SECTION 1: TERMS AND NOTATIONS

Determine whether the equation is linear or nonlinear.

a. ( 1−x ) y '' −4 x y' +5 y=cos x linear
b. t 5 y ( 4 )−t 3 y ' ' +6 y =0 linear
d2 y dy 2
c.
d x2 √
= 1+ ( )
dy
d. ( sin θ ) y −( cos θ ) y ' =2
'' '
linear
nonlinear

e. ( y 2−1 ) dx + x dy=0
In y: ( y 2−1 ) + x y ' =0 nonlinear
2 '
In x: ( y −1 ) x + x=0 linear

Find values of m so that the function y=emx is a solution of the given differential equation.
a. y ' +2 y =0
y=emx ; y ' =me mx
substituting :m e mx +2 e mx =0
dividing by emx : m+2=0
m=−2
b. y ' ' −5 y ' +6 y =0
y=emx ; y ' =me mx ; y ' ' =m2 emx
substituting :m 2 emx −5 m e mx +6 e mx =0
dividing by emx : m2−5 m+6=0
factoring : ( m−3 )( m−2 ) =0
m 1=3∧m 2=2
 SECTION 2: ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS

Eliminate the arbitrary constant by substitution: ( x−c )2 + y 2=c2

differentiating with respect ¿ x :2 ( x−c ) +2 y y ' =0
dividing by 2 : x−c + y y ' =0
adding c ¿ both sides :c=x + yy '
2 2
substituting c ¿ the original equation : ( x− [ x + y y ' ]) + y 2=( x + y y ' )
2 2
simplifying: y 2 ( y ' ) + y 2=x 2+ 2 xy y ' + y 2 ( y ' )
moving all terms ¿ one s ide: x 2− y 2+2 xyy '=0

Eliminate the arbitrary constant by isolation: ( x−c )2 + y 2=c2

expanding : x 2−2 cx+ c 2+ y 2 =c 2
subtracting c2 ¿ both sides: x 2−2 cx + y 2=0
adding 2 cx ¿ both sides : x2 + y 2=2c x
x2 + y2
dividing by x : =2 c
x
x ( 2 x+ 2 yy ' ) −( x 2+ y2 )
differentiating with respect ¿ x : =0
x2
simplifying: x 2 +2 xy y ' − y 2 =0

Eliminate the arbitrary constant by elimination: y=c1 e−2 x +c 2 e3 x (eq. 1)

first derivative ( with respect ¿x ) : y ' =−2 c 1 e−2 x +3 c 2 e3 x (eq. 2)
−2 x 3x
second derivative ( withresp ect ¿ x ) : y ' '=4 c 1 e +9 c 2 e (eq. 3)
( eq .2 ) +2 ( eq .1 ) : y ' + 2 y =5 c 2 e 3 x (eq. 4)
( eq .3 )−4 ( eq .1 ) : y '' −4 y=5 c 2 e3 x (eq. 5)
( eq .5 )−( eq .4 ) : y' ' − y ' −6 y =0

Eliminate the arbitrary constant by determinant: y=c1 e−2 x +c 2 e3 x

first derivative ( with respect ¿x ) : y ' =−2 c 1 e−2 x +3 c 2 e3 x
second derivative ( withrespect ¿ x ) : y ' '=4 c 1 e−2 x +9 c 2 e3 x
y−c 1 e−2 x −c 2 e3 x =0

{
moving all terms ¿ one side: y ' + 2c 1 e−2 x −3 c 2 e3 x =0
y ' ' −4 c 1 e−2 x −9 c 2 e 3 x =0
y −1 −1
forminga coefficient ¿ y '
(
2 −3 =0
y ' ' −4 −9 )
 getting the determinant :5 y ' ' −5 y ' −30 y=0
dividing by 5 : y ' ' − y ' −6 y=0

SECTION 3: FAMILY OF CURVES

Determine the differential equation of the family of straight lines that pass through the origin.
point−slope eq . of a line : ( y− y 1 ) =m ( x−x 1 )
thus , ( y−0 ) =m ( x−0 ) → y=m x
∆ y dy
but ,m= = -
∆ x dx
dy
so , y=( )dx
x

∴ xdy− ydx=0

Determine the differential equation of the family of straight lines that pass through the fixed point ( h , k )
, where h and k are parameters.
point−slope eq . of a line : ( y− y 1 ) =m ( x−x 1 )
thus , ( y−k ) =m ( x−h ) → y=m x
∆ y dy
but , m= =
∆ x dx
 dy
so , y−k= ( x−h )
dx
∴ ( x −h ) dy−( y −k ) dx=0

Determine the differential equation of the family of straight lines with the algebraic sum of the
intercepts fixed as k.
y =m ( x−a )
{
the given suggests the ff . equations : y=mx +b
k =a+ b

y=mx−ma y=mx+b
mx− y y b= y−m x
a= =x −
m m dy
but m= = y '
dy dx
but m= = y '
dx ∴ b= y−xy '
y
∴ a=x − '
y
y
substituting the equations for a∧b :k=a+b= x −
( y')+ ( y−xy ' )
2
multi plying by y ' :k y ' =x y ' − y + y y ' −x ( y ' )
 factoring :k y ' =x y ' ( 1− y ' ) − y ( 1− y ' )
∴ k y ' =( x y ' − y ) ( 1− y ' )

Determine the differential equation of the family of circles with center on the x-axis.
2 2 2
st andard eq . of a :̊ ( x−h ) + ( y−k ) =r
since thecenter is onthe x−axis , k =0
so , ( x−h )2+ y 2 =r 2
first derivative ( with respect ¿x ) :2 ( x −h ) +2 yy '=0 → x−h+ y y ' =0
2
second derivative ( with respect ¿ x ) :1+ y y ' ' + y ' y ' =0→ y y '' + ( y ' ) +1=0

Determine the differential equation of the family of parabolas with vertex on the y-axis and pass
through the origin.
the given suggests the ff . equation: x 2=cy ; where c=4 p
differentiating with respect ¿ x :2 x=cy ' → c=2 x / y '
2x
( )
substituting the last eq . ¿ the origin al eq . : x 2= ' y → x y ' =2 y
y

Determine the differential equation of the family of parabolas with axis parallel to the x-axis and open
to the right.
the given suggests the ff . equation: ( y −k )2=c ( x−h ) ; where c=4 p
first derivative ( with respect ¿x ) :2 ( y−k ) y ' =c →2 y y ' −2 k y ' =c
2
y y ' ' + ( y' )
second derivative ( with respect ¿ x ) :2 y y' ' +2 y' y ' −2 k y '' =0 → k =
y''
2
y ' ' ( y y ' '' + y ' ' y ' + 2 y ' y' ' )−( y y' ' + ( y ' ) ) y ' ' '
third derivative ( with respect¿ x ) :0= 2
( y' ' )
2 2
simplifying:3 y ' ( y ' ' ) −( y ' ) y ' ' ' =0
2 2
dividi ng by y ' :3 ( y '' ) − y' y ' ' ' =0 → y ' y ' '' −3 ( y ' ' ) =0
 SECTION 4.1: SEPARABLE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

dy
Solve for y: =sin 5 x
dx
∫ dy=∫ sin 5 x dx
1
∫ dy= 5 ∫ sin 5 x ( 5 dx )
−1
y= cos 5 x +C
5

Solve for y: dx +e 3 x dy=0

e 3 x dy=−d x
∫ dy=−∫ e−3 x dx
1
∫ dy= 3 ∫ e−3 x (−3 dx )
 1
y= e−3 x + C
3

dy
Solve for y: x =4 y
dx
dy dx
∫ y
=4∫
x
ln | y|=4 ln |x|+C
4 ln|x |+C

e ln ⁡∨ y∨¿=e ¿
4

y=e ln x ∙ e C ; let e C =C 1
y=C 1 x 4

ds
Solve for s: =ks
dr
ds
∫ =k ∫ dr
s
ln |s|=kr +C
e ln |s|=ekr +C
s=e kr ∙ eC ; let eC =C1
s=C1 e kr

dy
Solve for y: =x √ 1− y 2
dx
dy
∫ =∫ x dx
√ 1− y 2
1
arcsin y= x 2+C
2
1
(
y=sin x 2+C
2 )
dy
Solve the following differential equation: =e 3 x+2 y
dx
dy
=e 3 x ∙ e 2 y
dx
∫ e−2 y dy=∫ e3 x dx
−1 1
∫ e−2 y (−2 dy ) = ∫ e3 x ( 3 dx )
2 3
−1 −2 y 1 3 x
6{ 2
e = e +C
3 }
−3 e−2 y =2 e 3 x +6 C ; let 6 C=C1
−3 e−2 y =2 e 3 x +C1
2
dx y +1
Solve the following differential equation: y ln x ( )( )
dy
=
x
dx y 2+ 2 y +1
y ln x ( )
dy
=
x2

∫ x 2 ln x dx=∫ ( y +2+ 1y ) dy
1 3 1 1
x ln x− x3 = y 2+2 y + ln| y|+ C
3 9 2
¿ the ¿ hand side was solved using integration by part s

Solve the following differential equation: csc y dx+ sec 2 x dy =0

csc y dx=−sec 2 x d y
∫ cos 2 x dx=−∫ sin y dy
1
( 1+ cos 2 x ) dx=−∫ sin y dy
2∫
4 {12 x + 14 sin 2 x +C=cos y }
2 x+ sin2 x +4 C=4 cos y ; let 4 C=C 1
4 cos y=2 x +sin 2 x +C 1
2 3
Solve the following differential equation: ( e y +1 ) e− y dx + ( e x +1 ) e− x dy =0
2 3
( e y +1 ) e− y dx =−( e x +1 ) e−x d y
−3 −2
∫ ( e x + 1 ) ( e x dx ) =−∫ ( e y +1 ) ( e y dy )
−2 −1
( e x +1 ) −( e y + 1 )
2 { −2
+C=
−1 }
−2 −1
−( e x +1 ) + 2C=2 ( e y +1 ) ;let 2 C=C1
−1 −2
2 ( e y + 1 ) =−( e x + 1 ) +C1

dx π
Solve for x:
dt
=4 ( x 2 +1 ) ; x
4 ()
=1

dx
∫ x 2+1 =4 ∫ dt
arctan x=4 t +C
when x ( π4 )=1: arctan 1=4 ( π4 )+C
−3 π
∴ C=arctan 1−π=
4
3π
arctan x=4 t−
4
3π
(
x=tan 4 t−
4 )
2 dy
Solve the following differential equation: x = y−xy ; y (−1 )=−1
dx
dy
x2 = y ( 1−x )
dx

∫ dyy =∫ x−2− 1x dx
( )
−1
x
ln | y|= −ln| x|+ C
−1
−1
ln | y|= −ln |x|+C
x
 −1
when y (−1 )=−1 :ln |−1|= −ln|−1|+C
−1
∴ C=−1
−1
ln | y|= −ln |x|−1
x
−1
ln |xy|= −1
x
ln |xy | ( 1x +1)
−
e =e
( 1x +1 )
−
xy=e
 SECTION 4.2: HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Solve the following differential equation: ( x−2 y ) dx+ (2 x + y ) dy=0

Test :
M ( λx , λy )=λx−2 λy=λ ( x−2 y )
N ( λx , λy )=2 λx + λy=λ ( 2 x+ y )
¿ t y =ux ; dy =udx+ xd u
( x−2 ux ) dx + ( 2 x+ux ) ( udx+ xdu )=0
xdx−2 uxdx+ 2uxdx +2 x2 du+u 2 xdx +u x2 du=0
x ( 1+u 2 ) dx+ x 2 ( 2+u ) du=0
 dx 2+u
∫ x
+∫
( )1+ u2
du=∫ 0

dx du 1 2udu
∫ x + 2∫ 1+ u2 + 2 ∫ 1+u 2 =∫ 0
1
ln |x|+2 arctan u+ ln|1+u 2|=C
2
2 ln |x|+4 arctan u+ ln|1+u 2|=2 C ; let 2C=C 1
2 2
ln |x ( 1+ u )|+4 arctan u=C1
y
but , y =ux →u=
x
y2
| ( )|
2 y
ln x 1+ 2 +4 arctan =C1
x x
y
ln |x 2 + y 2|+4 arctan =C1
x

Solve the following differential equation: x ydx −( x 2+3 y 2 ) dy=0

xydx + (−x 2−3 y 2 ) dy=0
Test :
M ( λx , λy )=λxλy= λ2 ( xy )
N ( λx , λy )=− λ2 x 2−3 λ 2 y 2= λ2 ( −x2 −3 y 2)
let x=uy ; dx=udy+ yd u
u y 2 ( udy + ydu )+ ( −u2 y2 −3 y 2) dy =0
u2 y 2 dy +u y 3 du−u2 y 2 dy−3 y 2 dy=0
u y 3 du−3 y 2 dy=0
dy
∫ udu−3∫ y =∫ 0
1 2
u −3 ln| y|=C
2
u2−6 ln | y|=2 C ; let 2 C=C1
x
but , x=uy →u=
y
2
x 6
2
−ln | y |=C 1
y

Solve the following differential equation: 3 ( 3 x 2+ y 2 ) dx−2 xydy=0

( 9 x 2 +3 y 2 ) dx−2 xydy =0
Test :
M ( λx , λy )=9 λ 2 x 2+ 3 λ2 y 2 =λ2 ( 9 x2 +3 y 2 )
N ( λx , λy )=−2 λxλy= λ2 (−2 xy )
let y=ux ; dy=udx + xd u
( 9 x 2 +3 u2 x 2 ) dx−2 u x 2 ( udx+ xdu )=0
9 x 2 dx+3 u2 x 2 dx−2 u2 x2 dx−2 u x 3 d u=0
x 2 ( 9+u2 ) dx−2 u x 3 du=0
dx 2u
( )
∫ x −∫ 9+u 2 du=∫ 0
ln |x|−ln |9+u 2|=C ; let C=ln |C 1|
x
ln
| |
9+u 2
=ln |C1|

x
=C 1
9+u2
y
but , y =ux →u=
x
 x
=C 1
y2
9+ 2
x
x3
=C 1
9 x2 + y 2
x 3=C 1 ( 9 x 2 + y 2 )

Solve the following differential equation: − ydx + ( x + √ xy ) dy =0

Test :
M ( λx , λy )=−λy =λ (− y )
N ( λx , λy )=λx + √ λxλy=λ ( x + √ xy )
let x=uy ; dx=udy+ yd u
− y ( udy+ ydu ) + ( uy + √ u y 2) dy=0
−uydy− y 2 du+uydy + √u ydy=0
du dy
∫ √ u −∫ y =∫ 0
2 √ u−ln | y|=C
x
but , x=uy →u=
y
 x
2
y
x
√−ln | y|=C

2
y√=ln | y|+ C
2
4 x= y ( ln | y|+C )

Solve the following differential equation: xdx + ( y−2 x ) dy =0

Test :
M ( λx , λy )=λx=λ ( x )
N ( λx , λy )=λy −2 λx=λ ( y−2 x )
let x=uy ; dx=udy+ yd u
uy (udy + ydu )+ ( y−2 uy ) dy =0
u2 ydy +u y 2 du+ ydy−2 uydy=0
y ( u2−2 u−1 ) dy+u y 2 du=0
dy u
∫ y +∫ ( u−1 )2 du=∫ 0
by ∂ fraction decomposition :
dy du
∫ y +∫ u−1 +∫ ( u−1 )−2 du=∫ 0
ln | y|+ ln |u−1|−( u−1 )−1=C
ln | y ( u−1 )|−( u−1 )−1=C
x
but , x=uy →u=
y
−1
x x
| ( )| ( )
ln y
y
−1 − −1
y
=C

y
ln |x− y|− =C
x− y

SECTION 4.3: SUBSTITUTION SUGGESTED BY THE EQUATION

dy 1 – x− y
Solve the following differential equation: =
dx x+ y
dy du
let u=x + y ; du=dx+ dy → = −1
dx dx
du 1−u
−1=
dx u
 du 1
=
dx u
∫ udu=∫ dx
1 2
u =x +C
2
u2=2 x +2C ; let 2 C=C 1
but ,u=x+ y
( x + y )2=2 x+C 1

dy
Solve the following differential equation: =sin ( x+ y )
dx
dy du
let u=x + y ; du=dx+ dy → = −1
dx dx
du
−1=sinu
dx
du
=sin u+1
dx
du 1−sinu
∙ =d x
1+ sinu 1−sinu
 1−sinu
du=d x
1−sin2 u
1 sin u
2
du− 2 du=d x
cos u cos u
2
∫ sec u du−∫ sec u tanu du=∫ dx
tanu−secu=x+C
but ,u=x+ y
tan ( x + y )−sec ( x+ y ) =x+C

dy
Solve the following differential equation: =1+e y – x+5
dx
dy du
let u= y −x+5 ; du=dy −dx → = +1
dx dx
du u
+ 1=1+e
dx
∫ e−u du=∫ dx
−e−u=x +C
but ,u= y−x +5
−e−( y – x+5)= x+C
−e x – y−5=x +C

Solve the following differential equation: ( 3 x−2 y+ 1 ) dx + ( 3 x−2 y +3 ) dy=0

1
let u=3 x−2 y ; du=3 dx−2 dy → dy= ( 3 dx−du )
2
1
[ ]
( u+1 ) dx + ( u+3 ) ( 3 dx−du ) =0
2
2 udx+2 dx +3 udx−udu+9 dx −3 du=0
( 5 u+11 ) dx−( u+ 3 ) du=0
u +3
dx− du=0
5 u+11
1 4 du
∫ dx− 5 ∫ du− 5 ∫ 5 u+11 =∫ 0
1 4
x− u− ln |5 u+11|=C
5 25
25 x−5 u−4 ln|5 u+11|=25 C ; let 25 C=C1
but ,u=3 x−2 y
25 x−5 ( 3 x−2 y )−4 ln |5 ( 3 x−2 y ) +11|=C 1
25 x−15 x+10 y −4 ln|15 x −10 y +11|=C 1
 1
10 x+10 y −4 ln|15 x −10 y +11|=C 1 ; let C =C2
2 1
5 ( x+ y )−2 ln |15 x−10 y+ 11|=C 2

Solve the following differential equation: sin y ( x+sin y ) dx +2 x 2 cos y dy=0

let u=sin y ; du=cos y dy
u ( x+ u ) dx+2 x 2 du=0
uxdx +u2 dx+ 2 x 2 du=0
u u2
dx+ 2 dx +2 du=0
x x
u
let v= ; u=vx ; du=vdx + xd v
x
vdx+ v 2 dx+2 vdx +2 xdv=0
( v 2+3 v ) dx+ 2 xdv=0
dx dv
∫ 2 x +∫ v 2+ 3 v =∫ 0
1 1 1
ln|x|+ ln|v|− ln |3+v|=C
2 3 3
¿ the second term was solved usingintegration by ∂ fractions
3 ln |x|+2 ln |v|−2 ln |3+ v|=2 C ; let 2C=C 1
x3 v2
ln
| |
( 3+ v )2
= C1

x3 v 2 C C
2
=e ; let e =C 2
1 1

( 3+v )
u
but , v=
x
2
3 u
x ()x
=C 2
2
u
[ 3+ ( )]
x
x3 u2
=C 2
( 3 x +u )2
but ,u=sin y
x3 ( sin y )2
2
=C2
[ 3 x + ( sin y ) ]
x 3 sin 2 y=C 2 ( 3 x +sin y )2
 SECTION 4.4: INTEGRATION BY INSPECTION

Solve the following differential equation: y ( 2 xy +1 ) dx−xdy=0

2 x y 2 dx+ ydx−xdy=0
 ydx−xdy
2 xdx+ =0
y2

∫ 2 xdx +∫ d xy =∫ 0
()
x
x 2+ =C
y
2
x y + x=Cy

Solve the following differential equation: y ( y 3−x ) dx + x ( y 3 + x ) dy=0

y 4 dx−xydx + x y 3 dy+ x 2 dy=0
y 3 ( xdy+ ydx ) + x ( xdy− ydx )=0
x ydx −xdy
( xdy + ydx )−
( y )
y2
=0

∫ d ( xy )−∫ xy d xy =∫ 0
()
x 2
xy−
()
y
=C
2
 x2
2 xy− =2C ; let 2 C=C1
y2
2 x y 3−x 2=C 1 y 2

Solve the following differential equation: ( x 3 y3 +1 ) dx + x 4 y 2 dy=0

x 3 y 3 dx +dx + x 4 y 2 dy =0
x 3 y 2 ( xdy+ ydx )+ dx=0
dx
∫ ( xy )2 d ( xy ) +∫ x =∫ 0
( xy )3
+ln |x|=C
3
x 3 y 3 + ln|x 3|=3 C ; let 3 C=C 1
x 3 y 3 + ln|x 3|=C1

Solve the following differential equation: 2 tds+ s ( 2+ s 2 t ) dt =0

2 tds+ 2 sdt+ s 3 dt=0
2 ( sdt +tds ) + s3 dt =0
2 ( sdt+ tds ) dt
+ 2 =0
s3 t 3 t
2∫ ( st ) d ( st ) +∫ t −2 dt =∫ 0
−3

−( st )−2−t −1=C
1 1
+ =−C ; let−C=C1
s t t
2 2

1+ s 2 t
=C1
s2 t 2
1+ s2 t=C1 s 2 t 2

Solve the following differential equation: y ( x 2+ y 2 −1 ) dx+ x ( x 2+ y 2+1 ) dy =0

y ( x 2+ y 2 ) dx− ydx+ x ( x 2+ y 2) dy + xdy =0
( x 2 + y 2 ) ( ydx + xdy ) + ( xdy− ydx ) =0
xdy− ydx
( ydx + xdy ) +
( )
x2 + y2
=0

∫ d ( xy ) +∫ d arctan yx =∫ 0
( )
 y
xy +arctan =C
x

What is the equation of the curve passing through the point ( 3 ,−2 ) and having a slope at any point
x 2+ y 2
( x , y ) equal to ?
y 3−2 xy
dy x 2+ y 2
m= = 3
dx y −2 xy
y 3 dy−2 xydy=x 2 dx+ y 2 d x
y 3 dy−x 2 dx=x ( 2 ydy ) + y 2 d x
∫ y 3 dy−∫ x 2 dx=∫ d ( x y 2 )
1 4 1 3
y − x =x y 2 +C
4 3
at the point ( 3 ,−2 ) :
1 1
(−2 )4 − ( 3 )3=( 3 )(−2 )2 +C
4 3
∴ C=−17
1 4 1 3
y − x =x y 2−1 7
4 3
3 y 4 −4 x 3−12 x y 2 +204=0
 SECTION 4.5: LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

dy
Solve for y: cos x +sin x y =1
dx
y ' + tan x y=sec x
tan xdx
u=e∫ =eln |sec x|=sec x
1
y= ( sec x ) ( sec x ) dx
sec x ∫
y=cos x ∫ sec 2 x dx
y=cos x ( tan x +C )
y=sin x +C cos x

Solve for y: x y ' − y=x 2 sin x

' 1
y − y=x sin x
x
dx
−∫
=e−ln |x|=e ln|x | x−1
−1
x
u=e
1
y= −1 ∫
( x−1 ) ( x sin x ) d x
x
y=x ∫ sin x d x
y=x (−cos x +C )
y=−xcos x+ Cx

Solve for y: ( x +1 ) y ' + ( x+ 2 ) y =2 x e−x

x+ 2 2 x e−x
y' + ( )
x +1
y=
x+ 1
∫( x+2
x+1 )
dx
1
∫ (1 + x+1 )dx x+ln |x+1|
u=e =e =e
x ln |x+1| x
u=e ∙ e =e ( x +1 )
1 2 x e−x
y=
e x ( x+1 )
∫ e x
( x +1 ) (
x +1
dx )
1
y= x ∫ 2 xdx
e ( x+1 )
x 2+ C
y= x
e ( x+1 )

Solve for y: x 2 y ' + x ( x +2 ) y=e x

x+ 2 ex
'
y+ ( )
x
y= 2
x
 ∫( x+2
x )
dx ∫ (1 + 2x ) dx x+2 ln|x|
u=e =e =e
2

u=e ∙ e =e x x 2
x ln |x |

x
1 x 2 e
y= x 2 ∫ e x
e x
( )
x2
dx ( )
1
y= x 2 ∫ e2 x d x
e x
1 1
(
y= x 2 e 2 x +C
e x 2 )
1
y= x−2 e x +C x−2 e−x
2

Solve for x: ydx−4 ( x + y 6 ) dy=0

y x' −4 ( x + y 6 ) =0
4
x ' − x=4 y 5
y
dy
−4∫
=e−4 ln |y|=e ln |y |= y−4
−4
y
u=e
1
x= −4 ∫
( y−4 )( 4 y 5 ) d y
y
x= y 4 ∫ 4 ydy
x= y 4 ( 2 y 2 +C )
x=2 y 6 +C y 4

dr
Solve for r: +r sec θ=cos θ
dθ
sec θ dθ
u=e∫ =e ln|secθ +tan θ|=sec θ+ tanθ
1
r= ( sec θ+tan θ ) ( cos θ ) dθ
sec θ+ tan θ ∫
1
r= ( 1+sin θ ) d θ
sec θ+ tan θ ∫
θ−cos ⁡θ+ C
r=
sec θ+ tan θ

'
Solve for y: y −( sin x ) y =2 sin x ; y ( π2 )=1
− sin x dx
u=e ∫ =e cos x
1
y= cos x ∫ ( ecos x ) ( 2 sin x ) d x
e
 1
y= cos x
(−2e cos x +C )
e
y=−2+ C e−cos x
π
−cos( )
π
when y
2 ()
=1 :1=−2+C e
2

∴ C=3
y=−2+ 3 e−cos x

SECTION 4.6: BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

Solve the following differential equation: y ' = y −x y 3 e−2 x
y ' + (−1 ) y =(−x e−2 x ) y 3
y−3 y ' − y−2=−x e−2 x
1
let v= y−2 ; v ' =−2 y−3 y ' →− v ' = y −3 y '
2
−1 '
v −v=−x e−2 x
2
v' +2 v =2 x e−2 x
2 dx
u=e ∫ =e2 x
1
v= 2 x ∫ ( e 2 x )( 2 x e−2 x ) dx
e
v=e−2 x ∫ 2 xdx
v=e−2 x ( x 2+C )
but , v= y −2
y−2= x2 e−2 x +C e−2 x

2 dy 2
Solve the following differential equation: t + y =ty
dt
y' + ( −1t ) y=( −1t ) y
2
2

y−2 y ' −t −1 y −1 =−t −2

let v= y−1 ; v ' =− y−2 y ' →−v ' = y−2 y '
−v '−t −1 v=−t −2
v' +t −1 v=t −2
∫ dtt
u=e =eln|t|=t
1
v= ∫ ( t ) ( t −2 ) dt
t
1 dt
v= ∫
t t
1
v= ( ln |t |+C )
t
but , v= y −1
t y −1=ln |t |+C ; let C=ln |C 1|
e t / y =C1 t
 2 dy 1
Solve the following differential equation: x −2 xy=3 y 4 ; y (1 )=
dx 2
y' +( −2x ) y=( x3 ) y2
4

y− 4 y ' −2 x−1 y−3=3 x−2

1
let v= y−3 ; v ' =−3 y−4 y ' →− v ' = y −4 y '
3
−1
v '−2 x −1 v =3 x −2
3
v' +6 x−1 v=−9 x−2
dx
6∫ 6

u=e x =e 6 ln|x|=e ln |x |=x 6

1
v= 6 ∫ ( x 6 ) (−9 x −2 ) dx
x
v=x−6∫ −9 x 4 d x

v=x−6 ( −95 x +C )
5

but , v= y −3
 −9 −1
y−3 = x +C x−6
5
1
when y (1 )= :
2
−3
1 −9 ( )−1
()
2
=
5
1 +C ( 1 )
−6

49
∴ C=
5
−9 −1 49 −6
y−3 = x + x
5 5
5 y =−9 x + 49 x−6
−3 −1
 SECTION 4.7: EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Solve the following differential equation: ( y cos x +2 x e y ) + ( sin x+ x2 e y −1 ) y ' =0

( y cos x +2 x e y ) dx+ ( sin x + x 2 e y −1 ) dy=0
Test :
∂M ∂N
=cos x+2 x e y =cos x+2 x e y
∂y ∂x
z=∫ ( y cos x +2 x e y ) dx+∫ (−1 ) dy =C
z= y sin x+ x 2 e y − y=C

Solve the following differential equation: ( 2 x+3 )+ ( 2 y −2 ) y ' =0

( 2 x+3 ) dx + ( 2 y−2 ) dy=0
Test :
∂M ∂N
=0 =0
∂y ∂x
z=∫ ( 2 x+3 ) dx+∫ ( 2 y−2 ) dy=C
z=x 2 +3 x+ y 2 −2 y =C
Solve the following differential equation: ( 3 x 2−2 xy+ 2 ) dx+ ( 6 y 2−x 2+3 ) dy=0
Test :
∂M ∂N
=−2 x =−2 x
∂y ∂x
z=∫ ( 3 x 2−2 xy +2 ) dx+∫ ( 6 y 2+3 ) dy=C
z=x 3−x 2 y+ 2 x +2 y3 +3 y =C

dy
Solve the following differential equation: x =2 x e x − y+ 6 x2
dx
( 2 x e x − y+ 6 x2 ) dx−xdy =0
Test :
∂M ∂N
=−1 =−1
∂y ∂x
z=∫ ( 2 x e x − y +6 x 2) dx +∫ ( 0 ) dy =C
z=2 x e x −2 e x −xy +2 x 3 +C 1=C2
z=2 x e x −2 e x −xy +2 x 3=C

Solve the following differential equation: ( x− y 3 + y 2 sin x ) dx −( 3 x y 2 +2 y cos x ) dy=0

( x− y 3 + y 2 sin x ) dx + (−3 x y 2−2 y cos x ) dy =0
Test :
∂M ∂N
=−3 y 2 +2 y sin x =−3 y 2 +2 y sin x
∂y ∂x
3 2
z=∫ ( x− y + y sin x ) dx+∫ ( 0 ) dy =C
1
z= x 2−x y 3 − y 2 cos x +C 1=C 2
2
1
z= x 2−x y 3 − y 2 cos x =C
2

SECTION 4.8: ALMOST EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Solve the following differential equation: ( 4 sin y + 6x ) dx +( x cos y ) dy =0
Test :
∂M ∂N
=4 cos y =cos y
∂y ∂x
∫ ( 4 cosx cos
y−cos y
y )dx 3∫
dx
x
u ( x )=e =e
3

u ( x )=e 3 ln|x|=e ln |x |=x 3

( 4 x 3 sin y +6 x 2 ) dx+ ( x 4 cos y ) dy=0
z=∫ ( 4 x 3 sin y +6 x 2 ) dx+∫ ( 0 ) dy=C
z=x 4 sin y +2 x 3 +C 1=C 2
z=x 4 sin y +2 x 3 =C

Solve the following differential equation: ( 3 xy + y 2 ) + ( x 2+ xy ) y '=0

( 3 xy + y 2 ) dx+ ( x 2+ xy ) dy =0
Test :
∂M ∂N
=3 x +2 y =2 x + y
∂y ∂x
 3 x+ 2 y ] − [ 2 x+ y ]

u ( x )=e
∫ ([ x 2+ xy ) dx
=e
∫ ( xx+[x +yy ] )dx
u ( x )=e ln |x|=x
( 3 x 2 y + xy 2 ) dx + ( x 3+ x2 y ) dy=0
z=∫ ( 3 x 2 y + xy 2 ) dx +∫ ( 0 ) dy=C
1
z=x 3 y+ x 2 y 2+C 1=C 2
2
1
z=x 3 y+ x 2 y 2=C
2

Solve the following differential equation: 6 xydx + ( 4 y +9 x 2) dy =0

Test :
∂M ∂N
=6 x =18 x
∂y ∂x
∫ ( 18 6x−6 x
xy )
dy ∫ ( 12 x
6 xy )
dy
u ( y )=e =e
dy
2∫ 2

u ( y )=e y
=e 2 ln |y|=e ln |y |= y 2
6 x y 3 dx + ( 4 y 3 +9 x 2 y 2 ) dy=0
z=∫ ( 6 x y 3 ) dx+∫ ( 4 y 3 ) dy=C
z=3 x 2 y 3 + y 4 =C

SECTION 5: METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS

Solve for y: y ' ' −6 y ' + 9 y=e x

for y c :
( m2−6 m+9 ) y c =0
( m−3 )2 y c =0
m=3 , 3
y c =c1 e 3 x + c 2 x e3 x
for y p :
g ( x )=e x
y p= A e x ; y 'p= A e x ; y 'p' =A e x
substituting ¿ the original equation:
A e x −6 A e x + 9 A e x =e x
A−6 A +9 A=1
4 A=1 → A=1/4
1
∴ y=c 1 e3 x + c2 x e 3 x + e x
4

Solve for y: y ' ' +3 y ' +2 y=12 x 2

for y c :
( m2 +3 m+ 2 ) y c =0
( m+1 )( m+2 ) y c =0
m=−1 ,−2
y c =c1 e−x +c 2 e−2 x
for y p :
g ( x )=12 x 2
y p= A x 2 + Bx+C ; y 'p =2 Ax+ B ; y 'p' =2 A
substituting ¿ the original equation:
2 A +3 ( 2 Ax+ B ) +2 ( A x 2+ Bx+ C ) =12 x 2
by elimination:
A=6 ; B=−18 ; C=21
∴ y=c 1 e−x +c 2 e−2 x +6 x 2−18 x +21

Solve for y: y ' ' + 9 y =5 e x −162 x

for y c :
( m2 +9 ) y c =0
using quadratic formula:
m=± 3 i
y c =c1 cos 3 x+ c 2 sin 3 x
for y p :
g ( x )=5 e x −162 x
y p= A e x + Bx+ C ; y 'p= A e x + B ; y 'p' = A e x
substituting ¿ the original equation:
A e x +9 ( A e x + Bx+C )=5 e x −162 x
by elimination:
1
A= ; B=−18 ; C=0
2
1
∴ y=c 1 cos 3 x + c2 sin 3 x + e x −18 x
2

SECTION 6.1: AUXILIARY EQUATIONS

Solve for y: 4 y '' + y ' =0

4 m2+ m=0
m ( 4 m+1 )=0
 −1
m 1=0 m 2=
4
−x
∴ y=c 1 +c 2 e 4

Solve for y: y ' ' − y ' −6 y=0

m 2−m−6=0
( m+2 ) ( m−3 )=0
m1=−2 m2=3
∴ y=c 1 e−2 x + c 2 e 3 x

Solve for y: y ' ' + 8 y ' +16 y=0

m2 +8 m+ 16=0
( m+4 )2=0
m 1=−4
∴ y=c 1 e−4 x +c 2 x e−4 x

Solve for y: 12 y ' ' −5 y ' −2 y=0

12 m2 −5 m−2=0
using quadratic formula:
 2 −1
m 1= m 2=
3 4
∴ y=c 1 e + c2 e−x / 4
2 x/3

Solve for y: y ' ' + 9 y =0

m 2 +9=0
using quadratic formula:
m=± 3 i
∴ y=c 1 cos 3 x + c2 sin 3 x

Solve for y: y ' ' −4 y' +5 y=0

m 2−4 m+ 5=0 using quadratic formula:
m=2 ± i
2x 2x
∴ y=c 1 e cos x +c 2 e sin x

Solve for y: 3 y ' ' +2 y ' + y=0

3 m2+ 2m+1=0
using quadratic formula:
−1 ±i √ 2
m=
3
 −x −x
2 √2 x
∴ y=c 1 e 3 cos √ x +c 2 e 3
3 3

Solve for y: y (4) +2 y ' ' + y=0

m4 +2 m2+ 1=0
2
( m2 +1 ) =0
using quadratic formula:m=± i
∴ y=c 1 cos x+ c 2 sin x+ c 3 x cos x+ c 4 x sin x

d3u d2u
Solve for u: + −2 u=0
d t3 d t2
m3 +m2−2=0
using remainder theorem:
( m−1 ) ( m 2+ 2 m+2 ) =0
m=1
using quadratic formula:
m=−1 ± i
∴ u=c 1 et +c 2 e−t cos t+ c3 e−t sin t
Solve for y: 3 y ' ' ' +5 y '' +10 y ' −4 y=0
3 m3+ 5 y2 +10 y−4=0
using remainder theorem:
1
( )
m− ( 3 m 2 +6 m+ 12 )=0
3
1
m=
3
using quadratic formula:
m=−1 ± i √ 3
x
∴ y=c 1 e 3 + c2 e− x cos √ 3 x+ c3 e− x sin √ 3 x

Solve for y: y ' ' ' −4 y ' ' −5 y ' =0

m3−4 m2−5 m=0
m ( m 2−4 m−5 )=0
m ( m−5 ) ( m+1 ) =0
m 1=0 m 2=5 m 3=−1
∴ y=c 1 +c 2 e5 x +c 3 e−x

Solve for y: y ' ' ' −5 y ' ' + 3 y ' +9 y=0

m3−5 m 2 +3 m+ 9=0
using remainder theorem:
( m+1 ) ( m2 −6 m+ 9 )=0
( m+1 )( m−3 )2=0
m 1=−1 m 2=3
∴ y=c 1 e−x +c 2 e3 x +c 3 x e 3 x

Solve for y: y ' ' ' +3 y '' +3 y ' + y=0

m 3 +3 m 2+3 m+1=0
( m+1 )3=0
m 1=−1
∴ y=c 1 e−x +c 2 x e−x +c 3 x 2 e−x

Solve for y: y (4) + y ' ' ' + y ' ' =0

m 4 +m 3 +m 2=0
m 2 ( m2 +m+1 ) =0
m=0
using quadratic formula:
 −1 ±i √3
m=
2
−x −x
3 3
∴ y=c 1 +c 2 x +c 3 e 2
cos √ x +c 4 e 2
sin √ x
2 2

Solve for y: 16 y (4) +24 y ' ' + 9 y=0

16 m 4 +24 m2 +9=0
2
( 4 m2+ 3 ) =0
using quadratic formula:
i 3
m=± √
2
3 3 3 3
∴ y=c 1 cos √ x +c 2 x cos √ x +c 3 sin √ x +c 4 x sin √ x
2 2 2 2
 SECTION 6.2: DEDUCING THE AUXILIARY EQUATION FROM THE SOLUTION

Deduce the differential equation: y=4 e 2 x +3 e−x

m=2 ,−1
( m−2 ) ( m+1 ) y =0
( m2−m−2 ) y =0
y ' ' − y ' −2 y=0
 1 4x
Deduce the differential equation: y=−2 x + e
2
m=0 ,0 , 4
m 2 ( m−4 ) y =0
( m3−4 m2 ) y=0
y ' ' ' −4 y ' ' =0

Deduce the differential equation: y=x 2−5 sin 3 x

m=0 ,0 , 0 , ±3 i
m 3 ( m 2+3 2) y=0
( m5 +9 m 3 ) y=0
y (5 )+ 9 y '' ' =0

1 4x
Deduce the differential equation: y=7−2 x+ e
2
m=0 ,0 , 0 , 4
m ( m 2) ( m−4 ) y=0
( m4 −4 m3 ) y=0
(4) ' ''
y −4 y =0
Deduce the differential equation: y=2e x cos 3 x
m=1 ± 3i
[ ( m−1 )2 +32 ] y=0
( m2−2 m+10 ) y=0
y ' ' −2 y ' +10 y=0

Deduce the differential equation: y=3 e2 x sin 3 x

[ ( m−2 )2 +32 ] y=0
( m2−4 m+13 ) y=0
y ' ' −4 y' +13 y=0

Deduce the differential equation: y=x e 2 x + 4 x

m=2 , 2 ,0 ,0
( m−2 )2 ( m2 ) y =0
( m4 −4 m3 + 4 m2 ) y=0
y (4)−4 y ' '' + 4 y '' =0

Deduce the differential equation: y=x 2 e−x +4 e x

m=−1 ,−1,−1 ,1
( m+1 )3 ( m−1 ) y=0
( m3 +3 m2+ 3 m+1 ) ( m−1 ) y=0
( m4 + 2m 3−2 m−1 ) y=0
(4) '' ' '
y +2 y −2 y − y=0

Deduce the differential equation: y=x e−x sin 2 x +3 e− x cos 2 x

m=−1 ± 2i ,−1 ±2 i
2
[ ( m+1 )2+ 22 ] y=0
2 2
( m +2 m+5 ) y =0
( m4 + 4 m3 +14 m2 +20 m+25 ) y=0
y (4) +4 y '' ' + 14 y ' ' +20 y ' + 25 y=0