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Contacts in LS-Dyna: MR - Suman M.L.J. MR - Suman M.L.J
Contacts in LS-Dyna: MR - Suman M.L.J. MR - Suman M.L.J
AME2510
Contacts in LS-Dyna
Session Topics
•Types of Contacts
•Interaction between parts
•Brief discussion about how contacts works?
CONTACT TYPES
•Single surface
•Nodes to surface
•Surface to surface
CONTACT OPTIONS
•Normal
•Automatic
•Rigid
•Tied
•Tied with failure
•Eroding
•Edge
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• Definition of segments:
1. Segment by segment
2. By property sets. Example: master - part1, part2
slave - part3, part4
F = f.k.dp
Master Slave
• Single-Surface Contact:
-The single surface contact algorithm
establishes contact when an external
surface of one body contacts itself or
the external surface of another body
- Single surface contact is the most
general type of contact used because
in LS-DYNA program automatically
searches all of the external surfaces
within a model to determine if
penetration has occurred.
- Since all of the external surfaces are
included, no contact or target surface
definitions are required.
Consider when a part
contacts itself
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•Automatic Contact
- Automatic contact allows contact to occur on both sides of
shell elements
- Automatic contact is most commonly used
- Difference in automatic orientation of surface
- Checks are made in both sides of shell
• General Contact
- General contact does not consider shell thickness on
contact force calculations.
- General contact is Simple and widely used
- Advantage is extremely fast and robust
- Concern is surface orientation
- Orientation will occur, only when no penetration
• Eroding Contact
-The purpose of defining
eroding contact is to allow
contact to occur with the
remaining elements, after
the elements originally
forming the outer surface
have failed.
-By using these type of
contact where solid
elements should fail after
an impact. As it has to Impact of a projectile to a plate
mimic the real world
conditions
•Tied Contact
- Gluing together of contact surface to
target surface. May be of interest
when the meshes do not fit together
- Both should be coplanar initially
- Thereafter contact nodes are forced
to maintain the iso-parametric position
- Master can deform , and slave will
follow
- Coarser mesh will be master
(i.e,mesh2 )
- Often used to model bolted parts
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• Edge contact
- Edge contact will be used when the surface normal are orthogonal
to the impact direction.
- For sheet metal forming
Controls in LS-DYNA
Session Topics
Basic solution control options in LS-Dyna.
LS-Dyna Binary and ASCII output files.
Simulation control
Solution Control
Card Format and creation
L c
T cri
E
Note: The critical Time step size for explicit time integration depends on
element length and material properties (sonic speed)
TIME INTEGRATION
For nonlinear problem, only numerical solutions are possible. LS-
DYNA uses the explicit central difference method to integrate the
equation of motion
The semi-discrete equations of motion at time n is given as
Man = Pn- F n + Hn
Where, M is the diagonal mass matrix,
pn accounts for external and body force loads,
Fn is the stress divergence vector, and
Hn is the hourglass resistance.
TIME INTEGRATION
• TERMINATION TIME, TIME STEP
tn-1 tn tn+1..
0 Tt
Time step
size t
The shorter time step, the more time increments needed to reach
the termination time.
stiffness density Element size
Speed of sound
TIME
STEP
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GLOBAL DATA
• INITIAL VELOCITIES:
Initial velocities can be applied to the complete system or to
parts.
OUTPUT CONTROL
• OUTPUT DATA
- Output data for animations
- Output data for plotting
• ANIMATIONS:
Position, displacement, velocities, acceleration, stresses
and strains are stored in binary files with an interval
specified by the user.
• PLOT DATA:
Various variables can be stored and are normally stored
in different ASCII files depending on type of data
POST-PROCESSING
• Output File - d3hsp File (ASCII)
– Errors and warnings
– Echo of input data
– Critical contact time step - must not be smaller than the
actual time step (search for surface timestep)
– Initial contact penetrations (search for penetration)
– Masses, COGs, and Inertias (search for mass of body)
– Mass scaling information (search for added mass).
Should not be larger than 5% of the total mass.
– 100 most critical time steps (search for 100 smallest
timesteps). If just a few elements spoil the time step, try
to repair the mesh or use mass scaling.
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POST-PROCESSING Cont..
• Animation Data - d3plot Files
– Animation
– Gives displacements, velocities, accelerations, stresses,
strains, …)
– Translate in HyperMesh .res file using hmdyna or use
HyperView for direct input
– Check for validity (contacts, penetrations, overall
deformation)
– Check for failing regions (plastic strain)
– Shell results are given on the different planes of the
shells
POST-PROCESSING Cont..
• Plotting Data - ASCII Files
– xy plotting
– glstat: Energies
• watch kinetic energy if mass scaling is used
• watch hourglass energy to be < 5% of internal energy
• watch interface energy
• check how kinetic and internal energy behave to each
other
• stability of solution (no jumps in energy, or noise)
– nodeout: Displacements (calculate intrusions, relative
displacements, distances)
– rcforc, secforc, rwforc, …: Forces, accelerations (very
noisy, need filtering to obtain essential information)
POST-PROCESSING cont..
• Filtering (low pass filter)
fc - cutoff frequency
0dB
fc Frequency [Hz]
POST-PROCESSING cont..
• SAE Filter
– Low pass filter
– Filter classes by frequency: 60, 180, 600, 1000 Hz (1/s)
– Recommended usage:
Vehicle structural analysis
Collision simulation input 60
Integration for velocity and displacement 180
POST-PROCESSING cont..
• Using Filters
– Always state how the result was filtered
– Be sure how the filter affects the result
– Be careful about the beginning and the end of the curve
– If results are compared between physical and numerical
experiment use the same filter class
SIMULATION CONTROL
• Sense Switch controls allow the user to interrupt the solution
process and to check for the actual state.
• To use Sense Switch controls Type in the LS-Dyna solver as
shown below
‘Control-C’ Interrupt LS-Dyna solver and prompts for a sense
switches
sw1. A restart file is written and LS-Dyna terminates.
sw2. LS-dyna responds with time and cycle numbers.
sw3. A restart file is written and LS-Dyna continues calculations
sw4. A plot state is written and LS-Dyna continues calculations.
SOLUTION CONTROL
• The LS-Dyna solver writes all important messages (errors, warnings,
failed elements, contact problems) to the LS-Dyna output window and
to the file d3hsp
• The First estimation of CPU time is usually too high. So by using
CTRL-C to interrupt the solver and by typing sw2 (Sense Switch
controls) for the actual values of the global statistics.
2.Interfaces/Contacts
1. While creating contact slave and master segments are
necessary for one way contact.
2. If necessary then only specify the cards value other wise
go with default values.
INPUT FORMAT
•Input decks for analysis consist of data blocks, each consisting of
a keyword followed by data pertaining to the keyword
•Data blocks are either free- or fixed-format
•Input can change from free- to fixed-format anywhere within the
input deck, but not within a data block
•Input is order independent except for the *END keyword at the
end of the input deck
•Keywords are left justified and start with a ‘*’ in the first column
•A ‘$’ sign in the first column indicates a comment line
•Input is case insensitive
BASIC STRUCTURE
Area Component Keyword
Geometry Nodes *NODE
Elements *ELEMENT_
Material Part *PART
Section *SECTION_
Material *MAT_
EOS *EOS_
Hourglass *HOURGLASS
Contact Contact Definition *CONTACT_
Rigidwall Definition *RIGIDWALL_
Default *CONTROL_OUTPUT
CPU *CONTROL_CPU
DOF *TERMINATION_NODE
Contact *TERMINATION_CONTACT
SAMPLE DECK
CONTROL CARDS
• Control cards means setting of importand parameters and Input
options
• Default settings are acceptable but the following settings should
be defined by the user
*CONTROL_ENERGY
Hourglass Energy Calculation - optional (HGEN = 2)
*CONTROL_PARALLEL
Controls the number of CPU‘s required (Default = 1 CPU)
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
Sets the end time
*CONTROL_TIMESTEP
Sets the analysis time step in two ways
(1) Time step is determined automatically (default)
(2) Constant time setep determined by the user
(Paramter DT2MS).
The mass is scaled for elements that violate the time step
DATABASE CONTROL
• Database control is used for setting result output
• Default is just the output of the d3hsp file, the protocol file
(ASCII)
• The result output is defined by the *DATABASE_ cards
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
• Sets the frequency of the displacement and stress output
• Writes the d3plot files (binary)
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3DUMP
• Sets the output frequency for the restart file
• Write the d3dump files (binary)
• Needed for restart after system failure
*DATABASE_GLSTAT
• Sets the frequency of the energy output.
• Writes the glstat file (ASCII)
*DATABASE_MATSUM
*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION
• Defines prescribed displacement or velocity over time for
a node or node set.
*CONSTRAINED_EXTRA_NODES
• Nodes that are not a direct part of a Rigid Body can be
defined as associated with a Rigid Body.
*CONSTRAINED_JOINT_OPTION
*CONSTRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_BODY
• A nodal rigid body consists of several nodes that form a
Rigid Body.
Nodal
Rigid
Body
*CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODIES
• One Rigid Body is united with another one. The resulting body has
the ID of the master body.
COG 1 COG 2
*CONSTRAINED_RIVET
*CONSTRAINED_SPOTWELD
• Connection of two nodes with a rivet or weld
• Failure of weld points can be defined
*DEFINE_CURVE
• Definition of a xy curve
• Pairs of points are defined and get interpolated linearly.
• Example: Stress-strain curve of a material
*INITIAL_VELOCITY
*INITIAL_VELOCITY_NODE
*INITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION
• Definition of initial velocities of node sets, nodes, or parts
respectively.
*LOAD_BODY_OPTION
• Definition of base accelerations to the whole system
(LOAD_BODY_X, LOAD_BODY_Y,
LOAD_BODY_Z).
• Mostly used for gravity loads