Homework 2 Transformer 1 (14-02-2020)

1) If the primary winding of a transformer connects to a DC power supply, is there DC EMF

induced at the secondary winding? Why? (2 Remarks)

Because in DC the magnetic current is continuous, therefore the magnetic field will be
fixed, but in alternating current, the magnetic field is variable because the direction of the
current changes constantly, and this is what is required for an induced electromotive force
to exist on the secondary coil of the transformer.

2) According to Electromagnetic Induction law of Electromotive Force (EMF) of a

transformer, explain why transformer could not change frequency from the primary winding
to secondary winding? (2 Remarks)

The induced voltage in the primary E1 y the induced voltage in the primary E2 :
E1=4.44 × N 1 × f ×Фm
E2=4.44 × N 2 × f ×Фm

And, after dividing the previous equations the transformation ratio of a transformer is
obtained (m) is:
E1 N 1
m= =
E2 N 2

This is why the frequencies of the equations E1 and E2 must be the same for the
transformation relationship to be fulfilled, because otherwise the voltage in the secondary
would be other than expected.

3) What are the key components of a transformer? Please explain the function of each
component (2 Remarks)

The primary winding (or primary coil) is connected to the power source and carries the
alternating current from the supply line. It can be a low or high voltage winding, depending
on the application of the transformer.

The core, it’s mainly made of sheet steel, it is also made up of columns where the primary
and secondary windings are wound. Its function is to keep the magnetic flux confined and to
keep it from flowing through the air.

The secondary winding (or secondary coil) is the one that supplies energy to the load and
is where the electromotive force (f.e.m.) is generated by the change of magnetism in the
core it surrounds. It can be a low or high voltage winding, depending on the application of
the transformer.
 U 1N 10 kV I 57 . 7 A
4) A three-phase transformer with its rated voltage = , 1N= , please
U 2 N 3 . 15 kV I 2 N 183 . 3 A
try to find out the rated capacity of the transformer. (2 Remarks)

S N = √3 ×U 1 N × I 1 N =√ 3× U 2 N × I 2 N

For the primary: S N = √3 ×10 kV × 57.7 A=999.39 kVA

For the secondary: S N = √3 ×3.15 kV × 183.3 A=1000.01 kVA

It is observed that the equality of the nominal capacity is not fulfilled in the equations, so an
option is the secondary current of the minor sea so that an apparent power value equal to
that of the primary winding is obtained

5) A three-phase transformer with its rated capacity S N =3200 kV ∙ A voltage

U1N 35 kV
= , the primary and secondary winding of the transformer are connected as
U 2 N 10 .5 kV
star and delta respectively. please try to find out
a. The rated line voltage , phase voltage, line current, phase current for the transformer
(4 Remarks)

Primary (Star conection):

- Rated line voltage:

U 1 N =35 kV

- Phase Voltage:
U 1N 35 kV
U1∅= = =20.2 kV
√3 √3
- Line current :

SN 3200 kVA
I 1N = = =52.79 A
√ 3 ×U 1 N √ 3 × 35 kV
- Phase current: In star connection the phase current is equal to the line current.

I 1 ∅=I 1 N =52.79 A
Secondary (Delta conection):

- Rated line voltage:

U 1 N =10.5 kV

- Phase Voltage: In delta connection the Rated line voltage is equal to the Phase Voltage.
U 1 ∅ =U 1 N =10.5 kV
- Line current :

SN 3200 kVA
I 1N = = =175.95 A
√ 3 ×U 1 N √ 3 ×10.5 kV
- Phase current:
I 1 N 175.95 A
I 1 ∅= = =101.58 A
√3 √3

b. If the load power factor is 0.85 (lagging), then what are the value of the real power
and reactive power of load which the transformer may power (ignore the secondary
voltage varies under load operation condition) (Selective to complete: 2 Remarks)

Calculating active power (P):

P P
Power factor ( FP )= =¿ 0.8=
S 3200 kVA

P=3200 kVA × 0.8=2560 kW

Calculating reactive power (Q):
Q= √ S2 −P 2=¿ √ 32002−25602=1920 kVAR
6) With reference to single-phase transformer diagram in Figure 1, consider that the flux
density inside the center-limb of the transformer core, as a function of time t, is
B ( t )=Bm sin(2 πft ), where Bmis the peak value of the sinusoidal flux density and f is the
operating frequency in Hz. If the flux density is uniformly distributed over the cross-
sectional area Am 2 of the centre limb, determine

Figure 1

a. The instantaneous flux Φ ( t ) ∈terms of B m, f, A and t. (2 Remarks)

Ф(t) =B(t ) × A

B(t )=Bm sin(2 πft),

Replacing:

Ф(t) =B m sin (2 πft )× A

dΦ
b. The instantaneous induced EMF e 1 (t) according to e 1=−N 1 (2 Remark)
dt

dФ d ( Bm sin ( 2 πft ) × A )
=
dt dt
Replacing:
d (Bm sin (2 πft ) × A )
e 1=−N 1 ×
dt
Deriving:
e 1=−N 1 ×2 πf × Bm × A × cos(2 πft)
 c. Hence, show that the rms value of the induced EMF of the primary is given by
E1= √ 2 πf N 1 BmA (2 Remarks)

From the previous equation:

e 1=−N 1 ×2 πf × Bm × A × cos(2 πft)

e 1=N 1 ×2 πf × Bm × A × sin(2 πft −90 °)

Then, the term of the amplitude of the EMF in the primary winding (E1M):

E1 M = A × N 1 ×2 πf × Bm

For the RMS value (E1):

E1 M A × N 1 ×2 πft × B m
E 1= =
√2 √2
Rationalizing:

A × N 1 ×2 πft × Bm √ 2
E 1= ×
√2 √2
E1= √ 2 × A × N 1 × πf × Bm
 d. If A=100 cm 2, f=60 Hz, Bm=1 . 5T ,∧N 1 =1000 turns, Calculate E1 (2 Remarks)

E 1= √ 2 × A × N 1 × π × f × B m

E1= √ 2 ×0.01 m2 × 1000× π × 60× 1.5 T

E1=3998.6V