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Solid Geometry: V= r ;LA= π d
Solid Geometry: V= r ;LA= π d
Solid Geometry: V= r ;LA= π d
SOLID GEOMETRY
SPHERE
4π 3 π d2
V= r ; LA=
3 6
CYLINDER
V =π r 2 h ;
LA=πrh; SA=2 π r 2 + πrh
PARABOLOIDS
1
V = π r2 h
2
3
r2 2 2 r 3
4 πr
LA= 2
3h [( )
4
+h −
2 ( )]
SA=π r 2 + LA
SPHERICAL CONE
2 π r2 h
V=
3
SPHERICAL SEGMENT
π h2 (
V= 3 r−h ) ; LA=2 πrh
3
CONES
π r2 h
V= ; LA=πrL ;
3
SA=πrL+ π r 2
FRUSTUM OF CONE
hπ 2 2
V= ( R +r + Rr )
3
2 2
LA=π ( R+ r ) L ; L=√ h + ( R−r )
PYRAMID
1 PL
V = A b h ; LA= ;
3 2
PL
SA= + Ab
2
Where:
L = slant height
1 √3 2
V=
3 4( ) ( a ) ( h ) if equilateral
1 x2
V=
3 a( )
sinθ h
SPHERICAL PYRAMID
π r2 E
A=
180
1 π r2 E
V= (
3 180 )
E=( A + B+C+ … )−( n−2 ) (180 ° )
HOLLOW CYLINDER
π
V = h ( D 2 −d 2 )
4
ZONE OF SPHERE
πh
V= ( 3 a 2+3 b 2+ h2 ) ;
6
LA=π (2 rh+a2 +b 2)
πh 2 (
V= 3 r−h ) for two bases
3
h2
V =∫ ( 2nRy −π y 2 ) dy
h1
FRUSTUM OF A PYRAMID
h
V= (A +A + A A )
3 1 2 √ 1 2
SLICED CYLINDER
π
V = d2 h
4
ELLIPSOIDS
4 πabc
V=
3
SOLID MENSURATION
Rectangle – 2 pairs of equal, parallel sides and adjacent sides are perpendicular to each other.
d 1 d 2 sin θ
A=bh ; ; ab sin β
2
h 2 2 h 2 2
d 1=
√( a+
tan β )
+h d 2=
√( a− )
tan β
+h
d1 d2 2 d1 d 2 2 2 2 2
A=bh= =a sin α ; P=4 a ; h=a sin α = ; d 1 +d 2=2 ( a + b )
2 2a
h ( a+ b ) b 2−a2
A= =
2 2 ( cot β +cot θ )
a+b
Midline of a trapezoid:
2
ma 2+ nb 2
x=
√ m+ n
; m∧n=ratio of the areas
Kite – figure with two pairs of adjacent sides equal and diagonals are perpendicular
d1 d 2 a2 sin α + b2 sin β
A= =ab sin γ = ; P=2 ( a+b )
2 2
General Quadrilateral
A+C B+ D
θ= =
2 2
TYPES:
1. Concavity
CONVEX – with less than 180˚ angles
CONCAVE – angles with at least more than 180˚ angles
2. Congruency
REGULAR – all sides and angles congruent
IRREGULAR – have distinct sides and angles
α =360 °
NUMBER OF DIAGONALS
n ( n−3 )
S=
2
NUMBER OF TRIANGLES
t=n−2
A=
[ (
n s sin 180−
2 )] ; θ= 360
2 sin θ n
Where:
A =area ; n = sides ; θ = central angle of polygon ; s = length of the side
n Name
2 digon
3 Trigon (triangle)
4 Quadrilateral (tetragon, perigon)
5 Pentagon
6 Hexagon
7 Heptagon
8 Octagon
9 Nonagon (enneagon)
10 Decagon
11 Undecagon (hendecagon)
12 Dodecagon
13 Triskaidecagon
14 Tetrakaidecagon
15 Pentakaidecagon
16 Hexakaidecagon
17 Heptakaidecagon
18 Octakaidecagon
19 Enneakaidecagon
20 Icosagon
30 Tricontagon
40 Tetracontagon
50 Pentacontagon
60 Hexacontagon
70 Heptacontagon
80 Octacontagon
90 Ennecontagon
100 Hectogon
1000 Chilliagon
10000 Myriagon
CIRCLES – set of all points on a plane at a given distance from a fixed point known as center.
π d2
2
C=2 πr A=π r =
4
Where:
Circle Theorems
1 ϕ
θ= arc AB∨θ=
2 2
( OA ) ( OB ) =( OC )( OD )
1
θ= ( Arc BC − Arc AC )
2
( OC )2=( OA ) ( OB )
1 1
θ= ( Arc BC − Arc AC ) ; α = Arc AC
2 2
( AE )( BE )=( CE ) ( DE )
1
θ= ( Arc AC + Arc BD )
2
5. Tangent – Chord Theorem
C=r ( 180πθ° )
P=C +2 r
π r2 θ
A=
360°
r 2 πθ πr 2 θ 2 θ θ
A= (
2 180°
−sinθ ∨ )
360
−r sin cos
2 2
MISCELLANEOUS FIGURES
Parabolic Segment
2 bh
A=
3
P=
√ 2
b +16 a +
b2
8a
ln
2
24 a+ √ b2 +16 a2
(
b )
Ellipse
A=πab
1 2 2
P=2 π
√ 2
(a +b )
Spandrel
bh
A=
3
A. Triangles
abc
r= ; A =triangle area
4 AT T
A=rs; s=semiperimeter
A=r ( s−a )
B. Quadrilaterals
Cyclic Quadrilaterals
a+ b+c +d
s=
2
Ptolemy’s Theorem
ac +bd=d 1 d 2
r=
√ ( ab+ cd )( ac+bd ) ( ad +bc )
4A
Tangential Quadrilateral
d 1 d 2 sin θ
A=√ abcd=
2
2 √ abcd
r=
a+ b+c +d
C. Regular Polygons
θ
P=2 nr sin ; θ=central angle
2
n r2 360
A=
2
sin
n( )
Polygons Circumscribed a Circle
θ
P=2 nr sin ; θ=central angle
2
d
A= h +2 ( h2 +h3 +… ) +hn ]
2[ 1
Simpson’s One Third Method – more accurate but used only for add offsets in composite areas.
d
A= [ h +2 Σ hodd + 4 Σ heven+ hn ]
3 1
Area by Coordinates
x1 x 2 x 3 … x n x1
A=
| y1 y2 y3 … yn y1 |
2
V =a3 ; SA=6 a2
Diagonals:
a. About Face
d 1=a √ 2
b. Spacial
d cube =a √ 3
Diagonals:
a. About Face
d 1 = √ a 2 + c2
b. Spacial
d cube =√ a2 +b 2+ c2
C. PRISM – solid figure with polygons at the base parallel and joined with its altitude.
D. TRUNCATED PRISM – solid figure with polygons at the base not parallel and joined with
distinct altitudes.
E. CAVALIERI’ PRINCIPLE
V =abc sin θ
Slanted Cylinder
2 πrh
V =π r 2 lsin θ ; L=
sinθ
Truncated Cylinder
h1 +h2
V =π r 2 ( 2 )
LA= p ( h +h2 ) ; SA=π r + LA
1 2 2
1 PL PL
V = A b h ; LA= ; SA= + Ab
3 2 2
Where:
L = slant height
Frustum of a Pyramid – portion of the pyramid between the base and a cutting plane parallel to
the base
h
V= (A +A + A A )
3 1 2 √ 1 2
π r2 h 2
V= ; LA=πrL ; SA=πrL+ π r
3
Slanted Cone
π r 2 S sin θ
V= ; S=slant height
3
Frustum of a Cone
hπ 2 2
V= ( R +r + Rr )
3
2
LA=π ( R+ r ) L ; L=√ h2 + ( R−r )
A. Sphere
4π 3
V= r ; SA=4 π r 2
3
B. Spherical Segment
1. One Base
π h2 (
V= 3 r−h ) ; SA=2 πrh
3
2. Two Bases
πh
V= ( 3 a 2+3 b 2+ h2 ) ; LA=2 πrh
6
C. Spherical Cone
2 π r2 h
V=
3
π r3 θ π r2 π
V wedge = ; A lune=
270 90
3 V polyhedron
r=
SA
For polyhedrons:
Notes:
nf nf
e= ; v=
2 m
Euler’s Rule
f =2+e−v
MISCELLANEOUS FIGURES
A. Ellipsoids
4 abc
V=
3
4 πa b 2
V=
3
2 sin −1 e √ a2−b 2
SA=2 π b +2 πab ; e=
e a
2. Oblate Spheroid (e.g. Earth) – formed by revolving the ellipse about its minor axis
4 π a2 b
V=
3
π b2 1+e
SA=2 π a2 +
e
ln ( )
1−e
B. Prismatoids – solid such that the area of any section is parallel to and distant y from a fixed plane.
A y =a y 3+ b y 2+ cy +d
Prismoidal Formula
L
V = ( A 1+ 4 A m + A 2 )
6
1. Common to two equal cylinders with their axis meeting at right angles.
16 r 3
V=
3
2. Solid with circular base of radius r and every cutting plane perpendicular to certain diameter
is a square
16 r 3
V=
3
3. Solid with circular base of radius r and every cutting plane perpendicular to a certain diameter
is an equilateral triangle
4 r3
V=
√3
4. Solid with circular base of radius r and every cutting plane perpendicular to a certain diameter
is an isosceles right triangle with one leg in the plane of the base.
8 r3
V=
3
5. Solid with circular base of radius r with every cutting plane perpendicular to a certain
diameter is an isosceles right triangle with hypotenuse in the plane of the base
4 r3
V=
3
C. Spherical Polygons
π r2 E
SA= ; E=∑ of angles−( n−2 ) ( 180° )
180 °
πr3E
V=
180 ° ( n−2 )
bh
V= ( 2a+ c )
6
1
LA= ( a+c ) √ 4 h 2+ b2+ b √ h2+ ( a−c )2
2
SA=ab+ LA
E. Paraboloids
1
V = π r2 h
2
3
r2 2 2 r 3
4 πr
LA= 2
3h [( )
4
+h −
2 ( )]
SA=π r 2 + LA
1
V = π 2 ( a+b )( b−a )2
4
SA=π 2 ( b 2−a2 )
G. Barrel
πh ( 2 D2 +d 2 )
V=
12
SOLIDS OF REVOLUTIONS
Propositions of Pappus
1. The surface area generated by a surface of revolution equals the product of the length of the
generating arc and the distance travelled by its centroid.
SA=2 πLR
2. The volume area generated by a solid of revolution equals the product of generating area and the
distance travelled by its centroid.
V =2 πRA
Proportions of Areas
2
A1 x1
=
A2 x2( )
Proportions of Volumes
3
V 1 x1
= ( )
V 2 x2
SOLID
GEOMETRY
(REVIEW CENTER)
SOLID
GEOMETRY