Solid Geometry: V= r ;LA= π d

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

SOLID GEOMETRY
 SPHERE

4π 3 π d2
V= r ; LA=
3 6

 CYLINDER

V =π r 2 h ;
LA=πrh; SA=2 π r 2 + πrh

 PARABOLOIDS

1
V = π r2 h
2
3
r2 2 2 r 3
4 πr
LA= 2
3h [( )
4
+h −
2 ( )]
SA=π r 2 + LA

 SPHERICAL CONE

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

2 π r2 h
V=
3

 SPHERICAL SEGMENT

π h2 (
V= 3 r−h ) ; LA=2 πrh
3

 CONES

π r2 h
V= ; LA=πrL ;
3

SA=πrL+ π r 2

 FRUSTUM OF CONE

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

hπ 2 2
V= ( R +r + Rr )
3
2 2
LA=π ( R+ r ) L ; L=√ h + ( R−r )

 PYRAMID
1 PL
V = A b h ; LA= ;
3 2

PL
SA= + Ab
2

Where:
L = slant height

1 √3 2
V=
3 4( ) ( a ) ( h ) if equilateral
1 x2
V=
3 a( )
sinθ h
SPHERICAL PYRAMID
π r2 E
 A=
180
1 π r2 E
V= (
3 180 )
E=( A + B+C+ … )−( n−2 ) (180 ° )

 HOLLOW CYLINDER
π
V = h ( D 2 −d 2 )
4

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 ZONE OF SPHERE

πh
V= ( 3 a 2+3 b 2+ h2 ) ;
6
LA=π (2 rh+a2 +b 2)
πh 2 (
V= 3 r−h ) for two bases
3
h2

V =∫ ( 2nRy −π y 2 ) dy
h1

 FRUSTUM OF A PYRAMID

h
V= (A +A + A A )
3 1 2 √ 1 2

 SLICED CYLINDER

π
V = d2 h
4

 ELLIPSOIDS

4 πabc
V=
3

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

SOLID MENSURATION

Note: For triangles, see Trigonometry.

QUADRILATERALS – polygon with 4 sides

Square – 4 sides equal and perpendicular

A=s 2 P=4 s D=s √ 2

Rectangle – 2 pairs of equal, parallel sides and adjacent sides are perpendicular to each other.

A=ab P=2 ( a+ b ) d=√ a2 +b 2

Parallelogram – 2 pairs or equal and parallel sides

d 1 d 2 sin θ
A=bh ; ; ab sin β
2

P=2 ( a+ b ) d 21+ d 22=2 ( a2 +b2 )

h 2 2 h 2 2
d 1=
√( a+
tan β )
+h d 2=
√( a− )
tan β
+h

Rhombus – 4 sides equal ; diagonals are perpendicular to each other.

d1 d2 2 d1 d 2 2 2 2 2
A=bh= =a sin α ; P=4 a ; h=a sin α = ; d 1 +d 2=2 ( a + b )
2 2a

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

TRAPEZOID – with two parallel sides

h ( a+ b ) b 2−a2
A= =
2 2 ( cot β +cot θ )

a+b
Midline of a trapezoid:
2

Dividing line of trapezoid:

ma 2+ nb 2
x=
√ m+ n
; m∧n=ratio of the areas

Kite – figure with two pairs of adjacent sides equal and diagonals are perpendicular

d1 d 2 a2 sin α + b2 sin β
A= =ab sin γ = ; P=2 ( a+b )
2 2

For cyclic quadrilaterals, see Relationships on Circles and Polygons.

General Quadrilateral

A=√ s ( s−a ) ( s−b )( s−c )( s−d )−abcd cos θ

A+C B+ D
θ= =
2 2

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

POLYGON – closed shape that has 3 or more sides.

TYPES:
1. Concavity
CONVEX – with less than 180˚ angles
CONCAVE – angles with at least more than 180˚ angles
2. Congruency
REGULAR – all sides and angles congruent
IRREGULAR – have distinct sides and angles

TOTAL INTERIOR ANGLES

Θ=180 ° ( n−2 ) ; n=sides

TOTAL EXTERIOR ANGLES

α =360 °
NUMBER OF DIAGONALS

n ( n−3 )
S=
2
NUMBER OF TRIANGLES

t=n−2

AREA OF REGULAR POLYGON


2
θ

A=
[ (
n s sin 180−
2 )] ; θ= 360
2 sin θ n
Where:
A =area ; n = sides ; θ = central angle of polygon ; s = length of the side

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

NOMENCLATURE OF POLYGONS (See Gillesania Eng’g Math Vol. 1)

n Name
2 digon
3 Trigon (triangle)
4 Quadrilateral (tetragon, perigon)
5 Pentagon
6 Hexagon
7 Heptagon
8 Octagon
9 Nonagon (enneagon)
10 Decagon
11 Undecagon (hendecagon)
12 Dodecagon
13 Triskaidecagon
14 Tetrakaidecagon
15 Pentakaidecagon
16 Hexakaidecagon
17 Heptakaidecagon
18 Octakaidecagon
19 Enneakaidecagon
20 Icosagon
30 Tricontagon
40 Tetracontagon
50 Pentacontagon
60 Hexacontagon
70 Heptacontagon
80 Octacontagon
90 Ennecontagon
100 Hectogon
1000 Chilliagon
10000 Myriagon

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

CIRCLES – set of all points on a plane at a given distance from a fixed point known as center.

π d2
2
C=2 πr A=π r =
4

Where:

R – radius; d – diameter; C – circumference; A - area

Radius – segment from center to any point on the circle


Chord – segment connecting two endpoints of a circle
Diameter – chord that passes through the center
Tangent – line touches the circle at one point
Secant – line that intersects the circle twice
Arc – any part of a circle between two points
Minor arc – less than or equal to 180˚
Major arc – greater than 180˚

Circle Theorems

1. Inscribed Angle Theorem

1 ϕ
θ= arc AB∨θ=
2 2

2. Two Secants Theorem

( OA ) ( OB ) =( OC )( OD )

1
θ= ( Arc BC − Arc AC )
2

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

3. Secant – Tangent Theorem

( OC )2=( OA ) ( OB )

1 1
θ= ( Arc BC − Arc AC ) ; α = Arc AC
2 2

4. Two Chords Theorem

( AE )( BE )=( CE ) ( DE )

1
θ= ( Arc AC + Arc BD )
2
5. Tangent – Chord Theorem

6. A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius at the point of tangency.

7. Tangents from Exterior Point Theorem

8. Angle in a Semicircle Theorem – an angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

Sector of a Circle – slice of circle bounded by two radii

C=r ( 180πθ° )
P=C +2 r

π r2 θ
A=
360°

Segment of a Circle – slice of circle bounded by a chord

For Minor Segment:

r 2 πθ πr 2 θ 2 θ θ
A= (
2 180°
−sinθ ∨ )
360
−r sin cos
2 2

For Major Segment:

r 2 π ( 360 °−θ ) πr 2 ( 360 °−θ ) 2 θ θ


A=
2 ( 180 ° )
+sin θ ∨
360
+r sin cos
2 2

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

MISCELLANEOUS FIGURES

Parabolic Segment

2 bh
A=
3

P=
√ 2
b +16 a +
b2
8a
ln

2
24 a+ √ b2 +16 a2
(
b )

Ellipse

A=πab

1 2 2
P=2 π
√ 2
(a +b )

Note: For other parameters of the ellipse, see Analytic Geometry.

Spandrel

bh
A=
3

For the areas of the curves, see Integral Calculus.

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN POLYGONS AND CIRCLES

A. Triangles

Triangles Inscribed in a Circle

abc
r= ; A =triangle area
4 AT T

Triangles Circumscribed a Circle

A=rs; s=semiperimeter

Triangles Escribed a Circle

A=r ( s−a )

B. Quadrilaterals

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

Cyclic Quadrilaterals

∠ B+∠ D=180 ° ;∠ A+ ∠C=180°

a+ b+c +d
s=
2

A=√ ( s−a )( s−b ) ( s−c ) ( s−d )

Ptolemy’s Theorem

ac +bd=d 1 d 2

Radius of circle circumscribing a quadrilateral

r=
√ ( ab+ cd )( ac+bd ) ( ad +bc )
4A

Quadrilateral Inscribed in a Circle with one side as diameter

Tangential Quadrilateral

d 1 d 2 sin θ
A=√ abcd=
2

2 √ abcd
r=
a+ b+c +d

C. Regular Polygons

Polygons Inscribed in a Circle

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

θ
P=2 nr sin ; θ=central angle
2

n r2 360
A=
2
sin
n( )
Polygons Circumscribed a Circle

θ
P=2 nr sin ; θ=central angle
2

A=n r 2 tan ( 180n )


OTHER METHODS OF AREA FOR IRREGULAR FIGURES

Trapezoidal Rule (Used in Surveying)

d
A= h +2 ( h2 +h3 +… ) +hn ]
2[ 1

Simpson’s One Third Method – more accurate but used only for add offsets in composite areas.

d
A= [ h +2 Σ hodd + 4 Σ heven+ hn ]
3 1

Area by Coordinates

x1 x 2 x 3 … x n x1

A=
| y1 y2 y3 … yn y1 |
2

VOLUMES FOR BASE * HEIGHT

Note: V = volume LA = Lateral Area SA = Surface Area

A. CUBE – with square faces

V =a3 ; SA=6 a2

Diagonals:
a. About Face
d 1=a √ 2

b. Spacial

d cube =a √ 3

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

B. RECTANGULAR PARALLELPIPED (Box) – with all rectangular faces

V =abc ; LA=2 ac+ 2bc ; SA=2 ( ab+ bc+ ac )

Diagonals:
a. About Face
d 1 = √ a 2 + c2

b. Spacial

d cube =√ a2 +b 2+ c2

C. PRISM – solid figure with polygons at the base parallel and joined with its altitude.

V =Bh ; LA=P b h SA=2 A base+ P b h

D. TRUNCATED PRISM – solid figure with polygons at the base not parallel and joined with
distinct altitudes.

V = A have ; A=area of cross section ; h ave =average height

E. CAVALIERI’ PRINCIPLE

V =abc sin θ

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

F. CYLINDER – solid figure with elliptical base ; can be circular or elliptical.

V =π r 2 h ; LA=πrh ; SA=2 π r 2+ πrh

Slanted Cylinder

2 πrh
V =π r 2 lsin θ ; L=
sinθ

Truncated Cylinder

h1 +h2
V =π r 2 ( 2 )
LA= p ( h +h2 ) ; SA=π r + LA
1 2 2

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

VOLUMES FOR V = 1/3 bh

A. PYRAMID – with polygon area and a vertex

1 PL PL
V = A b h ; LA= ; SA= + Ab
3 2 2

Where:
L = slant height

Frustum of a Pyramid – portion of the pyramid between the base and a cutting plane parallel to
the base

h
V= (A +A + A A )
3 1 2 √ 1 2

B. CONES – with circular base and a vertex.

π r2 h 2
V= ; LA=πrL ; SA=πrL+ π r
3

Slanted Cone

π r 2 S sin θ
V= ; S=slant height
3

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

Frustum of a Cone

hπ 2 2
V= ( R +r + Rr )
3
2
LA=π ( R+ r ) L ; L=√ h2 + ( R−r )

SPHERES and ITS PARTS

A. Sphere

4π 3
V= r ; SA=4 π r 2
3

B. Spherical Segment

1. One Base

π h2 (
V= 3 r−h ) ; SA=2 πrh
3

2. Two Bases

πh
V= ( 3 a 2+3 b 2+ h2 ) ; LA=2 πrh
6

C. Spherical Cone

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

2 π r2 h
V=
3

D. Lune and Wedge

π r3 θ π r2 π
V wedge = ; A lune=
270 90

E. Radius of Circumscribing Sphere

3 V polyhedron
r=
SA

PLATONIC SOLIDS AND POLYHEDRONS

POLYHEDRONS – solids whose faces are polygons

REGULAR POLYHEDRON – solids that have congruent faces

For polyhedrons:

Notes:

m = no. of polygons meeting at a vertex


n = number of sides of each polygon
f = faces
e =edges
v = vertices

nf nf
e= ; v=
2 m

Euler’s Rule

f =2+e−v

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

Platonic Solids of Figures

MISCELLANEOUS FIGURES

A. Ellipsoids

4 abc
V=
3

1. Prolate Spheroid – formed by revolving the ellipse at major axis

4 πa b 2
V=
3

2 sin −1 e √ a2−b 2
SA=2 π b +2 πab ; e=
e a

2. Oblate Spheroid (e.g. Earth) – formed by revolving the ellipse about its minor axis

4 π a2 b
V=
3

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

π b2 1+e
SA=2 π a2 +
e
ln ( )
1−e

B. Prismatoids – solid such that the area of any section is parallel to and distant y from a fixed plane.

A y =a y 3+ b y 2+ cy +d

Prismoidal Formula

L
V = ( A 1+ 4 A m + A 2 )
6

Volume of Some Common Prismatoids

1. Common to two equal cylinders with their axis meeting at right angles.

16 r 3
V=
3

2. Solid with circular base of radius r and every cutting plane perpendicular to certain diameter
is a square

16 r 3
V=
3

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

3. Solid with circular base of radius r and every cutting plane perpendicular to a certain diameter
is an equilateral triangle

4 r3
V=
√3

4. Solid with circular base of radius r and every cutting plane perpendicular to a certain diameter
is an isosceles right triangle with one leg in the plane of the base.

8 r3
V=
3

5. Solid with circular base of radius r with every cutting plane perpendicular to a certain
diameter is an isosceles right triangle with hypotenuse in the plane of the base

4 r3
V=
3

C. Spherical Polygons

π r2 E
SA= ; E=∑ of angles−( n−2 ) ( 180° )
180 °

πr3E
V=
180 ° ( n−2 )

D. Rectangular Right Wedge

bh
V= ( 2a+ c )
6

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

1
LA= ( a+c ) √ 4 h 2+ b2+ b √ h2+ ( a−c )2
2

SA=ab+ LA

E. Paraboloids

1
V = π r2 h
2
3
r2 2 2 r 3
4 πr
LA= 2
3h [( )
4
+h −
2 ( )]
SA=π r 2 + LA

F. Torus of Inner Radius

1
V = π 2 ( a+b )( b−a )2
4

SA=π 2 ( b 2−a2 )

G. Barrel

πh ( 2 D2 +d 2 )
V=
12

SOLIDS OF REVOLUTIONS

Propositions of Pappus

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

1. The surface area generated by a surface of revolution equals the product of the length of the
generating arc and the distance travelled by its centroid.

SA=2 πLR

2. The volume area generated by a solid of revolution equals the product of generating area and the
distance travelled by its centroid.

V =2 πRA

SIMILAR SOLIDS OF FIGURES

Proportions of Areas
2
A1 x1
=
A2 x2( )

Proportions of Volumes

3
V 1 x1
= ( )
V 2 x2

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

SOLID
GEOMETRY
(REVIEW CENTER)

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SOLID GEOMETRY REVIEW MATERIAL

SOLID
GEOMETRY

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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