Economic Development and Quality Increase of Electricity Supply Systems by Compensating the Voltage Drop Problem. Kostas Argiropoulos - Director Intemational Operations. COOPER POWER SYSTEMS, U.S.A. John Voukelator - Application Engineer COOPER POWER SYSTEMS, US.A. KM. Nair - Senior General Manager VUALEL SUMMARY Rapid population growth and lack of rural developmenthas resulted in accelerated urbanization and economic decline in developing coun. tries, Rural electrification has been recognized as a prequisitive to community and national economic development Electricity efficiency requires cost-effective capital investment for system planning, erection and operation. It worldwide recog nized and) adopted by Indian wilities - that construction of long distribution feeders i the mostcosteffeetiveandreliable approach for sural eleotifieation. ‘The mos! resritive factor in extending the engih ofa feeder or ‘nereasing the lad of an existing feeder i the voltage drop problem. Uscofpolemounted voltageregulationbatteriescompensates the voltage drop problem, thus increasing the quality of power supply and permitting construction of ong feeders INTRODUCTION Recent statistics show that two thirds ofthe population in developing, countries live in rural areas. The inadoquacy of de infrastructure at ‘hese areas recults in a continuous emigration to the urban aress. The consequences of this social phenomenon are very well known; un ‘planned urban development creating urban overpopulation and unem ployment, increase of costof living, decrease of food production, etc Since the developmentof the infrastructure depends, among others,on the availability of electricity atthe rural areas, it is evident that the IMMEDIATE eleewification of such areas is absolutely NECES- SARY. Electricity distribution in rural areas has always presented the problem ofhigh capitalinvestment duet low power demandand wide dispersion of loads. This problem, combined with low operating revenues, makes rural electrification a rather ineffective investment forthe power ullity, that is viewed, however as a vitally needed social service, Therefore, rural distribution system planning musthe oriented tothe mostcosteffective and the least time consuming approach. Main target of autility is the maximization of electrification of rural areas for a given amount of funds. IGN PARAMETERS ‘The typical load demand ofa rural distribution network i character- {sed by minimal base (continuous) load demand on a daily or seasonal basis and dispersed load centers. The excessive load demand fuct tion can lead to excessive voltage drops. A typical exampleis the start upofirrigation pumpsstations, whereloadis switched on atpractically the same time. The peak load voltage drop is made worse by the poor power factor duc to the inductive nature ofthese loads DE! ECTRICALS, INDIA oN DI VOLTAGE RIBUTION, FEEDERS. ‘Voltage drop has been proven o be one ofthe most restrictive factors indesignand planning of distribution network. Thisis tueespecially inrural areas where due to the fact that loads are as described above, the distribution feeders tend to be very long. Excessive voltage drop causes 2 Jot of problems to uty and eustomers, such as fllowing: DROP COMPENSATION = Higher than normal current must he transmitted all the way from thesourceto the load, ineteasing the losses for which uslty must ay. = Overheating or even buming out of ae motors ~ Reduction in ight ourput of lamps that will cause the need for ‘more lamps o give the adequate lighting, and consequently more ceurent to be drawn, In order to compensate the voltage drop, different alternatives nave been adopted by different utilities world wide. In some eases the system vollage isupgraded in order to reduce the Toudcurrent, in other ‘cases new substations are built with new feeders, or the already ‘existing feeders are upgraded wit larger conductor sizes with lower resistance. By allrespects however these solutations are economically ‘unjustified : high primary eapital investment and exection time. A. ‘more realistic practice his been to introduce on-load tap changing substation transformers. (OL-TC X-RMER). ‘This ype of transformer will be adjusted tothe appropriate ap in order to maintain the output voltage a the desired level. The following disadvantages will be present however: 8). The voltage will be very high at the beginning of the feeder. ‘The maximum permissible voltage raise a the “Tirstconsumer™ point wil therefore be aresiriction for how much the voltagecan ‘be raised by the OL-TC X-RMER. by, Even though the voliage i raised atthe beginning ofthe feeder, iis impossible to maintain en acceptable evel at the end of the feeder. If an acceptable Mucsuation zone of + 54% of nominal is ‘considered for the voltage profile the picture willbe asilustrated in the figure below: Figure 1. Vollage profile on a 11 KV feeder with OL-TC X-RMERsroreynSar 249 om Maes uoRTEynfas 939 asvid 99u4) 30 “SHOVe|NDH 4,91 OAL HM FuonyynSas o1-asuud aan ut ynsas[{¥m saseyd ts0%I9q VOND|Os014] -suorunou oa} hse moa aay 29uuy -asuyd 22.4) © BUNLINIEY “pO Var spur p samt wi porensnyt ore onoge 21, sndus yo agg womens wumwxeyy "voH22uU09 Bip P2FOID (ALY ‘dur yo 49 wone|nBox wmuIxeyy “woHs2UUO9 e119 vad (ey ssCom ova ut a[qissod S11] arsAs oseydeg # aiejnfar ov st uoreoyidde uowuo> sour a4, “uwxeu 2in 1 aT 99 [18 UoNe|RFOs ip 2se9 su Uy ETOH asnud a¢Fins © orqnfax 0} pasn 2g wes so1F009- one eseyd of SUS aH, sos aaind4'Z moy ut Yong quasied-u9 10 18009 1uoatod-u>y pu 'sdois ano} u paprsoud st ond tunasad-xts 10 1009 109050415 sa1so0q-omne dos-y ‘osuyd [ups jo ures Sep aNewsYNS EAUN DLA soye{n8ou af]05 saisoog-omne at) Jo aneuoyes poqreiep a10us ¥ oF suDjed 3 ¢ aunty sofusyo dey ox ynozi woisks ean uo patoauuod st Tuipia solos ay) Jo iUoas yussayp B aw Yoea puE podde s} Buipuim sags oi, *Z ami Ur pateiap sv exon nu ai oN Jo 1s009 ED spuiuoysues|omN8 a4 *Buypurn sous ay Jo Kiaejodang Butsinas Ag ‘spuuoysuenome umop daig : “q 2509 spuuoysuenome dn dais + “y 950) “Surpuye munys : Jo opie andit wo Tutpurs souns pr sounojsuanoY $2 FUND 2 30s 225 mown Bano enous & maim Sa1035 (a) “pauseigo st dino si 38 [one aBerj0% 30) 198 oxp pun den uySumyo Aq gion asnfpeas pue dino sy aBeyfon ayy som woU KIsTO snuuoa or igge aun sey run (z By 208) ouno}suEnome FulsUeY doy asvud a(fuis w Aiqeiseq si 11 sory afyjon sa1soogony 2tn aaa] a1quAIS9p ayn we indino st ye aBeyo ofp. AuureNEUL ‘uy poss o ‘padojanap Ua9q sey ronpoad mat *woqgoud atp 01 uon esuoduos rerued fuo apt qoud eu uonnjos axoge a4 Jo notL UL vou ‘249 jo souetstsas a]unyo 2x1 or np dosp aB¥np0% ain Lo I9ay9 Kus 9A4K OU TH 1Nq “UONx9 o]quDpISLOD Boy [JOH aBer]On 2p DAO pu oronpuos ain ynosyy Sur o4 W=AIN9 e101 941 2s¥2172p IIEM JOKDEAED ILL 'Speo{ aante97039np MOL] WAN aM Oy arEsUNTUO9 O sHO1;9eeD ‘ums porunou: ajod payoitas 30 paxt} 9m o1 stoned oyOUY -dey wnupevur 24918 St AX DL-To =m uno usae ‘uonersqns ay wos soiawo m9) 8 [SUELO JO 446 F punsgoq umop 11 Spices tes “you SOY WENO peo} tumuupeeus uot ‘oqyoud afeno au *y aun 01 90uas2594 MIAFIGURES. Regulating athree-phase,three-wire wye ordeltacicuit with three regulators, In this ease, 6% regulator: pro: Vide 99 regulation, and 10% units provide 15% regula EXAMPLES OF REGULATOR APPLICATION Case.1 ‘When the load demand increases, or the feeder Jength increases, then voltage regulating banks are undeniably the optimum solution. FIGURE 6. 62: Existing feeder and voltage profile 6b: New load demand appears end feeder length is increased. ‘As aresult the voltage drop exceeds acceptable limits, 6c: The situation is compensated by regulating batteries RI and R2 ‘The voltage is boosted at points RI and R2. Case.2 ‘Very often the need arises to replace a conventional transformer with ‘an OL-TC X-RMER atthe substation (se figure Ta and 72). ‘Analternative solutions the installation of «three phase regul tion battery of two or three units, connected in open or closed delta respectively, “The regulating bank would be installed atthe point that voltage during peak load drop below the minimum acceptable limit as itis indicated in figure 7c FIGURE 7a. (Initial Situation) ‘At maximum load, voltage drop exceeds lower limit. FIGURE 7b. Replacement of conventional transformer with an OL-TC X-RMER. FIGURE Te. Installation of a voltage regulator battery atthe point where voltage drop is exacily 5% is an elternative solution, Asitie seen in Figure 7, the overall effect would bethe same when installing an OL-TC X-RMER or a regulator battery. However, in second case the erection ime and cost has been reduced dramatically Besides, there will not be eny poster supply outage for maintenance purposes (required quite often for OL-TC X-RMERS). The single phase regulators are minimal maintenance apparatus ‘Buteven when they need to be disconnected from the system for ‘maintenance, power supply will not be interrupted simply by closing. the by pass switches. (see figure : 4 and 5).eee ee Ue PROT ECC CCC CCC ee ag ‘wojgosd dosp anon 2tp 40) uontesuadi0s [warwoUes9 ou pure 2yqrxo4 “2[aey.s sou arerpouu uw 6 aoyetABax asbu aituys Jo Aunsisuos ‘pug Bmpr aseqdeg ‘uolsnoueD Uy "apa9} MoU 8 Jo YoHiannsto> 249 24M “suoNn(Os ZaMNO Jo WoNdope Futreurunfa 26 Burdetap smut “wuarx9 a8 294 8 oF speo| euontppe aasos pur Z9po9y uoHMgUNsED ¥ purdxo oF Ann w sofgeus sauameq Suneyngat oBenjon yo 980s NoIsM19NOo