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Poveda - Diseño y Cálculo de Un Carro-Cabrestante Giratorio para Un Puente Grúa, Dentro de Un Sis PDF
Poveda - Diseño y Cálculo de Un Carro-Cabrestante Giratorio para Un Puente Grúa, Dentro de Un Sis PDF
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Jorge Poveda Catalán Nº 1171744 PESTM
GENERAL INDEX
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Jorge Poveda Catalán Nº 1171744 PESTM
DOCUMENT I
DESCRIPTIVE MEMORY
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1.2 Reach___________________________________________________________________ 13
2 INTRODUCTION ____________________________________________________________ 14
4.1.1 Span_____________________________________________________ 25
4.1.2 Lifting height ______________________________________________ 25
4.1.3 Morfología_ _______________________________________________ 25
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Jorge Poveda Catalán Nº 1171744 PESTM
INDEX OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1. Concrete block fabrication [22] ________________________________________ 14
Figure 2-2. Project location [11] ______________________________________________ 14
Figure 2-3. Main movements of a gantry crane _____________________________________ 15
Figure 2-4. Taisun Crane [9] ____________________________________________________ 16
Figure 2-5. Automotive porch [12] _______________________________________________ 16
Figure 2-6. Main components of a gantry crane [10] ________________________________ 17
Figure 2-7. Recessed configuration - articulated [11] _________________________________ 18
Figure 2-8. Lattice gantry crane [13] ______________________________________________ 20
Figure 5-1. Diagram Fe-C [19] ___________________________________________________ 27
Figure 5-2. Additional symbols for construction steels [18] ___________________________ 29
Figure 5-3. Butt welding _______________________________________________________ 30
Figure 5-4. Welded joints at an angle _____________________________________________ 30
Figure 8-1. Values of Ψ ________________________________________________________ 36
Figure 8-2. Wheel pair positions ______________________________________________ 37
Figure 8-3. Forces on the apparatus during oblique movement ________________________ 38
Figure 8-4. Aerodynamic coefficient ______________________________________________ 43
Figure 8-5. Net Area Coefficient _________________________________________________ 44
Figure 8-6. Separation coefficient ________________________________________________ 44
Figure 10-1. Beam with uniform distributed load [17] ________________________________ 49
Figure 10-2. Beam with focused point load [17] _____________________________________ 49
Figure 10-3. Dimensions of the IPE profile _________________________________________ 51
Figure 10-4. Dimensions of the DRAWER section ____________________________________ 54
Figure 10-5. Arrow of the beam with the DRAWER sectio_____________________________ 55
Figure 10-6. Geometry of the lattice beam _________________________________________ 60
Figure 10-7. Arrow of the upper bead of the lattice beam _____________________________ 63
Figure 11-1. Model of the gantry crane in SAP200___________________________________ 68
Figure 11-2. Diagram of the car-hoist_____________________________________________ 70
Figure 11-3. Service charge SL ___________________________________________________ 71
Figure 11-4. Oblique load SHO __________________________________________________ 71
Figure 11-5. Load due to movement of the SHP gantry _______________________________ 72
Figure 11-6. Load due to the movement of the car SHC ______________________________ 73
Figure 11-7. Wind load in service _______________________________________________ 74
Figure 11-8. Beam upper beam arrow __________________________________________ 78
Figure A-1. Types of bar ________________________________________________________ 83
Figure A-2. Degree of profiling of profiles _______________________________________ 84
Figure A-3. Knots corresponding to the props of the structure __________________________ 85
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TABLE INDEX
Table 6-1. Class of use ________________________________________________________ 32
Table 6-2. State of charge ______________________________________________________ 33
Table 6-3. Device classification group ____________________________________________ 33
Table 8-1. Pairings of wheel pairs _____________________________________________ 37
Table 8-2. Values of ξ and ν ____________________________________________________ 39
Table 8-3. Wind speed and pressure in service _____________________________________ 42
Table 8-4. Coefficient of form ___________________________________________________ 42
Table 8-5. Coefficient of screen effect ____________________________________________ 43
Table 8-6. Wind speed and pressure out of service __________________________________ 45
Table 9-1. Increase coefficient γc ________________________________________________ 46
Table 10-1. Sizing efforts in the box beam ______________________________________ 56
Table 10-2. Sections used in the lattice beam _____________________________________ 62
Table 10-3. Sizing efforts on the lattice beam ____________________________________ 63
Table 10-4. Weight of the girder in lattice by type of section __________________________ 66
Table 10-5. Comparison of the results of the analysis ________________________________ 67
Table 11-1. Average acceleration and velocity values ________________________________ 73
Table 11-2. Wind loads by type of section _________________________________________ 75
Table 11-3. Eligibility coefficients for actions and number of combinations _______________ 77
Table A-1. Dimension efforts by type of element ___________________________________ 84
Table A-2. Maximum reactions in supports _________________________________________ 85
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1.2 Scope
This study will be limited to the structural calculation of the gantry crane based
on the design requirements. However, they are outside the scope of this
project:
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Jorge Poveda Catalán Nº 1171744 PESTM
2 INTRODUCTION
2.1 Project location
The crane object of this project is a project for a company dedicated to the production
of prefabricated elements, the crane will be located in a company located in Oporto,
where exclusive concrete blocks of between 20 and 40 tons will be manufactured,
The location of the premises for the construction of the crane has measures of 125m
by 250m, the crane will be out in the open, and will serve to perform tasks of
maintenance of finished parts.
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Due to its versatility, gantry cranes are widely used in various industrial sectors
for cargo handling. The range they can cover ranges from a few hundred kg to
thousands of tons. Some examples of its application are shown below.
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2.3 Components
This section briefly describes the main components that make up a gantry
crane.
2.3.1 Beam
Together with the supports, it forms the basic structural system of the crane. Its
mission is to serve as a platform for the movement of the carriage-hoist unit as
well as to support the efforts it receives from it. In addition, it can house the
control cabin, various electromechanical systems or access gateways for
maintenance.
2.3.2 Supports
They are responsible for receiving the load transmitted by the beam and
channel it to the ground. In addition, like the beam, they can house the control
room, electromechanical systems and access stairs.
2.3.3 Car
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The car serves as support for the hoist. It is provided with an electromechanical
group that allows it to move along the beam.
2.3.4 Hoist
The hoist is the mechanism that allows the vertical displacement of the load
taking advantage of the mechanical advantage produced by the action of at
least two pulleys. The branches can be chains, when the loads are light, or steel
cables.
The union of the beam with each of the two supports is done differently (Figure
2-7). In a support an articulated joint is executed, without transmission of
moments between both elements. In the remaining support an embedment
materializes, in such a way that the transmission of moments is guaranteed.
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However, its limitation is given by its maximum load capacity, which is less than
what can be achieved with box beams.
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The following are the rules that have been taken into account for the
realization of this project:
[A] EN 1993-1-1: 2005. Eurocode 3. Steel structures project. Part 1-1. General
rules and rules for buildings. This standard has been used to carry out the
dimensioning and the checks related to the strength and stability of the
structure.
[B] EN 10210-2: 2006. Hollow profiles for construction, hot finished, non-alloy
steel and fine grain. Part 2: Tolerances, dimensions and properties of the
section.
[C] UNE 36524: 1994. Hot rolled steel products. HE profiles with wide wings and
parallel faces. Measurements.
[D] UNE 36526: 1994. Hot rolled steel products. IPE profiles. Measurements.
[E] UNE 58112-1: 1991. Cranes and lifting equipment. Classification. Part 1:
General. This standard has been used to classify the crane according to the
number of maneuver cycles.
[F] UNE 58132-2: 2005. Lifting devices. Calculation rules. Part 2: Requests and
cases of requests that must intervene in the calculation of structures and
mechanisms. This standard is necessary to define the actions and load
hypotheses that must be applied to the structure of the crane.
[G] UNE 58113: 1985. Cranes Wind action This rule explains how to calculate
the wind actions on the crane.
[H] UNE 76201: 1988. Rolling ways of bridge cranes. Calculation basis.
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Calculate the internal efforts and the displacements of the structure (analysis).
For this, it is necessary to define in advance the geometry of the structure and
assign a section to each element, as well as external loads and boundary
conditions.
Carry out the necessary checks (dimensioning) according to the regulations that
apply, in this case the Eurocode 3.
Each element is assigned the list of sections that can be used and the program is
responsible for selecting the most appropriate one based on iterations. If a section
does not comply, it is passed to a higher section and recalculated. And conversely, if a
section is very oversized, select a lower one and repeat the process.
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4 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Geometry of the crane
4.1.1 Span
The span of the gantry L is the horizontal distance between axes of the supports. It has
been established in 50 meters.
4.1.3 Morphology
Due to the demands in terms of light and load, the crane will have a double
configuration, that is, it will be provided with two main beams on which the car will
move.
4.2 Loads
4.2.1 Payload
The payload considered Q is 45 tons. This includes both the weight of the objects to be
lifted and the rigging, hooks and other accessories necessary for its attachment.
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5 TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS
5.1 Steel
According to the UNE 10020 standard, steel is a material that contains, by weight,
more iron than any other simple element, with a carbon content generally lower than
2%. Steel also contains other minerals in smaller proportions, such as phosphorus (P),
sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N). The alloyed steels also contain other elements such as
manganese (Mn), silicon (Si), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and molybdenum (Mo). The
carbon content has a fundamental effect on the properties of steel. As the carbon
content increases, the hardness and strength of the steel increases, but also increases
its brittleness and decreases ductility. At lower carbon content, steel presents better
solderability. Steel is, in general, a ductile, malleable, forgeable and weldable material.
Figure 5-1 shows the phase diagram of the steel.
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Steels intended for structures generally contain about 0.25% C and up to 1.6% Mn.
S 355 xxx
Where:
- S is the key letter of the steel
- 355 is the guaranteed minimum value of the elastic limit in MPa
- XXX are additional symbols (see attached table)
Additional symbols are divided into group 1 and group 2. If the symbols in group 1 are
insufficient to fully describe the steel, additional symbols from group 2 can be added.
Group 2 symbols should only be used in conjunction with those in group 1 and stand
behind them.
The use of the different grades of steel is as follows:
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Construction steels are classified according to the manufacturing process and are
regulated in Euronorms:
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5.2 Unions
5.2.1 Welded connections
Welding is the most economical joining method when the assembly conditions are
favorable. Due to this, when a workshop structure is manufactured, its joints are
usually executed by welding.
Butt welding. It is done in the cross section of the sheets that are in contact. It
may require a preparation of previous edges, depending on the thickness of the
elements to be joined.
Welding at an angle. It is applied to the profile of the surface of the sheets, and
generally does not need edge preparation. Depending on the relative position
of the pieces to be welded, there are three types: overlap joint, T joint and
corner joint.
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Considering the starting data, the maximum number of maneuver cycles of the device
will be 250,000 cycles, which corresponds to a class of use U4 (Regular use in light
duty).
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It is considered that the apparatus is capable of belonging to the state of charge Q3.
Taking into account the parameters obtained previously it can be observed that the
crane object of the study is included in group A5.
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7 BASIS OF CALCULATION
For the sizing of the structure, the checks related to the method of limit states exposed
in Eurocode 3 will be carried out. The limit states can be defined as situations that, if
exceeded, assume that the structure does not fulfill any of the functions for which it
has been projected. The limit states are divided into two.
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Own weight of each element of the SG structure. It includes the weight of all
the elements that form the structure of the portico.
Service load SL. Constituted by the weight of the load to be added together
with the weight of the carriage-hoist unit. All these mobile charges will be
assumed in the most unfavorable position.
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The above expression is applicable for lifting speeds up to 1 m / s. For higher speeds,
the dynamic coefficient remains constant. In addition, it may not be less than 1.15. The
following figure shows the values of Ψ according to VL
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The positions of the wheel pairs with respect to the position of the guiding means can
be expressed by the distance di (Figure 8-2):
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The guiding force Fy is balanced with the tangential forces of the wheels. The angle α
must be ≤ 0.015 rad and depends on the play between the guide elements and the rail
and the tolerances. The distance h between the guiding means and the instantaneous
slip pole can be calculated by the following expressions:
For F / F systems
For F / M systems
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where
For F / F systems:
For F / M systems:
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where
where
being
where
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Shock against the structure. For travel speeds up to 0.4 m / s as is the case with
this crane, the effect of the collision is not considered.
Shock on the suspended load. It is not taken into consideration except if the
load is rigidly guided.
The impact effects will not be taken into account since the necessary factors for
consideration are not given.
𝐹=𝐴·𝑝·𝐶f
where
Table 8-3 shows the wind speed and pressure depending on the type of crane:
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By means of Table 8-4 and Figure 8-4 the shape coefficient can be determined:
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When the wind blows at an angle to the longitudinal axis of an element, the action of
the wind is obtained by the following expression:
where θ <90o.
It may be the case that some elements are sheltered by others. In this case, the shape
coefficient is multiplied by a screen effect factor η which can be consulted in Table 8-5
and which, in turn, depends on the net surface and separation coefficients (Figures 8-5
and 8-6, respectively).
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On the other hand, the action of the wind on the mobile load can be obtained by
means of the following expressions:
𝑓 = 0.015 · 𝑚 · 𝑔
For devices type b)
𝑓 = 0.03 · 𝑚 · 𝑔
𝑓 = 0.06 · 𝑚 · 𝑔
where
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Being on the side of safety, you can adopt a constant pressure value for the entire height of
the device and equal to that obtained at its upper end.
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9 COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS
9.1 Last Limit States
The UNE 58132-2: 2005 standard [F] stipulates that three different combinations of
actions must be considered in the calculation of the structures:
9.1.1 Case I
The static actions due to the SG own weight, those due to the SL service load,
increased by the dynamic coefficient Ψ and the two most unfavorable SH horizontal
effects, excluding the shock effects ST are considered. All of them multiplied by the
coefficient γc described above:
γ𝑐 · (𝑆𝐺 + Ψ · 𝑆𝐿 + 𝑆𝐻)
9.1.2 Case II
Case I is added to the action of the SW service limit wind and, if necessary, the action
due to the temperature variation:
γ𝑐 · (𝑆𝐺 + Ψ · 𝑆𝐿 + 𝑆𝐻) + 𝑆𝑊
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𝑆𝐺 + 𝑆𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥
Since the crane will have an anti-tilt device that will prevent the loss of balance, this
combination will not be taken into account.
𝑆𝐺 + 𝑆𝐿 + 𝑆𝑇
In this case shock effects are not considered, so this combination will not be
considered.
Apparatus subjected to the tests described in the UNE 58118 standard. These
tests are outside the scope of this project and will not be considered.
𝑆𝐺 + 𝑆𝐿
With the application of this calculation hypothesis it must be verified that the
maximum arrow F does not exceed the admissible arrow Fadm, which for this type of
lifting equipment is:
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10 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
Once the starting data and design requirements are known, an analysis of the different
structural alternatives currently available is made in order to choose the most suitable
for the realization of this project.
In order to carry out this comparison, the following considerations have been taken
into account:
A simplified crane model has been created in both geometry and loads.
The various alternatives have been modeled with the help of structural analysis
and design software SAP2000 v.17, from which the values of the acting forces
and the verifications required by the regulations have been obtained.
The option chosen will be the one with the least amount of steel. However,
when choosing a solution, other important factors are also involved, such as
the labor required for manufacturing and assembly, maintenance, appearance,
etc. Since the estimation of all these factors would occupy a whole other
project, they will not be taken into account.
Once this comparison has been made and the most appropriate option
selected, a complete model of the crane will be developed in terms of
geometry and loads that will be the definitive solution to the problem.
10.1.1 Geometry
The complete crane will be built as a twin portico, that is, with two main beams.
However, the simplified model consists of a single continuous beam of light L = 50 m
supported isostatically at its ends (mobile support / fixed support), requested with half
the service load SL. The morphology of the beam will depend on the alternative
studied.
10.1.2 Actions
The actions to consider are two. On the one hand, the inherent weight of the SG
structure, which is a permanent action and can be represented as a burden.
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uniformly distributed along the length of the beam. In Figure 10-1 a schema appears
along with the expressions for the calculation of stresses and deformations.
On the other hand, the service load SL = 25 t, modeled as a point load applied at the
most unfavorable point, that is, at the center of the span (L / 2) (Figure 10-2).
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The value of the load corresponding to the own weight depends on the type of profile
used, so it will be determined for each case. On the other hand, the service load is
known. Its total value has been set at 50 tons for the complete crane. For this model,
half of this figure is considered, 25 tons, since only one isolated beam is being
analyzed.
𝑆𝐿 = 25 𝑡
On the other hand, the coefficients γC and Ψ are calculated below.
The device has been included in group A5. Therefore, the value of γC, according to
Table 9-1, will be:
γΥ𝐶 = 1,11
Regarding the dynamic coefficient Ψ, considering an elevation speed of 5 m / min
(0.083 m / s), we have:
Ψ = 1 + 0.6 · 0.083 = 1.05
However, Ψ can not be less than 1.15. Therefore:
Ψ = 1,15
In this way the calculation hypothesis will be:
1,11 · 𝑆𝐺 + 1,30 · 𝑆𝐿
10.1.3.2 ELS
For verification of the ELS of deformation, both the own weight and the service load
are combined without aging, that is, without the application of coefficients. Therefore,
the load hypothesis in this case will be:
1 · 𝑆𝐺 + 1 · 𝑆𝐿
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The properties of the section with respect to its strong axis are:
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Therefore, the beam does not meet the required requirements and does not meet the
deformation ELS. Thus, no IPE profile is valid for the realization of this structure and
this option is discarded.
The properties of the section with respect to its strong axis are
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Therefore, the beam does not meet the required requirements and does not meet the
deformation ELS. Thus, no HE profile is valid for the realization of this structure and
this option is discarded, although the improvement with respect to the IPE profile is
remarkable.
ℎ ≥ 𝐿 /25
𝑏 ≥ 𝐿 /65
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being
If S 355 steel is used for its construction, with fy = 355 MPa, we have:
ε = 0.814
Based on these relationships, the dimensions of a base section (DRAWER 1) have been
calculated. To obtain dimensions without decimal numbers, these have been rounded
upwards. From the base section, 4 additional sections have been defined, increasing
the original dimensions from 10% to 40%, which means that there are 5 different
sections for the box beam.
The thickness of the wings tf and that of the souls tw has been unified into a single
value t (the greater of both) to simplify the process, remaining on the side of safety.
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The properties of the sections with respect to their strong axis are:
The 5 sections will be considered and the minor that meets the ELS and ELU
verifications will be adopted as final.
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Therefore, the CAJÓN 5 section is taken and then the ELUs are verified.
Bending moment
According to Article 6.2.5 of the standard EN 1993-1-1 [A], the calculation value of the
bending moment MEd in each cross section must comply with:
Shear stress
According to Article 6.2.6 of [A], the shear calculation value VEd must comply:
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Interaction of stress S
ection 6.2.8 of [A] states that when the shear stress is less than half the plastic shear
strength Vpl, Rd, its effect on bending resistance can be neglected. That is, it must be
fulfilled:
Where Mb, Rd is the calculation resistance to bending versus lateral buckling. For class
3 sections, it can be calculated as:
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Where:
αLT is an imperfection coefficient whose values appear in Table 6.3 [A] and depend on
the buckling curve. Table 6.4 [A] proposes the choice of the buckling curve depending
on the type of cross section.
Thus, for sections different from those formed in I, the buckling curve d must be
chosen, which implies αLT = 0.76.
Mcr is obtained from various parameters, such as the characteristics of the cross
section, loading conditions or lateral bracing.
The partial results can be found in the following table:
Therefore, the beam does not reach the lateral buckling ELU. When all the
requirements are fulfilled, the beam with the Cajon 5 section is a valid alternative for
the execution of the crane.
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For the creation of the model using SAP2000 software, it has been considered that:
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So,
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Starting from the combination of actions 1.11 · SG + 1.30 · SL used for checking the
ELU, the maximum shear stress in the beam is obtained:
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Where ρ = 61.70o the angle formed by the diagonal with the horizontal plane. So:
The results of the checks related to the last states according to the standard EN 1993-
1-1 [A] are shown below.
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The bar that the ELU of deformation must comply with is the upper cord (Figure 10-7),
since it is the one that will serve as the base for the carriageway.
The shear stress and bending moment will be disregarded in all cases except for the
upper bead check.
Axial tensile stress
The traction elements, see the lower cord and the diagonal traction, are checked as
follows.
According to Article 6.2.3 [A], the calculation value of the axial tensile force NEd in
each cross section must comply with:
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where Nb, Rd is the buckling resistance. For sections of class 1,2 or 3, it can be
calculated as:
Where
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α is an imperfection coefficient whose values appear in Table 6.1 [A] and depend on
the buckling curve. Table 6.2 [A] proposes the choice of the buckling curve depending
on the type of cross section.
Thus, for hot-finished hollow sections, the buckling curve a, which carries α = 0.21,
must be chosen. Ncr can be obtained as:
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The SHS 350X350X8 profile is class 4, which, according to Table 6.7 [A]:
When all the requirements are met, the lattice beam with SHS type profiles is a valid
alternative for the crane's execution.
Por tanto,
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After analyzing the various options available to carry out the execution of the gantry
crane object of this project, it is concluded that:
Options 1 and 2, based on the use of simple hot rolled profiles type IPE and HE
respectively, are a all unviable lights and are discarded. Given the dimensions
of the beam and the magnitude of the load to be supported, at first glance it
was to be expected that they would not be adequate; However, it is important
to analyze them also to have an idea of what their application limit is in this
type of structure.
The third alternative, which involves the use of an armed beam in a drawer, is
totally valid from the structural point of view. Its strong point is the relative
simplicity of manufacture and design, since it is composed of a single element
(although it is also necessary to foresee the use of internal stiffeners and other
reinforcement elements that have not been considered here and that make
design difficult and expensive. His construction). Its main disadvantage is that a
large amount of steel is needed for its construction.
The fourth and last considered alternative, the truss beam with a triangular
section based on SHS tubular profiles, is also valid. Its strong point is the
enormous reduction in steel that it represents compared to the box beam, as
shown in Table 10-5. Its main weakness is the complexity of manufacturing in
the workshop, since the structure has multiple knots. Even so, some of these
knots are identical, so workshop work can be greatly simplified.
Considering all the previous points, we have chosen to choose alternative # 4 to carry
out the final design of the gantry crane. The difference in steel weight used is very
bulky (+ 627%) and covers the difference in manufacturing costs of both alternatives.
In addition, the crane will carry out its activity abroad, and the lattice structures offer a
much lower aerodynamic resistance. Therefore, less powerful drive groups will be
needed, which will mean a lower initial installation cost and lower energy consumption
throughout the entire life of the device.
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11.1.2 Beams
The geometry of the beams is basically the proposal and calculated in the analysis of
alternatives. However, some reinforcing bars have been added. This is due to the fact
that in the previous study only the effect of the own weight added to the service load,
both actions of gravitational component, has been considered. On the other hand, in
the complete design, in addition to the previous ones, horizontal loads are considered,
such as the action of the wind or the force of inertia due to the movement of the car.
Due to these actions it is necessary to brace the beam in the horizontal plane; To this
end, a series of cross-shaped bars are added in the lower plane of the lattice.
In addition, the section of the tractioned diagonals has been matched with that of the
compressed diagonals, in such a way that all the diagonals are constructed with the
same type of profile. This change is motivated by:
In the previous study, the service load in the center of the beam has been
considered in L / 2. But the load can be moved along the whole beam, with
which the efforts can vary.
Ease of construction. Although placing all the identical diagonals slightly
increases the weight of the structure, it is compensated by the greater ease of
construction to prevent any error at the time of assembly. For example, placing
a bar dimensioned to work with traction in the place of a compressed one
could lead the structure to collapse.
11.1.3 Supports
The efforts in the beams are transmitted to the running gear through the supports.
Each beam rests on two supports executed in latticework with three main profiles each
and various bracing bars to reduce the buckling length.
It has been considered that each bogie has two wheels located at its ends, which
coincide with the connection with the supports. The running gear has not been
included in the model; nevertheless, in the support conditions of the structure its
effect has been taken into account.
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11.1.4 Car
The trolley (Figure 11-2), which supports the hoist and moves on the gantry beams, has
dimensions of 5 x 7 m.
In addition, only two of its wheels are motorized, one per head.
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The loads due to the oblique movement have been calculated following the
development shown in Section 8.3.1:
Calculation of h:
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Table 6 of the UNE 76201 standard [H] shows the average values of
acceleration and deceleration for various operating conditions of the lifting
devices.
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The carriage travel speed has also been set at 0.40 m / s, so, referring to Table
11-1, we have jm = 0.098 m / s2. Therefore, Fcm has the same value as in the
previous section; that is, Fcm = 4.41 kN.
First the structure has been calculated without considering the wind loads and
then, once the initial sections of the elements are known, the wind loads have
been added and recalculated. Thus the final sections have been obtained.
Since the structure is formed by bars of square section, this pressure is divided
between the width of each bar to obtain a linearly distributed force.
According to Table 8-4, for simple lattice frames with flat face profiles, Cf = 1.7
should be taken.
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In the case of frontal wind, the screen effect coefficient η must be calculated,
the calculation of which is shown below:
Table 11-2 shows the loads to be applied according to the section of the
element and its position (exposed or sheltered).
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In cases SW1 and SW2 the resulting force per wheel applied to the structure is f
/ 4:
In cases SW3 and SW4 the resulting force per wheel applied to the structure is f
/ 2, since only 2 of the 4 wheels of the car are motor:
11.3.1 ELS
For the verification of the ELS of deformation, both the own weight and the
service load applied in the center of the beams (SL2) are combined without
aging, that is, without the application of coefficients. Therefore, the load
hypothesis in this case will be:
11.3.2 ELU
Following what is explained in Chapter 9, Table 11-3 shows all the combinations
of actions that have been considered for the sizing of the structure and the
verification of the ELU.
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The bar that must meet the deformation ELS is the upper cord (Figure 11-8), since it is
the one that will serve as the basis for the rolling path of the car.
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According to Article 6.3.1.1 [A], the compressed elements must satisfy the following
relationship:
where Nb, Rd is the buckling resistance. For sections of class 1,2 or 3, it can be
calculated as:
Where
α is an imperfection coefficient whose values appear in Table 6.1 [A] and depend on
the buckling curve. Table 6.2 [A] proposes the choice of the buckling curve depending
on the type of cross section.
Thus, for hot-finished hollow sections, the buckling curve a, which carries α = 0.21,
must be chosen.
Ncr can be obtained as:
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where kyy and kyz are the interaction coefficients calculated according to Annex B [A].
In this case, kyy = 0.424 and kyz = 0.453.
On the other hand, χy and χLT are reduction coefficients by compression buckling and
lateral buckling respectively. As it is an element not susceptible to torsional
deformation, χLT = 1.
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The SHS 350X350X10 profile is class 3, which, according to Table 6.7 [A]:
When all the requirements are fulfilled, it can be ensured that the design with tubular
profiles type SHS in three-dimensional lattice is totally valid for the execution of the
crane.
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DOCUMENT II
TERMS OF CONDITIONS
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2.4 Requirements in relation to the storage, handling, separation and other management
operations of construction and demolition waste __________________________________ 131
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of reform of the project that the Administration may demand to adjust it to the
Ordinances, the Norms and the Current Planning.
The Contractor, before the formalization of the work contract, will also give his
agreement with the signature at the foot of the Specification of Conditions, the Plans,
Price Table and General Budget.
All expenses incurred by the extension of the document in which the Contractor is
consigned shall be borne by the awardee.
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the construction was acknowledged during its construction visits, nor that they have
been paid in partial liquidations.
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who intend to benefit from this collaboration without any type of damage. For this
reason, the relations between both parties and the omissions that may exist in these
Terms and Conditions and the complementary documentation of the project and the
work, will always be understood as being provided by the GOOD FAITH of the parties,
which will duly correct them in order to achieve an adequate FINAL QUALITY of the
work.
1.1.2.2 Stakeout
The Contractor will initiate the rethinking of the works, indicating the main references
that will maintain as a basis for subsequent partial rethinking. These works will be
considered by the Contractor and included in its economic offer.
Likewise, the reconsideration shall be subject to the approval of the Director of Work
Execution and, once the latter has given its agreement, it shall prepare the Act of
Initiation and Stakeout of the Work accompanied by a definitive plan of redefinition,
which shall be approved by the Director. working. The Contractor shall be responsible
for the deficiency or omission of this procedure.
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shoring, demolition, stress or any work of an urgent nature, anticipating this service for
the moment, the amount of which will be entered in an additional budget or paid
directly, according to what is convenient.
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Optional Address, except for the case in which, having requested it in writing, it has
not been provided.
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The Contractor will demolish, and subsequently rebuild, all the poorly executed work
units, their consequences, damages, and can not escape responsibility for the fact that
the Project Director and / or the Project Execution Director will they have examined or
acknowledged previously, or that part or all of the works that have been poorly
executed have been conformed or paid.
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they will be received with the reduction of the price that that one determines, unless
the Contractor prefers to replace them by others in conditions.
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be done with or without reservations and must cover the entire work or complete and
completed phases of the same, when agreed by the parties.
The reception must be recorded in a document signed, at least, by the Promoter and
the Contractor, stating:
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This will be done with the intervention of the Property, the Contractor, the
Construction Manager and the Construction Execution Director. The other technicians
will also be summoned, who, if applicable, would have intervened in the management
with their own function in partial aspects or specialized units.
After a thorough recognition of the works, an act will be issued with as many copies as
there are participants and signed by all of them. From this date, the warranty period
will begin to run, if the works are in the state of being admitted. Next, the Technicians
of the Direction will extend the corresponding Certificate of End of Work.
When the works are not in the status of being received, it will be expressly stated in
the Minutes and the Contractor will be given the appropriate instructions to correct
the observed defects, setting a deadline to correct them, after which a new
acknowledgment will be made in order to proceed to the provisional reception of the
work.
If the Contractor has not complied, the contract with the loss of the bond may be
declared terminated.
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according to each of the phases of the work. They must adapt to the logical process of
construction, and the agents may or may not coincide in the work depending on the
specific phase that is being developed at each moment and the task required of each
one.
1.3.1 Definition
The economic conditions set the framework of economic relations for the payment
and reception of the work. They have a subsidiary nature with respect to the work
contract, established between the parties involved, Promoter and Contractor, which is
ultimately the one that is valid.
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1.3.4 Bonds
The Contractor shall present a bond in accordance with the procedure stipulated in the
works contract:
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1.3.5 Prices
The main objective of the preparation of the budget is to anticipate the cost of the
process of building the work. We will decompose the budget into work units, a minor
component that is contracted and certified separately, and based on those prices, we
will calculate the budget.
Direct costs: calculated as the sum of the "basic price x quantity" products of
the labor, machinery and materials that intervene in the execution of the work
unit.
Auxiliary means: Complementary direct costs, calculated as a percentage as a
percentage of other components, because they represent the direct costs
involved in the execution of the work unit and which are difficult to quantify.
They are different for each unit of work.
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Indirect costs: applied as a percentage of the sum of direct costs and auxiliary
means, equal for each unit of work because they represent the costs of the
factors necessary for the execution of the work that do not correspond to any
unit of work in concrete.
The labor force that intervenes directly in the execution of the work unit.
The materials, at the resulting prices on site, that are integrated into the unit in
question or that are necessary for its execution.
The personnel, fuel, energy, etc. expenses that take place due to the operation
or operation of the machinery and facilities used in the execution of the work
unit.
The amortization and conservation expenses of the aforementioned machinery
and facilities.
The following should be included as indirect costs:
The expenses for the installation of offices on site, communications, building of
warehouses, workshops, temporary pavilions for workers, laboratories, etc., those
of technical and administrative personnel assigned exclusively to the work and the
contingencies. All these expenses, except those that are reflected in the budget
valued in units of work or in raised items, will be calculated in a percentage of the
direct costs, equal for all the units of work, which will be adopted, in each case, by
the author of the project in view of the nature of the projected work, the
importance of its budget and its expected execution period.
The technical characteristics of each work unit, in which all the necessary
specifications are included for its correct execution, can be found in the section on
'Prescriptions regarding Execution by
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Work Unit ', together with the description of the execution process of the work
unit.
If the description of the execution process of the work unit does not include any
necessary operation for its correct execution, it is understood that it is included in
the price of the work unit, so it will not involve an additional charge or increase in
the price of the work unit. unit of work contracted.
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omission to claim an increase in the prices fixed in the corresponding table of the
budget that serves as the basis for the execution of the works.
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and concrete, which are attributable to the Contractor, will not be subject to any
certification. The payments will be made by the Promoter within the periods
previously established, and their amount will correspond to the work certifications,
formed by the Facultative Management.
They will have the character of document and deliveries to a good account, subject to
the rectifications and variations that derive from the Final Liquidation, neither
assuming such partial certifications the acceptance, approval, nor reception of the
works they comprise.
The valued relationships will contain only the work executed within the term to which
the valuation refers. If the Facultative Direction requires it, the certifications will be
extended to origin.
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If the works carried out were specified in the Project, and without just cause,
they would not have been carried out by the Contractor. In due time, and the
Project Manager required its completion during the warranty period, they will
be valued at the prices included in the Budget and paid in accordance with the
provisions of these Terms and Conditions, without being subject to price
revision.
If precise works have been executed for the repair of damages caused by the
use of the building, since it has been used during that period by the Promoter,
they will be valued and paid at the previously agreed prices of the day.
If work has been carried out for the repair of damages caused by deficiency of
the construction or the quality of the materials, nothing shall be paid by them
to the Contractor.
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Work increases will only be allowed in the units contracted, in the event that the
Project Manager has ordered in writing the extension of those contracted as a result of
observing errors in the project measurements.
In both cases it will be an indispensable condition that both contracting parties, before
their execution or employment, agree in writing the total amounts of the improved
units, the prices of the new materials or machinery ordered to be used and the
increases that all these improvements or increases of work suppose over the amount
of the contracted units.
The same criteria and procedure will be followed when the Project Manager
introduces innovations that imply a reduction in the amounts of the contracted work
units.
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performed, shall be borne by the Contractor, provided that the contract of work does
not stipulate otherwise.
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will be delivered, where appropriate, the keys, the corresponding bulletins duly
completed in accordance with the Regulations in force, as well as the technical
projects and permits of the contracted facilities.
Said Act of Economic Liquidation will act as Provisional Reception of the works, for
which it will be formed by the Promoter, the Contractor, the Construction Director and
the Execution Director of the Work, being from that moment the conservation and
custody of the same by the Promoter.
The said reception of the works, provisional and definitive, is regulated as described in
the General Provisions of these Terms and Conditions.
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These materials will be recognized by the Director of Work Execution before their use
on site, without whose approval they can not be collected on site, nor can they be
placed. Likewise, even after placed on site, those materials that present defects not
perceived in the first recognition, whenever it is detrimental to the good finish of the
work, will be removed from the work. All expenses incurred will be borne by the
Contractor.
The fact that the Contractor subcontracts any item of work does not exempt him from
his responsibility.
The simple inspection or examination by the Technicians does not imply the absolute
reception of the same, being the appropriate tests that determine their suitability, not
extinguishing the contractual responsibility of the Contractor for these purposes until
the definitive reception of the work.
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It is the obligation of the Director of the Execution of the Work to verify if the products
entering the work are affected by compliance with the CE marking system and, if so, if
the conditions established in Royal Decree 1630/1992 are met. by which the Directive
of Construction Products 89/106 / CEE is transposed to our legal system.
The CE marking is materialized by the symbol "CE" accompanied by complementary
information.
The manufacturer must take care that the CE mark appears, in order of preference:
The letters of the CE symbol must have a vertical dimension of not less than 5 mm.
In addition to the CE symbol, a series of complementary inscriptions must be located in
one of the four possible locations, whose specific content is determined in the
harmonized standards and ETA Guides for each family of products, including:
The inscriptions complement CE mark markings do not have to have a special format,
typeface, color or composition, only the characteristics outlined above for the symbol
must be fulfilled.
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Within the characteristics of the product we can find that some of them present the
mention "Not determined benefit" (PND). The PND option is a class that can be
considered if at least one member state does not have legal requirements for a certain
characteristic and the manufacturer does not wish to provide the value of that
characteristic.
Supply conditions
Unless otherwise agreed, the state of supply of flat products of type S235, S275
and S355 of grade JR is at the choice of the manufacturer.
If inspection and testing is requested in the order, the following must be
indicated:
Type of inspection and tests (specific or non-specific).
The type of inspection document.
For long products:
Unless otherwise agreed, the state of supply of long products of type S235,
S275 and S355 of JR grade is at the manufacturer's discretion.
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they continue to comply with the corresponding product standard. Steel products
resistant to atmospheric corrosion may require a light trickle before use to provide a
uniform base for exposure to the weather.
The material should be stored under conditions that comply with the manufacturer's
instructions, when these are available.
Recommendations for use on site
The material should not be used if the shelf life specified by its manufacturer has been
exceeded.
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Relevant documentation by the technical editor of the project. The prior acceptance by
the Director of the Execution of the Work of all the materials that constitute the work
unit will be mandatory.
Likewise, a series of preliminary checks will be carried out on the conditions of the
support, the environmental conditions of the environment, and the qualification of the
workforce, where appropriate.
Of the support
A series of previous requirements is established on the state of the units of work
previously realized, that can serve of support to the new unit of work.
Environmental
In certain climatic conditions (wind, rain, humidity, etc.) the works of execution of the
work unit can not be started, they must be interrupted or it will be necessary to adopt
a series of protective measures.
Of the contractor
In some cases, it will be necessary the presentation to the Director of the Execution of
the Work of a series of documents on the part of the Contractor, that prove his
qualification, or the one of the company by him outsourced, to realize certain type of
works. For example, the implementation of construction systems in possession of a
Technical Approval Document (DIT), must be carried out by the company owning the
DIT, or by specialized and qualified companies, recognized by it and under its technical
control.
Execution process
In this section, the execution process of each work unit is developed, ensuring at all
times the conditions that allow achieving the level of quality expected for each
particular construction element.
Phases of execution
The phases of the execution process of the work unit are listed in order of execution.
Termination conditions
In some work units reference is made to the conditions under which a specific work
unit must be completed, so that it does not negatively interfere in the execution
process of the other units.
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Once the work corresponding to the execution of each work unit has been completed,
the Contractor will remove the auxiliary means and proceed to clean the element
made and the work areas, collecting the remains of materials and other waste
originated by the operations carried out for execute the work unit, all of them being
classified, loaded and transported to a recycling center, a specific landfill or a reception
or transfer center.
Service tests
In those units of work that are necessary, the service tests to be carried out by the
Contractor or installation company are indicated, whose cost is included in the price of
the work unit itself.
Those other tests of service or tests that are not included in the price of the unit of
work, and that its realization by means of accredited laboratories are detailed and
budgeted, in the corresponding chapter X of Quality Control and Tests, of the Material
Execution Budget (PEM).
For example, this is what happens in the ADP010 work unit, where it is indicated that
the cost of the density and humidity test is not included in the unit price.
Conservation and maintenance
In some work units, the conditions in which they must be protected for the correct
conservation and maintenance on site are established, until their final reception.
Criterion of measurement in work and conditions of payment Indicates how the
Project measurements will be checked on site, once all the quality controls have been
passed and the final acceptance by the Project Execution Director has been obtained.
The measurement of the number of work units to be paid will be made, where
appropriate, in accordance with the rules established in this chapter, will take place in
the presence and with the intervention of the Contractor, understanding that the
latter waives this right if, timely advised, do not appear on time. In such case, the
result that the Director of the Execution of the Work records will be valid.
All work units will be paid at the prices established in the Budget. These prices will be
paid for the finished units and
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2.2.1 Structures
Work unit EAV010: Steel S355JR in beams, supports and braces, with simple pieces of
hollow profiles for construction, finished in hot type SHS with welded joints.
Measures to ensure compatibility between the different products, elements and
construction systems that make up the work unit.
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Phases of execution
Cleaning and preparation of the support plane. Staking and marking of axes.
Provisional placement and fixing of the beam. Aplomado and leveling. Execution of the
unions. Repair of superficial defects.
Termination conditions
Loads will be transmitted correctly to the structure. The surface finish will be adequate
for the subsequent protection treatment.
Criterion of measurement in work and conditions of payment
It will be determined, from the weight obtained in official scale of the units arrived at
work, the weight of the units actually executed according to Project specifications.
2.2.2 Coatings
Work unit RLC010: Surface treatment of anticorrosive protection for steel elements by
anticorrosive primer based on epoxy resin and zinc phosphate, applied in two coats
(100 μ).
Technical characteristics
Formation of protection layer against oxidation in steel elements, by anticorrosive
primer based on epoxy resin and zinc phosphate, applied by brush, short hair roller or
spray gun, in two hands, until reaching a total thickness of 100 μ. Even p / p cleaning
the support surface.
Application regulations
Execution:
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It will be checked that the support is clean, dry, free of oxides, dust and grease.
Environmental
works will be suspended when the ambient temperature or the temperature of the
support is lower than 5 ° C or higher than 30 ° C.
Execution process
Phases of execution
Cleaning the support. Application of the product
Termination conditions
The applied layers will be uniform and will have adhesion between them and with the
support.
Conservation and maintenance
It will be protected from rain at least during the 3 hours following its application.
Criterion of measurement in work and conditions of payment
The surface actually executed according to Project specifications will be measured,
with the same criteria as the base support.
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Displacement to work. Sampling. Conducting tests. Writing report of the results of the
tests carried out.
Work unit XMP030: Test on a sample of rolled profile, with determination of the
thickness of the coating.
Technical characteristics
Tests to be carried out in an accredited laboratory in the corresponding technical area,
on a sample of rolled profile for use in metallic structure, taken on site, for the
determination of the thickness of the coating, according to UNE-EN ISO 2808. Even
displacement to work Results report.
Criteria for measurement in project
Test to be carried out, according to the documentation of the Quality Control Plan.
Phases of execution
Displacement to work. Sampling. Conducting tests. Writing report of the results of the
tests carried out.
Work unit XMS020: Non-destructive test on a welded joint, using magnetic particles.
Measures to ensure compatibility between the different products, elements and
construction systems that make up the work unit.
The magnetic particle test will be carried out only on ferromagnetic materials.
Technical characteristics
Non-destructive test to be carried out by accredited laboratory in the corresponding
technical area, on a welded joint in metallic structure, by means of magnetic particles
for the determination of the superficial imperfections of the joint, according to UNE-
EN ISO 17638. Even displacement to work Results report.
Criteria for measurement in project
Test to be carried out, according to the documentation of the Quality Control Plan.
Phases of execution
Displacement to work. Realization of the essay. Writing report of the result of the test
carried out.
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2.3.1 Structures
Once the execution of each phase of the structure has finished, upon entering the
load, its effective behavior will be checked visually, verifying that no deformations not
foreseen in the project occur nor cracks appear in the structural elements.
Otherwise, when a problem is detected, load tests must be carried out, the cost of
which will be borne by the construction company, to evaluate the safety of the
structure, in its entirety or part of it. These load tests will be carried out in accordance
with a Test Plan that evaluates the viability of the tests, by an organization with
experience in this type of work, directed by a competent technician.
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The person in charge of the work to which the container provides service will adopt
the pertinent measures to prevent the deposit of residues foreign to it. The containers
will remain closed or covered outside of working hours, in order to avoid the deposit of
remains foreign to the work and the spillage of the waste.
In the construction team, the human, technical and separation methods that will be
dedicated to each type of RCD must be established.
The requirements established in the municipal ordinances, the requirements and
conditions of the work license must be complied with, especially if they oblige the
separation at source of certain materials subject to recycling or deposition, the builder
or the work manager having to carry out an economic evaluation of the conditions in
which this operation is viable, considering the real possibilities of carrying it out, that is
to say, that the work or construction allows it and that suitable recycling plants or
managers are available.
The constructor must carry out a strict documentary control, so that the transporters
and managers of RCD present the vouchers for each withdrawal and delivery at the
final destination.
In the event that the waste is reused in other works or restoration projects,
documentary evidence of the final destination must be provided. The remains derived
from the washing of the gutters of the prefabricated concrete supply tanks will be
considered as waste and managed accordingly (LER 17 01 01).
The contamination by toxic or dangerous products of plastic materials, wood remains,
stockpiles or rubbish containers will be avoided, in order to proceed to its proper
segregation.
The surface lands that can be used for gardening or the recovery of degraded soils, will
be carefully removed and stored for the shortest possible time, arranged in ridges not
higher than 2 meters, avoiding excessive humidity, handling and contamination
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DOCUMENT III
MEASUREMENT STATUS
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CHAPTER 1. Structure
1.1 Kg Steel S355JR in beams, supports and braces, with simple pieces of hollow
profiles for construction, finished in hot type SHS with welded joints.
CHAPTER 2. Essays
2.1 XMP020 Ud Welding ability test on a welded sample of Total Ud; 5,00
rolled profile, with determination of: decrease
of the total burst load.
2.2 XMS020 Ud Non-destructive test on a welded joint, using Total Ud; 30,00
magnetic particles.
CHAPTER 3. Paintings
Surface treatment of corrosion protection for steel elements by anticorrosive primer based on epoxy
resin and zinc phosphate, applied in two coats (100 μ).
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Jorge Poveda Catalán Nº 1171744 PESTM
DOCUMENT IV
BUDGET
139
Jorge Poveda Catalán Nº 1171744 PESTM
140
Jorge Poveda Catalán Nº 1171744 PESTM
141
Jorge Poveda Catalán Nº 1171744 PESTM
Number Letter
1.1 Structure kg Steel S355JR in beams, supports and braces, with 2,09 two euros with nine cents
simple pieces of hollow profiles for construction, finished in hot
type SHS with welded joints.
2.1 Essays Ud Test of soldering ability on a welded sample of rolled 187,50 one hundred eighty seven
profile, with determination of: decrease of the total burst load euros with fifty cents
2.2 Essays You Non-destructive test on a welded joint, by means of 35,87 Thirty five euros witch
magnetic particles. eighty seven cents
3.1 Paintings m² Surface treatment of anticorrosive protection for steel 19,58 Nineteen euros with fifty
elements by anticorrosive primer based on epoxy resin and zinc eight cents
phosphate, applied in two coats (100 μ).
(workforce)
(Machinery)
(Materials)
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2,09
2 Essays
(Materials)
187,50
3 Paintings 34,15
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(workforce)
(Materials)
19,58
Board of workforce
Num Name of the workforce Price Hours Total
Total 43.589,01
Board of materials
Num Name of material Price Quantity Total
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Jorge Poveda Catalán Nº 1171744 PESTM
Board of Machinery
Total 2.227,10
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Jorge Poveda Catalán Nº 1171744 PESTM
Partial budgets
Chapter 1. Structure
Num Description Measurement Price (€) Total (€)
1.1 Steel S355JR in beams, supports and braces, 46.397,860 2,09 96.971,53
with simple pieces of hollow profiles for
construction, finished in hot type SHS with
welded joints. (Kg)
Total 96.971,53
Chapter 1. Essays
Chapter 1. Paintings
Total 17.839,32
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Jorge Poveda Catalán Nº 1171744 PESTM
2. Essays 2.013,60
3. Paintings 17.839,32
Sum 139.021,10
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