
Orf,rj,Oif,uyf.ybof./ vmwf;qgr:f tefqokd ;f q[;
aOsv; sz;wdlef:Orf,rjoj,qj,bof./ rD:wmif:
pAwf:tefqdkof;q[;aOsv; sz;wdlef: Orf,rj,
urf,ref,wbof./ rD:wmif:vAif. qD,odwf.Omhq[vD
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wmif:cwf:q[qgrf: umefqdkof;q[;aOsv; sz;
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qdkof;q[aOsv; sz;wdlef: Orf,rj,Owdbof./
ydkif;tdifodaou tefzdwf,bAef? vgif;rgwf,ySwf;
Ij,uaO tofq[edrfedlof edyf.ymef, wD;tef
qkef.ySwf;udav,Oj,eef.aOsv; sz;wdlef:
133
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
Orf,rj,Orj,xdbof./ ugyf;eefsv; rdlefeif,
pAwf:bof. rmuf;wmif:OAif;bof./
tj,eef,wj,tln.f J qdol :f teftofuofTzj:
pAw:f yAetf nl :f auj.cofeef. qdol :f rD:vgi;f Oazj:
uldwf,? xof;? yAef?wmh qdlof:eef.auj; coftrf,rD:
vgif;uldwf,xof;yAefwmhbof./ qdlof:rD: wmif:vdlwf,
Mef.rh;q[eef.auj; cof;trf,rD: wmif:vdw l ,f Mef.
rh;q[bof./ ugyf;eefsv; zl;tef rD:tlnf:auj.
vDaO tofq[cof;udlif:ql: Twj:zl;ulef:vDeef.
rde
l e f if, ref:pAw:f umefrmuf; (rmuf,umif,)bof.wlo;f
vh; wmif:OAif;bof.}}ehbof./
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wmif:eef. seoh. wgef;wj,awrD:tlnf:auj.?
arjpAw:f auj.yde
l ;f eef. bdil ;f qgr:f vh;eef.bof./
acj;xdOgifeh. wgef;vdkef:Okwf: Orf.seoh.
oj;J tlnf:auj.vD tefoj;eef. qmif;yef
zge:f vDb[,uGmif;aO trf,uj: tln:f auj.vD tef
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yAefqof; apj:oh.zgif;Jehbl,bof./
ckuf:q[vh;tlnf:auj. ul;auj.auj.aO
qof;aqj:wdu (clofvrf)
tdif-
1. wguf;wj,auBj,qdif,? twlnf:yaw,Oj,
qdwf.ynj,? yxrtuBAif,? tgif,ydif,sv,qj,ay,?
ar,v? 2006? ej;vduf; 181 -187
2.qof;wlecf :l vlif ZWfWefwIjqde,f wj,
zdo>O? OujxjoUfUO>bkwfwedujb zmh,wh:?
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qkrf;ej,rOuf.uOj,Oej,
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

qof;TOj,ynfnjOjrd (wlbj: uAif:wkif)

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wd#$ f wd- ref;udrk :f bde
k :f bmof:ugj,bl,bof./ 4.wuj,ulef:bdif: tefyAefvkuf;egif. Tzj:
rdqf!jWd#f$duIjQjaej- tefyAef ckef yAefqof;OD,auj.eh. qgrf:tofwmif:uwf.cSef,
rdwf.Oj,wdwf.xdcofqrf./ wif:cwf:q[z["ref:" rD:oh.eef.aO rkef:crf:
OjOe> WlaOefw-d bj.vkyw S ;f Oj,Oej, Tzj:yAefqof;auj; bkuf.bgif;yef qkrf;pduf;ej,r
bl,bof./ Ouf.urj: tefudkif,z[udkif,ref:eef.bl,bof./
OrfrjWd#f$duIjQjaej-tefyAefckef vD tefyAefckefvDckefrBmwf;cof qdlof:tefrj:
Orf,rj,wdwf.xdcofqrf./ wmif:vifqold :f eef.auj; bdil ;f tof qgr:f eif,Tzj:
yUfUpEfawo OjOe>- bku.f bgi;f urf. xSrf yAeq f of;pof: bku.f bgi;f yefqrk ;f pdu;f ej,rOuf.u
Oj,Oej,ugj,bl,bof./ wD;vkuf;egif.wuj,eef.aObof. wD;v[eif,
eif,pdok f Oj,Oej, crf:qof; ayj:awNdo;f Ndi:f bmrf:eef. qgrf:umyf;ymefomef;rdlif:aOsv;
ydil :f O[ujG , oef:wj rdol :f ej;eef. rkecf rf:Tzj:yAef ckecf ofauj; bku.f bgi;f umyf;vl,wmef:yefqrk ;f pdu;f
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eef. serj:oh.oj; (u) ymefckefapjcrf:rdlif:rmef;ul;yguf;
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3.wuj, ulef:qmh:? awbkuf.bgif; yIdbwfwdOj,Oej, Tzj:yAef

134
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
qof;aOsv; wif;sw, pAw:f ymify:hg wSr;f wgy,f vdu;f bl,bof./
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trf,uj: qof;TOj,vlicf ofqof; qdlo:f pAw:f umefOj, yDvkrf:"eef. tefckeftif: udwf:cof umyf;vl,
Oej, uwf."cSe,f "rj:qdlo:f eef.auj; ckeaf pjcrf: wmef:yef qkr;f pdu;f ej,rOufuxrf;wD; qof;TOj,
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h mef:yef qkr;f pdu;f ej,r vlifcofqof;eef.auj; yAefqkrf;pduf;ej,rOufu
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tefckefapjcrf: rdlif:rmef;cof umyf;vl, xGmh rdol ;f yDcIdw;f 1912(uO.1273)eef. umyf;vl,
wmef:yef qkrf;pduf;ej,rOuf.u wrf;wD; qof; xGmhwmef:yefqkrf;pduf;ej, rOuf.u qof:TOj,
TOj,vlifcof ul;yguf;eef. rD:qdlif.eif,yj;w[;eh. sv,wD,sv;Oif/
bl,bof./ rdol ;f yDcIdw;f 1917(uO.1278)eef. umyf;vl,
1. rpjXrfrIjQjXdIjQUkIk xmGhwmef:yefqkrf;pduf;ej,rOuf.u qof;TOj,vlif
2. rpjXrfrIjQUkIk rmef,sv,eef.sv;Oif qdlof:eh. yAefqkrf;pduf;
3. IjQUkIk ej,rOuf.u tUfUrpjyEf#dw OSef:vAofulnf:
4. tUfUrpjyEf#dw bl,bof./
5. tUfUyEf#dw tefckefapjcrf: rdlif:rmef;cof ul;yguf;pAwf:
6. WdOjyjrgufc Omif;rj: ymifygh:wSrf;wgyf,vduf; yxryBmef,eef.
7. ODIdrpjqwkIifuYv sv;Oif? tofqkrf;ej,rOuf.uul;ydlif" bgif;abj:
8. OkXrfr rpjOjrd umyf;vl,xGmhwmef:yef wD;qof;TOj,vlifcofqdlof:
9. tUfUXrfrjvifujI eef.sv;Oif? qgrf:eif,zdif;xkif:Oj,Oej,
10. Xrfr aOejywd ej; umefcyf.qSe,f qof;TOj,vlicf of wrf:oh. Oj,
11. ODIdOWfXrfr Oej,ydlif,? uSrfOj,Oej,ydlif,? qof;wlefirf:ymh:?
12. uodXQ qArfqdlof:eh.bl,bof./ qof;wlefuGmef:ymh: tofqArfxj,eef,wI qof;
TOj,vlifcof ul;yguf;qdlof:eef.sv;Oif? xdkifrj:
(c) ymeftif:udwf: ymeftif:udw:f cof tky.f rdil :f rmef;eef. bvkyw S ;f
tefckefapjcrf: ul;yguf;cofbkuf.bgif; umyf; urf.erfaOawj.sw.udw k :f oh. trf,Nif;pmhtw
d :f tD;
xGmv
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wrf;wD;TOj,qof;vlicf ofsv;Oif? qgr:f tofzdi;f
xki:f rD:oh.aO tefce k af pjcrf:cof bku;f bgi;f urf. (i) ymefvgwf;vSof:Oof:acj rdlif:rmef;
xSrf Oj,Oej,Tzj:yAeq f of;rj: qdlo:f eef. sv; (cO-1948-1987)
Oif xdkifrj: ymefckeftif:udwf:cof rj:tkyf.rdlif: rdlif:rmef; vh;vgwf;vSof:Oof:acjrdlof;oef:xd
rmef;eef. cket f if: udw:f cof bvkyw S ;f urf;erf (4.1.1948) auj:qj,1309 eD; vde l uf rfvig ;f uof;

135
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
crf;? oef:wdwf.bof./ omh:eef. vlifygifqdkif;rdlif:
rmef;cofu;l qkr:f " bku.f bgi;f umyf;vl, xGmw h mef:yef
wrf;wD;TOj,qof;vlifcof qkrf;pduf; ej,rOuf.u
tef q d k o f ; oj;-]]tZd X QrpjI#f $ Uk I k } }
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ej,rOuf.u OgifOSef: eif,yj;edlofeh.ulnf:
bl,bof./
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eef.bl,bof./
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qkrf;pduf;ej,rOuf.ueef. trf,Ol;rD:? tef
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136
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bl,bof./
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qof; awj,ref:qof;vh;vge,f ugj,eef.sw. yAef
wmif:qkwf;bgrf:zmh,wmif: vlifygifqdkif;cofyef
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vlifygifqdkif;rdlif:rmef;ul;qkrf:"cof wlnf:tof wj;
wmif:iof:vmh:ref:aO qif,awumyf;vl,wmef:
yefulnf:? rdlefeif, rdlof;v[sv;tj,bkb[,bof.?
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wmef:yefurf:erf"eh zl;qgyf,pjclef.cGj.cof
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rmef;(1988)
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4.wuj,bdif:qdlof:eef.bl,bof./ ugyf;eefsv;
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137
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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vdlofydlef;zmh, pAwf:umefOj,Oej,uGj, P;Ndof; 4. OkXrfr rEdaQjwXI
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141
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147
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148
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oef:sw,ymifOgef vdlepf j;vgi;f 13 crf;? vku;f
pAe:f rD:bl,(120)auj.aO cof;wgy,f (50)auj.? tgi,f (48)
auj.? wlu:f (2)auj./ pAw:f yg:h vli:f ymifOgef wge;f Ol:
vku;f pAe:f tgi,f vdu;f rdol ;f oef:vde l Nf uf:vgi;f (12)crf;
eef.aO bof.wlo;f vDimrf:uGj, vh;cmof,oj;eif,eh/
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oef:zwf:eef. qof;cl:tj,avj:u(rdli:f Ol;) uRif:OD,
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pAe:f rD:(50)auj.? qmh:(26)auj.? bdi:f (24)auj.? qef.
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vdu;f vmh:wh:cof;wgy,f (30)auj. tgi,f (21)auj.aO pAw:f
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tj:wdw.f eef.f vh;ide:f cmof,rj:eif,eh/
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erf:ej;aO ydkwf,zknf,ymif Ogefzdif;si;ykwf.x (87)? qhm; (47)auj.? bdi:f (40)auj.? qef.'di;f si;
vdu;f vm:h wh;uGj, wD;uRi:f Owf.xrf,ryj,v? ome;f uki:f olo:f ? cof;wgy,f (16)auj.? tgi,f (16)auj.? vdu;f vhm:wh:cof;wgy,f
sq;oAi:f erf.qmifaO vku;f pAe:f rD:(112)auj.? qef. (31)auj. tgif,(28)auj.? oef:xd. (01.05.2009)
zdi;f si;ykw.f x-cof;wgy,f (29)auj. tgi,f 27auj.? qef. vle
d fNuf:r[,(8) crf;oef:Okuf:eef. pAwf;yg:h vlif:ymif
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yg:h vli:f ymifOe g f wge;f Ol: zl;tgi,f vdu;f bof.wlo;f uGj, rlod ;f yD 2008 cmof:rh;eef.auj; awj;vh;pAw:f ymif
rdol ;f oef:xd(16_5_2009) oef:vde l Nf uf:vgi;f (8)crf; Ogefzdif;si;ykwf.xsv; vduf;vh:wh:uGj,aO vkuf;
vh;ide:f cmof,oj; rj:eif,eh/ pAe:f tefwgy,f yle.f rD:uGj, (23)auj.eif,uof,/
Oli,f cmof,- Odlocf rf: (erf.qmif)
uRif:xrf,rrj,ru omef;sc, sq;oAif:erf.qmif
rlod ;f oef;xd. (11.03.2009) vle d O f ,D vgi;f (1) crf; omef;plofbmif:- aq;oAif:erf.qmif
oef:ykw.f eef. qof;TOj,aOj: tdli,f uAi:f vdle-f sq; rlod ;f oef:xd. (19.03.2009) vde l O f v D ig ;f (9)crf;
oAi:f au:OD: rdol ;f oef:(02_04_2009) zl;b[,ule:f vlif oef:zwf:eef. arjOgef qhm:tgi,f clod :f ? emif;rBK.at:?
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qj,w tgeNf ofarjOgef qmh:rdve d ,f ? qmh:aej,pmef? tgi,f uGj, (27)auj. vdlepf j;vgi;f (12)crf; oef;tif:
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150
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eif,ehbof./ sv; Nofyof;ugi,f qD vgi;f uwf:bAesf v; vgi;f pke;f rke:f
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151
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ykw
d ,f ymiO f e g f zdi;f si;ykw.f xsv; vdu;f vm:h wh: wD;e[: wlif,oAif:uRuf.sr:
xki.f omef;vD; tefye A f omef;vD;? yki:f xke?f uki:f blr:f ? e[:yD 1371 sw,tof rlod ;f vle d Of ,D vgi;f (8)crf;
ej:qmif.? cmh:rge:f ? ymifOrd ,f ? uki:f yj? yAi:f Omh:? uki:f rli;f awj,Mwf;xkid f vle d q
f w
A :f vgi;f (3)crf; wD;wli,f oAi:f
qlod :f eh.bof;/ vku;f pAe:f wif:OAi;f rD:(400)yhmehbof;/ uRuf.sr:eef. Nofyof;qkr:f zdi;f si;ykw.f x wli,f oAi:f
sw,rlod ;f (24.5.2009)awj,(31.5.2009) eef. uRuf.sr: qof;cl:qj,uI owf.Noferf.? qof;cl:Okrej,
qof;Owf.qj,eefw? ugBi:f vli?f qof;TOj,tkw.f wr vif,uj,I owf.erf.qAw:f vde:f ? qof;cl:uvBj,eorf,O
OjI? ugBi:f qmef:? qof;TOj,nj,aej:zj,O? ugBi:f umif? owf.xrf,rar,weD, uRi:f bgw;f Nrf;yj: qof;cl: cofwif:
erf.vef; tgepf loaf O ykw d ,f ymifzudk :f zge.f cl:Ogef erf tgeuf efq;gh xSrf wkud :f Ole:f ydwk ,f zkn,f ymifOe
g f
(wj,ymify:gh cle.f ch; wSr;f wgy,f vdu;f e[:sq;wge;f )sv; zdi;f si;ykw.f xsv; vdu;f vhm:wh: qgr:f eif, OAe;f rhm
ymiO f e g v f if,uj,vlif e[:sq;wge;f erf.vef;/ qof;cl: wD;w[;eh.bof./
cofqold :f rj:cke d ;f ymifzudk :f zge.f rD:(60)qof;aO egy,f (1) omef;ej:yAi:f cl:Ogef 13 ? vku;f pAe:f 130 auj.
bke d ;f yefcyS :f r[rmhwgi:f vli:f ymifOgeuf jG , -ehbof;/ (2) omef;egiyf id f cl:Ogef 3 ? vku;f pAe:f 80 auj.
e[:ymiz f udk :f cl:Ogee f ef. qof;TOj,qjuI? ugBi:f plr;f bAef (3) omef;qhg:uki:f cl:Ogef 5 ? vku;f pAe:f 103 auj.
(4) omef;ej:xge,f cl:Ogef 4? vku;f pAe:f 67 auj.
153
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(5) omef;rln,f awj, cl:Ogef 3? vku;f pAe:f 30 auj.
(6) omef;clorf ik :f cl:Ogef 3? vku;f pAe:f 110 auj.
(7) omef;ugi:f tSw,f cl:Ogef 2? vku;f pAe:f 50 auj.
(8) omef;yRif,cgi:f cl:Ogef 3? vku;f pAe:f 85 auj.
(9) omef;omif:r cl:Ogef 2? vku;f pAe:f 45 auj.
(10) omef;qcmef:Oj, cl:Ogef 3? vku;f pAe:f 56 auj.
(11) omef;ugi:f rl:vSif cl:Ogef 2? vku;f pAe:f 50 auj.
(12) omef;ymifrgif cl:Ogef 3? vku;f pAe:f 45 auj.
(13) omef;ymifNuf: cl:Ogef 2? vku;f pAe:f 25 auj.
(14) omef;ej:acj cl:Ogef 2? vku;f pAe:f 35 auj.
(15) omef;chm:rgef cl:Ogef 2? vku;f pAe:f 50 auj.
(16) omef;vhgacj cl:Ogef 3? vku;f pAe:f 70 auj.
(17) omef;uRuf.sr:vlif cl:Ogef 3? vku;f pAe:f 50 auj.
(18) omef;wgie f of; cl:Ogef 3? vku;f pAe:f 60 auj.
(19) omef;wj;vlif OD,ayj. vku;f pAe:f 46 auj.
(20) omef;clot f ik f cl:Ogef 2? vku;f pAe:f 60 auj.
(21) omef;ugi:f rmuf,vmif: cl:Ogef 3? vku;f pAe:f 35
(22) erf.qAw:f vde:f cl:Ogef 4? vku;f pAe:f 80 auj.
(23) uRif:bgw;f auj, cl:Ogef 2? vku;f pAe:f 30 auj.
(24) uRif:umifrlid :f cl:Ogef 3? vku;f pAe:f 47 auj.
(25) omef;wgie f of; cl:Ogef 4? vku;f pAe:f 101 auj.
(26) xki.f omef;cj, omef;r[, phm:yk omef;yAi:f cl:Ogef 8?
vku;f pAe:f 150 auj.
(27) xki.f yki,f olo:f qlod :f yAef omef;qmef:? omef;vli?f
omef;r[,erf.arj,? omef;vht g ,hg ? omef;yAi:f cj:? omef;Nnf;
yl? omef;ej:rle:f cl:Ogef 4 auj.? vku;f pAe:f 355/
Oli,f cmof,
qkr:f zdi;f si;ykw.f x sv; vdu;f vhm:wh: (uRu.f sr:)
rldif:ukdif (oAif;emif:tl:yArf,)
rlod ;f yDw:h 2102 eD; cmof:rh;eef. wD;rlid :f ukid f qkr:f
Oif,cj,qof;cof tgeNf ofemrf:ej;aO cl:OgeO f if,cj,
qof; tdu,f arjOgeb f id :f qhm: e[:wli,f oAi:f rlid :f ukid f 50
auj.vh;cwf:q[ ylid :f OhmvSi:f vdu;f vhm:yef aej,wSe:f
154
clod :f uGj, sw,tofygu.f (1) awj,xkid f ygu.f (7) tdu,f tlid ,f
Nofej:? tlid ,f umwf,zkn:f ? tlid ,f omef;Nnf;tge,f qlod :f
eh.aO vku;f pAe:f zdi;f si;ykw.f x tefcof;wSr;f wgy,f
vdu;f rD:uGj, (231)auj. vku;f pAe:f cof;wSr;f wgy,f vdu;f vhm:
wh: rD: (426)auj.bof./
wD;tlid ,f egiMf h (rlid :f ukid )f eef. vku;f pAe:f tefcof;
wgy,f qef.vdu;f wh: rD: (49)auj. tgi,f yle.f (42)auj.?
qef.zdi;f si;ykw.f x wSr;f wgy,f (6)auj. tgi,f yle.f
(5)auj./ ymifOgef tlid ,f rlid :f ckef (rlid :f ukid )f eef. vku;f
pAe:f cof;wgy,f qef.vdu;f wh: (99)auj. tgi,f yle.f (49)
auj.? qef.zdi;f si;ykw.f x cof;wgy,f (99)auj. tgi,f
yle.f (80)auj.bl,bof./ vlod af Oeef. wrfw;D tlid ,f
ymi,f au,wk? tlid ,f ymiO f uf:? tlid ,f rlid :f bge:f qlod :f eef.auj;
rD:ymifOe g zf id ;f si;ykw.f xsv; vdu;f wh:ul;yDb,l bof./
Oli,f cmof, qof;qef,wj,oI ? uRif:umif? rlid :f ukid f
rldif:ygef? owf.wluf:
sw,tof (10.4.08) xkid f (28.5.08)eef. TOj,
qof;ynf,nj,azj:u wlud ;f Ogev f ud ;f owf.wlu:f rlid :f ygef
tgeNf ofyw kd ,f zknyf miOf e g v
f ud ;f vhm:wh:uGj, wD;owf.wlu:f
sv; vku;f pAe:f rj:cke d ;f pAe:f tof rD: (164)auj.bof./
Oli,f cmof, OhmvSi:f vmof (u.w) rlid :f ygef
cmof, qof;uwf.cgif, tgif,vduf;
e[:yDw:h -2103 eD;eh. vh;pkoj; qof;Ipmef:wh:
tefpyf.vh;cl: rD:rj:(5)qof;ehbof./ qlod :f eef.aw.
yAef-
1. qof;qmif:Okre? uRif:umif? erf.vef; pyf.vh;
qkr;f cl: Oj,Oexqxrf,rj,qIdb? vliyf ig q f idk ;f ?
2. qof;qmi:f Okeef,w? uRi:f uki:f Oj,?erf.crf:? pyf.vh;
qkr;f cl: Oj,Oexqxrf,rj,qIdb?vlif ygiq f idk ;f ?
3. qof;qmif:xrf,ryj,v?uRif:umif?erf.vef; pyf.vh;
qkrf:cl: wuf.uOD,vxrf,rj,qIdb? B.A (Bud
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
dism) ? wD;qef.qgrO
f j,Oej, qkid ;f rlid :f ?wj;uki;f ?
4. qof;qmif:qj,uI?uRif:ngi,f awj:? erf.wD:? rlid :f cmif
pyf.vh;qkr:f cl: wuf.uOD,vxrf,rj, qIdb B.A
(Buddism)? wD;qef.qgrf Oj,Oej,qkdif;rldif:?
oAi:f wj;vlod ,f ?
5. qof;qmif:aOj:zdw?uRif:pmifej:?rlid :f egif pyf.vh;
qkr;f cl: M.A Indo Aryan(Buddism)? wD; qef.
qgryf wk .f x? oAi:f wj;vlod ,f /
6. qof;Omi,f ynfnjaQjwjvifujIjqnfn? ome;f uki:f
rle:f ? oAi:f uAi:f wki?f tgi,f yle.f ode:h pj;uBmrf:sv;
vh;qkr;f odebodWlaO Okyd ,f pAe:f vdu;f wj,aw
tgi,f qef.Oj,rae,auBj, wrf;wD; uRif:rpj,uef,
xj,Ili,f oAi:f trIyl,Ioh.bl,/
pmi;f yh:g vli:f ymiO
f e
g f rlid :f qdw,f erf.qmif
155
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
cmof, yhg:vlif OmrfwD; e[:rldif:wh:
e[:yDw:h 2104-eh. tj,bk ymifyIdbwf.wdOwf.
xrf,ryj,v uSe,f qof; wli,f oAi:f vj;OAo;f awxle;f
xkid -f 25yDsv; wj,rmw h ig :f vgi;f eef. e[:vku;f vle d O
f ,D
r[,(1~8)crf; Oif,cj,qof; qkr:f yIdbwf.wdOwf.xrf,r
yj,v wli,f vj;OAo;f awtgeNf ofemrf:ej;aO pAw:f
yAef ymifyg:h yDuge:f ike d :f wD;uRif:umifrild :f oAi:f vj;OAo;f -
ehbof./ (qAicf rf:vSi:f )/
e[:yDw:h -2104eD; vle d pf j;r[,(11) awj,vle d f
pj;rle:f wD;uRi:f rpj,oef,(uRi:f Mif,)rlsq; awpAw:f yAef
ymiyf :gh rmw
h ig :f vgi;f wif;uRi:f rpj,oef,(uRi:f Mif,)rj: xle;f
ymuf,yD-ehbof./ (qAicf rf:vSi:f )/
e[:yDw:h -2104eD; vle d O f ,D r[,(1?2?3)crf; qkr:f
urf,xmef:Oxki,f rl,vrde:f uke:f awpAw:f yAeyf mifwrk f
vli(f nD,vj,cmrf,) wD;uRif:urf,rxmef: oAi:f ymifvli-f
ehbof./ (qcv)/
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

zlefODzlef
ulef:OD,auj.
wh:ukdif,cldof:(au:OD:)

(1) ule:f zvif zlet f rf,wlu:f uge,f bof.? uGmr:f sO.Ogr:f yle
d ;f eef. xmi,f oj;ref:
(2) ule:f zlew f ul :f ztrf,vif vDej,? vlod af OyAef wD;yle d ;f qif:eef. awtrf,
(3) ule:f ztrf,vif zlew f ul :f rD: OAef;wmi:f v[ yke;f wj,cof/ ayj:arjvmw;f vhm
(4) ule:f zvif zlew f ul :f vhmulnf:aO trf,arjpAwf:eef. yAefwD;yldef;
qgrf:eif, Nofacj;ulef:OD,auj.eh.aO rkef xmif,vAuf. wlofqof;uof,aOtrf,uj: yAefOAef;
OSicf rf:Tzj: qif,vh;Mif.tof qof;Ipme:f cofqof; wmi:f yke;f wj,wloq f of;uof, wlu:f wSr,f eef.bof.?
Nrf;wkrfuefaO apj:rguf,vmwf;seuGj, uj;wD; bge.f ylod ;f eef yke;f wj,pof:eh. bj,ayyAef ule:f
e[:uRif:aq,woef,eef.bl,bof./ arjvmw;f vhmvmh un l :f aO trf,arj pAw:f Oifeef.
(1) ulef:zvif zleftrf,wluf: tefoj; aOurf:/
eef. ulef:pof:e[:vluf;eh. arjvmwf;bl,aO
trf,arjpw A :f eef.bof./ ule:f pof:rifauj.eh. uh. (2) ulef:zlefwluf: ztrf,vif tefoj;
bl,wD;vyf:Odi,f aO vmw;f bl,? uln:f wloq f of;uof, eef. c[;rhmxidk of j; ule:f auj.eh. arjpw A :f bl,aOw
Orf.trf,arjvuk .f pAw:f eef. auj;rD:bl,aw.bof./ trf,arjvmw;f ehbof./ ylid w f uS ;f ref: rle d q
f idl .f
xki:f uGmr:f wh:pof: auj;rD:oh.oj; ]]zj.zhme:[ ySr:f rgi:f eif, ulef:auj.tef uGj,pAwf:zdwf:rj: aOvgif;
vife[:ulnf}}ehbof./ ulef:rmifauj. arjbl,wD; vgi;f bof.auj; trf,pwf:vmw;f wmi:f zdw:f qof;
vyf:Odi,f ? wD;zhm,vifye dl ;f aO vmw;f uln:f wlof uof,eef.bof./ ugy;f ylod ;f oj; ref:ulof yle d ;f tofwmi:f
Orf. trf,tgu,f rj:pAw:f se P;ule:f wif:erf vh; zdwf:wD;ref:sv; trf,pwf:vmwf;eef.bof./
pefehqkdif vgif;wmif: uwf.cSef,qof;uof,eef. ulef:auj.eh.auj; arjpAwf:aO trf,arjvmwf;
z[Orf.awN.vh;/ ulef:pof:rmifauj.eh. yhmrD:q[ yldef;/ Oifqldof.oj; ref:uGj,arj ynfnj,rj: aO
c[;sO.Ogr:f c[;wAu:f iSe:f oj;pif:yle d ;f vgi;f trf,vD vgi;f vgi;f ylid w
f uS ;f ref: rle
d qf idl .f eif,oj; arjsr:

156
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
vlw.f pkod .f arjsr:uj:pkod f qdil .f ehe.h qkid f ref:Orf.
rj:bl,bAeb f e A f pif:uln:f auj.vAoq f idl .f eefaO
trf,arjckdef:vmwf; trf,ckdef:uGj,pjOgefyldef;
eef.bof.? ulef:auj.eh. ayj:wlnf:qldif.ehqkdif
rle
d e f if,oj, ref;c[;rD:erf.q[ xD,eAoaf O pmi;f ulof
yle
d ;f pkqrg :f arjqrg :f oh.eef.bof./
ulef:qldof:eh.auj; trf,yh,xkuf,rSef; e[:su;
cGmif,ulef: qmof:cldof:qldof.qmwf;eif,uof,? bgef.
eef Oifqodl .f oj; pof:uGj, arjrj:ynfnj, aOvgi;f
vgi;f qdik f pof:xku,f vDoe l .f yke;f wj, wloq f of;uof,
Orf.awcke d ;f b[,sv;Oif? yke;f wj,qmo:f clod :f qlod .f
qmw;f ? zj,Oj,? Oj,Oej,pof: P;ayj:cde k ;f b[,rj:
eheef. pof:xkuf,vDse vgif;erf.uwf. wmif:
pefpof: eif,pkod f P;ule:f wif:erf Orf.ayj:awvh;
pkeef.bl,bof./
(3) ule:f ztrf,vif zlet f rf,wlu:f tefoj;
eef. ref:bde k b f ef wD;ygi,f oj, vmw;f auj;trf,
arjvmwf; pAwf:auj;trf,arjpAwf:ehbof./ ulef:
auj.eh. ref:rle d feif, ule:f ttle d f ulef:trf,
arjvmwf;uGmrf: ulef:teftrf,pkpmif; trf,pkOif
eef.bl,bof./ yle d ;f vmw;f Oifrj:auj; ref:awj;
trf,tofcof;N trf,tofcof;q[OifaO vgif;oj;
yle
d ;f pAw:f Oifeah uj; ref:trf,pkwol rf ef:eef.
bof./ ule:f auj.eh. c[;rle d f ule:f bl,e[:vku:f aO
ref:trf,tguf,vkuf: trf,tguf,wlnf:wif:eguf;
ref:ukr,f bl, e[:su;vyf:Odi,f aO trf,rki;f pefOmh
pldof;iof:vSif:Oif aOyguf;eef.bof./ vldofaO
eef. vgi;f zhm,wdwf:awj, vgi;f ym:h uyf:Odyk f,yde l ;f
auj; ref:trf,rD:eef.b0f;/ ule:f auj.eh. wge;f
wj, awpjpe A :f pjOe g t f of zm,h ym:h yh,nj,aO rj:pj
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
Ogeyf e g ;f yefye ld ;f eef. cSe:f oh.uhuuh e g ,f bof./
ugyf;yldof;eef ulef:auj.eh. ref:yAefulef:tef
trf,cof;wD; e[:au;umifcGmif,ulef:Oifvh;eef.
bof./ Orf.xSif; ykef;wj, zowj,wlofqof;uof,
yAeq f idl .f Ndof rD:qdil .f Ndoaf uj; ref:trf,arjcidk af rjyig f
trf,arjpw A :f Omi;f OifaOtdw:f wefwud :f edu:f
vDej,bof./ ule:f auj.eh. yke;f wj,zoj.ref: aw
ckdef;b[,ckdwf:yldef; tefoj;eef.sw. vldofaO
wlu:f wSr,f awtrf,rD:Oif/
ule:f rlod ;f vAoef .h urf;zgi;f Orf.yAeuf e l :f tef
elu,f ej,wkod w f ef/ urf;erferfe.h z[za[ uj; pk
uefbl,bof./ awj;eif, yAefOhmeldof.vldwf;pof:
bl,bj,bj, bif:trf,Oif,Ogefvh;auj; rD:rj:bl,
bof./ ugy;f ylod ;f qlod .f eefaObof. bj,P;yAef ule:f
vmwf;auj; trf,arjvmwf; pAwf:auj; trf,pAwf:
eef.aOurf:?
(4) ule:f zvifze l wf ul :f tefoj;eef. wD;
ygi,f ref: bke d bf efoj; ule:f auj.eh. arjauj; arj
vmwf; pAwf:auj; arjpAwf:ehbof./ ulef:auj.eh.
ref:c[;ygi,f oj; yAeuf e l f: zl;rD:wmi:f pk zl;rD:nme,f
ynf,nj,auj.ekdif;ehbof./ ulef:tefarjvmwf;
arjpw A :f qgr:f wmi:f vmw;f ref:eef. bl,wD;v[auj;
ref:wkdef:yAefulef: teftrf,wluf:Okrf: trf,
blyf;bgr:f yle d f; ihm;ihm;eef.bof./
ulef:auj.eh. qldof:tefyAefulef: pdrf:pgrf:
udefqrfref: qldof:eef.sv;Oif? tlnf:auj.
tlnf:aO;ref:qldof:eef.sv;Oif ref:wkdef:
erfrj:bl,trf,pmi.f bof./ ugy;f ylod ;f oj; ule:f pof: wif:
rlw:f wif:OAi;f eh. wge;f wj, zoj.qof;uof, Orf.
ayj: awcke d ;f b[,vh;eef. ref:bde k b f efeodl f
vgi;f wmi:f pAw:f wmi:f Omi;f pof:rj:uln:f / arjvmw;f

157
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
arjuyf:Okdyf,yldef;auj; yldifekdif;bl,bof./ ugyf;yldof;
eef P;rle d f auj.urf:vke
arjvmw;f pAw:f auj;arjpw
d f:Okwf: tefarjauj;
A :f eef.aOurf:?
vDwuj.vD
ugy;f ylod ;f eef ule:f pof:e[:vlu;f avj:uvlie f .h
urf;zgif; uh.arjvmwf; uGmrf:vlrf:vhmvhmaO uGj,pj
vSeuf e d yf e dl ;f qlid .f eefauj;rD:bl,bof./ uln:f uj;
ref:uGj,vSefudefyldef; vh;ekdif;yguf; qldif.eef
uln:f ref:awtrf,vh;xSi;f OgiO f mryf ug ;f / uyf:uhm,
vgi;f qlod :f eh.aOsv; zl;wSr;f vdu;f qif,vh; tof
ploaf cj; tefe.h aO seyefujG , vgi;f wmi:f pef
xkid q f of;uof,? eif,pkod z f ;l vlvud ;f pof:cof Orf.ayj:
awrD:vgif;wmif: pkpefuGj,aOtrf,uj: eif,pkdof
qlod .f clod :f zj,Oj,? Oj,Oej, P;ayj:Ndo;f Ndi:f ylid :f O[ujG ,
eef.auj; ylid e f idk ;f bge.f ylod ;f qlod .f eefaO eif, vDpuf. yAeq f odl .f qmw;f
pkdof;ref:Orf.ayj:aw trf,rD:ulef:trf,pksv; vDvmwf yAeuf Gmrf:omef
trf,pefeef. pof:xkuf,vD qkdef,wlofqkdef,q[ vDbmef yAev f of;bj;
ul;z[pif:ref:aO pAwf:P;ykef;wj, wlofqof;uof, vDzj; yAefbj;rj.
rD:wmif:olef.wmif:bmrf;vDaO P;ayj:ckdef;b[, r[, vDuB ]r}pj;wlof
OkifujG ,aOurf:wj./ vDuol f yAeuf e l :f bAe:f
vDpe A :f yAew f mi:f arj
wh:ukdif,cldof:(au:OD:) vDue g :f acj yAeof me;f rlid :f
zkdeftdif- vDNod f;Ndi:f yAev f duf;vhm:
- tifUw
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vgif;Oj,Oej,qdlof:eh. vgif;v[awyAef tef
wdwk .f wmh:qefqu[ e l :f wif:erfcj;`/
auj:vde,f w?umwf,zkn:f ?rdil :f udik f
wgy,f / bge.f Nofqu[ e l :f trf,Nrf;xln;f eif,oj;
eef.sv; qefv;h eif,uefrw l :f bl,/ eif,wmif:
udet f odl ;f / vSe:f bj;eh. wj,ule:f trf,ruf.aw.
cmif:oj;rAeaf Ow wj,ule:f ruf. ref:aw.]]Mrf}}
eh-oj,/
2. qAicf rf:vSi:f cj;-wj,Oj,Oej, ykw.f xqof;
awNdi:f eef. OifOmif,tge,f yj:edik ;f c[;ydw k ,f ymif
Ogef uyf:umh,vln;f Oj,Oej,eh qgi,f awcSr.f vSy;f
e[:su;yde l ;f cj;`/
auj:vde,f w?umwf,zkn:f ?rdil :f udik f
wgy,f / ayj:arjaOpAw:f aw. tD;Oifauj; wke d :f
uBbl,/ uln:f uj; ayj:yAeaf rjsraw. uh.tofOaI,
wlouf of,?OaI,Oj,Oej,wlu:f e[:su;yle d ;f tlod ;f /
ylid v
f il e
f .h vlo,f P;wli,f olid :f ule:f bgr:f pyf.uln:f /
ayj:ule:f pdr:f Mrf: trf,bgr:f pyf.aw. trf,Omif,
xku,f /
3. vgif;bkrf,brfeh. qmof:ykwf.pof:Oif,
159
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
qAifcrf:vSif:
Ogef eSef;ejoh.bof.? ulnf:uj; teftrf,q[;
qmof:ykw.f eef.cj;vl: qgi,f Oj,Oej,cof Oif,
Ogeof .h rdel q
f mof:ykw.f cj;`/
auj:vde,f w?umwf,zkn:f ?rdil :f udik f
wgyf,/ bgef.trf,rldefqmof:ykwf.sv; qif,
yAeO
f j,Oej,xSi;f tefeidk ;f pif:acjeef.ej,/
Oif,oj; rldefqmof:ykwf.auj; yAefqmof:ykwf.aO
bof.tlod ;f /
4. bgef:xmrf-qAicf rf:vSi:f tdw:f edik ;f ? wuj,
auj.edik ;f oj;]]ayj:ule:f Nde:f oj; Oki:f Ogr:f - ehqikd f
zdwf:tdlof;/ Ogrf:tefoj;eh. qof;Oif,cj,cof
uln:f tdol ;f vlo,f oj;}}ehcj;oj,/ c[;oj; cdi:f Ode?f emh:
Odecf of trf,vh;oj;]]udecf of;Ogr:f }}eh qdil .f eef
cj;pdok .f `/
xmrfaq:?vguh jcrf:?wmif.bmef:
wgyf,/ q[;oj;q[;bof./ vlof,vh;oj;]]sr:wj,
cof;}}ehtodl ;f / vlod af Oeef. vgi;f OAi;f umrf, eh.
wj,ckefapjcrf:? qof;zcof vh;oj; qmrf,yl;?
egef:az:? wj,rkefqof; Orf.oj;vgef,? cof;
qmrf,Olerf muf,pmuf;crf:-ehqugj, uGmrf:wj, xmef;
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5. qAicf rf:vSi:f cj;-vmefqmh: c[;xmrf vki:f pof:- tefcj;bdil :f aO vl,wmef:eef. qgi,f Mwf;pmif;
rdol ;f cj;wduk .f vAu.f yl,emh:pof:cofoj; ayj:awege:f xdik w
f ol rf ef:vh; cmof:wmif: pdik w f mef,emh.eh bge:f
P;oj;yef]]tedw.f q wku.f c tewf.w}}ehu;l xmrx f ikd f vki:f qAicf rf:vSi:f pof:wgy,f yeftw d :f edik ;f /
crf;cj;-oj,/ ref:ygif,Oif wif:tefpof:egef: qmh:oef:ymif,?u_r
eef.cj;/ wgyf,/ ckeaf pjcrf:ydr,f ydOj,I rj:pSe:f vl, yef
qof;odqe d ,f wj,?u_r yD;egi.f qmof:clod :f ref: tefwmhye A yf ud .f wj,qlod :f
wgy,f / P;yAef bj;ege:f vyf:vDtodl ;f vmef auj;/ eef. wif:vh:pkoj; pkid rf j:cmof:wmif: Nofvmef.yD-
ayj:awukr,f rh;q[qrg :f vku;f vmif: clo:f cgif umef ehue g ,f vl:/ bge.f eef vgi;f pkid f trf,pkid e f ef.
vgi;f eef.vgi;f eh.eh ege:f awtrf,vyf:/ ayj: trf,q[;ylid b f ,[ / qSu,f ukOol ,f yef zl;OAi;f umrf,eh.
arjOgef,oj;]]cldif;cgifwif:vlifqldof:eef. ref: ayj:ref:wmhujg ,yAef zAw,f (ydu.f wj,)uge,f qif,vh;
trf,ref;(=tedqq f )? cofqmif; vkpmhwmhc?gh Ndo.f tlod ;f / vlod af Oeef. ayj:wmhye A z f ?D ule:f ?Owf:
bmy,f rh;g qgr:f (=Wkucf )?trf,rle d f q[v;h (=tewfw) sv;wlu:f iImh:qlod :f eh. trf,vh;-ehoj,/
ehauj; rofqv [ il uf jg , trf,q[;pkod v
f j,/ ayj:arjygi,f
8. qAicf rf:vSi:f cj;-zde k vf ud ;f e[:wdul ;f O[,vdu;f
q[eif,eefauj; q[tefr;h qgr:f wif:vliw f if:
qAicf rf:vSi:f pof:cofeef. Odr:f tof O[,e[:yyf.vdu;f
vmhqldof:eef.auj; pmhOSyf:aO egef:vyf:vD
qAicf rf:vSi:f rdol ;f v[cj;`/
eef.ej,/ xSif;vmh:ekdif;auj; qrfawegef:
Ipmef:r[,?vde l Nf uf:rle:f ?07
P;arjcku:f cle.f ole.f vln;f umefzj,oej,tlod ;f /
wgy,f / pAw:f qAicf rf:vSi:f rlod ;f v[auj; Odr:f trfO,[
6.qAifcrf:vSif:cj;-rdlof;vAof vmefqmh:rj:bl, rlod ;f eef.tlod ;f / cmof:pAw:f qAicf rf:vSi:f eh. yAee f :[
e[:Oj,Oej,aO OgefpAef:vduf;xrf:bl,cj;/ vle d (f 11)?pkid rf ug ;f ekid ;f vle
d tf odl ;f /
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9. qAifcrf:vSif:cj;-e[:yyf.qAicf rf:vSi:f sv;
Oj,Oej,aO awc[;apj:Twj:ehsv; vmh:apj:
yyf.wmif,rAo:f tefr:D erf.uGmrf:cduk .f vduk .f qlod :f eef.
ref:awvh;pAw:f qdil .f pdok f vmhvmheh seyefyik ,f
Oifoj; cj;cof uAy:f MrfwrS ;f oh. aOsv; tofpw A :f
wSu;f ref:tdw:f edik ;f cj;/
tgu,f yyf.pif:uln:f aO trf,pkwef:O[,yj: qkod ;f zl;
qof;odqe d ,f wj,?u_r
wSr;f iof;ref:ehqikd f qgi,f awyAeO f ifcj;/
wgy,f / vlo,f eif;cmh,ukw,f aO apj:tlod ;f / vmh:apj:
Ipmef:r[,?vde
l Nf uf:rle:f -07
ref:aw. qof;apj:Twj:qkod ;f OAib f ,[ qlod :f eef.
wgy,f / yle
d ;f awoj;]]trf,arjwSr;f pif:uln:f aO
uBLdu;f ylid q
f of;yj:v[auj; blid ;f qgr:f qof;yj:eef.
vgrv f rS t
f ofcig yf e
dl ;f }}eheef.ej,/
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10. qAifcrf:vSif:cj;-oj, rkeq f mif:sv; oj,
7. qAicf rf:vSi:f cj;-sr;cj;pof:OAi;f ugj, vh;(20)
qof;Omif,eh. ref:ydil ;f Oifuefsv; oh.oj, rkef
yDbof. vku;f qmh:c[;cde
k :f wgy,f uke:f rkef sr;ehsv;
qmif:euf:ejaO oj,qof;Omif,cj;/ oj,qof;Omif,
160
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cofe.h trf,cof;wmif:wdok :f e[:Oj,Oej, e[:Omif, 13. ulef:urf;zgif; ayj:rD:qef.rj:wmef,"
umef:Oifcj;pj.` qmif;xmif,vAu.f edol pf rd :f Mrf:? erf.q[ tefc;[ qkif
Ipmef:r[,?vdel Nf uf:rle:f ?07 qef tofauj.wjwefcof st,ej,eh qAicf rf:
wgyf, /cof;wmif:wkdof: vgif;vh;pyf.zgef:vD vSi:f c[;vmwf;yefzmif.cof eif,pdok `f /
uxdef,sv; vgif;qof;Omif, awj,qof;Omif, qmh:omef;egu;f ?wmif.bmef:
vlof,eyf.brfueftldof;/vgif;oh.oj,rkefqmif:euf: wgyf,/ c[;oj; umefww dk .f wmh: qkiq
f efye dl ;f eh.
eef.aw. bge.f cofv;h urfOe d ef rftodl ;f / yAeuf mefaej,crf:Tzj:(nj,wwf.xqIdb)? ykid ;f
uki,f trf,pkuik ,f eh. uh.ugq
h mwf;-ehun l :f /
11. qA i f c rf : vS i f : cj; -rl , vd u f ; tef O [ , oh .
e[:yyf. tefeikd ;f bof.eef. eif,pdok rf ,l vdu;f aw 14. wuj,rmifwD; uh.umyf;Ogrf:umifcrf;eef.
sz;erfesh v; cde k :f tofO,[ xSi;f e[: wmif,yyf. zl;Oki:f sv; zl;vl,ref: awrD: wmif:zdw:f eif,
qdik f qgi,f awvDcj;/ rl,vdu;f ule:f wmif,cdol :f rde l f pdok e
f h vki:f qAicf rf:vSi:f pof: vmwf;se tdw:f
eif,]]boln,f eg,h }}cofqold :f eh. vdu;f cofeikd ;f rl,uln:f edik ;f cj;/
vh;pefq.[ oh. yAev f mhw;D / zmh,wh:aw.yh,pefnj:? qmh:omef;egu;f ?wmif.bmef:
tdie f old f vgi;f eh.aO qAicf rf:vSi:f pefxikd e f if, wgyf,/ayj:trf,udef Orf.wgi.f rh;? ayj:udef erf
pdok `f / Orf.wgif.u[;eef.ej,/ ayj:yAefqmif:aO udef
wgyf,/ trf,Omif,xku,f / pAw:f P;erf.uwf. ule:f wmif:udefzdwf:cmof:(odujv)eh xkuf,tj,ymwf;
vgi;f cwf:q[wrS ;f vdu;f wlu:f bgr:f ugj,tlod ;f / ayj:yAef yj,qdwf;?qof;Omif,xlduf;wmrf,-ehoj,/ulef:vl,
vdu;f rAo:f yke d sf zoj,weef.aw. qAo:f sz;vh; ref:aw. vl,cmof:v[auj; yAew f mif:vl, wj,e
eif,pkod af uj; vDOydk ,f sz;ugj,bl,/ ukOol ,f bl,wdu:f wdu:f uln:f /
12. qAifcrf:vSif:cj;- eif,pdkofulef:rdlif:ayj: 15. bmrf:vAof tgeuf efyw kd ,f Nif:wln:f vdu;f
awrD:q[ c[;vlvud ;f rj:erf? xgr,f cmof,aq:eef. ehsv; vmh:ydw k ,f Nif:wln:f vdu;f ? vmh:xdi:f Odr:f yyf.?
qAicf rf:vSi:f c[;ymuf;sewmif:eif,pdok `f / vmh:ygiuf mef sw,ugj,qdol :f eh. Oyf:vSi:f seyef
qmh:omef;egu;f ?wmif.bmef: wD;uSy;f ref:tdw:f edik ;f cj;/
wgyf,/ c[;vmwf;oj; ayj:erf.tguf:wkdef;auj; qmh:omef;egu;f ?wmif.bmef:
yle
d ;f qmif;cke
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161
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1
16. Oif,cj,wh: tefpyf.vh; qkr;f cl:arjvlif wgyf, /ayj:Oltgif,vduf;aO pAwf:umefqgrf:
(zD,tAw.f cBW f )D wgu;f wdol ,f eh. rD:vmhqof;bof.? ydek :f eif,umifq[ ayj;c[;P;yAefeef. xmif,ref:aw
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qmh:omef;egu;f ?wmif.bmef: vlod af Oref:(ayj;)z[awtrf,arjwgy,f /
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19. qAifcrf:vSif:cj; -cl:Ogefvlifauj.ekdif;
e[:rldif:tsr,Idumef,?qof;xrf,rOj,rd vmh:cj;?
vmwf;oj;]]OAiTf zj:yAeq f of; wduk .f rD:bl, e[:rdil :f
wkud .f rD:e[:rlid :f tSi:f uvAw;f ? qof;au,vj,eef,w
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vAw;f eh rD:OD,qof;tlod ;f /
pdok `f /
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wh:cof yAez f v [ mh"wD;cj;/ vmwf;eh. ref:Nof,ugi;f aO cgi.f oh.bl,elod f umifpmof-
qmh:omef;egu;f ?wmif.bmef: ehoj,/
wgyf,/tefv;h cmrf,bku.f yAecf :l arjvdu;f wh: eh.
20. qAifcrf:vSif:cj;-vgif;vgwf;yxmef:eh.
TOj,qof;vlirf idl :f egif qof;yef,wdw? TOj,qof;
sw,qArrf old ;f ymefTzj: cj;p? omh:Tzj:yAef qof;cj;p/
vlin f j,eOrf,zj,I ydwumwf; ymifvil ?f vki:f ike d :f
rmifw;D vgw;f Omrfoef:?rmifw;D pj;oef:? rmifw;D
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qAw:f oef:? oef:apj:st, sv;erfe.h zge:f vD
tlod ;f / qof;yhm:rge:f cofsw. vki:f atj:aq,b OD,
ref:qgi,f vh;rde l uf efcj;/
ayj.? vki:f eef,wxD: ymifvil ?f arjbjqhm:crf:vAu:f
qmh:nj,ede,f (vgih rg :f )omef;rmuf,?rdil :f abj
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wgyf,/vgif;vgwf;tmef,xrf:Twj:aw. rD:qArf
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21. qAifcrf:vSif:cj; -Ioj;Ipmef: wD;ugrf:
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crf:vSi:f pof: yefwmif:ch;q[zig ;f /
qdil .f pdok cf j;`/
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OSoMf rf?awj.Omif,
162
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tlod ;f / awtrf,vh;vloj;]]bpmef:}}ehvj:vj:/ cli:f v[vmh"cj;`/
yl,uRif:tge,f ?erf.qmif
22. qAifcrf:vSif:cj;-Ojxlof.?Ojxk?Oj,xk
wgyf,/Owf:woj, qldof:tef vmwf;apj:se
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OSoMf rf?awj.Omif,
trf,ygi,f q[qodl :f eef.aw. yAef Owf:woj,uln:f /
wgyf,/Ojxk-rSef;tldof;/ bgef.ref:yAefuGmrf:
trf,q[;ao,ae,b-oj,/ e[:quBoav, tefoj;
yj,vdsv; trf,vlo,f OAib f uf:? OAiof zSw:f /
eef. yAefe[:ukefeh.? teef,wquBoav,
23. qAifcrf:vSif:cj; -rdlof;pof:bl,uhayj;sr; tefoj;eef. Orf.vlod af Oukee f .h ? uj;yAew
f mif,
pof:eef. ayj:pof:pAw:f wmif:vD vl,wmef: O[, ukeq f odl :f yke.f tlod ;f /
qdok ;f cofeh qgi,f cofawvh;ukOol ,f ref:cj;`/
26. qAifcrf:vSif:cj; -way:_wsy:? wyf.
OSoMf rf?awj.Omif,
ay:? sq;oAif:_aq;oAif:? sO.se:_aO.ae:?
wgyf,/vgi;f cku:f q[v;h aO Oli,f rAw.f wj, pAw:f
se_ae? eheh._e[eh.? ukef:rkef_ukif,rkef?
umefvuD O k ol ,f yef wj,ayj;sr;eef.uln:f yAeyf idl f
wif:OAi;f _wmif:OAi;f qdol :f eh. awvh;q[.wlov f [
b[, wj,vku;f vmif:/ ygi,f oj;trf,vkrd :f au:ql:ayj;
yAew f ol rf e
S ;f ref:cj;`
sr;eef.ej,/ vgi;f vh;trf,vh;eef.aw. ref:
yl,uRif:tge,f ?erf.qmif
bl,vln;f cof arjqlr:f qgr:f sv; trf,arjqlr:f qgr:f /
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166
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167
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tefvol ,f pkxidk f xSi;f vgi;f ekid ;f aw. yj,vd tef z[ref: wSr;f oh.pif:z[,pif:ref:bof. eif,oj;eef.
rD:oh.bl, e[:rlid :f ule:f eh. uGmrf:yj,vdref: uln:f bof. sv; OAiq f j,wd(atj,)ref: tofyidl ;f ugj,?vgi;f ugj,
rle
d e f if,clo:f ugiuf mifaO ule:f ul;rlid :f rlid :f Nrf;uef qgrf:OAifqmof:cldof:ulef:bof./rldefeif,uGmrf:wh:
q[.wkod :f bl,? wlow f rS ;f ref:aw. trf,q[;qlid .f eef vgi;f teftofcof;O[,Oly:f eef. OAit f ug ,f wge;f
bof.? yAez f ,[ yAerf ef:ugj,bof./ umifoj;]]udecf of;}}? OAit f ug ,f wge;f Mif,oj; ]]qdef
uGmrf:yj,vd wlov f ud ;f OD,Nof,? cof.}}? OAit f ug ,f wge;f tgu,f oj;]]ude:f cof,}}eheef.
uGmrf:yj,vd wlov f ud ;f rmef;? bof./ OAiyf j,vdauj; vh;vgi;f qgr:f OAicf odl :f ule:f
uGmrf:yj,vd wlov f ud ;f xh:? ugj,bof./
uGmrf:yj,vd wlov f ud ;f tSi:f uvAw;f ? ayj:yAee f ef Orf.awoj;z[ze A ;f vlod z
f v [ j,/
uGmrf:yj,vd wlofvduf;wh: pAwf:ehvlifugj, awvh;oj;]]cgiw f :h auj; oj;wh:uB-cgiof auj; obgi;f -
eef.ej,/ rAo:f acj;uGmrf:eh. ayj:wlow f rS ;f ref: cgif;yvgif;auj; yvgif;tmrf:-cgifyl,zmrf:auj; yl,
cmh.auj; OAit f ug ,f ref:auj; cmh.qgr:f tlod ;f / zmrf:oj;ref:rSe;f -eh eif,oj;eef. uln:f blo.f /
vgi;f eh. tSi:f uvAw;f tofvud ;f cof wSr;f uGmrf:wh: rle
d ef if, OAiyf j,vd acj;tefoj; ]]wkbpf ?> ynfnj?
acj;tefoj;]]yl,xof;}}eheef. wlow f rS ;f cof Orf. yknn f ?> yIdyE k E f ?> ynfq ODv?> odnn f jE>}}eh
yAe]f ]Putao}}? uGmrf:acj;eef. rmef;Orf. tofvud ;f qlod :f eh.aw. rmef;? xh:?tSi:f uvAw;f qlod :f eh. pmif;
cofwrS ;f qgr:f tSi:f uvAw;f oj; ]]ylwmtk}d }ehujg ,qlod :f yh,pefz[ zAe;f rle d w f :h aOclod :f st;/
eef. tofOiA q f j,wdref: pmhujg ,ySw;f tlod ;f / ayj: ayj:tofwol v f ud ;f rmef;wSr;f auj; yAeyf j,vdrmef;?
yAee f efOrf. awvh;oj;z[ze A ;f vlod zf v[ j,/ Orf.vlof,vltguf,OAifeif,rmef;aO Orf.tofN
xSif;vguf:ekdif;-qkdof;rldif:sc,eh. uGmrf:tSif: rmef;xgr,f uge,f qif,oj;ref:zAe;f tlod ;f /vlod af O
uvAw;f oj;]]cBmh:ej:=China}}eh/uGmrf:acj;eh. iof; eef. ayj:tofwol v f ud ;f xh:wSr;f auj; yAeyf j,vdx:h ?
ij,ref: vku.f wD;uGmrf:yj,vdacj; tefoj; ]]qde}} Orf.vlo,f vltug ,f OAie f if,xh:aO tofNxh: xgr,f -
aO yAeuf jg ,tlod ;f / ygi,f oj;]]ulr,f }}oj,/ rlid :f teftof pAw:f ehvil uf jg ,uge,f qif,Omif,xku,f bof./ OAiyf j,vd
vdef pAw:f udeuf mefviA .f wgi.f -ehtodl ;f /zmh,pAw:f tefx:h vgw;f eef. tofNrmef;? NtSi:f uvAw;f
arj; pAw:f ome,f eh. sc,cof wke d :f uB trf,q[;pkod v f j,/ xgr,f auj; trf,Omif,xku,f ? OAiyf j,vdrmef;eef.
vku.f wD; uGmrf:yj,vd ]]qde}}? OAit f ug ,f tde,f wd tofNxh:? vmof: qlod :f eh. xgr,f auj; cofawtrf,oj;
b]]qBe d }}eheef. tSi:f uvAw;f cof Orf.wSr;f oj; ref:zAef; tefoj;eef. bkrf,pwf:pwf:vj;/
]]China}}aO vlo,f tgu,f OAiof j;]]qBde}}? ule:f vl ayj:yAee f efauj; vlo,f ygi,f q[oj; ayj:trf,rD:ylid f
ref: Orf.tgu,f OAiof j;]]cBm:h ej:}}ugj,eef. yAev f ig ;f Okew f ol ,f eif,yle d ;f aw. wh:wkud .f awbmif;qgr:f
vDzmif. e[:umefvud ;f vmh:sv; uGmrf:vmwf;sw." vifye dl ;f ?xmif,yle d ;f zAe;f vlod af O uGi"f uj:"bl,uln:f /

168
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ulnf:uj; e[:umefOif,cj,eh. vlof,uj,bOj, tgu,f cj rle d uf efb,l sv; qlo;f yh,ayj: zgr.f uefe.h
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f a[ uj; vlud ;f q[.wloe
f ef.xj;uge;f / ayj:
qj,Oj,ruf.uD,/ bge.f eef OAit f ug ,f rle
d uf efauj; wh: zgr.f uefrj: oef:ekid ;f qAicf rf:vSi:f trf,wSy:f
vD? ySu,f uefauj;bof. ylid v f il af w. yj,vde.h vlo,f wwf:auj; ref:awwSw;f rj:pif:uln:f bl,/
pkw;D ygi,f ref:aOsv; tofuBmif.urfun l :f / wgi:f oh.
51. qAicf rf:vSi:f cj;-rdil :f wh:pof:rmifw;D ayj:
sv;e/
cmof:Omif:uBmef,eh sw,oef:ref:wlu:f awj,oef:
49. qAifcrf:vSif:cj;-yDw:h pof:cj;aw. vSu;f
ref:ckdef; tgefuefoj;]]yAefoef:eof;}}ehaO
vmh;vdel O f yd :f Ogiv
f yf:/ vdel q f iA f awj, xdik vf e ld f
trf,ckwf:vdef? trf,ywf:zAof;? trf,Ouf.Omh,/
Ody:f Ogie f ef.auj; yAeq f mof:wh:pof: sw,pAw:f oh.
uln:f uj; ule:f urf;zgi;f Orf.yj: ugi;f umif,aO sv,pj
cj;p`/
vdyk ;f wloxf eld ,f ckw:f tD,uku;f rSi:f ref:qlod :f eef.
qof;emrf:crf:/owf.uki:f yof:?ujvd
Orf.oj;vh;bl,/ vgif;eh. eif,pdkofawtrf,irf:
wgyf,/ yAefvgif;tef wh:ruf:ref:rj:ulnf:/
iof:eef. qg;h Oyf:vSi:f yefzig ;f cj;/
trf,q[;wh:pAw:f yAerf j: vle d f oef:/
Oliuf ig w
f :h ?ep?rdil :f tgw,f
50. vkif:qAifcrf:vSif:cj;-umh,ckdef:sv; n wgyf, /tldof;Jayj:bkrf,auj; brf? ayj:trf,
zSw:f eh. pof:cj; awvh;tofwol v f q
[ .[ wkod :f ugj,/ bkrf,auj; trf,brf-eheef.ej,/ ayj:rD:wmif:
urf;zgif; wSrf;oj;]]qmh:}}?urf;zgif; Orf.wSrf;oj; bkr,f brf eif,vdu;f Omif:uBmef, oj;eef.auj; vlo,f
]]qmnf:}}ehqodl :f eef. trf,Oku.f Omuf.cj;p/vgi;f eyf.brfqrg :f aO ayj:trf,bkr,f eif,vdu;f Omif:
eh. cSe:f awj; vki:f qAicf rf:vSi:f pof: su;chyef uBmef,oj;eef.auj; trf,vlo,f eyf.brf? trf,vlo,f
vgi;f crfqv [ il f qdol :f pof:cj; qif,pj arjvdu;f wh:eh. pAw:f qgr:f Oifeef.ej,/
aOurf:/
52. qAicf rf:vSi:f cj;-vgi;f vl,wmef:Odr,f eh.
qmh:_bdi:f pke;f rke:f r[,
ayj:yAeyf ul .f ulo,f qof;wj,eaO vl,wme:f eh trf,
wgyf,/ ref:yAef wlofvduf;wh:eif,uefsv;
ayj:Omif,xku,f ? vlo,f vh;Nrf;ydel ;f aOauj." qif,vl,
vlof,q[.wkdof:eif,ueftldof;/ wD;]uhumhuhg}eef.
vh;-ehe.h qgi,f q[;sw.cj;/
vlo,f q[.umh,cke d :f ? wD;uknuf n l uf ndk uf n
dl f qlod :f eef.
Oliuf ig w
f :h ?ep?rdil :f tgw,f
vlo,f q[.]n}zSw:f tlod ;f / xSi;f vmh:ekid ;f umh,cke d :f
wgyf,/ trf,yh,wge.f bmrf;ide:f st./ tefoj;
sv; ]n}zSw:f eh. wlow f rS ;f cj ySu,f uefaOw
trf,vDvl,aw. vof;?bj;?ugif.?ugif;?pmif; tef
OAit f ug ,f cj rle
d uf efun l :f / uln:f uj; tefvz D mif.
yefpiS :f P;udav,Oj,sz; qlod :f eh.uln:f /
aw. ]n}zSw:f wmifwol f umh,cke d :f vh;ul;wD;aOw
umh,cked :f aw. rle d ef if, wD; ukn-f uln-f ukn d -f uln d -f 53. qAifcrf:vSif:cj;-qof;uof,c[;vl,wmef:
qlod :f eef. trf,wmifwol f ]n}zSw:f vh;/bge.f OAif aOw Orf.trf,rD:clof:cgif wj,awvl,wmef:?
bdryf lde;f wmif,auj.aO vl,wmef:qdik f zge:f vD
169
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ref: qgi,f rde
l uf efcj;/ seoh.yefbl,/ aw.-eef. vlof,q[.wD;tef
Oliuf ig w
f :h ?ep?rdil :f tgw,f oj;]]ref:aw. trf,ugj,? uofun l :f tlod ;f ugj,}}/ sw.
wgyf,/bdryf edl ;f aOvl,aw. trf,vh;/ ul;yle d ;f eef. vlo,f q[.wD;tef;oj;]]q[;sw.}}? ch;-eef.
aOvl,aw. yAeuf O k ol ,f bl,/ uln:f uj; vlo,f wSe:f vlof,q[.wD;tefoj;-vrf:ch;? ch;vmwf;? ch;emof
cke
d :f pmrf.z[: bj,P;ege:f pkid e f ef.ej,/ qlod :f eh.tlod ;f / uln:f uj; wrf:sebl,aO ayj:yle d ;f
trf,wln:f ?wln:f bl,aO trf,qgr:f aw. awurf:"
54. qAicf rf:vSi:f cj;-il:wmif:vlie f .h il:Oif wrf:seauj; awudef ej;vdu;f qAicf rf:vSi:f uln:f /
awj:Ob[,aOyldef;cj;? vldofeef. il:tefugif. 57. qAicf rf:vSi:f cj;-rdol ;f ykw.f xqof; abj:
ref:cSe,f vdol yf e
ld ;f Orf.yAeif :l Oifcj;`/ cdi:f ugj,apj:Twj: su;zlw,f tof Owf:woj,cofeef.
qmh:zpmef?ukepf id :f qgi,f uSe,f qof;cD,qmif.?cD,r?cDeul .f bki:f ?olo:f uGm:h qdol :f
wgy,f /tefawj:Ob[,aOyle d ;f yAeif :l pof,umuf,? eh.cj;pdok `f /
tefuig .f ref: brfaOyle d ;f Orf. e[:rlid :f wh: yAeif :l yl,uRif:?rdil :f wlef
pof,vrf? e[:rlid :f rmef; Orf.yAeif :l wkid :f tlod ;f / wgyf, /bmrf;idef:oj; yhugj,umrf.erftldof;/umrf.
55. qAicf rf:vSi:f cj;-erf.cli:f eh. rD:au:ql: st,aw. Omef,ugj,-ehoj,/ uln:f uj; wloO f wf:
edol cf old :f Odol e
f if,pdok ?f Orf.uyf:umh,uef wif:tef aw. Tzj:wke d :f trf,cD,OifaOygu;f /
qdol .f qmwf;pof:eif,pdok `f / 58. qAifcrf:vSif:cj; -rdlof;ymefykwf.xqof;
tAepf iS :f Odol ?f prf:imh: wkud .f rD:bl,eef. qgi,f qof;Ipmef:cof cD,sy. cj;p/
wgyf,/qln.f z[, qln.f ref:tlod ;f / urf;zgi;f auj; ymefrold v f oA f vh;pef pke,f pmif; qof;OD,ovd cD,sy.
tofrmuf,pderf ef: vyf.z? vyf.rdw,f / urf;zgi;f auj; oh.atj;/ q[;bl,sw.cj;p/
Okuf;tmyf,? arjuGmrf:cof Orf.tofpAwf:wD;vmwf; yl,uRif:?rdil :f wlef
vgi;f umefridl :f qlod :f eh.tlod ;f / wgyf,/ule:f bgi,f cof ole.f aO pAw:f oh.uln:f /
56. qAicf rf:vSi:f cj;-aw.sv;sw.? ch; sv; 59. qAicf rf:vSi:f cj;-xh:eh. cofpw A :f yg:h zdi;f
c[;? wmif:sv;wif:eh. cj;pof:uh.vh;vl pefyyf.wh: si;sv; yg:h Oj,Oej,rlod ;f v[auj; cofyul :f qgryf od f
umrf.erf"q[.wdok :f oh. rde l e
f if, trf,rD:wD;rD:wmif: Oj,Oej,?qgryf od q f lod .f qmwf;cof wj,aO,atj;/
oh.cj;atj;/ bge.f eef trf,rD:yuf:ydil (f rmhr;D )aO wh:pof:cj;vl:-trf,rD:Oke,f ylu:f eif, eefbof.cj;
wef:c[;q[.wdok :f qdil .f pdok af uj; q[.wdok :f ugj,eh.vh;bl, pdok `f / rD:yg:h zdi;f si;?yg:h Oj,Oej, bl,auj; wD;rdil :f
(Omif,xkuf,bl,)cj;pdkof? ayj:trf,Omif,xkuf, wD; wlee f .h trf,pefw:h ylu:f eif,xh:cj;/ vgi;f eh.
q[.wdok :f qdol :f cof Orf.awvh;yAew f ;D v[eh cSe:f ydik ;f vki:f qAicf rf:vSi:f vmwf;se vgi;f vDv;h ylu:f
awj; rgu,f vmwf;seaOurf:cj;/ qgryf od O
f j,Oej,? qgryf od q f old .f qmwf;aOurf:/
tAepf iS :f Odol ?f prf:imh: yl,uRif:?rdil :f wlef
wgyf,/vgif;qldof:eh. qAifcrf:vSif: bmrf;wrf: wgyf,/ blofcof trf,yh,rD:ikdef:vldof wj,Okdof.
170
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yldifvlifref: umeftefpAwf:eef. vlof,P;bof. crf:vSi:f wgy,f yefaOurf:cj;/
wlo;f xkid ;f wD;uln:f trf,q[;p/ zl;c[;pk_ tmh;cmef?wmif.bmef:
wgy,f /ref:yAeuf mG rf:ole.f ule:f odw.f qj,cofun
l :f /
60. qAicf rf:vSi:f cj;-cdil ;f ydil e
f rf.uwf. wmif:
trf,q[;uGmrf:olef. ykwf.xqof;/ uGmrf:olef.ykwf.
cSe,f tefqof;Oif,cj,cof qdol :f ygiuf mef Oj,Oej,
xaw. ayj:rD:Qjwd=vgif;sw,auj; rD:QIj=
xku,f vh;rD:oh.uyf:wloe
f ef. yAeq f ild .f pdok v
f mv
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yefaOurf:cj;/
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yl,uRif:?rdil :f wlef
wgy,f /vlo,f arjuyf:Okyd ,f ?vmwf;apj:?tky.f ylid ,f ? ylif 63. qAicf rf:vSi:f cj;-uGmr:f qof;tefIpme:f cof
Ogef?umefurf,rj,urf,r?umeftgefNof vkuf;egif. vof;vmwf;tj,ymwf;eef. ayj:oj;tj, ymwf;(wmif:
way:wuj,?zj,Oj,uGmrf:vmhroA :f sv; P;qj,Idw.f w zdwf:)(Ozjuowfxk)rdlefuefeh. vof;vmwf;
wmif:bmrf;vDqodl :f eh.tlod ;f / auj;trf,pmhaOtrf,uj: yhmnj:xSif; tj,ymwf;
wku.f uwf;uge,f ehcj;vl:-urf;zgi;f Orf. vof;vmwf;
61. qAifcrf:vSif:cj;-vhgxdlef,vlifpdroef,
bl,cj;/ vgi;f wmif:rD:qdil .f pdok `f / cSe:f awj; Oyf:
wj, tefoj;eef. ref:rD:e[:rdil :f v[? wmif:b[,
vSi:f yefw;D uGmif;ref:tdw:f edik ;f cj;/
ref:rD:uj;pdkof/Orf.uh.pef e[:vduf;xrf:tefv[
zl;c[;N._ tmh;cmef?wmif.bmef:
auj; pefr:D vgph rd oef,wj, bl,wdu:f "cj;vj,? trf,
wgyf,/awj;tj,ymwf; tefeuf:vkud .f vlod f wku.f
tmyf;arjvk arjpmhaOyguf;cj;vj,? cSef:awj;
umwf;f eef. wif:pwf:xku,f bl,sv; rgu;f wku.f umwf;
vki:f qAicf rf:vSi:f wgy,f yefqold :f pof:cj; trf,pkpef
tefawxkuf,vlnf;owf.xkOzj,u tj,ymwf;
eh.aOurf:/
eef.auj; vlo,f pwf:xku,f aOsv; wkod af O vof;
zl;c[;pk_tmh;cmef?wmif.bmef:
aw,Oej,? rlod ;f v[ ref:ukw d :f wku.f umwf, tj,ymwf;
wgy,f /pdroefwj-tefoj;eef. ref:yAef uGmrf:
Ozj,ueef.ulnf:ugef, qif,ckdef:vkdrf.aO
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vof;vmwf;xSi;f urf:Ogif pif:acjacj P;ref:qke d ;f
emh:Okr,f -vh;wD;ygi,f eif,ehsv; vhrg ug ,f ukr;f Okr,f
O[told ;f /
eh. ayj:yAecf mof:uwf:?rlid :f uwf: wked :f pkref:rD:wdu:f
yldifwSuf;ref: rldefeif,qof;Ipmef:Ogifwlef
wdu:f bof./
udefvof; eif,uefayj:eh vh;oj;Ogifcj xkuf,
62. qAifcrf:vSif:cj; -tefoj;]]OD,yj: wmh tj,ymwf; tefcldif;yldifrldefuef(owfxkOZjU)
trf,eof;? OD,yj: xof; trf,wmh}}eheef. bof./ayj:yAee f ef ayj:yj:vAu.f vof;aw,O ej,
ref:ygif,oj;OifwD;cj;/ xrf:Tzj:yAefqof; oj; wrf;wD;yj:b[,eh yj:vAu.f eef. Okyd ,f xku,f tjymwf;
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171
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
xku,f bge.f tjymwf; owf.xkOzj,ueef.uln:f / wmif:bmrf;?uGmrf:vmwf;?zdif;si;qldof:eh. wkdef:
yj:b[,eef.aw. tj,ymwf; wmif,qlod .f wmif, ylid f yAez
f ,[ yAerf ef:bl,bof.sv; rle
d e
f if, qSu,f uefo.h
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d :f bl, vkr:f bof./
vkr:f ? tj,ymwf;wku.f umwf; tefOig cf j rD:Ozj,u
66. qAifcrf:vSif:cj; -wj,awyAefrj: zl;
owf.xk(udev f of;eif,uef)bl,sv; vof;aw,O
tgefNofvD ulef:wif:erf bgrf:pyf.vh;eef.
ej,wD;uefeef.auj; xkuf,xSif;bof./ ulnf:uj;
awvh;uBmif.qgr:f vgu:f vmh:tefvw [ ;D cj;`/
yj:tgee f ef. vof;vmwf; aOsv;xku,f ? yj:b[,
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wgyf,/ble d .f -wke
d ,f -vku.f -szyef-ole.f pef
trf,rldefuefsv; trf,yAefowf.xkOzj,utj,
at:vlej, ukif,tif,uj,ulef:vlif rD:Nuf:bldif;
ymwf;bof./
eh.bof.-ehtrf,q[;pkod v f j,/vlod af Oeef. vlo,f
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tgeuf efMif. Oj,owf.xd-ehun l :f / umyf;ymefbmrf:
ule:f wef tdw:f ekid ;f cj;/
vAof ayj:uGj,oj; ]Oj,owf.xd}eh ule:f rlid :f tde,f wd
qmh:xke:f qdi,f ?ugeuf mif
b z[auj;trf,N.bof./ cofulnf:N.oj; ]OpSwf.
wgy,f / / e[:yke d :f OSeof D rlod ;f qof;z ege:f az:
rpSwf.}ehulnf:tldof;/ ygif,oj; tofqkdof;qif,eh.
vh;pkoj; qlod :f yAeq f mof:yD;egi.f sv; cSu,f zl;b[,cof
(ywf.qkyef,) ref:oj;-eef.ej,/ykdef:auj;bl,
eki;f clo:f zlud ,f aO qgr:f Oli,f -ehbof./ e[:Twj:Tzj:
pif:yke
d :f ? qkod ;f auj; bl,pif:qkod ;f tlod ;f / uln:f uj;
176
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
qkod ;f e[:yke
d :f eef. yle d ;f trf,tofq.[ wj,ywf. tAwf:qrfrlef:eh ul;yDul;yDeh. vh;pefqmof:cldof:
qkyef,eef. yAev f ig ;f vDzmif.tlod ;f / wgi:f oh.sv; yD;egif.wh:pof: rD:zAif;xkif: pAwf:uRif:cAif,wmif,
e/ umyf;ymef yle d ;f tgeuf ef cke d ;f uGj,zhm,ej;bl, ykwf;ul;Ndef:aO tofwguf,Ogh. rguf,?rmuf,?pmuf;?Nof?
eef. wh:rmifqodl :f sc:Orf. c[;cke d :f cke
d z
f mh ,vif wle;f cof;J qlod :f eef. yAecf odl :f aOsv; Mh;qgr:f
Nefzmh ,vifbol .f / cAi,f wmif,ykw;f eef.cj;vj,? ymefrldo;f vAof rD:omef,
tmif,ugu:f bl,? pAw:f Oifsv; trf,q[.wkod :f tefoj;
87 qAifcrf:vSif:wD;cj;-pAwf:Oifsv; ayj:
eef. cAef:awj; Oyf:vSif:yef P;pof:cj; vh;pk
oef:Odef e[:oj,rj:eh ulef:qmof:ykwf.pof: qif,
aOurf:atj;/
tg e f u ef ug j ,uRif : qof ; rk e f a Ooj;]]rl d o f : tof
bdif:zgif:Mrf?OSefoD
Odef}}ehaOsv; pyf.Odefpj;?OdefySwf, qldof:
wgy,f /rlod ;f Tzj:yAeq
f of; vh;qAw:f oj, uSe,f qof;
eef.cj;/ yAefqldif.pkdofwD;cj;-oj;vj:auj; ayj:
rldof:apj:Twj:tzdxrf,rj, e[:rldif:zDwj,o wdrf,
trf,qkod ;f oef:Odee f :[ oj,eef. ygi,f oj; ule:f pof:
Oj,aO vlif:rj:ckdef:rldif:ulef: rldof;oef:vldef
trf,rD:Odef-ehcj;p/
Ody:f tAw:f rle:f -oj,/ uSe,f qof; cke d :f vli:f rj: wD;
bdif:zgif:Mrf?OSefoD
oAif:Oif,ceulof,(OifcOfOeuI)aOw zgif:
wgy,f /vDxmrfb,l sw.eif,uof,/vgi;f rD:Odee f .h
wkduf.rD:bl,eldofumifpmofeef. z[rkif;pefauj; rldef
OrfywfwodIwD=trf,pyf.OdefaOw yldof;trf,
eif,pmif; uSe,f qof; vli:f rj:ql:ref:-ehoj,/bge.f
zdwf:rSef; vgif;Odefvksv; wkdef:rD:Odef?
eefsv; qof;ph;qof;ej: qldof:wkduf.rD:bl, e[:
OrjWjeodIwD=pyf.wkif:OdefaO tofurfyef;
wlud ,f ph;ej:eef. z[wef:vh;Oifauj; quf.qef
sv; rD:Ode?f Orkqaf !WodIwD=vh;rmuf;nmef,
tof tefr:D qrfqof;uof,aOsv; y[.vl,wmef:-
zlo,f nmef,aO wwf:cmwf,udav,Oj,aOsv; rD:
oj,/ qlod :f qrfxiA af uj; tofM;h oh.wD;xAi?f qlod :f qrf
Odef-eh rD:vh;Omrfvmh:tldof;/
wlef;rh.auj; tofMh;oh. wD;wlef;rh.-ehvlifugj,
bgef.eef trf,q[;oef:Odef Orf.yAef e[:
eef.ej,/ bgef.nj: vgif;pdyf;eSwf; eif,eef
oj,? yAefoef:Odef eguf;oj,sv; eguf;oj, tef
sv; pkdofawwef:pj aqj.omef,ymef.zldefOif
trf,q[;oef:Odeq f odl :f eef.auj; ayj:yAef bl,e[:
bof./ bge.f vmh:ole.f e[:yke d :f rD:eif,eefsv;
cldif;yldif Omrfyldifeef. aOyldifyldifqkdif vh; oj;rD:
cAi,f wmif,ykw;f tefbidl :f ql:e[:vgu:f yke d :f aO cku:f
Odefwduf:"bof./ tefrldof:uRif:aO pyf.Odefpj;
q[v;h Tzj: pAw:f yAeyf w k .f xj,ekw.f Owd rlod ;f vle d f
eef.aw. rldo:f vln;f zdi;f xki:f auj;oj;? rldo;f xmyf;
Odyf:tdwf:rlef:eef.auj; pkdofawO[,omef,ymef.
Odeaf uj;oj;bof./ Odeyf w S ,f aw. zgi:f urfv;h auj;
zle d f Oifbof./ wD;tefvol ,f O[, ymef.omef,zle d f
vlof,urf? zgif:trf,urfvh;auj; vlof,ylwf:oh. eif,
eef. yAefwD;uRif:?wD;Ndef:tldof;? trf,q[;wD;
ekif;clof:r[,eef.tldof;/
cAif,wmif,/ wgif:oh.sv;e/
88. qAifcrf:vSif:pof:wD;cj;- ayj:vldefOdyf: 89. qAifcrf:vSif:cj;-qAifcrf:vSif:eh. ugyf;
177
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Oifsv; pAwf:tguf, ekdif;yDekdif;yyf.ulnf:cj;vj,? rpj,becof Okif:tpj,I omh:oef:vh;? rkefqof;
pAwf:tguf,ekdif;vldefekdif;yyf. trf,vh;cj;p/ cj; ax,Ioj,w Orf.udeftpj,I ohm:oef:trf,vh;cj;
pof:pefxkdifoj; qAifcrf:vSif:eh. ykdwf,N ykdwf,wj vj,/ oj;vj:auj; trf,q[;Tzj:Ol,vAofuefcj;p/
wgef;wj, pof:cj;sw."cj;atj;/ pAwf: tguf,yef vmwf;yefcj;pof: P;vSif:q[aOurf:cj;/
aOurf:cj;/ yl,uRif:od
bdif:qmrfMrf?OD,ayj. wgyf,/Tzj:aw. yAefOl,vAofuefulnf:? bgef.
wgyf,/e[:wh:eh. OifrD:ulef:Olif,vlyyf. qAif vmh:tofwD;ygif,odenf: trf,rldefuefsv; qkrf:
crf:vSif: eif,bdif:qmrfMrfpof: rguf;OmrfpAifauj. ekid ;f Oki:f omh:oef:? qkr:f ekid ;f qif,trf,Oki:f tlod ;f /
aw. ukid ,f wmif:toftug ,f vled yf yf.yyf.bl,/rlod ;f vAof bgef.wmif:olef. trf,rldefuefeif,eef sv;
eh. awj;pAw:f tgu,f ekid ;f yDeidk ;f ygu;f (3000-yyf.) qif,yAefugj,Ogifuldif:tldof;/
ulnf:aOw ykdefsz rguf;OmrfyD qif,rlwf:tldof;/
92. qA i f c rf : vS i f : cj; -Odefpj;rmhOmrfsv;
Nofulef:wh: awrD:rguf;pj;vmef. aOw ulef:
OdefySwf,rhmOmrfeef. yAefOifcofOgiftefeh.
wln:f qAicf rf:vSi:f awrD:rgu;f uj;pkod f tefoj;eef.
trf,vh;oj;rldefuefcj;vj,/ wD;ygif,ref: trf,
xmif,awygi,f q[b,l / vlod ef ef. zl;cyf:ckid f qAicf rf:
rldefuefcj;p/ Oyf:vSif:aOurf:cj;/
vSif:eh. pmrf.yAef qof;eSwf;vgef."tldof;/ trf,
qof;crf:cAof(rldif:Mif,)
ayj:wef:-ygif,oj; ehtldof;/ ygif,q[yefaOurf:/
wgyf,/Odefpj;rmhOmrfeef. ulef:zlofulef:sr:
90.qAifcrf:vSif:cj;-ulef:urf;zgif; tgif,vduf; uef bl,qgrf:uef trf,zdwf:? ayj:ugj,bl,qgrf:
erfbl,sv; Orf.trf,arjwSrf;vduf; ykdwf,Nykdwf, wlef;Ndef:yldef;wmif,auj.ugef, qif,zdwf:tldof;/
wj wge;f wj,yD;egi.f qlod .f clod :f qof;uof,eef. ugy;f OdefySwf,rmhOmrfaw. yAefwlef;Ndef:qof;uof,
yldof;Oif-eheef. cSef:awj; qAifcrf:vSif:pof: aOw awtrf,vh;bl,vlnf;/ ildif.so; umefMrf:
wgy,f yefcj;ay:pof: P;vh;pkw;D ygi,f aOurf:atj;/ Ogif? bl,uduf; Oof:acj-ygif,oj;ehtldof;/
Omif,ynf,nj,wD,y?ydwumwf;?ymifvlif
93.qAifcrf:vSif:cj;-vgif;urfOdefegef:uRif:
wgyf, /tgif,vduf;qmof:cldof:yldef;ulnf: trf,yh,
zgif:e[:oj,eh. ugyf;Oifsv; rD:yD;egif.wh:ulnf:
tgif,vduf;qmof:cldof:qof;uof,auj; qmif;yAefvh;?
cj;vj,/ pAw:f Oif yle
d ;f wmif,clod :f trf,ege:f uRif:
arjwSrf;wgyf,ulnf: trf,yh,arjwSrf;Oyf:vSif:se
eif,wh:cj;/ cSe:f awj; Oyf:vSi:f se vgi;f wmif:
yldef;auj; qmif;yAefvh;? trf,pefxkdifoj; umef
ref:aOurf:cj;/
vduf;vmh: yAefumefOj,Oej,qldof.qmwf;auj;
qof;crf:cAof(rldif:Mif,)
qmif;yAefvh;? trf,wef:wSrf;auj; qmif;yAefvh;
wgyf,/e[:OdefySwf, rmhOmrf]]uofcj; wkdof:urf
bof./wj,pkww S ;f eSw;f aw. awj;wlof qof;ref:
xrf:OdefOduf.cj, tefildif.so; vgif;pAwf:umef
wif:awtrf,qmif;wgyf,ugef,vj;/
trf,rBmwf;(umefar,xkif,=Mrf:Ogif)eef.atj;}}
91.qAifcrf:vSif:wD;cj; -pAwf:Oif rkefqof;
178
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
tefoj;eheef. wh:ildif.so;yj: umefMrf:Ogif
tgef, qAwf:yldifsv; qif,tgefuefegef:uRif:
aO urfOdeftldof;/ yldef;aw. awildif.so; umef
Mrf:Ogifvlifulnf:sv; qif,trf,egef:uRif:ugj;/
umefMrf:Ogiftgef, tefoj;eef. bdif:wif:
qmh: tdifvlnf;q[uj,rwef,pj,Ij,uaO wdwhg,
tdifthg, tdwf.tgwf.uef? vmwf;clofawj,uef?
eif;awj,ej;awj,wjwlnf:uef? xgrf,OAifuef?
wluf,ckdef: ykdef:uof,oef:vif vgif;bmrf;puf.Nrf
qlrf:ySif:rj:eldofuef? buf.wlnf:yldef;yl,bj; puf.
Nrfqlrf:ySif:uefaO pmef.q[ auBj,q[? rkif;rgif:
c[;qmrf;ylnf;aq:qdrf,uj,r e[:rldif:zDaO pAwf:
umefvD-qldof:eh.tldof;/ umefMrf:Ogiftgef,tD;
qldof:eh. bdif:wif:qmh: ayj:awbl,uofeof:uef
wD;Nde:f aOuBmif.urfeh ref:trf,yAev f ;h imh; sv;
wh:qif,rlod :f ege:f uRif:aO urfOe d t
f lod ;f / ygi,f oj;
ilid .f so; umefar,xki,f vliuf n l :f trf,uj: ilid .f so;yj:
umefMrf:Ogiftgef,tldof;/
vlod e
f ef. vgi;f rlod :f ege:f uRif:aO urfOe d e f .h
pAw:f umefO,D vyj,IrD,uln:f trf,uj: P;yAeyf j: eAu.f
cryj,IrD,(=vgif;ildif.tguf, e[:olif:q[thgMh;-uj,r)
qlof;cmof:tldof;/ vgif;eif,eheh. ayj:wlnf: e[:
xrf,rywtwf.xuxj, wD;yke d :f qmh:uj,v (vku;f
qmh:zl;rmuf;vlit f ej,xyde,f ) eef.auj; vh;pef
yj:oj;]]ref:qmh: rldo:f ege:f wD;uRif:aO urfOde?f
rlid :f vSi:f rj: qif,rlod :f Nde:f cke
d :f }}ehbof./ wgi:f oh.
sv;e/
94.qAifcrf:vSif:cj;-umefvDukOlof, tefqof;
uof,pAwf:oh.eef. rldof;awwmh zgif:tofq[bl,
eef. ayj:pof:q[qyf: tukOlof,eh trf, qmif;
Mwf;wD;vDaO qmif;ugj,whmulw
d ,f bl,qgr:f tefpof:
179
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
q[qyf:eef.-ehcj;p/ umefukOlof, tefpAwf:
oh.qldo:f eef. Orf.ugj,yefzge:f vD wD;v[cj;vj,/
uof:-omef;r[,?clofvrf
wgyf,/bkdwf:oh.urf:ekdif;ugef, rldof;v[ zgef:pmh.
tukOol ,f su.bof.uge,f zge:f vDuO k ol ,f qif,yef-
ehoj,/ ukOlof,sv; tukOlof,eh.rldef eif,erf.
sv;zh:eef.aO erf.erf erf.ay.zh:? zh:erf
zh:ay.erf.-oj,/
95. qAifcrf:vSif:cj; -e[:yyf.qAifcrf:vSif:
rhm(15) ej;vduf;(92)eef. wSrf;oh.oj;]]ulnf:uj;
vgi;f udee f odl .f eef. awvh;yAet f ef vgw;f wmif:
se:Omrfyldif}}ehcj;atj;/ wmif:se:Omrf yldif
eef. yAefOifvhmvhmcj;/
qhm:ydef,olef.(xkif.abj)
wgy,f /rlod ;f yle
d ;f wkud .f pAw:f zuf:bl,eef. vh;pef
uyf:wj? Nvh;idef:OAifsv; xmif,xldrfoj; yldef;
bldif:wj,qof;uof,aOpAwf:-ehtldof;/ayj:eef
trf,vDudefbof./wgif:oh.sv;e/
96. qAifcrf:vSif:cj; -ayj:eif;Twj: trf,
rSef;vhm:ref:eh qmif;bgif,bl,cj;p/ cSef:awj;
Oyf:vSif:yef aOurf:wD;cj;/
qhm:ydef,olef.(xkif.abj)
wgy,f /qmif;yAeb
f ,l tlod ;f / bge.f eefsv; qif,
vlof,zl;sewmif:eef.ej,/
97. qA i f c rf : vS i f : cj; -ayj:yA e f q of ; Omif ,
qof;qmif:aO ugj,oh;qof;rlid :f eef. qmif;bgi,f eh
q[;bl,cj;p/ bgef.yldof;Oifcj;/
qhm:ydef,olef.(xkif.abj)
wgyf, /qmif;bgif,ehaw. trf,bmrf;idef:/zD
qof;rlid :f eh. wlud ;f wD;oj; cofr:D Odeaf uj; bge.f cof
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
rD:vh; Odepf j;uln:f ? Odecf of wSr,f aO Odeq
f of; wSrf;vduf;oh:rj:eef. wmif,qldof.wmif,yldifauj;
Omif,qof;qmif:sv; trf,vDoh;cof-vkif:pkeif, awoh:rj:}}ehsv; qif,oh.wmif:ej;tldof;/ayj:
ehulnf:/ ukr,f vh;bku.f urfqrdk :f cke
d ;f xSof vli:f xSob
f ,l eh
ref:awxlid :f trf,q[;pkod v f j,/
98. qAicf rf:vSi:f cj;-ckeO f mrfavj:sv; emif:
tl:yAr,f eef. xkid b f mrf: emif:tl:yAr,f wmhujg ,eef. 100. qAifcrf:vSif:cj;-ymefrldof;vAof wh:pof:
ckeO f mrfavj: rj:pefaO bge.f ylod ;f puf.ej,sv; tgeuf efujg ,rlid :f xh: erfej, trf,q[;cj;p/ ugj,rlid :f
vh;cke d :f cj;wlorf ef:wmhqrg :f emif:tl:yAr,f aObof. xh: oj;ehaOwauj; ugj,pAw:f cD;cj;yle d ;f cj;vli?f
Orf.ckde;f rldo:f yAev f mof umef:Omrfwj bl,eldoO f kif pAw:f Oif ayj;sr;cof Orf.yefujg , cj;vj,? wgy,f yef
eef. qgi,f ref:rSe;f cj;pkod /f Tzj:yAeq f of; apj:oh. tdw:f ekid ;f cj;/
oj;]]ayj:whmugy;f avj:z(wef,pj,)eh qmif;ugj,yAef qmh:Omif,auBj,?rlid :f Ol;
ydwf.wj,}} eheef. trf,Omefcwf:uefcj;p/ wgyf,/blofcofawolef.oj;]]yAefcD;cj;yldef; e[:
ykid ;f qAicf rf:vSi:f Oyf:vSi:f yefb,[ "erf" aOurf: rldif:xh:eh. cSef:aO yAefcD;bj;e[:rldif:wh:}}eh
cj;/ aOsv; yefujg ,blo.f /
qhm:ydef,olef.(xkif.abj)
wgyf, /eef.aw. ref:yAefuGmrf:olef. ulef: ygu;f eh. qAicf rf:vSi:f wgy,f yefujG , (100)acj;eh
wSr;f qlid :f wmif:puf.uln:f / clid ;f rD:q[sv; clid ;f trf, zl;vlvud ;f pof:cof awpmef.q[b,l / acj;wgy,f qlod :f
rD:q[e.h z[trf,wmhye A z f v[ ;h / wgi:f oh.sv;e/ yh,yj:rj:eef. cSe:f awj; y[.wln:f xSi;f e[:yyf.
tefawtgu,f rj:eef.aOurf:/ Oifoj; c[;N.vgi;f
99.qAifcrf:vSif:cj;-e[:yldifwSrf;vduf;wh: wD;
v[aOtrf,oj; ]]qAicf rf:vSi:f }} wke d :f y[.pyf. acj;
rmhwlef:OAifpj;]]qrf;w[;}}eef. urf;zgif; qrf;
xmrf zl;vlvud ;f pof:cof wj,aO,bl,/
O[, wmif:w[;wlofvduf;? urf;zgif;Orf. qrf;O[,
zmh,ej;wlofvduf;eef. tefv[ xkuf,rSef;cj;/
qAifcrf:vSif:
wSyf:wwf: xwf:Omifyef aOurf:cj;/
bdi:f OSief ig .f
wgyf,/yAefvmh:wh: q[.oh.eif,uefsv; xkuf,
eif,uefbof./tefqrf;wmif:w[;eef. yAev f mh:
rldof;ugef,? tefqrf;wmif:ej; zmh,w[;eef.
Orf.yAev f mh:ymefr,[ tlod ;f / bge.f ule:f wSr;f zge.f
vduf;wh:pof:cofolef.oj;]]ayj:wSrf;ugj,wmif:ej;
wduf:wduf:?trf,vh;ckdef;vlif: wmif:w[;wmif:eldof
eif,vduf;tSif:uvAwf;eef. ref:oh:? eif,vmh:

180
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17

rguf,rlnfcmofcmof

Oifoj;qof;uof, trf,rD:thmNdof, tmhch:rAefeh bof./ thmNdo,f qof;uof,eef.aw. qof;uof, vke d ;f

qof;uof, uGj,e[:su;umifyldef; wD;v[aO trf,oj; uGj,bof.sv; trf,pkoj;rAeaf Ow yle d ;f aw. aw
awrD:vgi;f bkr,f brf wloq f of;uof,aO bl,ihm;vlrf trf,cmrf,vh;/ ugyf;eh eif,pkdof thmwlofqof;uof,
q[? trf,rD:vgif;uAifq[awj,z[Oif aOsv; uyf: ayj:awtrf,yAef vgif;Okuf.q[ wj,yldef;eef.
Okyd ,f cof;tgu,f yle
d ;f auj; trf,vh;rD: vgi;f cgi.f crfq[ xkuf,vDvkrf:vj: wlofqof;uof, P;ayj:rlwf:O[
Oif? trf,vh;uloyf e dl ;f rAe?f wj,qof;uof,auj; trf, vD"bl,bof./
vh;vDtmhyldef;/ ugyf;yldof;Oifsv; thmpkdof,rAef
urf;zgi;f eh. cmef.vkr:f vj: vgi;f rlw:f O[ wlof vgi;f tmhNod ,f rAee
f .h ule:f qhm:sv; ule:f bdi:f
qof;uof,sv; xkid w f ;D vlo,f uGj,vlo,f yhrj: eif,pkod tf mh ySuf,yldif;uefoh.bof./ thmpkdof,ulef:qhm:cofeh. thm
wlof ayj:awtrf,rAefeef. q[.thmMrftmhpkdef: ref:tgu,f pSi:f aO ule:f bdi:f cofbl,bof./ Ndo,f wD;
tefyAeferf.Mrf(spray (or) roll on)qldof:eh.aO wlofpof:eh. yAeferf.vmhvmhulnf:? ref:trf,rD:
sp.uif;ySw;f thmrAef wloq f of;uof,bl,bof./ uln:f thmOif/ ulnf:uj; Ndof,wD;udif,sp. sv; su;cjvlif
uj; ref:trf,rle d f thmwloMf rfqw S ;f "sv; trf,cmrf, qlod :f eh. ref:yj:chref:oh.sv; rSi:f wmif:yAef bac-
vh;cmof:Ndi/f trf,Omif,xku,f thmwlof qmif;rAev f odl f teria cof vh;rD:rj:bof./ rSif:wmif:yAefeh. udef
aOuof,bl,bof./ qldif.eh Oifyldef;rj:bl,qrf ref:aO bl,qgr:f sv; pAw:f P; thmNod ,f rAerf j:bof./
qof;uof,aO vmwf;awj,_tky,f awj, qof;uof,eh
qkid f cofawqmif;Okw,f nj:rSe;f thmwlorf e A f qof; wmif:udefwmif:bSrf.? bj;bjtefpSif:" qldof:
uof,bl,/ Oiftmh wlo_f thmNdo,f qof;uof, rAee f q h kdif eh.auj; pAwf;P;thmNdof, tguf,pSif: aw."eif,uof,
cofawtrf,cmrf,vh;aO ymh;ySwf; qof;uof,bl, bof./ (bge.f ymh:bl,vD trf,cSr.f sv; vh;udeb
f j;
181
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
bj tefpSif:")/
Orf.xSi;f vof;(udev f of;)? Orf.xmwf; qde.f
qf(zinc) e[:wlofpof: bgrf:vlif:uGj,qldof: eh.auj;
thmNdof, tguf,pSif:aw."/
umrf.erfaw. yAefvlnf; vgif;wlofqof;uof,
trf,rD:vgif;rlwf:O[? trf,vkrf:vj: wlofqof;uof,
P;ayj:rlwf:O[eef.bof./ qif,oj; vh;yAef thm
wlof_thmNdof,rAefrj:eef.bof./
eif,pkdofthmNdof,rAef awcSef:eef.
* Oifoj; Ndo,f qof;uof, tgu,f erfpiS :f ej,qkid f
vDq.[ wkod :f yefbj;bjNdo,f bkw
d :f (Antiper spirants)
bl,bof./ ayj:udefyefbj;bjeh. Ndof,auj; aw
trf,tguf,erfaO rSif:wmif:yAef bacteria qldof:
eef.auj; trf,qmif;az;vh;eef.bof./
* Oifoj;qof;uof, uh."tmyf,yeferf.eh qkid f
rSi:f wmif:yAecf ofauj; trf,qmif;qyf:vh;ihm;"bof./
ayj:tmyf,erf.bof.ehqkdif vDq[.yef bj;bjthm
Ndof,phm (deodorants)bl,bof./
* vDv;h uh."udeyf ef wmif:udef tefyj:xmwf;
(fibre)wmif:udefe[:Oh; rldefeif, rmuf,qguf:? rmuf,
omef? rmuf,uAif? ulnf;qldof:eh.bl,/ Orf.xSif; rmuf,
rh. tefr:D ODcoA vf ?[ zuf:blod ;f emif:cAov
f ?[ Nofyudk .f
vSiq f odl :f eh.JOifoj; udeyf ef ul;oef:ul;oef:eh
qkdif thmwlofrAef? thmNdof,rAef awcSef:vDrj:aO
bl,uwf:qkdef; bAefq[bl,bof./
* tofzgifaOj,wj, avj:erf.rmuf,zj;?
erf.rmuf,tkdef; eguf:avj:uefaO wj:yef wD;
udif,ap.ehqkdif thmNdof,rAefeef. awphmaObof.
182
rSif:(bacteria)auj; qmif;whmehbof./
* tofref:uSof(tj,vl:) Ohg:rmif" tofO[,
wD;udi,f ap.aO nSy;f oh.wj./ ayj:ref: pSi;f uGj,bof.
eh ckdef:tofref:uSof(tj,vl:)eef. tguf,ySwf;
aO toferf.Okuf;wj./ Oifuh." pAwf:ehqkdif thm
Ndof,rAefawphmaw."ehbof./
*tofrmuf,tkdef; zj,yAefOduf;aO ygwf;wj:
wD;udif,sp.auj; vDaw."ehbof./ thmrAefauj;
blwf:aO udif,sp.auj; rlwf:O[vDrj:ehbof./
* erf.rmuf,zj; ekdif;aqj. (tea spoon)?
erf.wSief idk ;f aqj.sv; zgirf e
d .f tdw:f tD; avj:
uefaObof. wj:yefwD;udif,sp. oh.pkdif rguf;(20)
rAwf.aObof. Okuf;ySwf;w/ thmNdof,rAefauj;
blwf:rj:aO udif,sp.auj; awrlwf:O[vDaw."
bof./
* tofrmuf,clod Of rl ;f (erf.rmuf,clod O
f rl ;f )? trf,
eef erf.zkdif;tdwf:tD; O[,e[:tmif,erf.aO
bof. cof;aq;bl,e[:tmif,erf. pkid rf ug ;f (15)rAw.f
ehqkdif pAwf:P;thmwlof MrfvDaw." ehbof./
*erf.ref:rmuf,ymof.(rmuf,tke)f eh.auj; ref:
qhg; tofySwf;sOvf(cell)tefwhmqldof:eef.
sv; eh.auj; pAwf:P;udif,sp. rlwf:O[vDaO
thmNdofrAef auj; cSef:rj:bl,bof./
rguf,rlnfcmofcmof
(uAyf:MrfwSrf;)
 cmof:wmif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17

wj,pgwf;xkdifyAefTzj:
xSrfOmif;yj,IrD, wj,yAefTzj:
e[:uj; Tzj:Iwej,? Twj:Iwej,? Oif,cj,
Iwej, uSo;f rSw;f Omrfyj:eh. Tzj:Iwej, yAeif of;
ref:aO Twj:Iwej,? Oif,cj,Iwej, qif,aw
zkw:f tgu,f rD:rj:bof;/ eif,pkdof awyAef wD;bkr,f pldif:pldof;z
brfyidk ;f tdie f ef. qif,pky;f uSy;f tof uki,f uke:f rkef
iof: Tzj:Iwej,aO zknf,aebof;/ wj,ukif,
ukef:rkefiof: awwArfxlef;sv; wj,aw yAef
Tzj: Nyf.pefv;h Oyf.ynf,nkwnmef,eef. vh;
xSrfOmif; yj,IrD,rj:qldif.pkdof? pkdifuj;pkdof-eh xkuf,
vDpkxkdifaO ygif,q[oh.bl,/ rkefcrf:Tzj:yAefqof;
auj:wrpof:eh. trf,rD:vgif;wmif:Oif? trf,rD:
vgif;cwf:q[ xSrfOmif;OifaO yAefrj:Tzj: trf, yAefTzj:rj:eh. vh;tofq[vmh"bgef:Ol:rj: cmof:
q[;/ wj,awyAefTzj:rj:eh. vh;tof vgif;wmif: wmif:qAw:f tOif,acB,? tofOyl :f bge:f Ol: vmwf;
xSrfOmif;yj,IrD, cmof:wmif:OD,Oif,acB, ymhOSef rj: cmof:wmif:uof;tOif,acB,? tofOyl :f wlof ploq
f [
urf,zj,aO qif,awpgwf;xkdif yAefTzj:rj:bof./ aOxSrfOmif;yj,IrD,rj: cmof:wmif:OD,Oif,acB,ymh
ugyf;ulef:aOauj." bkuf.bgif;yefuSef,qof;aO OSefurf,zj,-eh Oyf:vSif:aeoh.eif,ehbof;/
pgw;f xkid yf e
A Tf zj:rj: trf,q[;-eheef. xku,f vDpk c[;oj; wj,qef.ekdif;eef. umifq[ tefc[;yAef
xkdif ygif,q[oh.bl,/ Tzj: rD:bl,auj; trf,yh,pwf:ykw
d ,f vmwf;se ule:f
wmif,auj.aO vh;tlrftkdefplrf,wlrf:tlwf:bldef.
Omof:tOif,acB,
oh. e[:tluf:e[:q[ulnf:-ehbl,/
wD;e[:Olduf;ykdef:Tzj:eef. ykdwf,zknf,se
umifq[ tefc[;yAefTzj:eef. pSif:b[,rj:
oh.oj;]] Tzj:yAefqof;pof: vh;xSrfOmif;yj,IrD,
wduf:"? ref;ukdrf:rj:wduf:"aO qif,awpwf:ykdwf,
cmof:wmif:OD, Omif,acB,ymhOSefurf,zj,}}ehbof;/
vmwf;se ulef:wmif,auj.bl,bof;/ zgif:tef
wD;e[:yyf.uBmrf:aOj:wwf.wuD, tefTOj, ql,v
vh;ply.f Oke,f rSe;f Tzj:yAeq
f of;Ol,v[auj; c[;pgw;f
ykwf.xacj:OwSrf;oh.eef. Orf.oj;]]wj,aw
183
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
xkdifyAefTzj:eheef. vh;bgef:Ol: rj:bl,bof;/
vh;tofumifqv [ mh" bge:f Ol:yAeTf zj:eh. qAw:f t
Oif,acB,? vh;tofOlyf:bgef:Ol:vmwf; uof;t
Oif,acB,? plrf;avj:uef Odyf:pluf:tOif,acB,
ylef.aO eh.xSif; vh;pyf.cmrf,uGmrf:wuf.brf (yBj,
wdu;f ) wrf;wD; Tzj:yAeq f of; wD;yif,uIj, rlod ;f yAef
qof;IaO.Okar,xj,eef.rj:aO e[:cmof:wmif:
OD,Oif,acB, ymhOe S uf rf,zj,eh. tofOyl :f ?wlo?f q[
wif:OmrfyldifaO cwff:q[xSrfOmif;yj,IrD,rj:
bl,bof;/
wD;eh; P;vh;wSrf;se cmof:wmif:pkdif tOif,
acB,tdwf:ekdif;/ tOif,acB,tefoj;eef.-
1. ueetOif,acB,?
2. tekrj,etOif,acB,?
3. uyf.ytOif,acB,?
4. ykwf.xtOif,acB,-ehrD:OD,rAof:bof;/
1. ueetOif,acB,- acB,-tefoj;eef. zmh,
vifwlofeyf.(1)eef. rD:wlofeyf.Okef(0) ymuf,
OD,Ody:f wlo-f ehbof;/ tofvmh:ymh:eyf.aO vmwf;
se P;ckdyf;pkxkdifvh;eef.bof;/
2. tekrj,etOif,acB, acB,-tefoj;eef. ylid f
wSu;f ref: zlevf il w
f ul :f elod v
f rk ;f zeh. Omrfoef:
Omrfckdef: trf,xmwf,trf,cmwf,aO rAwf.zlef
qldof:eef.yAefyldifwSuf; P;vmrf:ckdyf; pkxkdifvh;
tOifacB,yldifekdif;eif,uof,bof;/
3. uyf.ytOif,acB, acB,-tefoj;eef. wSuf;
eldif:qgrf: cmof:bmrf:eef. pgif.oj;uyf.y(umyf;) eh
bof./ umyf;eh. rD:oh.-
(u) tj,bkumyf;?
184
(c) tef,wIumyf;?
(i) tOif,acB,bumyf;?
(q) rpj,umyf;-ehOD,umyf;bof;/
(u) tj,bkumyf; tefoj;eef.- cmof:bmrf:
tj,bkOwf.woj,cke d ;f sv; plev f ife.h yAet f j,
bk umyf ; bof ; / (cmof : bmrf : ymef r l d o f ; vA o f e h .
yAefcmof:bmrf: tj,bkulef:pof:plefvifbof;)/
(c) tefwIumyf;-tefoj;eef. umyf;ckdef;
sv;umyf;plefvif Ogiftefeh. yAeftefw
Iumyf;umyf;ekdif;bof./
(i) tOif,acB,umyf;-tefoj;eef. uyf:umh,
vlnf;vgif;vkrf;z vl.vSofsv; ckdef:yAef eef.
yAeftOif,acB,bumyf;bof./
(q) rpj,umyf;-tefoj;eef.Orf.rD:oh.-
1. Orf,owf.wumyf;? (umyf;vkrf;z_urf,zj,vk
vSof)/
2. Orf,owf.wwf.xj,bD,umyf;? (zgi:f umyf;vkr;f z
wkduf.vl.vSof)/
3. odowf.wumyf;? (cmof:bmrf:umyf; ckdef:sw,
wif;yAef)/
4. odowf.wwf.xj,bD,umyf;? (zgif:umyf;vkrf;z
wkduf.sw,wif;yAefbl,)/
rmhwgif: / /umyf;ymefrldof;vAofeh. yAefumyf;
cmof:bmrf:urf,zj, wkduf.wif;yAefbl,/
umyf;tOif,acB, ekdif;umyf;eh. wj,aweyf.
tef,vh;yD ref:pkdifuj;pkdofeheef. trf,tmef,
vh;/ ugy;f eef rkecf rf:Tzj: yAeq f of;pof: qif,tof
yldifwSuf; tefekdif;aO wj,P;ayj: eyf.Ogef,
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ckdyf;pkvh; cmof:bmrf:wmif:pkdif tOif,acB,eef.
rD:eif,eh-
rmuf,ugef;pdefvlifvkuf;ekdif; ej;wmif:bmof:
rD:ySw,f vuf:? ej;wmif:ygw:f rD:ySw,f vuf:? ej;wmif:
OkifrD:ySwf,vuf:aO Orf.tofekef:uknf trf,
eef clee f ul .f tefte
l ;f ele:f eef. ymuf,yDeidk ;f
yguf; rj:wldof.xknfawj,uef awj,P;rmuf,pdefvlif
eef.ayj:rlwf:OAif;ugj,/ ulnf:uj; tOif,acB,
tefekdif;eef.aw. yh,rlwf:OAif;ugef,/
aw,qArfrldof;ekef:uknfsv; rmuf,pdefvlif
eef. wlod .f xlnuf efaO awj,rmuf,pdev f il ef ef.
ayj:rlw:f OAi;f cmof:bmrf:ref:awpkid uf j;pkod e
f h ole.f
wlnf:sv;/ cmof:bmrf:tefpkdifaOeh. Orf.yAef
cmof:bmrf:tOif,acB,bekdif;umyf;bof./
uAof,vlnf;urf,zj, tefTzj:zkwf:ayj,sv;
trf,zkwf:ayj,eef. rD:urf,zj,pluf:rAof: oj;eh
bof;/
1. Oknfnurf,zj,=Tzj:Oyf.ynf,nk trf,uD;
zkwf: ayj,aOOl,/
2. Oj,Iurf,zj,=Tzj:Oyf.ynf,nk uD;zkw:f ekid ;f
Ol,/
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
3. ref,wurf,zj,=Tzj:Oyf.ynf,nk uD;zkwf:
OgifOl,/
4. oIurf,zj,=Tzj:Oyf.ynf,nk uD;zkwf:ayj,
OmrfOl,/
5. Oj,Iref,wurf,zj,=Tzj:Oyf.unf,nk uD;
zkwf:OD,Ol,/
6. zwf.wurf,zj,=Tzj:Oyf.ynf,nk uD;zkwf:
pj;Ol,/
P;zl;vlvduf;pof:coful;auj. pkygif, Olduf;ykdef:
iof;wkdef:rkefcrf:Tzj:yAefqof;sv; pkygif, vlif.
vSe,f acj;Oif,Ogef rge:f xrf: rkecf rf: Tzj:yAef
qof;pof: ul;auj.ul;ulef:aOurf:/
pldif:pldof;z
zkdeftdif-
-yyf.uSrfrkdof:ykwf.xzj,O(whg:ekdif;)
vlifygifqkdif;rldif:zgrf.Nrf;rldif:rmef;?
xmefzgif:zmhOj,Oej,/

qof;tj,eef,wj,eh. bge.f ydol ;f ule:f Ogirf ild :f

pdruf efymif: P;ref:qof; tofeyd .f ymef, wD;rlid :f z[ref:sv;
trf,qmif;qgr:f wmif:v[aO ref:qof; qif,twdw.f xmef,
Omef,cdek ;f edol uf mifpmof edol sf r;erf. aIj:pde,D aObof. cof;Ol,edy.f ymef,
twdw.f xmef, pAw:f P;xmwf;zh: qyf:rh; wlorf ef:qof;
pAw:f P; xmwf;uSo;f qof; wSu,f tgu,f wlu:f uGj,yef ekid ;f rlid :f ekid ;f ckid ;f bof./
(XrfryX-$? y-434)

185
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
qof;aqj:wdu (umifoAif: wmif.bmef:)
zuf:vDzuf:omef teferf.omefref: cSrf.
wgef:vldofaO eldof.yjeef. awvh;oj; yAefpAyf:
ehbl,/ pAyf:eh. uGmrf:zhm,Ikuf.cay,wcofMif.oj;
Agaricus Campestris tSuf.uIdcwf.qf cSrf,ySwf.qf
xIdwf.qf ehbof./ ulef:rldof;ugef,cofauj; tgef
uefudefpAyf:rj: qArfrldof;wif:pkdif awvh;oj; eif,
ehbl,/ bgef.eef ulef:rldif:oef:wluf:sv;Oif
rlid :f oef:tgu,f sv;Oif tgeuf efN.quf: vgi;f udef
pAyf:eh. pif:z[ref:bl,/
uln:f uj; wj,oj;awN.oj; eh.yAepf yA :f tefvD
udef? eh.yAefpAyf:rldof,eheef.sw. auj.tefrD:
wlofxlyf:vgif;pAyf:eef.ulnf: qif,awN.vh;eh
bof./ awj;uj; pAy:f tefvuD deb f l,eef. ayj:oj;
pefb[:ulif,umof cmwf;oh.eh yD;egif.wh:pof: trf,
tofudef? ugyf;oj; pAyf:tefulif,umofcmwf;b[:O[,
eef. ref:arjrldof,ehbof./
zl;vli.f zhm,Iku,f cay,w (yhm:wle;f )cof pjpef
oh.sw. pAyf:eh. rAof:ref:rD:rguf; 38000 vldofeh
bof./ pmif;zmif pAy:f rAo:f ekdi;f sv; rAo:f ekdi;f trf,
rldefuef/ ulnf:uj; pAyf:urf.yj;erfsw. rldefeif,
qgif;uD;oh.eef.bof./ pAwf:rmifrAof: wdefbmof:
186
pAyf:
(pAyf:yluf,)? rmifrAof:Orf. wdefylrf (pAyf:wdefpkif.)
rmifrAof:Orf. vgrf;rdlefch, (pAyf:rluf:? pAyf:wgyf:) rmif
rAo:f Orf.uD;wSu,f udi,f (pAy:f wdee f )l qlod :f eef. rD:ul;
ylid yf idl b
f ,l / ODpyA :f eef.sw. vh;pefr:D ul;ylid f sw,
tof ODcmof awj,ayj:Mwf;xkdif ODvSif? sw,tof
ODre l ,f aOj,apj, awj,ayj:Mwf;xkid f ODvrf rSw:f
rSwf: rD:ODul;yldif/
pAy:f rmifroA :f eh. rkw:f tgu,f rj: e[:vde?f rmifroA :f
Orf. tguf,rj:qgrf:rh.? rh.pSif;qldof:eh.bof./ vgif;
wD;brfpAyf:eef.sw. yAefyAefygwf:w[; tefrD:
e[:vdee f ef.aO awvh;oj; yAepf muf;ref: tef
rdlefb[:ulif,umofoh.eef.bof./ tefeef. Mif.oj;
]rh,qD,vD,brf} yAefqldof.pAyf:ehauj; trf,zdwf:/
vlif,pAyf:eef.auj; vkuf.wD; rh,qD,vD,brfaO
yAerf j:uln:f eif,uof,/ vli,f pAy:f eef.sw. Mif.oj;
]]Oylof,Ilof,zlof: Sporohoore}}ehaO ref:yAef
wD;tef Odr:f oh.yef qlod .f pAy:f ]]Ozlo:f Spore}}
eef.bof./
zhm,w[;vlif,pAyf:eef. rD:pD.tgef,yAefoSof,oh.
sv; tgif;wD;qldof:eef. yAeftgif;wj,aw rD:
qldof.pAyf:bof./ qldof.pAyf:eef. pSif.vAuf.ej,sv;
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
tofwj yuwdwlnf:eh trf,pefvh;/ vh;tof
rmef,zDvl:vlif Microscope aOwlnf: qif,aw
pefbof./
]]qlod .f pAy:f }}eh. ayj:oj; vh;uGj,tdiyf idk ;f wle;f
rh. wkrrf .h pSi;f aO tgu,f rj:ehqidk f ref:qmif;pAw:f P;
wle;f rh.eef. zif.uGj,ihm;ihm;aO tofr.h zif.eef.
pAw:f yAepf iS :f wj,P;pAy:f tgu,f bof./ pAy:f eh. ugy;f ylod ;f
ref:vlof,xmwf;erf. wif:erfaO qif,aw
qmif;tguf,sv; zgif:cmof:rh;qrfxkdif? zgif:cmof:rh;?
zgif:qrfxkdifcmof:uwf:qldof:eef. ohm:zlefOgef:
avj, OgiO f mrfpj,bof.qkid f pAy:f ukid .f umif.rkw:f tgu,f
rj:urf:vAofbof./ cmof:zlefeh.auj; vh;oj; yAef
cmof:pAyf:tguf,bof./ ugyf;yldof; ulef:ruf.pAyf:erfrj:
sv; e[:urf,zj,eh. bmrf:vAof tgeuf ef zku,f pAy:f
aO Okdof.chmP;vh;yAef yhm:rmuf;rD:b[,vlifbl,bof./
pAyf:tefoj;eh. ayj:ulef:pof:udefeh pAwf:
yefzgef:vDulef:auj;yAefvh;? pAwf:yAef bj;ugif.
aO yefwmif:bmyf,zkdwf, ulef:pof:auj; yAefvh;
bof;/ ayj:xkid cf mof:pkod .f cmof:zlerf j:eh pAy:f ul;rAo:f
tgeuf eftgu,f rj:bl,bof;/ pAy:f tefqkdo;f OAib f [,
e[:rldif:wh:pof:aw. yAefpAyf:yluf,? pAyf:rluf:? pAyf:
zmef:? pAy:f erf.cof;? pAy:f awj,ph:g ? pAy:f cdi?f pAy;f pki.f ?
pAy:f bmyf,? pAy:f wSy:f ? pAyb
f yk ,f bl? pAy:f az.J qlod :f
eh.bof;/ ayj:udepf yA :f eh wmif:yAef qldo:f wyf:u[;?
wmif:yAefwkwf;J qldof:eh. ref:sp.uif;yefvh;
ehbof;/ vldofaOeef. pAyf:eh. pAwf:P;OmhwjvD
aOtrf,uj: ule:f qlod :f tef pSi:f vlw d ;f st,eef.
auj; pAwf:P; pSif:vldwf; ckdef:wArfvDrj:ugef,-eh
bof;/
Oifoj; tofpyA :f pkiaf vj: (clo;f avj:) zuf:urf
qge:f ? zuf:egu,f v[qodl :f eh. ref:qmif; pAw:f P;ymh:
187
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
bl,vDulef:pof: cSrf.vDrj: aOtrf,uj: wmif:yAef
tefr:D e[:wlouf le:f pof:eef.auj; qmif;pmhue g ,f -
ehbof;/ bj;bjtSif:uvAwf; urf;zgif;auj; O[,
avj:oh.yj: pAyf:wmif:erfbof./
ulnf:uj; pAyf:eh. ayj:udefnj:tefrldof, ref:
sv;Oif? trf,q[;pAyf:rldof,aOw ayj:udefavj:
teftrf,rSe;f uef wif:pAy:f eef.sv;Oif qlod :f
eh. qmif;pAw:f yAef az:cAeaf wj,ule:f pof: aw."/
Orf.xSi;f bj;cj;rSi:f ?bj;Odw:f blod ;f ? bj;rlod ,f qlod :f
eef. ayj:pof:Odw:f clo:f Olepf of:bof. pAy:f qmif;
tgu,f rj:bl,/ pAy:f qlod :f tgu,f qgr:f ph;? qgr:f Oleqf odl :f
Odwf:bj;bjeef. Oifoj;uGj,tofudefehqkdif
qmif;yAeuf ig .f awj, ule;f pof:aw."eh xku,f vDpok .h
bl,bof;/
udefpAyf:yluf,aOsv;rldof,eh yh,wgef.bmrf;
idef:/ ulnf:uj; e[:yD(2009)eh. rD:ulef: rldof,pAyf:
aO vh;cke d ;f pli:f bjwmif:erfbof;/ yDe.h wD;sq;
oAi:f wmif.bmef: qof;Omif, vgch of ugj,vh;pAy;f ylu,f rj:
tofpkifavj: yjbAef,aO udefsv; vh;ugj,ckdef;
plif:bj wif:uRif:-ehbof./ ugyf;eh ]]pAyf:tD;Oif
auj;bof. ayj:udefavj:tefcoS f:sv; tefqArf:
qkid f qmif;rlod ,f -eh vDv;h rmhwig :f oh.bl,aw."/ uGmrf:
yl,rge,f pof:cofauj; bmrf;Oif,oh.oj; ]]yjtrf,rD:uAw:f
pAyf:trf,rD:rh.(ygif,oj; pAyf:teftrf,tguf,wD;wkrf
rh.? ygif,oj; pAyf:teftguf,eldofvdef) trf,vDudef
qgrf:uef}}ehbl,/
urf;zgif;eh. udefpAyf:aOwgif.uGj,? urf;zgif;
Orf.uderf muf,rli;f ? rmuf,vmif:aOwgi.f uGj,sv; wD;
e[:plif:bjvlifwmif.bmef:eh. ayj:wArfuGj,bof;/
tefvh;OAifOmhq[ ugyf;wgif.uGj,auj; rD:wif:erf
bof./ qldof:eh. ref:awyAef bgef.vlnf; ulef:
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
pof:uden f j:pAy:f tefpof: Odw:f bj;bjaO tgu,f 4. tofO[,e[:tlif;rkdof:aO rdyf,wlnf: ayj:yAef
rj:qgrf:Olefeef.auj; qmif;yAefvh;bof;/ zgifuGj,urf:vAofauj; bj,ayudef/
pAyf:eh. ayj:udeferfej,sv;Oif? udefnj: 5. pAyf:tef zlefbrf:bl,sv; emef:eof;
pAyf:rldof,sv;Oif? udefavj: teftrf,rSef;uef eef.auj; bj,udefvj:"/
wif:pAyf:sv;Oif qmif;arjpAwf:P; plofeuf:? ugif,
auj;euf:aO trf,qkdef;trf,ymif,? c[;egef:bl, 6. ayj:yAefpAyf:tefrD:ODcAofauj; bj,ayudef/
auj; trf,vyf:? qmif;arjvkdrf:wlofvkdrf:cdif: (wmh 7. pAy:f teftgu,f rj: e[:ph; e[:Olef tefbmrf;
vkdrf:)? wgif.yduf.? wgif.uGj,-ehbof;/ ayj:bj wluf: Odwf:bj;bjeef.auj; bj,ayudef/
vkdef:auj; qmif;pAwf:P; ulef:pof: wmhbgef.ref:
ugef,bof;/ ayj:yAef qldif.eif,yj;eldofeh.qkdif 8. pAyf:eh. bgef.xmwf;vdeferfsv; bj,
tofuGj,plif:bjoh:"wj./ qlof;yh,wef:Mwf; plif:bj udefavj:uldofomef? erf.elrf:? erf.tgh;?
eef. aq;tof erf.zuf:urf,qgef:sv; erf. erf.xmef qldof:tefomeful;yldif"/
vAuf: erf.wgif:aO yefudefoh. tgefwmif:auj; 9. bj,ayudefavj: tefcSof:/
vh;bl,/ trf,eefauj; yefudeb f j;bj tefarj 10. pAyf:rifrAof:eh. bgef.ref:trf,rSef;xmwf;
pmuf;sv;Oif? bj;bjwgi.f uGj,sv;Oif eh.auj;aw vlr:f ule:f ul;auj.sv; ayj:trf,q[;pAy:f tef
xkuf,bl,-ehbof;/ pof:bmrf;udee f ef. trf,udee
f .h vDaOyle d ;f
zl;rD:wmif:pk rlid :f uBj,ymef,cof vAy;f pAe:f wln:f bof./
pAy:f eh. rD:oh.(200)rAo:f ? e[:eef. pAy:f rlod ,f rD:(12)
rAo:f ? pAy:f tefvuD e d f Orf.rD: (188)rAo:f -ehbof;/ qof;aqj:wdu
rD:qlid .f eif,ehaOwauj; ayj:trf,q[; pAy:f tef umifoAif:?wmif.bmef:
pof: bmrf;udefeh trf,udefeh. vDaOyldef;bof./
eif,pkdofayj:awildif.so;vh; vgif;rldof,pAyf:eef.
urfvh;" qgrf:eif, tefwSrf;oh. yj;w[;eh.wj./
1. ayj:xlyf:pefpAyf:eh tofrkdof:pof: rdwf:ySwf;
wdepf yA :f aO tofvde.f av:wln:f wj./ayj:
rD:Omhcef:"oh.eh bj,ayudefvj:"/
2. tofrj:sq;avj: erf.uldofwlnf:sv; ayj:
ref:tguf,ODcgif, ODvSifauj; bj,udef/
3. pAyf:teftguf,wD;ikdyf:"aO vdefvrfzkdwf:"
eef.auj; bj,ayudef/
188
 wyf:vmwf;uGmrf:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
qof;tldnf:qof; pj:yAef]wyf:}tgef,qof;
tlod ;f ? pj:puf.qof;uj;pkod f tefoj;eef. P;vh;vmwf;
seqof; tdw:f ekid ;f / pj:tofvug :f vmh: uof;vmh:aO
puf.Nrfqof;tlod ;f /
1. pj:Odrf:oh.yefxmwf;vAuf:(iron) wj,
qof;vlo,f q[.eef.tlod ;f / vlod af Oeef. bj;pSi:f
oD,wj,rde,f sv; xmwf;ap;(minerals)qlod :f eh.
auj; pj:Odr:f oh.yef wj,qof;wAr"f xle;f "tlod ;f /
* ayj:trf,rD:pj: qof;trf,rD:q[vh;? aw
trf,rD:pSi:f Okyd ,f Omhq[ uGj,vh;uln:f ej;/
2. pj:pAw:f yeferf.vD (bile) wj,qh;g xSrf
pAw:f P; wmif:udeqf of; vSov
f uS ,f imh;tlod ;f /
* ayj:trf,rD:pj: zmh;eh.g zmh;vliq
f of; qlod :f
eef. trf,qmif;xh, qmif;zmh; uln:f ej;/
3. pj:su;yef ugi.f ile.f tefqof;O[, vli:f
rj:ql:pj:qlod :f eef.tlod ;f / rle
d e
f if,vof;? yD,bj,
189
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
(rgu,f rlncf mofcmof-yde,f wSr;f )
(beer)? omh,(wine)sv; bj;rof:urfqldof:eh.
yj:xmwf;cdeof .h (chemicals)sv; pj: vh;su;yef
uj;eif,ySi;f ygiyf e
A v
f ;h eef.tlod ;f /
* ayj:trf,rD:pj: wmi:f bmr;f trf,vDqof; qlod :f
eef. awcke d :f cj;pSrq
f of; wmhtodl ;f /
4. pj:OGmif:oh.tAefpiS f: (energy)yefqof;
wArf"xlef;" rldefeif,rmuf,xmef,(battery)
eef.tlod ;f / tefe.h yAef wj,awvh;Odr:f xmwf;
ul d o f o mef ( carbohydrate, glucose,(fat )
chref:qldof:eh.tldof;/ pj:pAwf:oh.yefqof; wArf"
xle;f " uj;qof;vlo,f q[.eef.bof./
* ayj:trf,rD:pj: xmwf;uldofomefqof; aw
wlu:f vli:f uGj,aO qmif;rof:rof:rdi:f vkdr:f
wlovf rdk :f cdi:f tlod ;f /
5. qArfrldof;qof;yh,uldwf,eef. pj:vh;pAwf:
vldwf;yef wgef;wj,wlofqof; P;ayj:rSef;yldif
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ule:f vD"tlod ;f /
* ayj:trf,rD:pj:eh qof;awtrf,qmif;rj:
rD:bl, wD;pdr:f yle
d ;f eef.uln:f /
6. pj:pAwf:yefxSif; xmwf;eldof. (pro
teins)tef tefr[," wj,qof; awvh;bl,vD b[,rl;
rj:tlod ;f /
* ayj:trf,rD:pj:eh qof;awtrf,qmif;ekr,f
rl; ekw:f Okirf j:vh;uln:f ej;/
7. pj:xgeyf w S ;f ugi.f ile.f tefqof; Okw,f
cof;rj: qlod :f eef.tlod ;f / rle
d e
f if,uGe:f bj;? uGe:f
Ilw.f ? uGe:f qmuf;qlod :f eh. yj:xmwf;cdeof .h (che-
micals)wif:erfsv; pj:vh;xgeyf w S ;f tlod ;f /
* ayj:trf,rD:pj:eh xmwf;qlod :f eef. yAef
ugi.f yAeif e
l .f awj,qof;tlod ;f /
8. pj:pA w f : yef v l d w f ; wk i f wj,P;vldwf;
xmwf,imh;tlod ;f / Oifoj; qof;wkr.f wlod .f aOvgi;f "
sv; vlw d ;f bmif vh;tgu,f pSi:f qkid f pj:vh; pAw:f yef
P;vlw
d ;f qof; wkiuf mrf;rj:tlod ;f /
* ayj:trf,rD:pj:eh vldwf;qof; awtguf,
pSi:f tj:vj:aO qmif;wmhujG ,trf,pmif.bof./
9. wj,awcj;ySwf; rlif;rSif: tefcof;rj:
e[:wloq f of;eef.auj; pj:qg;h xSrf uSw,f sc sp.uif;
tlod ;f / pj: cj;pSryf w
S ;f rSi:f wmif:yAef P;ayj:wmhtodl ;f /
ydu.f Orf.oj; rli;f rSi:f trf,wmhauj; pAw:f P;cof pSi:f
tle;f uGj,tlod ;f /
* ayj:trf,rD:pj:eh qof; awyAeuf e l :f qyf:
wmif:yAeuf jG , cmof:bmof:tlod ;f /
190
eif,vmwf;serj:eh.bof. pj:puf.qof;uj;pkod -f
tefoj;eef. pkbof. trf,q[;pJ`/ qof;vl:
qgi,f puf.pj: pkod v
f j,J`/
wj,qof; awarjpuf.pj:(wyf:)eef. bge:f
vmwf;se vmh:imh;ref:tdw:f ekdi;f
* bj,aytof vof; yD,bj,sv; omh,qlod :f eh.
wgi;f O[,? Nwf:O[,? vlu;f O[,? xgu,f O[,pj:ej;/ tef
qof; vh;tkud .f vli:f acj: ekid ;f tkud .f eef. qmif;pAw:f
P;zopj: yAepf :hg qAy:f ? pg:h tmwf: wif:erftodl ;f /
* bj;rof:urfqodl :f eh. zmif.vD"sv;/ bj;
rof:urf? bj;vkrd :f wlo?f bj;ejqlod :f eh. yAex f mwf;
cdefrlwf:bof./ ugyf;eh ayj:trf,yj: wmif:ch;q[
arjbjcofeh bj,ayq[./ Oifq.[ eh qof;awyAef
ule:f cliOf mif;tgu,f ile.f ugi.f aO ugi.f qlod :f eef.
awrj:pAw:f cAeO f ,[ pj: pmof;" pSi:f " urf:vAobf of./
pj:eh. qAy:f imh;? twf:imh;ej,sv; Oifoj; pg:h qAy:f pj:
erfrj:wdu:f "qkid f qmif;yAerf j: wmif:yAew f yf:pSi;f
(Cirrhosis)aO trf,qmif;cke d :f vDv;h bof;/
bj;bjeh. rmifyug ;f rmifv[ vlo,f sw.sw.tlod ;f ?
trf,rD:trf,yAev f j:vj:/ uln:f uj; trf,vlo,f aO
sv; udeb f j;bjehaw. yAew f mif:bmrf; trf,vD
rAo:f ekid ;f tlod ;f ? wgi:f oh.sv;ej;/
* xmwf;cdef(chemicals) wif:rlw:f eh.
pAwf:P;pj:(wyf:)qAyf:OSyf,imh;aw."/ rldefeif,
bj;Odw:f rli;f rSi:f qldo:f eh.auj; vDv;h zmif.aO
q[.tlod ;f / rlod ;f qof; pAw:f vgi;f rlw:f O[ wj,wD;bl,
eef. vDq.[ wkod :f zSe,f wlr:f Oly:f (mask) tlod ;f /
rlod ;f qof; Odw:f bj;cj;rSi:f wj,wle;f rgu,f rmuf,v[?
rldof;wj:erf.bj;ODv[qldof:eh. ref:qmif;wldof.
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
nj:qof;sv; xku,f vDwodk :f rlirf odk :f (glove)? trf, vlw
d ;f qof;bof. qof;awvh;pk vgi;f pj: vDvD
eef eki;f Olod ;f cSeb
f mof:? wkod :f rmuf,plo?f O[,zSe,f tlod ;f /
wlr:f Oly:f ? sp.cl;vifo.h bl,/ uloq f of; Okw,f nj: 3. Oifoj; wlopf j: tle;f ele:f vD? acBj:vDeh aw.
zgirf e
k ;f sv; bj;cj;rSi:f eef.tlod ;f / vDv;h zmif. awtrf,rD:yefpjOif/
sw.sw./
4. Oifoj; wlopf j: uSe,f uSu:f uSu:f aO yAev
f ug :f yAef
* bj,ayudef wmif:udef tefct h efref: vSu:f oh.ehaw. awvh;oj; pj: rD:yefpj wku.f
(fatty food)qlod :f eh. erfej,zSoe
f j;/ bmuf;oh.bof;/
ySi;f wD;wloq
f of; vlo,f chref: tefpw A :f P; 5. Oifarjbjcof xmif,xlrd of j; pj: rD:yefpj pmof;
vldwf;wif(cholestrol)eef. pj:pAwf:oh.yef pSi:f oh.eh qof;xku,f vDq.[ clid ;f twf.xIj,Ogi:f ?
bl,rmef,rmef,/ trf,vle.f vlod O f if/ ugy;f ehbof; qD , wD q cS e f , ( Ultrasound,CT scan )
qof;vlof,udef wmif:udef tefukdif,vDudefulnf:/ qlod :f eh. Okyd ,f xwf:Omif wln:f pj: xSi;f tlod ;f /
wmif:udef tefyAeftAefpSif:qldof:eef.auj;
uderf mef,rmef,(balance)uln:f sv;ej;/ bj;P; 6. zopj:sv; zoqof;eh. rD:wD;qof; vlvrg f
chref:(fatty)erfvodl ef j,zSo/f vkr:f vj: y[.yj: blw:f bjuln:f /
acj;yefzmif. wj,qof;uof, eif,oj;serj:eh. pj: vh;vkr:f vj: qof;rj: eif,pkod f
eh-pkbof. trf,q[;p`/ ayj:ygi,f q[ vDbof.auj;
yAepf kdof rD:pkdoaf uj;vD xly:f wmif:bmyf,zkdw,f oh.q[ puf.Nrf qlr:f ySi:f pj:aO sv; vkr:f vj:
awj,ayj:xkdifwD;vkughauj; pj:aw. wkdef:aw wln:f xkid pf j:sv;ej;/
trf,vmwf;qof;/ pj:trf,vmwf;sevh;/ ugy;f oj;
pj:eh. trf,q[;auj.pAw:f cAeaf wj,qof;/ cgy;f q[b,[ erfaO-
wyf:qof;
vof; bj;sv; wmif:udet f rf,yAepf iS :f (junk zl;yde,f wSr;f - rgu,f rlncf mofcmof
foods)qldof:eh. bj,aytkdefvlif:ql:pj: erf
ej,zSoe f j;/ cofqodl :f eh. qmif;rj:buof:pj: vh;imh;
imh;tlod ;f /
cSe:f awj;pyf.xgr,f tof wmif:ch;q[
wD;pj: tdw:f ekdi;f sv;
1. tgefpj:(wyf:) uGj,xwf:Omifwlnf: wD;arj
bj(zmh,wyf:)sv;ej;/
2. pj:rD:az:cAef qlid .f pkod e
f h ayj:uGj,xwf:wln:f

191
17-qAifcrf:vSif: qg1if,c[;vh1; wmif
1 1 ;rle1f;Ol1dof: 1uwf:1bAef
qof;Oktgef,
(egifrgef vj;OAof;

Oifoj; aOauj.auj. xmrfrj:oj; ]qgif;c[;vh; uwf:bAesf w.eef. Orf.awvh;pAw:f pkod f qlod :f

wmi:f rle;f Olod :f uwf:bAe`f }ehqidk f z[za[ uj; awj; f ig ;f tefxuk ,f vD N.ygi,f oh.bl,/
eh. yAev
awtrf,ukw d :f trf,rkid f wuf:awckid cf e dk f: wgy,f yef
z[:z[:oj; ]c[;vh;tlod f;}ehurf;vAob f l,/ tefue l :f wmif:uwf:bAef rD:vhmyldif
pof: cke d :f wgy,f eif,ehe.h rSe;f Ozj,oref:bl,/ wD;e[:zke d v f ud ;f tifuwk wf Iedujb? Wkued
ayj:awrj:wln:f ule:f pof:cof wif;OAi;f e[: ymw;f eef. Tzj:yAeq f of;apj:seoh.oj; wmi:f uwf:
vlu;f cli:f umie f .h ehauj; qgi,f awtrf,vh;pef vgi;f bAew f if:OAi;f eh. wD;uSy;f ref:sw. (1) uj,bOkc
tefew S ;f tgeuf ef pAw:f "pj" yke;f wj,vh; wmi:f wlofuwf:bAef? (2) qdwf.wOkc q[uwf:bAef
rle;f Olod :f uwf:bAee f .h yAev f ig ;f tef ule:f pof: yAefOgiftefeh.bof./
cof tgeuf efrik ;f rgi:f w[:wgi:f c[;vh;c[;rD:bl, ul;auj.
eef.bof./ wmif:uwf:bAeftefv[ yAefyldifb[,
e[:uj; vgu:f vhm:wj,rle;f Olod :f uwf:bAef tef e[:uj; wmi;f uwf:bAef Ogiyf idl e f ef. tef
rD:oh. wmi:f erfeef. wD;eh; awtdiyf idk ;f tof xrf: yAeq f u[ wf:bAee f ef.uln:f su:wgef:vlod yf e dl ;f ?
Twj: ykw.f xTzj:yAeq f of;pof: urf;zgi;f aO vmw;f yAefyldifb[,vrf,vgif;aOyldef;bof./ bgef.Oif
seuGj, vhm:ref:urf;zgi;f bl,/ ayj:eh wmi:f uwf: sv; vh;oj;eif,ehqidk f e[:avj:ueh. ule:f pof:urf;
bAef rD:vhmyidl ?f wmi:f uwf:bAef tefvO [ rf.yAef zgi;f eh. iked :f auj;rD:? crf:auj;rD:? Ilw.f uj:wlud ;f tkw,f
ylid b
f ,[ ? vgi;f vh;rh;q[ vgi;f trf,vh;uwf:bAef Olod :f wlduf;oj:auj;rD: tefyAefclof:cgifcldif;auBj,avj:uD,
q[eef. bge.f Oif/ wge;f wj,vh; wmi:f rle;f Olod :f eef. rD:wArx l f;ul;ylid af O yle
f e d ;f ayj:tmr:f chb g ,l /
192
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
uln:f uj; ydu.f Orf. rD:clo:f cgiif e
kd :f crf: wArx f e l ;f trf,Olod f: wmi:f vlw d f,rh; cSef:wlod f:oh.bl,ulnf:/
vlid ,f erfaOwauj; bj,xmi,f oj; awrD:wmi:f rle;f vdol e f h. ule:f rD:rD:zmez f met f rf,oj; bge.f
Oldof:uwf:bAefsw.eif,uof,/ ulef:qldof:tef yldof; wmif:N.pefat,rmifsv; ukrf,vh;yAef oef:
vh;uwf:bAerf e l ;f Olod :f qgr:f ySi;f eif,cofr:D clo:f cgif vldw,f rh;qgr:f ylid yf e A af vj:uxrf, vgi;f rmu;f rD:uwf:
ide
k :f crf:eef. awrD:yj;at,uln:f bl,/ bAef? vgif;ugwf:zmefcmefq[? vgif;yldef;sO.?
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clof:cgifikdef:crf:vldif,erfeef. wmif:uwf:bAef ohm:bof./
rle;f Olod :f Orf. pefuw g :f zme?f pefbyl ;f bgr:f oh. yldifekdi;f aOauj; ayj:awwlnf: zhm,e[:aO
bof./ Tzj:yAeq f of;pof:apj:oj; rD:clo:f cgiif e kd :f crf: vmw;f Orf. e[:su;tlu:f Nofqu[ e l :f pof: urf.erfe.h
wmef,pkdofaOwauj; ayj:trf,rD:wmif:uwf:bAef rled pf odk of .h `/ ukr,f vh;yAef q[rik ;f rgi:f c[;vh;c[;rD:? ukr,f
Odol :f q[sw. yh,vh;oj; auj.rmu;f rD:uge,f / wkud .f yAef vh;yAef q[vrfO;h urf,? vgi;f teftrf,rde l ef if,q[
ule:f ugw:f zmeb f ,l uln:f ehbof./ bge.f eefsv; ukr,f vh;yAef q[trf,c[;cmr,f ? trf,pme.f q[? trf,yAi:f
Tzj:yAeq f of;pof: qif,apj:rj:oj; ]]wmi:f uwf:bAef ayj:q[? ukr,f yAeq f O [ D;au.ap;wjye dl f;? q[qme;f
q[eef.uln:f yAeyf idl b f ,[ vrf,vgi;f aOyde l ;f }}bof./ qif:yde l f;J qlod :f eh. bl,clod f:"b[:"bof./ e[qof.
awj,oef:crf; uln:f ukr,f yAef q[avj:z? awj:O?
ugyf;Oifsv; trf,vh;q[uwf:bAef arj:p? rjeJqldof:eef.bl,aO ayj:trf,rD:rldof;
ayj:awvgrw f nl :f uln:f pof: e[:vlu;f eh.qkid f ukw
d :f vdok ;f yAi:f ayj:pme.f q[v;h aOygu;f bof./ bge.f
trf,oj; rD:"zme"f vAu.f "b[," urf.yj;erfe.h ukr,f ylod ;f trf,ydw k ,f trf,ymi,f uyf.tlu:f rh;q[ wlud ;f q[ej,
vh;yAef wmi:f vlw d ,f rh; q[trf,uwf:trf,bAeof .h bl, aOsv; ule;f pof:urf;zgi;f eh. xkid w f ;D ayj:vh;ckid f
ul;z[ref:uln:f bof./ vgi;f wmi:f tefurk ,f vh; vlw d ,f vhm: ckdef:tofwlofuof, vkOkrf: OAif;whmuGj,ySwf;
rh;eif,ehe.h ayj:awwln:f zhm,egu;f aO vmw;f eef.bof./
qkdif zl;qldof:rmuf;rD:clof:cgifauj; ukrf,vh;rh;q[qgrf: uyf:uhm,vln;f vgi;f tefue l :f pof:wif:erf crf
ugyf;wmif:rmuf;rD: clof:cgifbl,bof./ ukrf,vh;olef.rh; q[vw ld ,f rh; trf,qmi;f vh; wmi:f uwf:bAerf e l ;f Olod :f
wj,qhm? wj,Ohm,? wj,qmr,f yln;f aq:qdr,f seyle d ;f ? eh.aO rlod ;f ygu;f ekid ;f eef. cket f e d :f bif:bmr;f
wj,P;yled ;f chyg e
dl ;f bgi;f ? qArw f if:ukr,f ole.f rh; ulovf ;h oh;vof;xmrf wD;Tzj:yAeq f of;pof:bl,/
vl.vSofOkrf:uGj,ySwf;eef.aO bl,ayj:trf,Odlof: ]]Tzj:yAefqof;pof:wD;cj; ulef:pof:e[:avj:u
egef:ayj:trf,vyf:bof./ wif:OAi;f eh. z["auj; awj;tgeuf ef rki;f rgi:f c[;vh;
zl;qlod :f ugw:f zmecf ol :f cgie f ah uj; uln:f ukr,f vh; c[;rD: wmi:f rle;f Olod :f uwf:bAeb f ,l ul;auj.cj;atj;/
vdlwf,rh;qgrf: ugyf;wmif:ugwf:zmefcmefq[eef. uln:f uj; ydu.f Orf.oj; tgeuf ef rki;f rgi:f ul;auj.aOw
bl,/ ukr,f vh;ole.f rh; wj,vh;bl,? wj,vh;ude?f wj,vh; ugy;f Oifsv; Orf.trf,vh; wmi:f uwf:bAef Olod :f q[
eki;f ? wj,vh;ckw d :f yAi:f rle
d yf edl f;eef.aO bl,ayj: eef.cj;aej}}ehbof./

193
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Tzj:yAeq f of; cke d :f wgy,f oj; OifaOtdwf:bof./ bgef.eefsv; uofTzj:
]]ckeftde:f tldnf:J vgif;wmif:ulef:cof e[: vgwf;wmif:rh;q[ wmif:ulofspaO rD:wmif:uwf:
vluf; trf,qmif;vh; wmif:rlef;Oldof:uwf:bAefq[ bAeb f ,l / trf,rD: az:cAeO f ifun l :f }}
eh. bge.f ylod ;f cofurk ,f rD:q[ OD;au.ap;wjye
dl ;f ? ukr,f ayj:wln:f acj;uGmr:f Tzj:yAeq f of;eh.qkid f xmi,f
rD:q[Olnf;yldef;? q[xD,eAof ySif:qif:awj,yldef; awN.ygif, vgi;f wmi:f wj,awvh; uwf:bAeO f odl :f
tefMif.oj; tdw.f Oj, rwf.OIdbeef.bof.}} q[eef.bl,/ ayj:c[;rD: wmi:f rle;f Olod :f uwf:bAef
sw.qkid f awvh;bge,f bgr:f zj;omi:f ySw;f q[ww d :f
wgef;wj,vh;wmif:uwf:bAefOldof:q[ q[M;h q[qyf:ySe:f ? q[c;[ vh; teftrf,Okw:f trf,
awvh;pAwf:pkdof` OAi;f J qlod :f eef.ehbof./
ygu;f ekid ;f rlod ;f zgi:f Tzj:yAeq f of;pof: wkud .f bl, q[;sw.bof./ tefue l :f rlid :f cli:f umipf of: ukr,f
Oof: e[:yj,xle d ,f Omi:f cSi:f wD;pdr:f rlid f:Ij,quBLof, vh;vlw d f,rh; trf,vh;Olod f:q[eh. yAeuf yg f;ylod f; q[
eef. Okwwf.w tefawrj:yAef Oax:vlif trf,vD? q[uof,Oof;oof:vrfqodl :f eh.bof./ q[uof,
tej,xyde,f qif,uGj,xly:f Tzj: cmo:f umicf e dk f:vduk :f Oof;oof:vrfqodl :f eh. rD:oh.e[:q[pof: erfuj;pkod af uj;
eef.bof./ zgi:f rlod ;f ref:uGj,xly:f pef oh;Oj,bof. awj;awvh; vlw d ,f rh;? vh;cDq[ Oku.f q[uj;eef.
eef. ref:qif,vh;rD:q[ bkr,f brfqrl :f "Olod :f " uGj, bof./ eif,pkdof q[uof,Oof;qldof:eef. ayj:aw
sw."aO oh;vof;wli.f wuf. wgi;f xmrv f ig ;f vDvig ;f vAuf.au,at,rmifuGj, wD;e[:rmuf,Nofq[pof:eef.
q wD;Tzj:yAefqof;bl,/ awvh;tgeuf ef zkud :f qke.f zj;omi:f vlw:f bgr:f uGj,
]]Tzj:yAeq f of;pof:wD;cj;J rlod ;f cj;wsy: wkud .f uj;eif,ygifyAefvh;bl,/ Oifvlwf:bgrf:ySwf; q[
rj:qgrf:wmi:f eef. bge.f ylod ;f bde:f yAerf h;q[vD trf,vD? q[crD ;h ? q[uof,Oof;oof:vrfqodl :f eef.vh;
ulofej,sv; ayj:tmif;Nefckdef:rldof: yAefurf:yAef uge,f qif,awqmi;f vh; wmi:f rle;f Olod :f uwf:bAef
urf:bl,atj;/ umicf e dk :f zvliq f idl .f eh wD;e[:yj,pAo;f rj: urf:vhg:vh:g bof./
tefvw D e dk f,zmef;ulofspvlie f h. Tzj:yAeq f of; wge;f wj, awvh;wmi:f uwf:bAeO f odl :f q[aO
pof: Orf.rj:bl,Oof: wlev f oA bf ,l pif:uln:f / qgi,f bmew f mi:f vlwd ,f rh;eef. vgu;f vhm:ref:sw. aw
Tzj:yAeq f of;pof: vgw;f wmi:f rh;q[ wmi:f ulosf paO vh;arj cku:f cle.f ole.f ch; tofTwj:O[,q[bof./ tef
vh;bl,Oof: uef:bAev f iD mr:f bl,cj;pkod af ej:}} vDwgef:aO tofTwj:O[,q[eh. trf,rD:vhm:v[
]]Okwwf.wJ uofTzj:eh. vgif;wmif: trf, xSif;/
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Orf.ayj: wSy:f cmw,f bmeuf mi:f rlw:f OAi;f "bof./ uof umet
f ofTwj:O[,q[e.h yAeuf mez
f j,oej,urf,
Tzj:trf,rD: wmif:vldwf,rh;cDeSif wluf:wlofulofsp rxme:f bof./ umetf efe.h trf,vdul ;f wD;? trf,

194
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
vdul ;f cmo:f ? trf,vdul ;f yme/f pAw:f vh;ul;wD; ul;cmo:f ul; rD:Twj:ehsw. awtrf,vh;vlw d ,f rh;q[Oifbof./
ymeb f of./ Orf.xSi;f ule:f rD:ule:f zmef ule:f b[, wuf:awvh; wmi:f rle;f Olod :f uwf:bAef tefqw S ;f
ule:f vAu.f ? ule:f vrf ule:f vSiaf uj; trf,vlud ;f / trf, tefsw.ref:bl,bof./
ruf:cef;oh./ pAw:f vh;ul;auj. ul;ule:f ul;bdif: ul;qhm:
bof./ acj;vlyf:vif
umeTf wj:eh. auj.v[cof;q[pw A :f auj; auj.eef. yAeuf e l :f rj: ekid ;f qmw;f eh. ydu.f Orf.vh;rmu;f rD:
wuf:awvh; erf.wge:f zge:f vDref:/ vh;wmi:f clo:f cgiaf q:qdr,f wme,f pkod af uj; ayj:bif:yh,rD:Twj:?
rle;f Olod :f uwf:bAeq f [ Okod ;f ej;wef:wjurf:vAof yh,arjtofTwj:Tzj:yAeq f of; O[,tlu:f O[,q[qidk f yh,
bl,/ vh;oj; ukid ,f wmi:f yAeuf e l :f ? yh,vh;oj; zoxme;f Oki?f
vgif;buf.bArf;wlnf:wgif: Owdyxmef,? od zorD:uj;cef? zotefvcD gh bgi;f abj:ugef,/ ugy;f
ywf.Oej,? olef.ch;uki,f rkeTf zj:? sz;wle d f:rAw.f Oif ehqidk f wmi:f rmu;f rD:vdil ,f erfcofqodl :f eef. yh,
wj,? Oge,f pefve g .f uSez f oule:f ? xgr,f tofTwj:? q[;wmif:rlef;Oldof:uwf:bAefqSwf;? ugyf;wkduf.vh;
wln:f vlyyf.vdu;f zke d x f rf: trf,eef pAw:f umef vlw d f,rh; cDqq [ rg f:bl,eef.bof./
vD wj,e OD,v zj,oej,J qldof:tefawrD: bgef.ylod f;ehsv; Oifoj; c[;bmew f mi:f vlw
d ,f
zgef:vDbl, aOteftefqldof:eef. vh;oj; rh; c[;vh;wmi:f Olod :f uwf:bAeq f [sw.qkid f awvh;
yAefumefTwj:? yAefvhm:tofTwj:O[,q[OAif;"bof./ rD: Twj:bl,bof./ awvh;tgeuf ef vAy;f pAe:f xrf:
yAev f mh : wj,vh;wmi:f uwf:bAeO f odl :f q[OiA ;f "bof./ Twj:? awvh;tgeuf efarjtofTwj:O[,q[ qgr:f eif,
vgi;f eh. Tzj:yAeq f of;pof:auj; vmw;f yefpiS :f vmwf;serj:eef.bof./ tefeh. yAefvhm:bl,
oh.oj; Oof:aO wj,vh;uwf:bAeO f odl :f q[ e[:qmw;f eh.
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wmif:rlef;Oldof:rkdwf;rlef;vlnf; xrf:Twj:eef. xqof;eef.bl,bof./
uln:f yAet f efrBmw;f wge:f cSr.f Okw:f yde l ;f }}ehb,l / P;yD;egif. qmof;cldof:pof:cof vh;rD:wmif:rlef;
wD;sw.ref: wmi:f rle;f Olod :f uwf:bAef tef Olod :f uwf:bAeq f [ qgr:f vln;f xrf:Twj: Tzj:yAef
rD:oh. e[:avj:uvliw f if:OAi;f eh. yAet f efue l :f qof;pof:eef. awj,qlo;f z[ ref:aOurf:/
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uwf:bAesf w.uge,f / ugy;f trf,q[; wmi:f uwf:bAef
sw.sv; rD:bl,auj; qif,wkduf.vh;rh;Mef.q[bl,
eef.bof./
wmi:f uwf:bAef vDre l f;Odol :f qSw;f eh. yAef
Twj: Tzj:yAefqof;pof: eef.ulnf:bof./ ayj:oj;

195
17-qAifcrf:vSif:
arjOm1if;1bof. vlof,arjbgef:
1 1 1 1 1 1
qof;eef,worf,O
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- trf,arjsv; pAwf:eh.
uBaO tefarjbl,sv; trf,pAwf:-eh/
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OifaOtrf,oj; ayj:arjaOpAwf:eh. tAefpSif:
ule:f vlo,f q[.wkod :f uj;pkod ?f uj;q[.qmh,ref: awOAi;f
uj;pkod ?f cmof:bmrf:pAw:f ref: awpkid uf j;pkod f tefoj; xmif,oj;awuBaOsv; vj;vD;bgef:bSef:vlif
qldof:eef. bgef.arjOgef,arjeyf.aO trf,uj:
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ref:yAefpkdofyAefpj? vlof,P;ref: vAuf.b[,uj;pkdof
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vmh;oj;uBvlod af O teftrf,arj? qjqD? vmrf:vdr:f
pAwf:eef.sw.bof./
196
teftrf,arjsv;pAwf:eef.aw. wkdef:
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ref: qmif;OAif;erf? cmof:bmrf:ref: qmif;pkdif?
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bof.? bof.rj:auj; trf,vgw;f sr:eh qugj, yAew f ;D
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wauj; wkduf.uBvldofaO tefarjbl,sv; trf,
pAwf:eef.bof./ arjbl,sv; trf,pAwf:eef.
aw. ySwf;vmhaOyldef;rlwf:bof./
umefvDukOlof, tefvlof,bl, e[:yldifOj,O
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pAwf:udefvAif.wgif.eef.bof./ arjaOpAwf:eh.
uBaO tef,trf,arjsv;pAwf:? trf,arjsv;
pAwf:eh. uBvldofaO tefarjbl,sv; trf,pAwf:
eif,uof,bof./
vgif;tef c[;bgef:yef wmif:ch;q[ wj,arj
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pAwf:twdwf,xj,eyj,IrD,)bof./ umefwj,e?
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tefqmif;awvh;rj:eef.bof./ ayj:trf,arj
bgef:eh trf,bgef:Oifvj:vj:auj; qmif;yAef?
ugj, uj;oj;uj;yAefauj; qmif;yAefbof./ e[:Ogifvmh:
eef. trf,vDaOvmh:? vmh:tef trf,bge:f Oif
eef.auj; trf,qmif;vh; vgif;vDOif? tefvj;
vD;bgef:ugj,eef.auj; qmif,yefwkuf.c e[:cmof:
wmif:Orf,OIj,bof./
rldof;qof;OD,xmwf; yAefTzj:rj:bof.aO
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tmif;awpjapj:Twj:yefyle d ;f eef. Nofyidk :f Okw:f
ckuf:q[vh; zl;tefbmrf;rD:au:ql:rj: eldofuSef,
qof; tefyAefqof;IaO. tjvj,Isv; tkwu
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rldof;ylef.rj: vmhoef:eef.aO rldof:yAefOmifbl,
e[:rldif:OmiftIlyykef.ehsv; ykwf.x ayj:vgrf
at:vl Ogifcj vgif;trf,vh; xgrf,Twj:Nofykdif:
yle
d ;f sv; awj,Oj,Oej, ayj:Okw:f auj; vgi;f cj
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eef.-ehbof./
vgif;vh;yAefeif,eefeef. yAefyldof;acj;
bef,q[zw d :f bof./ eif,uGmrf:uyf:xku,f oj; ]]urfb,l
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bof./ wD;sw.ref; rlid :f OmiftIl,y tefoj;eef.
ayj:toftuf.ceOkw;f oj;eh yAeO f miftj,bkbmof:
(WDCjbkuaWo) cof;yj: e[:pAi:f umwf,ySw,f ylid e f ef.
yldifekdif;bof./ ulnf:uj; vgif;oj;yAefvgif;vkeef.
trf,pksv; xmif,yAev f ig ;f vDaO tofqz [ ,[ sv;
qif,Mwf;ugj,bof./
bgef.eef vlof,arjbgef:Ol:tof P;Omif,
xkuf,bof./ arjuGmrf:cofaw. av,uh.oj; ]]arjvl,
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ref: Okef,tefbgef:Ol:vh;eh. trf,ugrf.uj;
pAwf:umefwj,ewmif:vl,ulnf:/ uj;yAefumefvD
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wgi:f vh;?xgr,f Twj:? apj:Twj:qlod :f eh.auj; Ol:wgi:f
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ayj:eef Oifoj; pAwf:umefvDukOlof,aO
197
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
Orf,aOyldifqkdif Orf.vlof,bgef:Ol: bef,q[
eif,pkod f qif,awOmif,xku,f cSr.f vSy;f vj,-ayj:oj;
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vlof,vh;oh:oh:ugef,tldof;}}ehbl,/ trf,zdwf:eif,
uof,? ulnf:uj; vlof,vmh:vh;ref:ugef,-awvh;oj;
ehbof./
ayj:wlnf:ckdef: ykdef:qof;cof vh;edyf.ymef,
eef. awvh;pef
(1) yAefTzj:aO vh;edyf.ymef,?
(2) yAeyf wf.aq,uykw.f xj,aO vh;edy.f ymef,?
(3) yAefway:Tzj:aO vh;edyf.ymef,-eh
rD:Omrfvmh:bof./
e[:Omrfvmh:eef. vmh:xdeidk ;f ]]yAeTf zj:aO
vh;edy.f ymef,}}tefoj;eef. zmh,yj,vdoj;-Orfrj
OrfaYjXdbof./ ygi,f oj;]]pkvv D D pif:uln:f (trf,rD:
zl;Ogefyef? tefpkeef.auj; trf,zdwf:trf,
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vh;edy.f ymef,eh. rD:vgi;f vAoaf Ow vmh:wj,cke d ;f
yAefTzj:eef. Orf.rD:oh.-
(1) Tzj:tvgif:ynf,nj,xdu?
(2) Tzj:tvgif:Owf.xj,xdu?
(3) Tzj:tvgif:oD,Idbj,xdu-ehOmrfyldifbof./
Tzj:tvgi:f ynf,nj,xdu-tefoj;eef. tof
ynf,nj,yAefb[,aO Omif;yj,IrD, wj,ckdef;yAef
Tzj:? omh:aO vh;pyf. edbwyBj,wdwf;bof. vh;
Omif;yj,IrD, OD,tOif,acB, ymhOSefurf,zj,aO
bof. zovke d :f Okw:f eef. vlo,f uBmif.urf wku.f uI
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
qIdbj, Nuf:yDqif,yAefTzj:-ehbof./
Tzj:tvgif:Owf.xj,xdu-tefoj;eef.
oh.Owf.xj,(=wmif:bkrf,brf)yAefb[,aO Omif;
yj,IrD, wj,cked ;f yAeTf zj:? omh:aO vh;pyf. edbw
yBj,wdwf;bof. vh;Omif,yj,IrD, ySwf,tOif,acB,
ymhOSefurf,zj,aObof. zovkdef:Okwf:eef.
Orf.vlo,f uBmif.urf wku.f uI qIdbj, Nuf:vle d f qif,
yAefTzj:-ehbof./
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ymhOSefurf,zj,aObof. zovkdef:Okwf:eef.
Orf.vlof,uBmif.urf wkuf.uI qIdbj, qAwf:oef:
qif,yAeTf zj:-ehbof./ aej,Tzj:eh. rD:vgi;f ySu,f
yldif;uefOmrfrAof:aOw xkdifwD;yAefTzj:rj:aw.
erf.uwf.wmif:brf cofqof; rldefuefrlwf:bof./
tefoj;rj:bof. qldof:eh. yAefvgif;Orf,rj,Orf,
ayj:xdbof./
vgif;vh;edyf.ymef, vmh:xlef;Ogif Orf.yAef
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yqfaquaYjXdbof./ yqfaqu=pif:ulnf:? aYj
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ulnf: vlnf;umefuBmif.urf? trf,rD:TOj,Ogefyef?
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bgef.vlnf;pkpif:ulnf:? trf,arjvmwf;seyldef;
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198
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OSeuf rf,zj,aOw Tzj:tge,f aw. vh;Omif;yj,I
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uj; ayj:vh;yAef qof;ywf.aq,uykwf.xj,bof.
aw. vh;qmrf, tOif,cwxmwf, edyf.ymef,yI
rmwf; rldefOrf,rj,Orf,ykwf.xeif,uof,bof./
qof;Tzj:tgef,eh. rD:vh; zmh,eguf;Oj,O
ej, Tzj:Orf,rj,Orf,ykw.f xuln:f / ayj:Oj,Oej,
qof;Tzj:vlif wkduf.rD:bl,eh qof;ywf.aquykwf.
xj, trf,rD:vh;-ehbof./
vgi;f vh;edy.f ymef, vmh:xle;f Omrf Orf.yAef
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TOj, vmwf;se apj:se Oyf:vSi:f seauj; trf,
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xd)sv; ayj:TOj, yh,vmwf;seauj; trf,ygi,f ykdi;f
ref:vh; rAof:eef. Mif.oj;-Oj,ouayj:xdbof./
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ulnf:bof./ e[:Oj,Oej, qof;auj:wreh. yAef
qof;Oj,IdykwfwIj, wif:qof;rpj,rguf.uvmef,
bof./ wj,vh;yAef tuf.uOj,oueh. vh;Omif;yj,I
rD, ekdif;tOif,acB, ymhOSefurf,zj,-ehbof./
(2) rpj,Oj,outefoj;eef. ygif,oj;yAef
way:vlif Tzj:yAefqof;bof./ rpj,Oj,Oou
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bof./ qof;rpj,uwf.Oy?qof;tekIkwf.xj,?
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Oj,ou e[:Oj,Oej, Tzj:yAefqof; qof;auj:
wrbof./ qof;rpj,Oj,outefoj;eh. yAefqof;
qldof:tef vh;pyf.qkrf; at,uwmuf; (at,w
wuf;) tefwmrfwol Tf zj:yAeq
f of; auj.abj:tmrf:
199
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
oh.eef.bof./wj,vh;yAef rpj,Oj,oueh. vh;Omif;
yj,IrD, OSefurf,zj,-ehbof./
(3)yuwdOj,Ooutefoj;eef. ygif,oj;
yAefway:blof:blof:? way:wOoO? way:
tefqkdof;OAif trf,xmif,qSif; e[:ykdef:Oj,
Oej,Tzj:yAefqof;bof./ yAefvkuf;egif.way:
Tzj:? bl,w[;acj;Oif,uGmrf:Ogef Tzj:yAeqf of;aO
uBmif.urf vh;tIpwf.wrmuf,nmef, zlo,f nmef,ugj,
bl,? uln:f uj; trf,vh;pyf. qkr;f at,wwmuf;? trf,
ayj:ukduf:ykdef:Oj,Oej,uj;pkdof rAof:eef.bof./
ule:f Nde:f wif:qof;Ipmef: rD:Oke,f yAevf ;h eif,
uefbof./
wj,vh;yAef yuwdOj,oueh. cmof:bmrf: Omif;
yj,IrD,ref: uj;pkdofuj;pjehaw. trf,bmrf;pef
ruf:cmef:oh./ bgef.oj; yAefway:wOoOulnf:
sv; bmrf:Omif;yj,IrD,auj; awtrf,ayj:pkdif
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eef. bgef.oj; tefxmif,qSif; e[:Oj,Oej,
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outefoj;eh. wmrfwlof vh;Nyf.xlyf:Tzj:yAef
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bmif; uBmif.urfqgr:f acj;Oif,uGmrf:Ogef uSe,f qof;
wrf;wD; qof;Ipmef:aOwle"f aOsv; vh;rmuf;
nmef,zlof,nmef,ugj,auj; yAefvh;bof./
ulnf:uj; e[:Oj,ouayj:xdOmrfrAof:eef.
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Orf.rD: qj,vldofref:xSif; tdwf:tgef,tgwf:
ekid ;f ? vgi;f yAef at:pdzud .f cksv; trf,yAef tef
oj;eef.bof./ at:pdzduf.ck tefoj;eef. yAef
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urf:vAof trf,wmyf;vh;pj yIduf.cIj, xjNof cof;
Odrf,Oif rAof:eef.bof./
ulnf:uj; wj,awvh;yAef qof;Ipmef:rAof:
eef.aw. wmrfwlof vlof,xlyf:nj: Tzj:aO
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vh;xlyf:Tzj:aOw ayj:trf,vh;Omif; yj,IrD,rj:
aw. trf,yAef at:pdzud .f ckv;h eif,uof,/ rpj,Oj,
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bgef.eef ayj:awbgef:Ol:eh vgif;eh.auj;
vlof,zmif.yj:acj;ekdif;bof./
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vmhyldif tefyAef-
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200
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nj,xdu Orf,rj,Orf,ykwf.xbof./
ayj:c[;yAefyuwdOj,ou at:pdzduf.ckauj;
vlof,oj; qldif.eif,TOj,qof;vlifynf,nj,azj:u
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tej,uOdif,? aq:qdrf, P;rldefeif, quBoaw:?
OAifauj; P;vDaO OAifay: wdif,yD, ykif,wgif,
qgif:nmif: wmif:azB.wmif:qgef: P;rldefeif,
qof;ao,Oef,wIj,? tku.f qj, udet f rf,OAi;f vl,
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201
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
qldof:eef.aw. vDolef.sw."bof./
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tgw:f ? urfOdef wif:ref; wif:trf,ref;vDaO
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umefomef; umefrldif: umefph; umefej: umefu
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qof;eef,worf,O
2009_9_12
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

202
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17

vgef.rgef:uGmrf:
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d ;f cmofO[
bmyf,sv;ihm; elod uf e
l :f wif:erfeef. bl,wD;v[auj; wke d :f trf,
ykef;wj, awpAwf:umefvDekdif;tefeef. rD:ulef:auj.v[ qmef;qif:aOyguf;? ugyf;yldof;eef
cwf:q[pAwf:Ndof,vhch:bhg.auj; bif:yAefbmyf,bl,/ bof. bj,ayvkdrf:zkduf:oh. erf.q[vDbof./
ykef;wj, awpAwf: umeftrf,vDeef.sw. bkrf,brfwmif:pAwf:Omif;pof:sv;
ihm;vdlofaOyldef;wuf:erf.udefbof./ vgi;f vD tefuel :f wmif,auj. q[.pAw:f aO vh;
auj.trf,arjNdof. pAw:f rSe;f uGj,eef.yh,rD:zge:f vD uj;cefref:uge,f /
yjtgef, vknf:qgef,vAef; e[:erf. ref: tefwlofqof;uof, cwf:q[ bkrf,"brf"aO
trf,arjcmif:oj; Ndo.f / elu.f tge,f rdeb f eg ,f vAe;f pAwf:Omif;uGj,eef. rD:zgef:vD uj;cefb[,pSif:
eldofumifpmof ref:trf,arjoj; Ndof.tlef;/ sw."/
cldof:omef (vmif:cldof:)
203
qgif,umefpjvA1if.Oh1mq[1
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1

qdkef;O[ ODvSif
egifrgef? vj;OAof;

ODvSif (egifrgef vj;OAof;)

uGmrf:emrf:
umefyldifvlif tefulef:pof:cofwif:OAif; vh;
tgefuef rdkif.pAwf:"pj"bl,ul;auj. vgif;edkif;eh.
yAef umefpjvAif.wgif.Ohmq[ trf,eef umefudef?
umefekif;? umefbl,Oof:bof./ ayj:oj; uldwf,yAef
ulef: rD:wlofrD:q[rj:bof.auj; umefpAwf:pjvAif.
wgif.eh. wdkef:vh;rdkif.pAwf:pjbl, z["ref:"trf,
umwf;bof./
ugyf;Oif,sv; pAwf:pjvj,ehqdkif wj,Ohmq[
ayj:awtrf,cmwf,? eif,pdkof ayj:awrD:tAefpSif:
Odkyf,cD: Okdyf,rD:q[uGj,vh; rdlof:ej;eef.bof./
umefpjvAi.f wgi.f eh. yAeuf mef teftrf,pAw:f
trf,yAef wj,ulef:pof:ul;auj.ehaOwj. ulef:
auj.pAwf:pjudefOdkof;"blof:" trf,ulwf.trf,aij:
eef.sw. vSyf;awtrf,ayj:erf/ ayj:pAwf:pj
zdw:f qmif;cdw:f wlu:f tay,iIhm:? qmif;wlu:f wmif: qgrf:Twj:-ehbof./ ref:Orf. yAefqdlof:v[vhm"
bmyf,zdkwf,cmefq[-eheef.auj; auj.ygif,q[N.
aO olef.zmif.rSef;ref: vSyf;awtrf,Ol;rD:/
204
ugyf;ehsv; uAof,vlnf;vgif;umefpjvAif.wgif.
zdwf:ydlif;eh. eifpdkofawvh;N.oh.vD"qgrf:eif,
acj;Ogeyf w k .f xqof;eef. awch;rgu,f seuGj, wD;
uSyf;ref:zgif;/
wmif:pefykwf.xqof; uyf:uhm,umefpjvAif.wgif.
ykw.f xqof;oj;- umefpjvAi.f wgi.f eh. awvh;
so;bmef umefrlud ;f r[;wkqIlud ;f wlosf v; Oly:f aO
pAwf:pjudef-ehbof./ ayj:eefugef, umefpjvAif.
wgif.eef. qif,vh;oj;yAef tefqdkef;O[? tef
vgwf;wmif:zdwf:-ehbof./
vgif;umefpjvAif.wgif.zdwf:ydlif;
umefpjvAi.f wgi.f zdw:f ydli;f eh. uGmrf:yj,vd Mif.
oj; ]]rdqf!jQDo}}ehbof./ ygif,oj; vgif;pjvAif.
Ohmq[zdwf:ydlif;? teftrf,vD? teftrf,rSef;
ehqdkif-
yAefumefuj,burf, (3) ydlif? oqD,urf, (4) ydlif
qdlof:eh.bof./
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
umefpjvAif.wgif. rguf,serj:qdlof:eef.auj; awj;awvh;tof
zdwf:ydlif;vlnf;uj,burf,(3)ydlif nmef,wmif:N.xdik af O idil .f so;bl,uln:f bof./ wD;
(1) umefwuA :f tofye ld ;f vl.whmaO vAi.f Ohmq[ wSuf;ref: urf;zgif;qrf. vgif;uj.chmclof: tefudef
qof;uof,? (2) umefvuf.tof? qlerf myf,tof clo:f cgif erf.rBmwf;erf.wgef:ref:erf? vgif;wAuf:bgef:
ydle;f aO vAi.f Ohmq[qof;uof,? (3) umefulw.f auBj: tofidkef:wldof:vdlofref: wD;ulef:qdlof:ul;bdrfcof
tofvkuf;vmif:emif:sr:ydlef;_qof;zlofydlef;aO erf? vgif;vgrftofuguf:ay,uguf:cGhm: trf,rSef;trf,
vAif.Ohmq[qof;uof, yAefqdlof:eh.bof./ qdlof:eh. wAraf O wlicf mh yefye ld ;f ? vgi;f vuf.pAw:f umeftrf,
Orf.Mif.oj; ]]uj,bwkqIlduf;}}ehbof./ vgwf;wmif:zdwf: rhmrD;ckefrdlif:? vgif;cdkifvhm:ulwf.
umefpjvAif.wgif. uSu:f aO rmyf,r[tof clo:f cgiv f mh yde
l ;f ? vgi;f pAw:f umef
zdwf:ydlif;vlnf;oqD,burf,(4)ydlif udefOl:vmyf;J qdlof:eh.bof./
(1) umeftyk ,f vmwf; uGmrf:ySw.f vSeyf lde;f aO vgif;umefpjvAif.wgif.zdwf:ydlif; wD;uSyf;ref:
vAi.f Ohmq[? (2) umefvmwf;uGmrf:aOj,bli:f bj.uof: wj,N.ihm;wD;uSyf;ref:sw. umefpjvAif.wgif.
yde
l ;f wSu;f bhm;uefaO vAi.f Ohmq[? (3) umefvmwf; zdwf:ydlif;tefoj;eh. yAefumefpAwf:pjudef qgrf:
uGmrf:qj.pkuf:phm. vdlif:awj,ydlef;aO vAif.Ohmq[? umefrdluf;r[;? umefteftrf,vDqdlof:eef.bof./
(4) umefvmwf;uGmrf:yof,zmif:aO vAi.f Ohmq[? yAef uj;yAefumefpjvAif.wgif. rAof:tefuGj,Omif;ydlef;?
qdlof:eh.bof./ qdlof:eh. Orf.Mif.oj; ]]oqDwkq tefye ld ;f vh;rh;q[cq D q [ rg :f ? vh;qAy:f OSy,f vl.Okr:f
Idluf;}}ehbof./ qgrf:? vh;bmyf,bmuf; cmefq[qgrf:wif:OAif;qdlof:
vgif;uj.chmzdwf: (5) bldif; eef. cof;yAef ]]rdqf!jQDo - umefpjvAif.wgif.
vdlofaOeef. Orf.rD:xSif;vgif;uj.chm zdwf: zdwf:}}OAif;"bof./
(5)bldif;rdlefeif,- ugyf;Oifsv;awvh;so;
(1) vgif;uj.chmvmuf;emuf;ugif;umif, urf:eh. ayj:awxmrf ugyf;Oifsv; awvh;
(2) vgif;uj.chm wlofOwf: sv;ulef:? so;ehqikd f ugy;f ydol ;f ref:wde k :f yAef umefruld ;f r[;trf,
(3) vgif;uj.chmedlof."yj"? vD? ugyf;wdkef:yAef umefOmefcwf:avj:u? xrf,r
(4) vgif;uj.chm Ol,Ij,erf.vof; bj;rof:urf? eef.bof./ ulef:auj.tefrmuf;rD:vlnf;umef pj
(5) vgif;uj.chm bj;rdlof,ugif.ilef.- vAi.f wgi.f zdw:f eef. vh;oj;yAev f ig ;f rmuf;rD: rle;f
qdlo:f eh.bof./ bge.f ydlo;f oj; vgi;f wmif:pj;ydlif Odlof:qgrf:umeftrf,xkuf,? trf,qdkef;O[eef.
eh. qmif;pAwf:P;u lef:wif:erf vkOkrf:? qAyf: ulnf:bof./ bgef.eef trf,xkuf,vDbgif;tmrf:chg
OSy,f ? bmyf,bmuf;cmefqq [ rg :f sv; qif,oj; ]]vgi;f vj:"/ rmifqdlof:qmif;olef.oj; tefvh;pAwf:umef
uj.chmzdwf:pj;bdlif;}}ehbof./ zdwf:ydlif;eif,eheh. yAefwj,wlofuof,ulnf: trf,
vgif;pjvAif.Ohmq[zdwf:ydlif;xSif;wmif,ydlif q[;? vh;vAi.f vlyj: wj,vku;f vmif:emif:ar: yD;egi.f
Orf.xSif; umefpAwf:pjvAif.wgif.Ohmq[zdwf: cofaOugef,-ehbl,/ ulnf:uj; vdkef:Okwf: tef
tefuw kd :f xSi;f wmifyild f qdol :f yh,vmwf;yj:e[: tef
205
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
awvh;cmrf,wmrf,zge:f phm.ref:sw. yAeaf uj.pAw:f
pjeef. auj.vAofulnf:-eh vDN.ygif,q[bl,/ zgif:
rdlof; zgef:phm.qj.ref: yh,xdkifwlofeef. xmif,oj;
ref:trf,yAefOifvlif-ehaO cdkifukrf,Odkyf,pAwf:
pjMrf vgif;trf,vDtrf,imrf:eef.bl,wduf:"qdkif
awtrf,Omifxkuf,? ref:awqyf:bmrf;uGj,wduf:"
bof./ xku,f vDiild .f so; P;ref:vh;vDb,l bof./ zl;
N.cofoj; ]]vgi;f wj,rle.f sr: wloq f q
[ of;uof,eef.
wluf:vdkef:bof.-eh wdkef:trf,rD:}} ehbof./
bgef.eef wj,so;ySwf; vgif;umeftrf,vDeh.
trf,xku,f vDeuf:q[? trf,xku,f vDbokd ;f bdw k :f eduk :f
xdlif:vlifbl,/
ydil e
f ikd ;f auj; vhm:pAw:f umefpjvAi.f wgi.f zdw:f
eh. yAefvhm:ulwf.uSuf: trf,Odkof;trf,blof:? vhm:
tef trf,rD:vgif;tD:vl? rAwf.wj,? uIkej,? vhm:
trf,rD: vgi;f zAi,f yAi:f ? vhm:trf,imrf,rSe:f qgr:f Twj:?
vhm:wln:f Oke,f wlouf of, yle.f vdol e
f ef.uln:f bof./
vhm:eif,eheh. ]]odOravj:z}}ehauj;oj;bof./
eif,tefvmwf;rj:eh. Oifqdlo.f oj; idli.f so;ySw;f
teftrf,vDaO pAw:f vgi;f vDqikd f Mif.oj;]]Orfrj
tjQDo}}ehbof./
acj;vlyf:vif
ule:f auj.tef trf,pAw:f umefzw d :f ydil ;f ? umef
rdluf;r[;Oifeef. yduf.Orf. ugwf:zmeftdkyf:bmuf;
aOwj. ref:awj; awtrf,vh;rD: wmif:rh;q[cD
q[ wmif:uloaf pOif? Oifoj; so;umefvaD O cwf:
q[pAwf:umef vh;rmuf;rD:vDyefrj:auj; wuf:aw
vh;rD: wmif:xmif,pmif; qmrf,yln;f rle;f Odol :f vgw;f "
vSof:"bl, ulnf:bof./
ODvSif (egifrgef? vj;OAof;)

vgif;omef;rldif: Ndof;Ndif:rkef:vD (10)yldif

1. umifoef:? vldef? vmofsv; vkuf;uBLof,cof uGj,rj:rmef,(rSef;bmrf:)
2. zj.zlefwluf:rmef,
3. erf.vdefpdefzjvDaO rguf,rmuf, cof;erf.wmif:udef tguf,ylif:vDvh;ihm;
4. trf,rD:sz:cAef Omif,OD;? rD? Oldof qldof:wlofOwf:qmif;pAwf:phm.vldif:awj,ulef:
5. trf,rD:vgif;vlvhmuef.qefuef
6. trf,rD:_trf,yAefOkduf:Oldofuef
7. trf,cD,eAuf:wAuf:wAifuef
8. ygifrSef;yuf:yldif pAwf:qgrf:Twj:
9. rD:vgif;eyf.brfuj,Io eldofIwej,Omrfqof;
10. qof;Oif,cj,Ipmef:cof y[.yj:Oj,Oej,qof; - eh yAefOdyf:yldifeh.bof./
tdif- OjIwfxWDyeD aO
OhmNdif: qof;rapj,

206
 wmif:puf.sr;
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17

qof;ynfnjaQjw (crf:rlef:)

uGmrf:erf:
pSif:ulef:ekdif;auj. trf,sy.pSif:ulef:erf?
pSif:ulef:erf trf,sy.pSif:cgef.? pSif:cgef.
trf,sy.pSi:f vSo:f ? pSi:f vSo:f trf,sy.pSi:f ugi;f ygw:f ?
pSi:f ugi;f ygw:f trf,sy.pSi:f ugi;f qmu;f ? pSi:f ugi;f qmu;f
trf,sy.pSi:f rmuf,vli?f pSi:f rmuf,vlif trf,sy.pSi:f
eBL,cID:bj:? uln:f uj; pSi:f eBL,cID:bj: awtrf,
tofsy. pSi:f rAw.f wj,vh;/ ySu.f Orf.oj; tofymh:
wlof (Material) sy.uGj,aOwj. tofymh:q[
(Mental) oj;sw. wke d :f Okr:f eef.bof./ e[:
uj;pSi:f rAw.f wj wif:OAi;f eef. pSi:f rAw;f wj,ayj;
sr; tefo.h elod v f uk ;f vmif:eef. yAepf iS :f tef
b[,vlod O f w k :f bof./ ugy;f eh zl;wSr;f vdu;f aw
tofvig ;f rAw.f wj,ayj;sr;aO wSr;f seuGj, eif,
bked :f rkod :f xkid v
f ;h eef.bl,/
wmif:puf.sr;
zgi:f rlod ;f eif;tmef, vlwn l :f vdu;f bl, wD;
ej;qmef:Nif:Oof:vkuf;pAef:1eef. vh;pef
elu.f clu,f tge,f wloe f idk ;f umyf;wmif:uderf j:aO
207
yge;f Ogryf efvuk ;f tge,f ref: tefr:D bl, wD;e[:
pmif:eef.bl,/ ul;ygu;f sw. av,pefcofpw A :f
pmif: eldofwlef;rh.aOwj. yguf;eh.sw. cof
rj:pAw:f pmif: wD;e[:cSi:f zh:zj.uof, tefr:D bl,
wD; ej;omif: Nif:Oof:vkuf;pAef:eef.bl,/
rlod ;f cofpw A :f pmif: elod w f le;f rh.aO ch,cofwuS ,f
yAew f ol rf j:eef. tefye A e
f ul .f clu,f sr; uh.vh;
awj,Ol;wif: elu.f cof;pmo.f tefu.h rj: Ouf:udef
vku;f cofb,l / rmufyug ;f ide:f OAicf of arj:yef:Mif.
OSe,f bl,elod w f el ;f rh. ugy;f vh;cmr,f wmr,f elu.f cof;
pmof. wduk :f awj:cofeef. Orf.ayj:vDt:D vlcof
bof.? uln:f uj; trf,qmi;f yef vgi;f Nrf,vlr;f uSw,f
scyefcofv;h / ygu;f eh. vgi;f wlox f yl :f awOif,
Ogecf ofpodk sf w.trf,N. elu.f clu,f tge,f wloe f idk ;f
zgi:f rdol ;f ref: awqrfc,h eef. rj:pAw:f pmif: wD;
e[:cSi:f zh:uof,aObof. rj:ulw d ,f pefej; vku;f
ref:bl,/ zgi:f umifoef: zl;wSr;f vdu;f sv; wif:
tln:f auj.urf;zgi;f uh.eif;wln:f vdu;f wD;vSi.f
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
qmef:sv; vh;pefeul .f clu,f sr;wloe f ef. rdef pSi:f ej,sv; ref:awj.sw.wli.f wlouf mef:vh;
uGj,pjwmif:udew f mif:bSr.f aO ygu;f rj:yge;f Ogrf tdw:f tD;uln:f / zgi:f eef. rjOig O f mrw f ol f tgef
vku;f ref: tefyud ,f yh,cSie f ef.bl,/ elu.f cof;pmo.f uefrj: cly:f cjbl,bof./ vdi:f cofzrg .f uefaO
cofauj; trf,qmif;yefpw A :f cAeaf wj, vku;f ref: tgeMf if.ymof, seij: awj,Ol;rjcofsv; zlw,f
vh;/ zgi:f umifoef: ugy;f oj; zl;wSr;f vdu;f cof uSw,f tofv;h cke d :f vdi:f tefwudk .f rD: Omhqe [ ef.bl,/
scyef zgi:f elu.f clu,f sr;eef. rdeuf jG ,pj wmif: vdi:f tefwmhujG ,eef.sw. rjcofumyf;ymh; uGj,bl,
udee f ef.bl,/ uln:f uj; xkid uf mifce dk :f zgi:f zl; bof./ zgi:f eef. vdi:f teftmyf;awyAesf r;
wSr;f vdu;f cof ege:f eef. elu.f cof;pmof.cof uh.rj: vdi:f wloe f ef. Mif.ymof,OSe,f O[, OAiv f il O f iA f
bj.uof:elu.f clu,f cof sr;vku;f bl,/ ugy;f eh elu.f vmiaf O vSe;f qgr:f rjzik e f ef.aO wlu:f bge:f
clu,f sr;wloe f ef. trf,ege:f wif:cke d :f aO ckdef:vkuf;ref:bl,? ulnf:uj; vldofaOMif.ph;
y[.uSw,f scyefvuk ;f ref: pmef.awj,ydu,f cofayj: bl,eef. ref:trf,qmi;f tofwol w f mh vku;f ref:
cSiaf O rdev f ;h eef.bl,bof./ ygu;f rj:cke
d :f vh;/
Orf.xSi;f eh, tefve S ;f uGj,vSe;f rj: elod f tefwrS ;f serj: yj;elod q f odl :f eh. ref:yAef
wle;f rmuf,rli;f rmuf,vmif: rmuf,tkef tefOrg ;f oh. tefsevuf:xmefoj; rAwf;wj,ayj;sr;eh.
e[: omif:Nif:Oof:vku;f pAe:f eef. uh.sv,rj:pj ref:pSi:f b[,ej,ehbof./ ydu.f Orf.oj; yAew f ol f
rj:bge:f wmif:udeaf O rlod :f vAi.f vku;f ref: tef Owf: teftrf,rD:wmif:N.aOwj. vgi;f puf.
rD:bl, wD;e[:pmi:f ref:eef.bl,/ vdi:f tefu.h rj: elod vf uk ;f vmif:sw. ref:wke d :f trf,bgr:f ule:f
vuf.udeuf n l ;f e[:Nif:Oof: vku;f pAe:f qlod :f eef. tefr:D wmif:N.eef.bof./ wku.f bmuf;ude:f q[
rD:oef:ekid ;f udi,f rmuf,tket f efcof uh.oSeq f ef wmef,pkod af uj;bof. zgi:f rlod ;f vh;pef ej;vku;f
cmrf;wmif:eef. puf:uGj,sv; cofpjwmif:r[, wj, vmif:eef. vgi;f plod .f vgi;f wku.f vgi;f ude:f q[ pmh
oSecf mrf;ql: e[:omif:Nif:Oof:vku;f pAe:f wD;zl; uGj,rlw:f aO rD:pSi:f q[ awj,Ol;zocke d :f bl,bof./
wSr;f vdu;f cofb,l eef.bl,/ wlov f il O f ig O f mrw f ol f qof;uof, c[;tdyk :f bmu;f uj;pkod af uj;bof. vku;f vmi:f
wh,elod f vuf:Oofz:h aO oSeyf ik ;f cmr;f rj: wD;elod f sw.wke d :f awtrf,yeftydk :f / ydu.f Orf. qof;
wle;f rmuf,tkef zmh,Nif:Oof:eh.bl,/ zgi:f wlof uof,yAeuf e l :f bge:f vlif teftofumifpmof pAw:f
pmwf;sv;wlot f eg ,f tmif;awoSecf mrf;eef. rki:f Nde:f tofve d rf idl :f pAw:f zj;Olod ,f bl,auj; wj,
cofujG ,ouf.qef Omhz:h OgiO f eA ;f 2sv; vh;cmrf, vku;f vmif:sw. toftul :f tke,f aO pAw:f Nde:f
zh:Ogw.f O[,aO wlu:f vli:f rj: edol w f mif:bl,/ yefrj:bl,? rmifauj.bge:f ike d :f aO bif:MrfOrd :f
wloe f idk ;f sw. wmhujG ,urf:vAoaf O wloe f idk ;f Orf. wj,vku;f vmif:cof vh;cke d :f pAe:f qlid .f yle d ;f bl,/
wkud .f rD:Omhqb [ ,l ? uln:f uj; wmrf,zh:zj.Ogw.f qldof:eh. ref:yAef pSif:rAwf.wj, trf,eef

208
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
pSi:f wmi:f puf. tefayj;sr; oh.wD; elod v f uk ;f vmi:f rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;Ogicf yl ,f ?
teftrf,qmi;f tofvig ;f wmi:f OifaO wSu;f se ref:Ogerf :[ P;arjyh/
eef.bof./ zgi:f rlod ;f pefre S ;f vgi;f zdi;f wke d :f r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:?
yAef sv; q[xidk af uj.yAesf r; tefr:D bl, wD; vln;f ymh;uhzig :f ref:Mif./
zif,Nuf;zif,ap,eef. vh;vlre S ;f ogu:f tif:
udw:f tefNofacj;oj; ]]wmif:puf.sr; Mum’s rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;Omrfcyl ,f ?
Love}}ehbof./ ogu:f tge,f Nofe.h yAez f w [ rS ;f eh ref:rdok .f cof;zuf: vln;f wmi:f puf.wj,r[:ude/f
trf,N.aOwj. erf.uGmrf:tefref: wSr;f se r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:?
eef. rj:bge;f avj,zif;O[, Nofqz [ ;l wSr;f vln;f yef,omef,cof;vAe;f elod z f muf;/
vdu;f uGj,sw./ qgr:f eif,xki:f uGmrf:wh:pof: oj;oh.
]]udez f uf:omef P;cku.f q[v;h auj.tefpof:puf.}} rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;OD,cly,f ?
eheef. zgi:f rlod ;f vh;qdr:f rSe;f ogu:f tj:pmef ref:Okod .f yefr:[ urfpiS ;f ul;OD(Crayons)/
cGeNf ofqt [ eg ,f Nofe.h cku:f q[v;h c[;szrSi,f yef r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:?
yD;egi.f wh: tefz;l wSr;f vdu;f puf.Okw:f eef. vln;f bgr.f ODcef,vAe;f zle d cf of;zuf:/
vh;qdr:f vh;udee f sh v; qif,yde,f wSr;f yAez f mh,
wh:rj: qgr:f eif,yj;w[;eh.bof./ zke d w f e dk :f rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;pj;cly,f ?
ref:sw. ugyf;yAefulef:oef:wluf:wSrf;sv; ref:pmif;clid ;f eki;f clo;f r[,yefr:[ /
ref:tofxik :f rlid :f oef:wlu:f yAeb f ,[ aO wSr;f oh. r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:?
bof./ zl;wSr;f vdu;f bge:f bdeof j; vh;xgef vln;f vAe;f erf.vAe;f ulr,f tefr:D pdr:f qrf/
rSe;f rmifacj; tefye A f xki:f rlid :f oef:wlu:f aO
xSif;tefr[, tefyAefxkif:rldif:wh: tefimh: rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;Nuf:cly,f ?
uefeef.bl,/ ref:qkirf :[ yhujG ,Nif:pAe:f /
r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:?
wmif:puf.sr; vln;f Mif.OSe,f oj; ]]uoftrf,c[;uGj,}}/
rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;ekid ;f cly,f ?
rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;qAw:f cly,f ?
ref:yge;f vAi.f sv; tmyf,erf.yefr:[ /
ref:Okod .f yef rmuf,eifwj,r[:vAe;f /
r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:?
r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:?
vln;f ph;wif:cke d :f vkud :f bmof:/
vln;f xkrd ;f okwd .f O[, N:vSi:f Nde:f pdr:f Mrf:/

209
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;ySw,f cly,f ?
ref:vAi.f r[: erf.umrf;omef (Ice cream)
r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:?
vln;f P;erf.umrf; bg.h brf:rmuf,
clo:f vAi:f r[: wif:OAi;f /
rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;uof;cly,f ?
ref:yef uj;Ogepf e A :f
uBL,Ode,f (Tuition)wj,r[:/
r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:?
vln;f trf,wge.f cwf:q[pe A :f aOygu;f /
rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;Ody:f cly,f ?
ref:qlo:f r[: cof;yg:h wD;ekid ;f bof.wD;ekid ;f /
r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:?
vln;f ymh;zmwf,trf,omh,wln;f wmif:vif/
rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;Ody:f tAw:f cly,f ?
ref:tgef r[:sv;wif:tln:f auj.r[:
uGj,wln:f iof:wli.f /
r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:?
vln;f xmrfeif;tefpmif,uhref:/
rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;Ody:f Ogicf yl ,f ?
ref:zmif. r[:bj,uh.wln:f iof:wli.f /
r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:?
vln;f y[.cmof:bmrf:ref:trf,bl,Nde:f /
rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh; Ody:f Omrfcyl ,f ?
ref:tgu,f ymh:ole.f yefr:[ P;uSw:f cleNf of/
r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:?
vln;f ]]r[:trf,N.Oifvil }f }/
rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;Ody:f OD,cly,f ?
ref:yefie dk :f qmh, wj,r[:tgu,f ymifre
l ;f Olod :f
qgr:f tln:f auj.yAev f edl /f
r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:?
vln;f vkrd :f wSr;f vdu;f ygi,f cmof,/
rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;Ody:f pj;cly,f ?
ref:uGj,umefaO ygu;f Nde:f rj:
rki;f rgi:f vgi;f pyf.wge;f tlu:f tke,f q[w;D r[:/
r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:?
vln;f bl,e[:vku.f ege:f aOpyf:zuf:wl/
rdol ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;Ody:f Nuf:cly,f ?
ref:Ogerf :[ vmh:apj;vlw.f uj:ref:/
r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:?
vln;f tofq.[ Oke,f vh;pSi:f /
rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;Ody:f qAw:f cly,f ?
ref:rgi:f pof:vmw;f (phone) tefvrf,vgi;f /
r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:?
vln;f q[.wkod :f pmof:vmwf;wif:cke d :f /
rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;Ody:f ySw,f cly,f ?
ref:ph; zgi:f rlod ;f r[:bof.pAe:f
wD;Nif:pAe:f qef.Oki/f

210
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:? rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;Omof:Omrf?
vln;f auBj,Olod :f qgr:f ref:yef ul,zj;Nrf,clo:f ege:f wj,cgi.f r[:/
Nde:f tln:f auj. awj,Nofridl :f O[/ r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:?
vln;f vmwf;setln;f auj.oj;
rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;Ody:f uof;cly,f ? ]]qlod :f eef.ref:uof,ej,}}/
ref:yefuj;pAe:f qef.qgrf sv;
bdy:f xlirf :[ aO qgr:f Oki,f xkid w f ;D tgi;f / rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;Omof:OD,?
r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:? ref:Nyf.auj.ref;r[:aO xmrrf mch yf:rlod :f ej;r[:/
vln;f ulov f ;h tmhzmh,ej;tln:f auj.sv; r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:?
serge:f " zmh,egu;f Mif; ule:f y[.Nif:Oof:/ vln;f wln:f rde k cf okd w
f odk f sv;
tgu,f OAipf wdk :f oj; ]]qdBwf. th.J}}/
rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;Omof:cly,f ?
ref:xmrf qgi,f r[:rD: ]auj.puf.}/ rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;Omof:pj;?
r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:? ref:yefuj; yg:h ymifcuS ,f r[:?
vln;f ]]eh.trf,q[;vgi;f r[:}}/ ugw,f r[:aOvmwf;oj; ref:puf.r[:uj;pkod /f
r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:?
rlod :f tj,bkr:[ vh;Omof:tAw:f ? vln;f chm.bmefymh;zmwf,uGj,bl,
ref:yef wmif:ch;q[ wmif,wD;wmif,rlid :f /
wj,umefpjudev f iA .f wgi.f rlod :f ej;/
r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:? rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;OmrfOyd :f ?
vln;f ]]uoftrf,c[;yAef qlid .f eif,r[:}}/ ref:Mif.r[:aO
yefwmif:ch;q[ wj,vku;f vmif:r[:/
rdol ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;Omof:Ogi?f r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:?
ref:ugw,f r[: zgi:f rlod ;f r[: vln;f vmwf;oj; ]]ul;qlod .f ul;ylid f
pyf.vh;cl: wD;qef.qgr.f / vSu;f vmh;bof. trf,rle d uf ;l ygu;f }}/
r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:?
vln;f xmrfoj;]]qgi,f awyefv;h rlod ;f tj,bkr:[ vh;OD,Ody:f ?
uj;uGj,tSo,f sv, wmif,rlid :f }}/ ref:Mif.r[: yefzmif.r[:oj;
P;rj:oef:ulw d ,f yD;egi.f /

211
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
r[:egy,f wSe:f erf.q[ref:? wj,cofauj; cofr;h q[wj,pof:vlod af Owlocf ofb,l ?
vln;f vmw;f ]]umeuf oferf trf,wef:rj:}}/ erf.qkrd :f rAw.f wj, tefv;h Olw.f rj:bl, wif:
pkid e
f ef. trf,arjoh.uj;cefrj:? bmrf:vAof zgi:f
rlod ;f tj,r[: vh;pj;Ody:f ? bl,uh rgi:f vh;Olw.f erf.qkrd :f rAw.f wj, ekid ;f
ref:trf,bl,vDaO rgi:f wmif:vkr:f vj:r[:/ bgw,f tefr;D wD; ayj;sr;eef.bl,/
r[:egy,f wSe;f erf.q[ref:? bkr,f brfoj; ayj;vh;vlpef vdu;f ygitf eg ,f
vln;f wkud .f vlyyf.vdu;f Nofe.h bof. awrD:q[w:[ rgi:f Olw.f erf.rAw.f
vgi;f yke;f zge:f ayj;sr; wj,vku;f vmif:/ wj, ayj;sr; sv; arjygi,f q[ oh.uj;cefce dk :f
elod rf w
A .f wj, ayj;sr;aO P;arjpj cmof:bmrf:
oef:ekid ;f ref:wmhujG , wkr.f wgy,f egy,f wSe:f cke
d :f vgi;f vDvD tefcof
uwf:uwf:bAeb f e A f sv; rD:awj,pof:eef.bl,/
tefr:[ trf,bmrf;pAw:f awj,elod rf ef:?
ygi.f pdw
k :f qlu.f wrf wSi:f qof;ynf,nj,aqj:w (crf:rle:f )
xkid tf ul :f Nofqr[ :[ rle
d z
f j.vifzj,J/
(Endnotes)
1. Nif:Oof:vkuf;pAef:tefeh. trf,q[;Nif:Oof:vkuf;pAef: (Student
acj;vlyf: hostels)tefrD:wD; e[:qef.qgrf? ref:yAeftefqof;Oif,cj,
vkuf;pAef:wh: qldof:ckdef;pAef:wD; qef.qgrf B.P.U cof rj:Nrf;uef
aw,qArrf odl ;f pof:ulwd ,f pefej;rj: awj,ayj: cmwf;oh.aO pAwf:yAefNif:Oof:vkuf;pAef: trf,eef owf.qlof;cmof:
b[,Okif auj.yAeaf yj;wif:sr; qgr:f q[pof:rj: wj,umefpAef:sv; vgif;bl,vgif;Oof:ul<vgif;vgif; imh;q[zgif:bmrf:
OgefpAef:eef.bl,bof./
wmrfqp[ of: c[;yAe?f yefpof:rj: eif,pof:c[;vh; 2. Omhzh:eh. ayj:bdyf:nj:OAef;vAofeh ref:trf,qmif;Ogwf.? ayj:bdyf:
awj,xkid cf ofvyf.vgih e dk :f vgch rf:uGj,bl,/ zgi:f rlod ;f nj:wif:OgifOAef; qgrf:uefeh ref:qmif;Ogwf.ehbof./

pof: N.wlosf y.wlorf j:eef. pof:qgr:f q[ eif,cof

c[;yAerf j:vmhyug ;f ` pof:yef eif,cof c[;vh;rj:vmh
urf:` eh acj;xmrftefeh. C[;P;xmrfwlnf:
wlo,f uof,z[ref:bl,/ Oke,f wlof zl;wSr;f vdu;f
sw. wj,awwgy,f acj;xmrftefe.h yAet f ef
vDtmho.h bl,/ aw,qArf rlod ;f b[,Okirf j: trf,Ol;uh.
rlod :f q[:sv,tl;sr;? rD:Oke,f bl,qrf vkr:f vj:
aOwj. trf,tofO,[ q[/ xkid rf j: rdol ;f vAof zgi:f
bl,bmefuch ofeef. ygi,f q[rj:oj; pof:trf,rh;q[

212
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17

213
 vgif;rlef;Oldof:
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Oifqold .f oj; zl;vlvud ;f pof:cof c[;vlvud ;f aO
vSu;f vhm;wmif:N.sv; vgi;f ckn.f pef qgr:f pof:qdik f
cSef:awj; tofcmof:bmrf: omif:oh.umef qlof;uSyf.
tgef,edkif;aO eif;edrf" wD;tgif;tefwAwf,
bAef eef.urf:edik ;f w/ bof.auj; ole.f cde k :f ymef
zoqof;uof,wif:OAi;f awj,xdik rf old ;f vAoe f .h vl:?
qof;uof, awqmif;Mwf;xdik cf e kd :f rdol ;f ymeferk ,f ?
rdlof;ymefcmof.sv; ymefvdkof;umefqdlof:eef.bl,
bof./ ole.f xdik yf mefva[ uj;vD cSe:f awj; cku:f cle.f
ole.f ch; ydil yf e
A f tefvrf,vgi;f e[:zoqof;uof,
eef.w/ tefqof;uof, vh;pAwf:rj:wif:OAif;
awj,xdik rf old ;f vAof qof;uof, vh;pAw:f rj: P;vDxd
Okw:f qgr:f eif, erf.uwf.qof;uof,rD:eef.bof./
bdil :f tmef:tef qof;uof, vh;pAw:f rj: wif:
OAi;f qdol :f eef.vl: Orf.yAeO f ifvmh vhm` vgi;f umef
pAe:f qof;uof,? vgi;f pj umefimef:vD? vgi;f cwf:q[
P;xdik qf ud :f qdik q
f rg ?f vgi;f tofzoOlod ,f wmif:yef
auj.Nrf;qmwf;ymef? vgi;f auj,Omif;Nde:f acj"? vgi;f
rD:vlw.f acj"? vgi;f yAerf j: ymefayj;ule:f sr;ule:f
sw,uGj,qdol :f eh. bge.f ydol ;f Oif qof;uof,pAw:f rj:`
trf,eef bge.f Oif qof;uof,omif:zSef wj,pAw:f
umefqold :f eh.` wD;sw.ref: yAew f j, vgi;f Odol :f q[
uln:f trf,q[;pdok `f wde k :f se.ege:f bl, vgi;f oj;
acj;wgy,f qof;uof,awoj; ]]q[;tdol ;f }} eheef./
idef:qlrf:Oldof:sw."bof./ urf:vdkef:Okwf:
214
OSicf rf:wh:
ref: vgi;f rle;f Odol :f tefoj;eh. yAet f ;D Oif`
yAev f ig ;f bkr.f clopf iS :f "pj.` yAev f ig ;f vdok ;f wlof vdok ;f
q[ trf,rh;q[qrg :f Oif Orf.ayj:trf,wef:N. vgi;f
ydlef; qluf:tofxlifikdef:pof:pj.` yAefvgif;tkyf,
pkef.clofpj.` se.egef: awtrf,q[;eif,uof,/
ayj:eef vgi;f Odol :f q[aw."eh. Orf.yAet f ;D Oif
vj,` tefe.h yAet f efuof ckn.f pef vgi;f rle;f
Odol :f eef.bof./ rki;f rgi:f oj;qof;uof, awzgr.f qgr:f
pj:bl,/ vgi;f rle;f Olod :f tefoj;eh. yAet f ekImwf.
ymh:rge:f rAo:f edik ;f tlod ;f ? yhm:rge:f eh. yAeb f ild :f tmef:
zopof:tdol ;f ? yhm:rge:f eh. yAeyf ild z f mifuj;cefzo
bof./ Oifoj; trf,rD:vgi;f rle;f Odol :f qdik f zoeh.
aw pAi;f pAo,f oh.aO awtrf,rD:wD;ygi,f / rdol ;f zgi:f rD:
vgi;f rle;f Odol :f eef. zoeh. udik .f umif.wArx f e l ;f rj:
urf:vAo/f vgi;f rle;f Odol :f eh. yAeIf wej,tdol ;f /
vgi;f rle;f Odol :f eh. yeftug :f atjpof: qde k ;f
ymif,tdol ;f / wmif:bdil :f tmef:OkiO f w k :f pof:eh. yAef
vgi;f rle;f Odol :f bof./ pof:cwf:q[ qgr:f pjwmif:blid :f
tmef: tefe.h ul;vhm:vhm:/ zgi:f zoqof;uof, rdw k :f
rlo:f trf,rD:wD;ygi,f trf,eef zgi:f pof:ole.f trf,
ygi,f oj; pof:pjOifb,l trf,eef bl,wj,Oifeh
eef. wj,awxmrfoj; ]]tefe.h qgi,f awpAw:f
P;qof;uof,rlef;Odlof:vh;bl,pj.`}}eheef. aw
Omif,xku,f bl,/ ule:f pof:ulauj. aOj.pj vgi;f rle;f
Odol :f pif:z[ref:bl,? uln:f uj; Oifpof:N.oj; Oifpof:
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
pAw:f P;yde l ;f trf,rle;f Odol :f pof:awtrf,rD: vgi;f uj:qmif;zj,pof:bof./ qgi,f tefe.h ygi,f oj; pof:
rle;f Odol :f vh; aOygu;f ehqikd f pof:awqmif;wdol :f xku,f vD bl,wD;Nde:f wj,aO,uln:f ehpokd `f pof:trf,
arjtofqO [ ,[ wD;edol f vgi;f pAw:f Omif;pof: wD;edol f xku,f ole.f aO ulob f ,l wj,aO,/ pof:vlo,f vh;pAw:f
yde
l ;f wmif,auj.eef.bl,/ rmifyug ;f rmifv[ zopof:eh. tefpof:omif:zSef wj,awpAw:f eef.bof./ rh;q[
rde
l pf mif;oj; vhm:wj, qof;uof,rle;f Odol :f eef. vlo,f qgr:f tefawyAerf j: wmif:ej;eh. ygi,f oj; pof:
vh;pAw:f Omif; wj,yke;f Oke,f wlo/f trf,vlo,f ole.f vuf.tof vgi;f rle;f Odol :f tefpof:rD:oh.eef.bof./
Ogef,wj,z[wj,Oifehbl,/ tofvgif;Okef,wlof vgi;f vSu;f vhm;eh. wdke:f vlo,f rD:se.ege:f bof./
aO q[.wdok :f cmof:bmrf: tAepf iS :f sv; ide k :f crf: Orf.awvh;vSu;f vhm;qlid .f pdok `f tgu,f cmof:wmif:rle;f
ySw;f wif:erf? ydu.f Orf.oj; vh;xly:f vgi;f rle;f Olod :f Odol :f pj.` vAe;f tD,Ilo:f ydu.f pj. (wif:uj; wif:zkud :f
bl,auj; ref:yAeq f ol ;f uSy.f uln:f ? wD;aw.ref: vgi;f Oef: yhm:bl,vD)` vSu;f vhm;umefimef:pj.` vSu;f vhm;
cDiofrig q f u[ n
l :f erfwodl :f cde k ;f rj:/ Oifqold .f oj; pof: wD;bl,Oof:pj.` wD;aw.ref: tefurk :f xdi:f pof:
trf,ygi,f q[ vgi;f eh.qdik f vgi;f rle;f Odol :f q[aw." oh.eh. yAepf of:uln:f eif,uof,/ bge.f eh pof:xku,f vD
tefoj;eef. awtrf,rD:vh;/ tofykef;zgef: wlofuof,aO pAwf:qgrf: zhm,vD
qdol :f w[;eh. yAev f ug :f vhm:xrf:rwj:(simple) wj,vSu;f vhm;qgr:f iof:vhm:eef.bof./ pof:vlo,f
wj,vgi;f rle;f Odol :f bof./ vh; yg,h P;yhm:ole.f sv; vgi;f wkr.f bge;f tefye l .f
(1) rD:q[be kd :f bmof:? rj:qdol :f eef.ySw;f wj,P;yAef vgi;f blw:f bj q[
(2) rD:rAw.f wj, wmif:puf. pof:eef.bof./ vgi;f blw:f bjq[e.h awpAw:f P;
(3) rD:q[vq D o[ mef arjbde k ;f arjrSi,f pof: arjq[.cmof:bmrf: ul;urf:P;yAef bdil :f tmef:
(4) arjygi,f q[ vDaOtgef wge:f aOuof,eef.bof./ wj,aw
(5) arjpke.f arjySu;f bgrf:pyf.sv; Nrfqlrf: wgef;z[wgef;ref:aO
(6) rD:q[tw d :f vl rD:vgi;f puf.Mrf trf,yefwrk .f wdol .f uefe.h yAev f ig ;f
(7) rD:vgi;f ref;q[sv; arjcof;tgu,f yde l ;f rle;f Odlo:f vln;f wmif:uyf:Odyk ,f wdw:f awj,uef
(8) arjqg;h xSrf ule:f tefqof;uof,Nyf.xly:f / bof./ z[auj; trf,vSu;f vhm;twdw;f (tefye l .f
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trf,pmif.bof./ ule:f auj.tef bl,umif:pmif,uh pdr:f
Mrf:vh;tefoj;eef. trf,rD:vh;/ pdr:f Mrf:tefoj;
eh. ule:f qlod :f qj. tefqrfwol f qrfqp[ of:? ule:f
qlod :f qj.tef uyf:Okyd ,f wdw:f awj,pof:? ule:f qlod :f
qj.tef pof:bl,oAi:f vAouf ef? tlid ,f vAouf ef? omef;
vAofuef? yguf.vAofuef? Ndef:vAofuef? uRif:vAof
uefqldof:eef.qkdif yAefulef:pdrf:Mrf:bof./
urf:vkdef:Okwf: ayj:awwlnf:xkdif urf,zj,
oj;qkdif ulef:qldof:qj.tef pof:bl,ukefvAofuef?
ulef:qldof:qj.tef pof:bl,ukefqrfuef? ulef:
qlod :f qj. tefpof:bl,rlid :f vAouf ef? ule:f qlod :f qj.
tef pof:bl,rlid :f qrfuefqodl :f eh.qkid f awvh;oj;
yAef ulef:pdrf:Mrf:pof:ehbl,bof./
ayj:rj:xwf:Omif;wlnf: tefuAof,uyf:vlnf;
pdrf:Mrf:eh.qkdif awvh;pefr:D oh. pdrf:Mrf: Ogifyldif
OgifrAof: pdrf:Mrf:wmif:eguf;sv; pdrf:Mrf:wmif:e[:
ehb,l ? pdr:f Mrf:wmif:e[: tefoj;eef.sw. qlod :f
qj. tefpof:bl,Nde:f vAouf ef? qlod :f qj. tefye A f
ayj;sr;? yD;thm;? yD;emif:? egif.bdif:? egif.qhm:?
vku;f vmif:emif:sr:? qof;zloq f of;uof,sv; ule:f
qldof:qj. tefwif:qof;uof, bl,Ndef:vAofuef?
bl,uRif:vAouf efqodl :f eh.qkid f awvh;oj; cofe.h yAef
pdr:f Mrf:wmif:e[:qof;uof,ehb,l bof./ pdr:f Mrf:wmif:
eguf;Orf. ulef:qldof:qj. tefwif:qof;uof, bl,
ukefvAofuef? bl,rldif:vAofuef? bl,oAif:vAofuef?
bl,omef;vAouf ef? ygu.f vAouf efcofqugj, ule:f qlod :f
eh.bof./
222
rldefeif, ayj:bl,e[:avj:uauj; awtrf,
vldofvh; yldifyAefavj:ueef.bof./ ayj:oj; bl,
qgrf:pdrf:Mrf:auj; awtrf,zgif:vldofvh; yldifyAef
Ozj,opdrf:Mrf: tefqj.sv; tefvD tefcD
sv; tefOodl :f trf,pmif.bof./ e[:vku;f eh. ule:f
phm.auj;awrD:? ulef:vDauj;awrD: ulef:rlduf;ulef:
vldif:auj;awrD:? ulef:vuf:ulef:vSrfauj;awrD:?
bgef.yldof;Ozj,oq[ulef:? tuBmif.wmif:urfulef:
pof:eh. auj.ekid ;f sv;auj.ekid ;f ref:trf,rle d uf ef
eef.bof./ ule:f pdr:f Mrf:qof;uof,eef.auj; aw
yAefulef:qldof:qj. ulnf:bof./
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uof,aO ayj:qof;uof, uyf:Okdyf,wdwf:awj,cof
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vldofrj: e[:qlof;ymefzoj. qof;uof,eef.trf,
pmif.bof.}}
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ehxSif;vl:ugef,/ e[:avj:u clif:umifvlifpof:eh.
yAeyf ;D egi.f tgu,f wgi.f vAouf efauj;bof. yAet f n l :f
auj.vDuef wh:auj.vDuef wmef,pkdofauj;bof./
vgi;f wj,awwkw d :f cmwf,ySw;f vh; q[O;D su.clo:f cgif
yle
d ;f ? Odr:f Olid ,f clo:f cgiq
f of;uof, sv; q[puf.qif:?
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bof.? pof:yAef yD;egif.tguf,wgif.vAofuefeh vl:
uge,f vj;? ayj:oj; qof;uof,Orf. rD:wmif:vuf:vSrf
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cwf:q[umefvodl af O wmif,auj.ayj:ehqidk f ayj;sr;
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awvDqof;uof, vldofaOydlef;? awpuf.qof;uof,
vldofaOwmif,auj.aOsv; qldof:qj.tef trf,
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
vuf:vSrw f mef,qof;uof,? trf,rD: wmif:bAe,f si;
wmef,qof;uof,? trf,uwf.cSef, wmef,qof;uof,
sv; cofqldof:eef.Orf. N.wuj;oj; awOD;su.
qof;uof, awvgrof .h q[uw l .f elod q
f of;uof,bl, trf,
pmif.bof./
eif,uj;ayj;sr;qof;uof, pefve D odl q
f of;uof,?
vkrf:vj:vldofqof;uof,? puf.Mrfqof;uof,qldof:eh.
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wj,cofsv; bl,vhm"auj; yD;egif. tguf,wgif.vAof
uef wif:qof;uof,eef.auj; vkuf.tofwD;pdrf:
Mrf:vD qof;uof,aO awbAef: yAefpdrf:Mrf:phm.
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qldof:eef.vl:ugef,sv;/ ayj:oj; qof;uof,Orf.
wkif:xgrf,acj;Oif,OgefTOj,cl:rj: pAwf:qgrf:acj;
qD.Oif, TOj,cl:rj:trf, Nif;trf,wluf:? vduf;auj;
uwf.cSef,vSef,zhm? vgif;bl,wmif:Oof: ckduf.cSrf.
ayj:ehqdkif TOj,cl:rj:Orf. awpuf.eldofqof;uof,
vldofaO vkuf;egif.way: wmif,auj.eef.bof./
ayj:ehqidk f vku;f egi.f way: teftrf,ckw d :f qof;
uof,qlod :f eef. cofye A t f nl :f auj.vDqof;uof, tef
oj;qlod :f eef.auj; awbAe:f yAet f n
l :f auj.phm.aO
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bl,bof./
vgi;f ylid yf e
A f qdol :f qj. qif,pjayj,tgu,f rj: umyf;
ymefrldof;vAofulnf:sv; yAefyldifyAefr[,pj.eh sw.
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tefbmrf;yAef bmrf;rD:rj: rD:wif:erfb,l / wD;eh;
zl;wSrf;vduf; awtofOlduf;ykdef: Oj,xu tef
ekdif;aO pAwf:Omuf;aO, Oj,xuref: wSrf;
223
1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
sezl;vlvduf;pof:cof/
rlod ;f ymefTzj:yAeq
f of;pof:eef. qhm:tpdi,f O
uj.(ohm:eh.rj:tefv;h qkod ;f oj;tif,ukvrd j,v)eef.
auj; zl;vlvduf;pof:cof awtgefuef bmrf;idef:
qkod ;f ref:qhm:bl,/ ref:qhm:eh. rlod ;f zgi:f wkud .f yAef
vku;f pAe:f ref:ugj,pAe:f tof ynf,nj,wmif:N.wmif:
pef wD;rlid :f wuf.uOlo,f ? wrf;wD;TOj,vlif wdOj,
yjrguf.ceef.bl,bof./ e[:vkuf;egif.way: TOj,
vlifwdOj,yj,rguf.c tefr:D oh.bl, wif:erfeef.
qhm:tpdi,f Ouj.eh. rD:vgi;f wmif:uwf.cSe,f vSe,f
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yAeftefpuf.ref:? vlvgrfvkrf:vj:ref: ul;vgif;
vldofaO vkuf;egif.way: wmif,auj. qldof:eef.
bof./
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eef.Orf. tgeuf efO;D su. qhm:tpdi,f Ouj.aO
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e[:clif:umif ulef:pAwf:umef yhm:rmuf;rD:cof
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ule:f qlod :f qj. tefpof:pAw:f umef yhm:rmuf;rD: qgr:f
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ySefvSefudef qof;uof,uGj, ayj:ehqkdif ulef:auj.
eef.auj; N.oj;yAefulef: pdrf:Mrf:phm. ykef;wj,
qof;uof,uGj,bof./
bof.auj; wD;v[aOrof,oj; ulef:qldof:qj.
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
tefvgrfOD;su. vgif;pefphm. eldofwmif:ckdef;b[,
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pdrf:Mrf:phm.vlif ykef;wj, zoqof;uof,bof./
ayj:eef ykef;wj,Oluofpof:pj: pdrf:Mrf:vD
tefoj;eef.ej, trf,rD:bof.pj. ayj:oj;ehqkdif
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trf,so;trf,bmef qof;uof,aOtrf,uj: qg;h xSrf
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(i)
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224
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cofeef.bl,bof./
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Mrf:phm.vlifehqkdif vgif;tuBmif.vldif: wmif:urfrlduf;
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tefOif,Ogefoh.yef acj;tefwj,awj,Ol;
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 qAifcrf:vSif: 17
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225
17-qAifcrf:vSif: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

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d ;f
ref: rD:wD;wloq
f r[ [:ulnf:/ sv;/ bj,cwf:q[ P;yAi:f yled ;f uln:f /
(pmefcldof:vSif:)
226