“Distribution and Aspect Preferences by Chinese Pangolin (Manis

Pentadactyla, Linnaeus, 1758) to build burrows in Sipadole Forest Area

(Suryabinayak Municipality) Bhaktapur, Nepal.”

CASE STUDY
REPORT

Submitted for the partial fulfillment of requirements of Degree of Science in Master in

Environmental Science

Code no.: Env. 528

Name of Student: Sanej Prasad Suwal
Symbol No.: 231
Registration Number: 5-2-408-37-2007.

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

KHWOPA COLLEGE

2015

1
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Background

Nepal has unique characteristics of geographical structures that make it among the richest country in
biodiversity. About 75% of Nepal is covered by mountains, making it one of the most rugged
mountainous countries in the world. It can be divided in its east-west axis into four geographical
regions. In the south, along its border with India, lies the Terai, a low, flat and fertile landscapes that
is the northern extension of the Gangetic plain, and which varies in width from about 25 to more than
32 kilometer. The southern part is a rich agricultural area, while the remaining northern area consists
of forests and marshy river bottoms rich in wildlife. Immediately, north of the Terai are the steep,
forested Churia ranges that rise in almost perpendicular escarpments to an elevation of nearly
2000m. Next comes midland region, a densely populated area with a complex mountain ranges up to
3000m.This region includes the Kathmandu and Pokhara valleys, and covers roughly 33% of the
country. Finally along the northern border with Tibet, lies the Himalayan Mountain itself.

It is difficult to appreciate current rates of species loss unless we have some estimate of both the
number of species alive today and their rates of decline. Unfortunately, only a small proportion of
taxonomic diversity has been documented (May, 1988, 1995). So the indirect methods of estimating
the number of existing species have been devised. These include the use of environmental variables,
indicator groups, or higher taxa as measures of species diversity (Gatson, 1996). Environmental
factors are viewed as a key to population persistence because they effect large and small population
alike and nowadays many are human in origin. Such anthropogenic factors include habitat
fragmentation (Harris, 1984), competition or predation by exotic species (Atkinson, 1989).
Unmanaged anthropogenic activities have caused habitat loss and fragmentation is key problems
affecting current distribution and populations of Pangolin. As human population growth and
resources are driving forces behind the biodiversity crisis, understanding the strategies by which
people produce and limit offspring and the circumstances under which they overexploit resources is
critical to the conservation agenda.

Trade in wildlife and wildlife products is one of the greatest drains on biologicaldiversity (Fitzgerald,
1989; Dobson, 1996). However, international laws such as the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) are in place to be regulated to control its
trade.
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The conservation of endangered fauna and flora species is an important and controversial issue at
national and international level. Despite the concerted efforts of the independent organizations,
government agencies and private individuals, many species still face the prospect of extinction due to
environmental degradation and the threat of illegal trade of wildlife and its related products (Song,
2003).

1.2 Pangolin

Pangolin belongs to genus Manis Linnaeus, 1758. It is derived from Malayan phrase ‘Pen Gulling’
meaning ‘rolling ball’, while the term Pholidota came from a Greek word meaning ‘scaled animals’.
They are also known as Scaly Anteaters because of their structure and food habits. Having no teeth
and an inability to chew, pangolins feed mostly on ants and termites using their long tongue to catch
them. They are solitary, nocturnal creatures and are known to be good climbers.

Nepal lies on the transition zone of the oriental and palearctic regions, so there is occurrences of both
the Chinese and Indian species in Nepal (Shrestha, 1981).The generic name of pangolin in Nepal is
"Salak” although it has some local names that are popular in particular areas. For instance, it is called
"Kaynaya"(Newari language),"Kose” (Tamang language) and "Hilemaccha” in hill by the virtue of
its bronze like overlapping scales.

There are three species of pangolin found in Asia. Among them two species are found in Nepal.
They are Chinese pangolin Manis pentadactyla, Indian pangolin Manis crassicaudata. Both species
are threatened animals protected by National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973.
Internationally, it is enlisted in Appendix II of CITES (Chapagai and Dhakal, 2002). It is enlisted as
Lower Risk/Near Threatened in IUCN Red Data Book. Animals are listed as Lower Risk when they
are not critically endangered or vulnerable. Taxa included in the Lower Risk category can be
separated into three sub-categories: Conservation dependent (cd), Near threatened (nt) and Least
concern (lc). Near threatened are those taxa which do not qualify for conservation dependent but
which are close to qualifying for vulnerable (Hilton-Taylor, 2000).To protect the vulnerable species,
parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) called for a
complete ban on international trade of pangolins in 2000.
Taxonomy of Chinese pangolin

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Pholidota

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Family: Manidae
Genus: Manis
Species: pentadactyla
Manis pentadactyla is distinguished from the other Asian species by larger ear pinna, a post-anal
depression in the skin. And a narrowing near the distal end of the tail (Pocock, 1924).

The Chinese pangolin is smaller than Indian pangolin. It differs from Indian sp. by the 15 to 18
scales around the body. It has shorter tail with a naked tip and protective ear-flaps are the only major
anatomical difference in relation to the Indian pangolin (Baral and Shah, 2008). Chinese pangolin
ranges westward through China, Nepal and Assam. M. javanis occurs in Malaya, Java and Indochina.

Taxonomy of Indian pangolin:

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Pholidota
Family: Manidae
Genus: Manis
Species: crassicaudata
Indian pangolin is found in extreme southern foothills of Nepal. It has large, overlapping scales (11-
13 around the body) on the body which act like armour. It rolls itself into an inconspicuous ball to
hide its soft under parts against any predators. It inhabits the foothills and plains of Nepal, India and
Ceylon.

1.2.1. Global Distribution

Pangolins were once distributed widely throughout the world. About eight species of Pangolins are
considered to be of the genus Manis, family Manidae and are found in the tropical Asia and Africa.
However, only seven living species of mammal are included in the Pholidota, the pangolins or scaly
anteaters.

There are still four noteworthy forms of pangolin in Africa; they include Long-tailed pangolin M.
tetradactyla, Cape pangolin M. temmincki,three pointed scale pangolin M. tricuspis and Giant
pangolin M. gigantean.

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1.2.2. Distribution in Nepal

This species occurs within Annapurna Conservation Area, Makalu Barun National Park and some of
Baglung. This species is considered to be occurred throughout Nepal in suitable habitat and elevation
including most protected areas in the lowland.

1.3. Rationale of the study

Pangolins in Nepal have received very little scientific attention. The knowledge of ecological
importance of pangolin is very few in local communities. The extent of illegal and unreasonable
forest exploitation is nowadays causing a severe problem due to irresponsiveness in government
chained with the poverty in rural localities. A complex chain of supply, partnered with diversifying
consumer demand, makes effective conservation and management of wild species in the region
extremely challenging. Consistent demand for traditional medicine practices, ornamental decorations
of pangolin scales and as ‘tonic food’ items is now so high that the survival of many is in peril.
Though government policy in the first instance is to prohibit exploitation of this rare and endangered
species, public support is another important conservation tool which seems to be the most effective
one. The research project will encompass the survey of habitat preferences by pangolin aspect
wise.This research will make people realize why pangolins are important for their livelihood. Finally,
this research will focus on this very issue as well to safeguard the remaining pangolins amidst the
human dominated society.

1.4. Objectives:
General Objective
1) To assess the aspect preferences(North, South, East and West) by pangolin to build their
burrow to live in Sipadol study area.
Specific Objectives
1) To assess the status of pangolin.
2) To assess the elevation wise distribution of sign type.
3) To assess the distribution of sign type with respect to habitat.

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 Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

Acharya et al (1993) had done survey to study the status of Pangolins in the Royal protected
forest of Nagarjun from December 23 to January 1. They had found six freshly dug burrows
below Jamachok peak at south facing slopes. They had reported the visit of pangolin to the
farmland during the flowering season of maize, bean, yam and bamboo species in search of
ants and termites. Furthermore they had pointed the display of pangolin’s skin in local
bazaars by traditional medicine men. The sale of eash scale of pangolin at a cost of five
rupees was also recorded at that time.

DFO (2002) has reported the occurrence of Chinese pangolin in its different blocks of
community forest in Bhaktapur district.

Gurung (1996) too had done pangolin survey at Nagarjun forest. He found fifty burrows
along a four kilometer stretch of roadside at Raniban. He had found the burrows in
grasslands. He had noted the similarities of pangolin’s habitat in Nagarjun with the reports
from Tumlingtar of Sankhuwasabha in eastern Nepal, Chainpur of Dhadhing and Belephi of
Sindhupalchok district He had found the close relationship between the red soil and burrow
distribution.

Rodrigues (2011). With population numbers rapidly declining, pangolins are extremely
vulnerable to over-exploitation as they are easily hunted, have a very slow reproduction rate,
and are difficult to breed in captivity. Enforcement of wildlife trade law is critical to this
animal’s survival. Pangolin scales are the most valuable part of a pangolin in illegal trade and
species identification based on morphological characteristics of scales is problematic. This
research propose to apply specialized ancient DNA techniques to investigate the feasibility of
recovering DNA from processed pangolin products such as baked pangolin scales and
traditional Asian and African medicinal pangolin products.

Sheng-Hai Wu et al (2007)has doneCytogenetic analysis of the Formosan pangolin, Manis

pentadactyla pentadactyla(Mammalia: Pholidota) Zoological Studies 46(4): 389-396. We
analyzed the karyotypes of theFormosan pangolin, Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla, a
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subspecies of the Chinese pangolin, Manis pentadactyla.Pangolins belong to the mammalian
order Pholidota and are primarily anteaters. Since eutherianSry is highly conserved, we first
conducted gene mapping of pangoliNby means of cross-species fluorescencein situ
hybridization (FISH). The existence of a homologous Sry gene in the pangolin Y
chromosome isdemonstrated. We also report karyotyping by G-banding, C-banding, and Ag-
NOR staining. The 2N and FNnumbers of the Formosan pangolin are 40 and 70, respectively,
which agree with the numbers reported for thesubspecies Manis pentadactyla aurita from the
Asian mainland. However, we found 2 or 4 nucleolar organizerregions (NORs) in the
Formosan pangolin.

Shrestha (1997) had recorded the behavior of Pangolin in Panauti-Beber area. He found
Pangolin wriggling out at the dead of night for stalking termites and ants. It had remained
active until the dawn. He found it walking about for food over a long of short distance from
its burrow. He had reported the home range of Pangolin in the Panauti-beber area, which is
about two square miles. He also reported that it was able to swim and climbing on the trees
and rocks to stir up tree trunks, soil and mounds of termites and ants, which are its principal
foods and were broken with the help of their powerful claws. While climbing, their prehensile
tail served as a supporting aid.

Shrestha (2005) had done survey on Pangolin in Shivapuri National Park, the nearest
National Park in Kathmandu. He found the burrows in the open forest with less coverage on
south, southeast, southwest facing slope. He had observed the burrows in red soil. He also
found that the burrows were disturbed by fodder collection, cutting trees and livestock
grazing. He concluded that the population of pangolin was in decline state in Shivapuri
National Park and suggested further research on it for its conservation.

Suwal (2014) studied on monitoring of Pangolin habitat and artificial pond" made for
specially Pangolin Conservation because from" the study of feeding behavior of Chinese
Pangolin", it was found that they also drink water regularly with their long tongue. Due to
lack of food and water they settle down near the human settlement and rice cultivated land
then fall on cruel hands. So we constructed two artificial pond in natural habitat (
Taudolchhap Community Forest, Bhaktapur) of Pangolin.

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 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

To achieve desired results of the objectives of the proposed project following methods was
adopted.

3.1. Preliminary survey.

Preliminary field visit was done in order to conceptualize the situation and to identify the
potential sites of pangolin.

3.2. Field Observation

Useful data from field visits were collected. Both direct and indirect observations regarding
various aspects of the species were conducted, Kaspal (2008).
i. Direct observation: Dead or alive individuals were observed.
ii. Indirect observation: It included the observation of the Pangolin’s signs such as
burrows, scales, scats, scratches etc with their respective photographs.
The burrows were categorized as new and old.
a) New burrow: If the burrow contained fresh, loose soil devoid of vegetation but
having scratches, it would be classified as new burrow.
b) Old burrow: If the burrow contained compacted soil with vegetation growth and no
any specific markings, it would be classified as old one.
All signs were recorded using GPS.

3.3.Transect walk
A transect walk was done along the forest trails and road side in order to record the
availability of burrows and sign type. GPS coordinates were taken at every 100m distance
and the sign types of pangolin were searched to 20m in each side in forest and 20m on each
side of in road. Etrex VISTA HCX was used to record the coordinates.

3.4.Data analysis
Microsoft Excel was used to analyze and interpret the data.

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 Chapter 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1.Transect walk
In total 16500m (16.5km) of transect length were walked covering forest area, roadside, near
settlement and open area. Among total transect length, 7800m was walked along forest trail, 6900m
along roadside and 1800m covering both foot trail and roadside at Sipadol area. The transect walk
covered elevation ranging from minimum 1333m to maximum 1798m. Survey was done mainly on
day time average 8:30am-4:00pm (survey time varies for different survey day).

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/NepalBhaktapurDistrictmap.png

Fig 1.Map showing the transect points.

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4.2. Indirect sign survey
4.2.1.Slope aspect preferences

4% 4% North
17%
East
West
23%
8% South
North East
8%
North West

2% South East
South West
34%

Fig 2.Distribution of burrows in different aspect of study area.

Total of 53 sign type (burrows and scats) were recorded. Most of the burrows i.e. 18 (34%) were
found in North-East direction which is quite similar to Shrestha (2005) and very less i.e. 1 (2%) in
southern aspect. Similarly 12 (23%) burrows in north-east, 9 (17%) burrows in north, 4 (8%)
burrows in both east and west and 2 (4%) burrows in south east and south west aspect. Most of the
burrows were found in South-East aspect (Kaspal, 2008), in contrast to it, there was highest number
of burrows in North-East aspect.

4.2.2. Elevation wise distribution of burrows

30
26
25 22
No. of Burrows

20
15
10
5
1 1 1
0
1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700
Elevation

Fig 3.Elevation wise distribution of burrows.

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Form the survey it was found that maximum of burrows i.e. 26 burrows were found in 1500-1600m
altitude followed by 22 burrows in 1400-1500m and 1 burrow in 1200-1300m, 1300-1400m and
1600-1700m of altitude. This might be due to availability of enough food (i.e. termites), dense forest,
less disturbance from human. The sloppy land and less intervention by humans at an elevation of
1500-1600m might be also one reason for more number of burrows being observed.

4.2.3. Aspect preferences along elevation gradient.

14 13
12
No. of Burrows

10 9
8
6 5
4 4
4
2 2 22 2
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
0000 000 0000000 00 0 00000 00
0
1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700
Elevation

North East West South

North-East North-West South-East South-West

Fig 4.Elevation wise aspect preference by Chinese pangolin to build burrows.

From the survey it was found that the most of burrows were abundant in North East (13 burrows)
aspect followed by North (4 burrows), East (2 burrows), North West (2 burrows), South East (1
burrow) where as there were not recorded any burrow in west, south and south west aspect. Similarly
in elevation 1500-1600m, most of burrows were found in North West aspect (9) followed by in
North East (5 burrows), West (4 burrows), North (2 burrows), East (2 burrows), South West (2
burrows), South (1 burrow) and South East (1burrow).

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4.2.4. Sign type

25%

Scats and Burrows

75%
Burrows

Fig 5.Total sign type observed.

During survey total 53 indirect signs were recorded, 40 (75%) burrows only and 13 (25%) both
burrows and scats which was quite different from the study carried (Kaspal 2008) where only 51
burrows were observed in four blocks of study area ( include Nangkhel and Sipadol). The reason
behind the increase in number of burrows during study time might me due to good community forest
management in Sipadol area with the supply of sufficient foods (mainly ants and termites) and less
human intervention. Also, different conservation practices like construction of water ponds at
potential habitat; awareness program etc had enhanced increment of the burrows of Pangolin.

4.2.5. Types of burrows

47% New

53% Old

Fig 6.Types of Burrow observed.

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Out of 51 burrows of the Chinese Pangolin found in the different blocks of the study area, most of
the burrows were old type (Kaspal, 2008). Similar to it, among the burrows observed, 25 (47%)
burrows were new type and 28 (53%) were old type of burrows.

4.2.6. Activity of Burrows

Active
43%

Passive
57%

Fig 7.Burrowing activity.

During indirect sign survey, among the burrows observed 23 (43%) of burrows were found to be in
active stage and 30 (57%) were in passive stage.It might be due to the survey carried on winter
season.

4.2.7. Sign type distribution

1% 1%

27% foot trial

inside forest

settelement
71% road side

Fig 8.Distribution of sign type.

During sign survey most of the sign (burrows and scats) of Chinese pangolin Manis pentadactyla
was observed in forest foot trail i.e., 64 (71%). Similarly 24 (27%)signswere found inside the forest,
1 (1%) sign in settlement area and 1 (1%) sign in road side. Pangolins are known to occur in

13
surrounding disturbed areas in cities, towns and villages fringing with fragmented forests (Samhan
N., 2008). Similar to it this result showed the distribution of sign type was high in/near foot trail.

4.2.8. Sign type and habitat type

2% 1%

Forest

Grassland

Roadside

97%

Fig 9.Distribution of sign type with respect to habitat.

Most of the signs i.e., 87 (97%) were observed in forest habitat. Likewise2 (2%) sign was found in
grassland and 1 (1%) in roadside respectively.

4.2.9. Surface condition: soil type

11%

Loamy

Sandy

89%

Fig 10.Soil condition of where signs were found.

Among the sign type observed 80 (89%) of signs were found on loamy soil and 10 (11%) of signs on
sandy type of soil.

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4.2.10. Surface condition: moisture condition

9%

Dry

Moist

91%

Fig 11.Moisture condition of sign type observed.

Most of the signs i.e., 91% were in moist condition and only 9% of signs were in dry condition. The
moisture observed may be due to i) survey during cold season favors high humidity & ii) Survey
time period – early survey the more probability to find the sign in moist condition than in late day
time and evening time.

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 Chapter 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1. Conclusion
53 burrows of the Chinese pangolin were observed within the study area where40 burrows were
without any scats and 13 burrows were with scats. All these data clearly depict that Sipadol area is
one of the prime habitats of Chinese pangolin. Highest number of burrows was found in North-East
aspect and most of the burrows were observed at elevation range 1500-1600m. Most of sign type i.e.
97% was observed in forest habitat and least (1%) in roadside. The good practice of community
forest management and local people participation helping in the maintenance and increment of
Chinese pangolin population and its burrows. Most of the burrows observed were old and passive
type and mostly built at loamy soil. The survey showed Chinese Pangolin prefer to built their
burrows mostly at North-East aspect and very least at south aspect of the slope of hill. The
availability of enough light, near water resource and less human disturbance etc are some of the
factors that might be helping in the increment of burrows number in North-East direction. The rate of
probability of finding of burrows increase with the elevation up to 1600m and then decrease. The
sloppy land and less intervention by humans at an elevation of 1500-1600m might be also one reason
for more number of burrows being observed. Pangolins are known to occur in surrounding disturbed
areas in cities, towns and villages fringing with fragmented forests (Samhan N., 2008). Similar to it
he survey result also showed the distribution of sign type was high in/near foot trail.

5.2. Recommendation
Some recommendation can be made:
i. Implementation of interview surveys to assess the presence and status of Chinese pangolins
through the country.
ii. Identify key sites with healthy wild populations of pangolins in Nepal.
iii. Use of radio-tracking studies to gain better understanding of survival rates and behavior of
pangolins.
iv. Establishment of rehabilitation centre.
v. Increase awareness and capacity building for conservation and environmental protection and
management, and to promote the sustainable use of natural resources.
vi. National level inventory of Chinese pangolins should be implemented.

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REFERENCES
Acharya P., Rana K., Devkota M & Gurung Y (1992). A report on Conservation status and
Pangolins in the protected forest of Nagarjun, Tiger paper, vol 3, No.1, pp: 35-38.

Caro, T. 1998. Behavioral ecology and conservation biology, Oxford University Press. New
York, PP: 4-17.

Chan, B. (2001). A brief review of the Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) in the south
China Region. Workshop on Asian Pangolins. December 2001. Taiwan.Abstract.

Dobson; A.P. 1996. Conservation and biodiversity. New York. Scientific American Library.
Francis, C. M. (2008). A field guide to the mammals of South-east Asia. New
HollandPublishers (UK) Ltd.

Gurung, J. B. 1996. A pangolin survey in Royal Nagarjung Forest in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Tigerpaper 23(2). pp.29-32.

Gurung, J.B. 1996. A Pangolin survey in Royal Nagarjun Forest in Kathmandu, Nepal. Tiger
paper, Vol.23, No.2. PP: 29-32.

Gutson, K.l. 1991. Species richness: measure and measurement. In biodiversity: biology of
numbers and difference. (Gatson J, ed). Oxford: Blacwell Scientific; PP: 77-113.

Gysel & Lyon, J.1980. Habitat analysis and evolution. In Schemnitz, S.D. (ed). Wildlife
management techniques manual. The wildlife society Washington DC, USA. PP: 305-327.

Hilton-Taylor, C. (Complier), 2000. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland,
Switzerland & Cambridge, UK.xvii+61pp.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_pangolin

Shrestha, N.1997. Protected wildlife species of Nepal, IUCN-Nepal.

Shrestha, T.K. 1981. Wildlife of Nepal. A Study of Renewable Resources of Nepal,
Himalayas. Curriculum Development Center, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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Suwal, R.N. and Verheugt, W.J.M.1995. Enumeration of the Mammals of Nepal. Biodiversity
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Nepal, Kathmandu.

Swart, J.M, Richardson., P.R.K. & Ferguson, J.W.H. 1998. Ecological factors effecting the
feeding behavior of Pangolin (Manis temminckii), Research article. Department of Zoology
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Thapa, P. (2013). An Overview of Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla): Its General

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TRAFFIC Network.1999. Review of significant trade in animal species included in CITES
Appendix II: Detailed reviews of 37species. Draft report to the CITES Animals Committee.
205 pp.

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ANNEXES

1. Data entry form

Field Survey Form
(2015)

Date:
Start time: End time:
VDC/Municipality……………………………. Ward no: Locality:

(A) Site information

Place/ Transect no:
GPS coordinates:
Elevation:
Location: Foot trail/Road/Rivers/Inside forest.
Habitat type: Barren land/ Grassland/ Forest/Riverbed.
Surface condition: Soil type: Sandy/Loamy/Clayey.
Moisture condition: Moist/Wet/ Slushy.
Sign type: Scat: Freshness of sign scats: New/Middle/Old.
Burrow: No. of Burrow:
Freshness of Burrow: New/Old
Activity of Burrow: Active/Passive.
Remarks:

Slope angle:
Aspects:
Remarks:

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2. Plates

Plate1. Scats of Chinese Pangolin. Plat2. Burrow of Chinese Pangolin.

Plate1. Field crew recording datas.

Plate1. Signs of lopping and logging.

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 3. Variation of sign type with degree angle.

Variation of slope angle

50

45

40

35

30
Angle

25

20

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
Plot no Number

21