≤ÃÌü xôƒyÎ˚

öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zͧñ ܲy°!öî≈Î˚ñ Ä xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ˛õk˛!ï˛

x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˛≤Ãyã˛ƒ Ä ˛õyÿ˛y_ƒ ˛õ!u˛ï˛ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ xû%˛ƒòÎ˚ •Î˚ ˆÓÔk˛ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛#
Î%ˆàÏ ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ ˜ÓK˛y!öܲã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛°ö •Î˚ ˆÓÔk˛ Î%ˆàÏ Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü!òˆÏܲ ó xyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ü)°ö#!ï˛=!° ò,ì˛¸û˛yˆÏÓ
≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚ á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z– !ܲv §)eyܲyˆÏÓ˚ !°!˛õÓk˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# §üˆÏÎ˚
~Ó˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yö á%Ó §yüyöƒ•z– ú˛ˆÏ° öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zͧ Ä
xy!Óû˛≈yÓ Ü˛y° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ≤Ãyã˛ƒ Ä ˛õyÿ˛ƒ_ƒ ˛õ![˛ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ΈÏÌ‹T !Óï˛Ü≈˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xˆÏöˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛
öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zͧ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨ ˜Ó!òܲ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˆÎáyˆÏö ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚
ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ï˛y ≤Ãò¢≈ˆöÏ Ó˚ çöƒ xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛# öƒyÎ˚!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È– xÌ≈yÍ ~шòÏ Ó˚ üˆÏï˛ öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆöÏ Ó˚
í˛zͧ •ˆÏFåÈ ˆÓòÈÙȈÓòyhsˇ§• §ü@ˇÃ ˜Ó!òܲ §y!•ï˛ƒ ~ÓÇ ~•z xˆÏÌ≈ öƒyÎ˚!Óòƒy •° ˆÓòÈÙȈÓòyˆÏhsˇÓ˚
§üÈÙȧyü!Î˚ܲ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~шÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ñ ˆÓòÈÙȈÓòyhsˇ öƒyÎ˚!ÓòƒyÓ˚ í˛zͧ •ˆÏ°Ä öƒyÎ˚!Óòƒy ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈
öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚@ˇÃ• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ü•!£Ï≈ ˆàÔï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚§)ˆÏe– xyÓyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚Ä üˆÏï˛ñ ˜Ó!òܲ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ
öƒyÎ˚!ÓòƒyÓ˚ !ã˛•´ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ˆàˆÏ°Ä ~ˆÏܲ ÎÌyÌ≈ xˆÏÌ≈È öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ö Ó°y ÎyÎ˚öyñ ˆÜ˛ööy ˆ§áyˆÏö
öƒyÎ˚!ÓòƒyÓ˚ §%§ÇÓk˛ ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ §¡õ)î≈ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ öy–
öƒyÎ˚§)ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ Ó˚ã˛öyܲy° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ä ˛õ!u˛ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ üï˛ˆÏû˛ò Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xˆÏöˆÏܲÓ˚
üˆÏï˛ öƒyÎ˚§ˆ) eÏ Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ ˆàyï˛üñ ˆàÔï˛üñ ˆüôy!ï˛!Ì Ä x«˛˛õyò ~ܲ•z Óƒy!_´– xyÓyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚Ä
ܲyÓ˚Ä üˆÏï˛ñ ˆàyï˛üy!ò !û˛ß¨ !û˛ß¨ Óƒ!_´ ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy!Óû≈˛yÓܲy°Ä !û˛ß¨ !û˛ß¨ ó ú˛ˆÏ° öƒyÎ˚§ˆ) eÏ Ó˚
Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛yÄ !û˛ß¨ !û˛ß¨ Óƒ!_´–
xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ ÎÑyÓ˚y §%!ã˛!hsˇï˛ x!û˛üï˛ Óƒ_´ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ xöƒï˛ü •ˆÏ°öÈÙÙÙÈ˛õyÿ˛y_ƒ
˛õ![˛ï˛ üƒy:ü)°yÓ˚ñ ˆ•Ó˚üƒyö ˆçˆÏܲy!Óñ ܲy°≈ ~•zã˛. ˛õê˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyã˛ƒ ˛õ![˛ï˛ ~ü.xyÓ˚. ˆÓyí˛y§‰ñ
~§. Ó˚yôyÜ,˛£èöñ §%ˆÓÏ w
˚ öyÌ òy¢=Æñ §ï˛#¢ã˛w !Óòƒyû)˛£Ïîñ ú˛!îû)˛£Ïî ï˛Ü≈˛Óyà#¢ ≤Ãüá% xyhsˇçy≈ !ï˛Ü˛
áƒy!ï˛§¡õߨ Óƒy!_´ Óà≈– xyüÓ˚y ~•z fl∫öyüôöƒ ˛õ![˛ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ x!û˛üï˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚!ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚
öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ í˛zͧ Ä Ó˚ã˛öyܲy° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%!ã˛!hsˇï˛ !§k˛yˆÏhsˇ í˛z˛õö#ï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ §ˆÏã˛‹T
ÌyܲӖ

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 ˆÓyí˛y§‰ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üï˛
öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zͧñ ܲy°!öî≈Î˚ Ä xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ xÓòyö Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
ΈϢyÓhsˇ Óy§%ˆòÏ Ó xƒyÌ!° §¡õy!òï˛ Úï˛Ü≈˛§Ç@ˇÃ• xÓ xߨÇû˛RÛÈÙÙÙÈ ~•z @ˇÃs!i ê˛Ó˚– ~•z @ˇÃˆsÏ Ói ˚ û)˛!üܲyÎ˚
≤Ãyã˛ƒ ˛õ![˛ï˛ ~ü. xyÓ˚. ˆÓyí˛y§‰ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ü)°ƒÓyö xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ï˛y
üƒy:ü)°yÓ˚ñ ˆçˆÏܲy!Óñ xôƒ«˛ ~§. ~ö. òy¢=Æñ Ó˚yôyÜ,˛£èö ≤Ãüá% ˛õ![˛ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y §üyò,ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È–
ˆÓyí˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ üˆÏï˛ñ !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï òy¢≈!öܲ ï˛_¥ Ä §¡±òyÎ˚=!°Ó˚ xy!Óû≈˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ í˛zͧ ˆÜ˛yö ~ܲçö
Óƒy!_´ öÎ˚ó ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xy!Óû≈˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ˛õåȈÏö Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ !Ó!û˛ß¨ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ !ã˛hsˇyöyÎ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚Óy!•Ü˛ xÓòyö–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÜ˛yö òy¢≈!öܲ ï˛_¥ Ä §¡±òyÎ˚ˆÏܲ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚•z ˛õyÓ˚¡õÎ≈ Óy
ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛y ˆÎüö Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ˆï˛üö•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yö Ó,•_Ó˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ §üˆÏ@ˇÃÓ˚
xD !•§yˆÏÓó ˆÜ˛yö ò¢≈ö§¡±òyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛_¥ˆÜÏ ˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ Óƒy!ï˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ ÜÏ ˛ !Ó!FåÈßû¨ ˛yˆÏÓ
ˆÓyé˛y ÎyˆÏÓ öy– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zͧ Ä Ü˛y° !öî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §üyöï˛sf öƒyÎ˚ Ä ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ
ò¢≈ˆöÏ Ó˚ û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚ Ä ê˛#ܲyܲyÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ xÓòyö ˆÎüö Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ åÏ È ñ ˆï˛üö•z Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ åÏ È ï˛Í˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈
Ä ï˛Íܲy°#ö ˜Ó!òܲ Ä x˜ÏÓ!òܲ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ü)°ƒ– ~≤çˆÏD í˛zˆÏÕ‘áƒñ xöƒyöƒ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
ò¢≈ö•z öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflÓf ˚ xhsˇàï≈ ˛ Î%!_´!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ü)°ö#!ï˛ñ Î%!_´ôyÓ˚y Ä ˛õ!Ó˚û˛y£Ïy=!° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ•˚ z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ò¢≈öyˆÏ°yã˛öyÎ˚ Ó ï˛# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zͧ Ä Ü˛y°!öî≈ˆÏÎ˚ xöƒyöƒ ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ Óyòyö%ÓyˆÏòÓ˚Ä á%Ó•z ü)°ƒÓyö û)˛!üܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–1

ˆÓÔk˛ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ˜Ó!òܲ §y!•ï˛ƒñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ö í˛z˛õ!ö£Ïò=!° çàÍ Ä ç#Óö
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ àû˛#Ó˚ Ä fl∫yô#ö üöˆÏöÓ˚ û˛y[˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§=!°•z e´ˆÏü e´ˆÏü !Ó!û˛ß¨ òy¢≈!öܲ ï˛sfÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ
!Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ˆàÔï˛üÈÙÈÓ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ çß√ •Î˚ xö%üy!öܲ 566 á #‹T ˛õ)Ó≈yˆÏ∑ ~ÓÇ ü,ï%˛ƒ •Î˚ 486 á #‹T
˛õ)Óy≈ ˆÏ∑– ˆÓÔk˛˛õ)ÓÓ≈ ï˛#≈ Î%ˆàÏ Ó˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈ö §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ fl∫“ï˛y ÌyܲˆÏ°Ä û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈ö=!°Ó˚
í˛zͧ §¶˛yˆÏö ˜Ó!òܲ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ü)°ƒ x˛õ!Ó˚§#ü– ˆÓyí˛y§‰ ӈϰöñ ÚÚThe only system which
dates prior to Buddhism is the Sankhya, and possibly the Vaisesika also;
but all the other Darsanas are presumably of a post-Buddhistic origin, at
least in the form in which we pessess them.ÛÛ2 xÌ≈yÍ ~ܲüye §yÇრ~ÓÇ §Ω˛Óï˛É
˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ ò¢≈öˆÏܲ•z ˆÓÔk˛ ˛õ)ÓÓ≈ ï˛#≈ Î%ˆàÏ Ó˚ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ó !ܲv xöƒ §Ó ò¢≈ö•z §Ω˛Óï˛É ˆÓÔk˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈

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Î%ˆÏà §,‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ xhsˇï˛É ˆÎ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ xyüÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óï≈˛üyˆÏö ˛õy!FåÈ– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ñ §)eyܲyˆÏÓ˚
§%§ÇÓk˛ ò¢≈ö¢yˆÏflÓf ˚ ôyÓ˚îy•z ˛•ˆÏFåÈ ˆÓÔk˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ Î%ˆàÏ Ó˚– ˆàÔï˛üÓ%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ ü,ï˛% ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° ˆÓÔk˛
üï˛Óyò Ä Ó y·˛îƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ï˛#Ó  §Çâyï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ó xyÓ˚ ~•z §Çâyï˛•z ˆÓÔk˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ä
Ó y·˛îƒÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ üöˆÏܲ àû˛#Ó˚û˛yˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏm!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !öç !öç üï˛ÓyòˆÏܲ §%§ÇÓk˛ Ä
≤Ãîy°#Ók˛Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ !°!áï˛ §)eyܲyˆÏÓ˚ §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˜ç!ü!öÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ü#üyǧy §)e Ä
ÓyòÓ˚yÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ü#üyǧy§)e ÎÌye´ˆÏü ˆÓÔk˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ Ó y·˛îƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y ӈϰ
ˆÓyí˛y§‰ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– xyÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚ Ä ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ §)e §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÓyí˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó_´Óƒ •ˆÏFåÈñ ÚÚ...as we
do not know of any Nyaya or Vaisesika works older than these Sutras,
the history of those systems may safely be said to begin in the 5th or
the 4th century before Christ.ÛÛ3 xÌ≈yÍ ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ§)e Ä öƒyÎ˚§)ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy
˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ Ä öƒyÎ˚@ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ öyü xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xK˛yï˛ñ ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ܲÌy !öɧˆÏ®ˆÏ• Ó°y
ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ Ä öƒyÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ S§)eyܲyˆÏÓ˚ !°!˛õÓk˛V •z!ï˛•y§ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ ˛õM˛Èü
Óy ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛–
öƒyÎ˚ Ä ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ ò¢≈öˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛É §üyöï˛sf Ó°y •Î˚ñ ˆÜ˛ööy ~ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !ܲå%È !ܲå%È
üï˛ˆÏû˛ò ÌyܲˆÏ°Ä x!ôܲyÇ¢ !ӣψÎÏ •˚ z ü˜Ïï˛Ü˛ƒ xyˆÏåÈ– ˆÓyí˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ üˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏFåÈÈÙÙÙÈ !ܲå%Èܲy°
~•z ò¢≈ömÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛ !°Æ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö ¢!_´¢y°# ≤Ã!ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ü%ˆÏáyü%!á
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ !ôï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ x!hflcÏ Ó˚«˛yˆÏÌ≈ ï˛yÓ˚y xyÓyÓ˚ ˙ܲƒÓk˛
•Î˚– öƒyÎ˚§)e Ä ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ§)e ÎÌye´ˆÏü öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ö Ä ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ !û˛!_ !•§yˆÏÓ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛
~ÓÇ ~áöÄ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ≤ÃyÆ ï˛Ìƒ xö%ÎyÎ˚#ñ ï˛yÓ˚y•z •ˆÏFåÈ ~•z ò¢≈ömˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#öüï˛ @ˇÃsiyÓ°#– ï˛ˆÏÓ
ï˛yÓ˚y ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ @ˇÃsi !•§yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÌüÈÙÙÙÈ ~üö ܲÌy Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ öy– ˆÓyí˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ xyÓ˚Ä Ó_´Óƒ •ˆÏFåÈñ
~•z §)e@ˇÃsimÎ˚ !°!áï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ Ó‡ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy öƒyÎ˚ Ä ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ òy¢≈!öܲ xö%Ó˚*˛õ
òy¢≈!öܲ !ã˛hsyÎ˚ !öü@¿ !åȈϰöñ !ܲv ˆ§•z !ã˛hsˇy=!° !åÈ° x˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ~ÓÇ Óï≈˛üyˆÏö §Ω˛Óï˛É °%Æ–
Óï≈˛üyö §)e@ˇÃsimÎ˚ í˛z_´ x˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ !ã˛hsˇyÓ˚•z í˛zߨï˛Ó˚*˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚–4 ~Ó˚ ≤Ãüyîfl∫Ó˚*˛õ !ï˛!ö ӈϰöñ
ˆÓÔk˛ ò¢≈ˆöÏ Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÓÏ ≈ ~ÓÇ ~üö!ܲ x§ÍܲyÎ≈Óyò á[˛îܲyÓ˚# §yÇáƒöyüܲ ≤Ãyã˛#öï˛ü ò¢≈ˆöÏ Ó˚
§,!‹TÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÓÏ ≈Ä öƒyÎ˚ÈÙÈò¢≈ˆöÏ Ó˚ x§ÍܲyÎ≈ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !öÿ˛Î˚•z x!hflcÏ !åÈ°ó !ܲv ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãüyî •Î˚ öyÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆàyï˛ü Ä Ü˛îyò §yÇáƒ Ä ˆÓÔk˛ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ó ˆÜ˛ööy §yÇáƒ Ä ˆÓÔk˛ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ ï˛_¥

14
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§)e !°!áï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ Ó‡ ˛õ)Ó≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z x§ÍܲyÎ≈Óyò Ä xö%Ó˚*˛õ xyÓ˚Ä ï˛_¥ ï˛Íܲy°#ö òy¢≈!öܲˆÏòÓ˚
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ˆàyï˛ü Ä Ü˛îyò ÎÌye´ˆÏü ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §%§ÇÓk˛ §)eyܲyˆÏÓ˚ !°!˛õÓk˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ ~üö xö%üyö•z
Î%_´Î%_´–6 §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ xy!Óû˛≈yˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y!ê˛ ˆüyê˛yü%!ê˛ !ö¡¨Ó˚*˛õ É
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≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓö˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~•z ï˛_¥=!° §%ò#â≈ܲy° ôˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü x§ÍܲyÎ≈Óyòñ §üÓyÎ˚
Ä xöƒyöƒ ï˛ˆÏ_Ó¥ ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ §%flõ‹T Ó˚*˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚@ˇÃ• ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ö í˛z˛õ!ö£Ïò=!°ˆÏï˛ ~üö xˆÏöܲ Óyܲƒ
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≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ˆàyï˛ü Ä Ü˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˆ§•z ≤Ãyüyîƒ @ˇÃsi Ó˚ã˛öyÎ˚ xˆÏöˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏòƒyà# •ˆÏÎ˚
!öÿ˛Î˚•z ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰöó !ܲv ˆàyï˛ü Ä Ü˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y §%ò«˛ òy¢≈!öܲÓ˚y•z §)e@ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y
≤Ãyüyîƒ @ˇÃsi Ó˚ã˛öyÎ˚ §ú˛° •ˆÏÎ!˚ åȈ°
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≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚Ω˛ !•§yˆÏÓ àîƒ öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y•z Î%!_´Î%_´– ܲyˆÏç•zñ
ˆàÔï˛ü Ä Ü˛îyò ÎÌye´ˆÏü §%§ÇÓk˛ öƒyÎ˚ Ä ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ flÀ‹Ty ööó ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ó°üye
ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !Óòƒüyö òy¢≈!öܲ í˛z˛õyòyö=!°ˆÏܲ §ü!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ §%§Ç•ï˛ òy¢≈!öܲ Ó˚*˛õ
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö–8 §%§ÇÓk˛ òy¢≈!öܲ §)eyÓ°# ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛°ö ÷Ó˚& •Î˚ ˆÓÔk˛ò¢≈ö xy!Óû˛y≈ˆÏÓÓ˚
˛õÓ˚– ˆàÔï˛üÓ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˜ö!ï˛Ü˛ !¢«˛y=!° §Ç!«˛Æ ÓyܲƒyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏï˛yñ ˆÜ˛ööy ~Ó˚*˛õ Óyܲƒ
üˆÏö Ó˚yáy §•ç !åÈ° ~ÓÇ çö§yôyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ xyܲ£Ïî≈ #Î˚ !åÈ°– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ ≤ÃÓ° ≤Ã!ï˛˛õ«˛ ˆÓÔk˛ñ
˜çöñ ã˛yÓ≈yܲ ≤Ãû˛, !ï˛ öy!hflÜÏ ˛ òy¢≈!öܲˆÏòÓ˚ Î%!_´=!° á[˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çˆÏö•z xy!hflÜÏ ˛ òy¢≈!öܲÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ãôyö òy¢≈!öܲ ï˛_¥=!° §%!ö!ò≈‹T §)eyܲyˆÏÓ˚ !°!˛õÓk˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •ˆÏ°ö–9
Óï≈˛üyˆÏö ≤ÃyÆ x≤Ãï%˛° ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓyí˛y§‰ Ó°ˆÏ°ö ˆÎñ §yÇáƒï˛sf Ä
˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ §ü@ˇÃ ï˛sf öy •ˆÏ°Ä ï˛yÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ ï˛_¥ á%Ó §Ω˛Óï˛É ˆÓÔk˛˛õ)ÓÓ≈ ï˛#≈ Î%ˆàÏ Ó˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~!Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛
§%!ö!ÿ˛ï˛ ˆÎñ ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲï˛sf §yÇáƒï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ñ ˆÜ˛ööy xˆÏöܲ ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ ï˛ˆÏ_¥ §yÇáƒï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚

15
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˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲï˛sf ÷ô%üye ˆÓÔk˛ Ä ˜çö ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈•z öÎ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏß√ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ó˚ §y«˛yÍ
xÓòyö Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ ï˛_¥ ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ àû˛#Ó˚û˛yˆÏÓ Î%_´– ˆÎüöñ
ˆÓÔk˛˛õ)î˛≈ õ!Ó˚!öÓ≈yî ï˛_¥ •ˆÏFåÈ ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ x§ÍܲyÎ≈ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ x!öÓyÎ≈ !Óܲy¢ üye– xyÓ˚ ˜çö x!hflÜÏ ˛yÎ˚
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@ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ¢B˛Ó˚yã˛yÎ≈ ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ xÓK˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xô≈˜ÏÓöy!¢Ü˛ Óy =Æ ˆÓÔk˛ ӈϰˆÏåÈöñ
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çí˛¸Óyò# ôyÓ˚îy=!° ˆàÔï˛üÓ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ã˛Ó˚ü üï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÌ ≤âhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ÓˆÏ° üˆÏö
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˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ ï˛_¥=!° ï˛ÍܲyˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy öy ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ x!hflÏc¢#° !åÈ°ñ Î!òÄ §%§ÇÓk˛
˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ §)e@ˇÃsi ˆÓÔk˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ Î%ˆÏà Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˛õ)Ó≈ Ä í˛z_Ó˚ ü#üyǧy ò¢≈ö ˆÓÔk˛ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚
xy!Óû≈˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ xÓƒÓ!•ï˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ öƒyÎ˚ Ä ˆÏÎyàò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ xy!Óû˛)≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ӈϰ ≤Ãï˛#Î˚üyö
•Î˚ñ ˆÜ˛ööy ˜ç!ü!ö Óy ÓyòÓ˚yÎ˚î ˆÜ˛í˛z•z !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÜ˛yö öƒyÎ˚ Óy ˆÎyà §)ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!ö–
ÓÓ˚Ç öƒyÎ˚§)eܲyÓ˚ ˆàyï˛ü•z ÓyòÓ˚yÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó ·˛§)ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !öû≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–11
ˆÓyí˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ üˆÏï˛ñ §)e@ˇÃsi=!°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ˛õ)Ó≈ Ä í˛z_Ó˚ ü#üyǧy§)e §Ó≈≤Ãyã˛#öñ ˆàyï˛ü§)e Ä
ܲîyò§)e ï˛yÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– !ܲv §)eyܲyˆÏÓ˚ öÎ˚ñ ï˛_¥ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛îyˆÏòÓ˚
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˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ í˛zˆÕÏ ‘á ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §)e@ˇÃˆsÏ i ~ÓÇ ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y §ü§yü!Î˚ܲ ӈϰ üˆÏö •Î˚ó ï˛ˆÏÓ
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ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ˆÓÔk˛ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xˆÏöܲ ï˛_¥ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ á[˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–12 §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˛õ)Ó≈ Ä
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ˆÓyé˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˆàyï˛ü§)e Ä Ü˛îyò§)e xÓ¢ƒ•z ò%•z ü#üyǧy §)ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ˆàyï˛ü
Ä Ü˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ §)e=!° ˆüy«˛°yˆÏû˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˜Óòy!hsˇÜ˛ K˛yöï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛yˆÏܲ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛
ˆòÎ˚ó ï˛yåÈyí˛¸y Îáö•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ @ˇÃˆÏsi xydyñ ˆüy«˛ñ ò%Éáñ K˛yö ~ÓÇ xö%Ó˚*˛õ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ï˛áö•z ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛ÑyˆÏòÓ˚ û˛y£Ïy ˆÎö ˜Óòy!hsˇÜ˛ ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ Ó˚!Oï˛– ~üö!ܲ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ @ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚
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16
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ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ ü)° Ä ˛x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ xÇ¢ñ !ܲv ˆàyï˛ü Ä Ü˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ @ˇÃˆÏsi ˆ§=!° ˆÜ˛Ó°üye âê˛öye´ˆÏü
í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xï˛~Ó ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ˆàyï˛ü Ä Ü˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ §)e@ˇÃsimÎ˚
~áö ˆÎ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆ§=!° á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy–20
öƒyÎ˚û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ÓyͧyÎ˚ö ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛°«˛î§)ˆÏeÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚ ühsˇÓƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ÚÚ˛õÓ˚üï˛ü≤Ã!ï˛!£Ïk˛ÈÙÈ
üö%üï˛!ü!ï˛ !• ï˛sfÎ%!_´É–ÛÛ xÌ≈yÍ x≤Ã!ï˛!£Ïk˛ ˛õÓ˚üï˛ •ˆÏFåÈ xö%üï˛ñ •z•y ¢yflfÎ%!_´–21 ï˛yͲõÎ≈
~•zñ ˆàyï˛ü§)ˆÏe ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!°Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ xû˛yÓÓ¢ï˛É öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ x˛õ)î≈ï˛y ≤ÃÜ˛ê˛ •Î˚ñ ˆ§•z
!Ó£ÏÎ˚=!° ~Ó˚ §üyöï˛sf ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲò¢≈ö Óy x≤Ã!ï˛!£Ïk˛ ¢yflfyhsˇÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚ x˛õ)î≈ï˛y
ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ~•z ühsˇÓƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ≤Ãüyî •Î˚ ˆÎñ ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ ò¢≈ö
öƒyÎ˚§)eܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z !Óòƒüyö !åÈ°– ï˛yåÈyí˛¸y ~Ó˚*˛õ xö%üyˆÏöÓ˚ fl∫˛õˆÏ«˛ xyÓ˚Ä ≤Ãüyî ~•z ˆÎñ
ÚÚ§üyöï˛sf!§k˛É ˛õÓ˚ï˛sfy!§k˛É ≤Ã!ï˛ï˛sf!§k˛yhsˇÉ–ÛÛ22 ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z öƒyÎ˚§)ˆÏe ˆàyï˛ü §Ω˛Óï˛É
mƒyî%ܲy!òe´ˆÏü Ó ·˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_ ˛õ%Ó&˚ ˆÏ£ÓÏ ˚ ܲü≈y!òçöƒ •zï˛ƒy!ò ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ ï˛_¥=!°Ó˚ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö–
x!ôܲvñ xö%%üyöñ ˆ•cyû˛y§ñ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ !öï˛ƒï˛yñ xydyÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ xˆÏöܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ˆÎ=!°
ܲîyò ïÑ˛yÓ˚ @ˇÃˆsÏ i x˛õ)îû≈ ˛yˆÏÓ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èöó xÌã˛ í˛z_´ !Ó£ÏÎ=
˚ !°•z ˆàyï˛ü §!ÓhflyÏ ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~•z âê˛öy ˆÌˆÏÜ˛Ä ˆàyï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ xö%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛y ≤Ãüy!îï˛ •Î˚– ~•z §Ω˛Óöy á%Ó•z ≤ÃÓ° ˆÎñ

17
˜ÓˆÏ¢!£ÏܲÈÙȧ)e §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆàyï˛ü xÓàï˛ !åȈϰö–23 ï˛ˆÏÓñ ~≤çˆÏD xÓ¢ƒ•z üˆÏö Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
ˆÎñ Óï≈˛üyˆÏö ˆÎ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ܲîyò§)e @ˇÃs!i ê˛ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ §)ˆeÏ Ó˚ •z!Dï˛ ˆàyï˛ü•z !òˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èö
ӈϰ üˆÏö •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó*˚ ˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ÚÚ≤Ãyîy˛õyö !öˆÏüˆÏ£yÏ ˆÏß√£ÏÈÙÈ ç#ÓöÈÙÈüˆÏöyàï˛#!wÎ˚yhsˇÓy˚ !ÓܲyÓ˚yÉÈÙÈ
§% á ÈÙÈò% É ˆÏ á FåÈyˆÏ m £Ï È ÙÈ≤ÃÎbyÿ˛ydˆÏ ö yÈÙÈ !°Dy!ö–ÛÛ 24 ~•z ˜ÓˆÏ ¢ !£Ï Ü ˛ §) e !ê˛ flõ‹T ï ˛É•z
ÚÚ•zFåÈyˆÏm£ÏÈÙÈ≤ÃÎbÈÙȧ%áÈÙÈò%ÉáÈÙK˛yööƒydˆÏöy !°Dü‰–ÛÛ25 ~•z öƒyÎ˚§)e!ê˛Ó˚ §¡±§yÓ˚îüye– xyÓyÓ˚
ÚÚÎfløy!m£Ïyî# ï˛fløy˜ÏÂà!Ó˚!ï˛ ã˛y˜Ïöܲy!hsˇÜ˛ˆÏ§ƒyòy•Ó˚îü‰–ÛÛ26 ÈÙÙÙÈ ~•z ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ §)e!ê˛ x˜Ïöܲy!hsˇÜ˛
ˆ•cyû˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy ˆòÎ˚ñ Î!òÄ !ÓfløÎ˚ܲÓ˚ âê˛öy •° ~•z ˆÎñ ܲîyˆÏòÓ˚ @ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ xöƒ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ~Ó˚
Óƒyáƒy ˆö•z– !ܲv ˆàyï˛ü Úx˜Ïöܲy!hsˇÜ˛Û ¢∑!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö Ú§Óƒ!û˛ã˛yÓ˚Û ˆ•cyû˛y§ Óƒyáƒy
ܲÓ˚ y Ó˚ çöƒ ~ÓÇ Ú§Óƒ!û˛ã˛yÓ˚ Û ¢∑!ê˛Ä ~ܲy!ôܲÓyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ˆ Ï å Èö– ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚ§Óƒ!û˛ã˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ!ÓÓ˚&k˛ÈÙÈ≤ÃܲÓ˚î§üÈÙȧyôƒ§üÈÙÈܲy°yï˛#ï˛ˆÏ•cyû˛y§yÉÛÛñ ÚÚx˜Ïöܲy!hsˇÜ˛É §Óƒ!û˛ã˛yÓ˚É–ÛÛñ
ÚÚxÌ≈y˛õ!_Ó˚≤Ãüyöü˜Ïöܲy!hsˇÜ˛cyÍ–ÛÛ27 •zï˛ƒy!ò– xï˛~Óñ ܲîyˆÏòÓ˚ §ü@ˇÃ @ˇÃsi öy •ˆÏ°Ä xhsˇï˛É
í˛z_´ §)e=!° xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆàÔï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ @ˇÃsi ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ܲyˆÏ° Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ° ӈϰ ˆÓyí˛y§‰
üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ܲyˆÏç•zñ Óï≈˛üyö xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ @ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ Ó‡ §)e ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#ܲyˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï˛≈ï˛ Óy
§ÇˆÏÎy!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ ~üö §ˆÏ®• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ˛õåȈÏö ΈÏÌ‹T Î%!_´ xyˆÏåÈ– ܲîyò§)ˆÏeÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
≤âhflÏ˛õyòû˛yˆÏ£ÏƒÓ˚ ï%˛°öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°•z ≤Ãï˛#Î˚üyö •Î˚ ˆÎñ ܲîyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó‡ §)e û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!ö
~ÓÇ xÓƒyáƒyï˛ §)e=!° §Ω˛Óï˛É ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ xK˛yï˛ !åÈ°–28
ˆÓyí˛y§‰ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ ˆàyï˛ü§)e ˆÎ ˆÓÔk˛ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈ ~!ӈϣÏÎ˚
ˆÜ˛yö §Ç¢Î˚ ˆö•zñ ˆÜ˛ööy ˆÓÔk˛ «˛!öܲcÓyòñ !ÓK˛yöÓyò ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ ï˛_¥=!° ˆàyï˛ü§)eyÓ°#ˆÏï˛29
flõ‹Tû˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ Ä á![˛ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È– ˛õyÿ˛y_ƒ ˛õ![˛ï˛ ˆày”˛ fiê˛yܲyÓ˚ SGold StuckerV ïÑ˛yÓ˚
Ú˛õy!ö!öÛ @ˇÃˆÏsi ӈϰˆÏåÈö ˆÎñ ܲyï˛ƒyÎ˚ö ~ÓÇ ˛õï˛O!° öƒyÎ˚§)e §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓàï˛ !åȈϰö– ˛õï˛O!°
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Úü•yû˛y£ÏƒÛ Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö §Ω˛Óï˛É 140 á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈yˆÏ∑ñ !ܲv ܲyï˛ƒyÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ܲy° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
!ö!ÿ˛ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ !ܲå%È Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ öy– ˆ§yüˆÏòˆÏÓÓ˚ ÚܲÌy§!Ó˚ͧyàÓ˚Û @ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛y!•ö#ˆÏï˛ Ó°y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ Ü˛yï˛ƒyÎ˚ö í˛z˛õӈϣÏ≈Ó˚ åÈye !åȈϰö ~ÓÇ ö®Ó˚yçy ü•y˛õpöˆÏ®Ó˚ ~ܲçö üsf# !åȈϰöó
ö®Ó˚yçy 350 á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈yˆÏ∑ Ó˚yçc ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– ÚܲÌy§!Ó˚ͧàÓ˚ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲy!•ö# §ï˛ƒ •ˆÏ° öƒyÎ˚§)eˆÏܲ
350 á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ §üˆÏÎ˚ fliy˛õöy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–30
~•z !§k˛yˆÏhsˇÓ˚ §üÌ≈ˆÏö xyÓ˚Ä ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ìƒ •° ~•z ˆÎñ ˜ç!ü!ö §)ˆÏeÓ˚ û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ¢ÓÓ˚fl∫yü#

18
û˛àÓyö í˛z˛õÓ£Ï≈ öyˆÏü ~ܲ!çö ≤Ãyã˛#ö @ˇÃsiܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöó §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ í˛z˛õÓ£Ï≈ !öÿ˛Î˚•z
¢ÓÓ˚fl∫yü#Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ !åȈϰö– ~•z í˛z˛õÓ£Ï≈ ˛õ)Ó≈ü#üyǧy§)e ~ÓÇ í˛z_Ó˚ü#üyǧy§)e í˛zû˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z û˛y£Ïƒ
!°ˆÏá!åȈϰö ӈϰ ܲ!Ìï˛ xyˆÏåÈ– ~áö ¢ÓÓ˚fl∫yü# í˛z˛õӈϣÏ≈Ó˚ û˛yˆÏ£ƒÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛õyë˛ƒyÇ¢ í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö
ï˛yˆÏï˛ ≤Ãï˛#Î˚üyö •Î˚ ˆÎñ í˛z˛õÓ£Ï≈ ˆàyï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §%˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !åȈϰö ~ÓÇ öƒyÎ˚òy¢≈!öܲ
ï˛_¥•z ˆÓ¢#Ó˚û˛yà @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~§Ü˛° ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ !û˛!_ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyí˛y§‰ ӈϰöñ ˆàyï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚§)e
á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ñ xÌ≈yÍ •z•y á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛öy–31 x!ôܲv
ôü≈§ˆ) eÏ Ó˚ !û˛ß¨ !û˛ß¨ ¢yáyÓ˚ !û˛ß¨ !û˛ß¨ Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ åÏ Èöó ~шòÏ Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ xöƒï˛ü •ˆÏ°ö xy˛õhfl¡Ï ü∫ !% öñ
ˆÓyôyÎ˚ö ≤Ãüá% – öƒyÎ˚§e) ܲyÓ˚ ˆàyï˛ü ~шòÏ Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó§≈ Ó) #˚ – ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÓyôyÎ˚ˆöÏ Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó§≈ Ó) #˚ ˆàyï˛ü öyˆÏü x˛õÓ˚
~ܲçö ôü≈§)ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöó !ܲv öƒyÎ˚§)eܲyÓ˚ ˆàyï˛ü í˛z_´ ôü≈§)eܲyÓ˚ ˆàyï˛ü ˆÌˆÏܲ
!û˛ß¨ Óƒ!_´– ôü≈§e) =!° á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈– ôü≈ §)eܲyÓ˚ xy˛õhfl¡Ï ü∫ !% ö ˛õ)Ó≈ Ä í˛z_Ó˚
ü#üyǧy ò¢≈ö §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓàï˛ !åȈϰö ӈϰ ~•z ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ãüy!îï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎñ !ï˛!ö á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈
¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ á%Ó ˆÓ¢# ˛õ)ÓÓ≈ ï˛#≈ öö– ܲyˆÏç•z ˆÓyí˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ §Ó≈ˆ¢Ï £Ï !§k˛yhsˇ •ˆÏFåÈñ ÚÚGotama’s work
must therefore be assigned to the end of the 5th or the beginning of the
4th century B.C.ÛÛ32 xÌ≈yÍ xï˛~Ó ˆàyï˛ü§)ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öyܲy° xÓ¢ƒ•z á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ ˛õM˛Èü
¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï!òˆÏܲ Óy ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü !òˆÏܲ ӈϰ !öô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
öƒyÎ˚§)eܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óƒ!_´c §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ x≤Ãï%˛°ï˛y Ó¢ï˛É ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ öyü Úˆàyï˛üÛ !åÈ°ñ
öy!ܲ ÚˆàÔï˛üÛ !åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈ ~§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §%!ö!ÿ˛ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ !ܲå%È Ó°y öy ˆàˆÏ°Ä Óï≈˛üyˆÏö öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆÏö ò%!ê˛
öyü•z ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ xyˆÏåÈ– ≤ÃÓyò xyˆÏåÈ ˆÎñ ˆàyï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ !¢£Ïƒ Ü,˛£è˜Ïm˛õyÎ˚î ˆÓòÓƒy§ ~ܲ §üˆÏÎ˚ ˆàyï˛ˆÏüÓ˚
üˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ö®y ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ !ï˛!ö e%´k˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛K˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ˆÎñ ~•z ã˛«%˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y xyÓ˚ !¢ˆÏ£ÏƒÓ˚ ü%áò¢≈ö
ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ ö öy– ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆÓòÓƒy§ ›!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ≤çߨ ܲÓ˚ˆ°
Ï !ï˛!ö ˛õ)Ó≤≈ Ã!ï˛K˛y fløÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyàӈϰ
!öç ã˛Ó˚ˆÏî ã˛«%˛ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z•y myÓ˚y ˆÓòÓƒy§ˆÏܲ ò¢≈ö ˆòö ӈϰ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ öyü öyü x«˛˛õyò–
!ܲv ~•z ≤ÃÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !öû≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛Ó˚y §!®•yö •ˆÏ°Ä ˆàyï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ öyü
ˆÎ x«˛˛õyòÈÙÙÙÈ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yö §Ç¢Î˚ ˆö•z ӈϰ•z ˆÓyí˛y§‰ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–33
öƒyÎ˚§e) ܲyÓ˚ ˆàyï˛üˆÏܲ ˆÓyí˛y§‰ Î%!_´!ÓK˛yˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó˚y!ç ööñ ˆÜ˛ööy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ
˛õ)Ó≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Î%!_´!ÓK˛yˆÏöÓ˚ !öÎ˚ü=!° ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !åÈ°– ï˛ˆÏÓ !ï˛!ö öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈öˆÏܲ ˆÎ §%!ÓöƒhflÏ Ä ˛õ)îy≈ D
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ ò¢≈öÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ í˛zߨ#ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ˆ§•z âê˛öy ˆÌˆÏܲ ~üö !§k˛yˆÏhsˇ xy§y xˆÏÎÔ!_´Ü˛

19
öÎ˚ ˆÎñ !ï˛!ö !ö!ÿ˛ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈§)Ó˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öy ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏöܲ í˛z˛õyòyö §Ç@ˇÃ• ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ~ÓÇ
ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ºy!hsˇ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛Ä xˆÏöܲ !¢«˛y !öˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èö– ~•z üˆÏï˛Ó˚ §üÌ≈ˆöÏ Î%!_´ •° ~•z ˆÎñ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ö
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚§)eû˛y£Ïƒ S1†1†52VÈÙÈ~ ӈϰˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ ˆàyï˛ü˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ˜öÎ˚y!Î˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡±òyÎ˚ !åÈ°
ÎÑyÓ˚y ò¢yÓÎ˚Ó# öƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏåÈö ~ÓÇ ˆàyï˛ü ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õM˛ÈyÓÎ˚Ó# öƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
~Ó˚*˛õ §Ω˛yÓöy á%Ó•z ≤ÃÓ°ñ ˆÜ˛ööy û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ òy¢≈!öܲÓ˚y §Ó≈òy °yâÓö#!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ !åȈϰö ~ÓÇ
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ òy¢≈!öܲÓ˚y ˆàyï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ˛õM˛ÈyÓÎ˚Ó# öƒyÎ˚ˆÏܲ !eÈÙÈxÓÎ˚Ó# öƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~!ӣψÏÎ˚
xyÓ˚Ä ≤Ãüyî •ˆÏFåÈ ~•z ˆÏÎñ ôü≈§)eñ flø,!ï˛¢yflf ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ Ó‡ Ó˚ã˛öyÎ˚ ˜ç!ü!öÓ˚ ò¢≈öˆÏܲ ˆÓyé˛yˆÏöyÓ˚
çöƒÄ ÚöƒyÎ˚Û ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆÎüöñ üyôÓyã˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˆ°áy ˜ç!ü!öÓ˚ @ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
öyüÄ ÚöƒyÎ˚ÈÙÈüy°yÈÙÈ!ÓhflÏyÓ˚Ûñ ˜ç!ü!öÓ˚ @ˇÃˆÏsi xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ öyü öƒyÎ˚yÓ°#ñ •zï˛ƒy!ò– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ
ˆÓyí˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ §%!ã˛!hsˇï˛ x!û˛üï˛ •ˆÏFåÈñ ÚÚThe science of logic which afterwards de-
veloped into a separate system was originally the child of Purva
Mimansa.ÛÛ 34 xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ Î%!_´!ÓK˛yö ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ö Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛y
≤Ãܲ, ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ˛õ)Óü≈ #üyǧyò¢≈ö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z í˛zqï( ˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È– ÷ô% ï˛y•z öÎ˚ñ û˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ §Ü˛° !ÓK˛yˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_
ÎK˛#Î˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö ˆÌˆÏܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆÎüöñ ΈÏK˛Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ §üÎ˚ !öô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z
ˆçƒy!ï˛!Ó≈K˛yˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zqÓñ ΈÏK˛ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ ˆ§yüÓ,«˛ Ä xöƒyöƒ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ =îy=î !ӈϟ’£ÏˆîÏ Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çö•z
!ã˛!ܲͧy¢yflf Ä ï˛yÓ˚ ţψÏôÓ˚ í˛zͧñ ΈÏK˛Ó˚ í˛zò‰àyï˛y ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛ ܲï,,˛≈ܲ §yüàyˆÏöÓ˚ ã˛ã≈˛y•z §D#ˆÏï˛Ó˚
í˛zͧñ ΈÏK˛Ó˚ ü[˛˛õ Ä ˆÓò#!öü≈yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Ü,˛!£Ï!ÓK˛yö Ä çƒy!ü!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zqÓ– ÚÚIt is
probable, therefore, that the art of reasoning also originated in some re-
quirement of the all important sacrifice.ÛÛ 35 xÌ≈yÍ Ü˛yˆÏç•zñ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ΈÏK˛Ó˚
ˆÜ˛yöÈÙÈöyÈÙÈˆÜ˛yö ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z §Ω˛Óï˛É Î%!_´!ÓòƒyÓ˚Ä í˛zqÓ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ~üö ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö ≤Ãôyöï˛É
ò%ÓÜ˚ ˛üÈÙÙÙÈ S1V ˆÓò@ˇÃˆsÏ Ói ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z ÎÌyÎÌû˛yˆÏÓ ÎK˛§¡õyòö !öû≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛ ÓˆÏ° §!ë˛Ü˛û˛yˆÏÓ
ˆÓò@ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö ~ÓÇ S2V ò#â≈ܲy°#ö ÎK˛§¡õyòˆÏöÓ˚ üôƒÓï˛#≈ܲy°#ö !ÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §üˆÏÎ˚
òy¢≈!öܲ Ä xöƒyöƒ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ü)°Ü˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÎ˚ !ÓçÎ˚°yˆÏû˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çö– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !mï˛#Î˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çˆÏöÓ˚
=Ó˚&c §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ¢# !åÈ°– ˆÜ˛ööyñ ÎK˛Ü˛yˆÏ° í˛zqï( ˛ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ü)°Ü˛ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ Ó y·˛îÈÙÈ˛õ%ˆÓÏ y˚ !•ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !§k˛yhsˇ
ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï xö%¤˛yö ÌyܲˆÏï˛y ~ÓÇ Î%!_´ï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ òá° öy ÌyܲˆÏ° !ï˛!ö
ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö öy– xyô%!öܲ !Óôyö§û˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xö%Ó˚*˛õ Ó y·˛îÈÙÈ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !§k˛yhsˇ=!°

20
˜Ó!òܲ Ó y·˛îÈÙȧü)ˆ•Ï åÈ!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ ˆ§=!°Ó˚ öƒyÎ˚yÓ°#Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ~ܲ!eï˛ §Ç@ˇÃ•z •ˆÏFåÈ ˛õ)ÓÈÙÈü#üyǧy
ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ ˜ç!ü!ö§)e– ü•!£Ï≈ ˜ç!ü!ö û˛y£ÏƒÓ˚ã˛öyÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ !öÎ˚ü ≤ÃÓï≈˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ~ÓÇ ˆ§=!°•z
ˆàyï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ Î%!_´!ÓK˛yˆÏöÓ˚ !öÎ˚üyÓ°#Ó˚ §y«˛yÍ ˛õ)Ó≈§)Ó˚#– ˆÎüöñ ˜ç!ü!ö§)ˆÏeÓ˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ
!Ó!û˛ß¨ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ˆòÄÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ôü#≈Î˚ xö%¤˛yö Óy ˜Ó!òܲ !öˆÏò≈¢ ü%რöy
ˆàÔîÈÙÙÙÈ ï˛y !öô≈yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È ~ÓÇ ~•z ≤ÈãÏ ˛‹Ty=!°•z !Ó!û˛ß¨≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xö%üyˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î–
ˆàyï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ Úˆ•ï%˛Û Ä Ü˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ Úx˛õˆÏò¢Û ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ •z!Dï˛ !öÿ˛Î˚•z ˜ç!ü!ö§)ˆÏe ≤ÃyÎ˚•z ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ Ú!°DÛ
¢∑ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ– xï˛~Ó ü#üyǧܲÓ˚y•z û˛y£ÏƒÓ˚ã˛öyÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çö#Î˚ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ü≈˛¢yˆÏflÓf ˚ xˆÏöܲ !öÎ˚ü
í˛zqyÓö ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö ~ÓÇ ÚöƒyÎ˚yÓ°#ÛÈÙÈÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– û˛y£ÏƒÓ˚ã˛öy §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ˛õ)Óü≈ #üyǧy§,‹T
~•z öƒyÎ˚yÓ°#Ó˚ ˆ°yܲyÎ˚ï˛Ó˚*˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚@ˇÃ•î•z ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏöÓ˚ çß√ !òˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èñ Îy ≤Ã̈Ïü xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛# öyˆÏü
§%˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !åÈ°– ˆàyï˛ü Îáö ~•z xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#ˆÏï˛ K˛yˆÏöyͲõ!_ñ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ !öï˛ƒï˛yñ ≤ÃyüyˆÏîƒÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ
~ÓÇ {ŸªˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ çàÍܲyÓ˚îï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y !Ó!û˛ß¨ x!ô!Óòƒyü)°Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ xhsˇû˛) _
≈ ´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%§ÇÓk˛
ò¢≈ö¢yˆÏflÓf ˚ Ó˚*˛õ ˆòöñ ï˛áö•z ï˛y öƒyÎ˚¢yflf öyˆÏü xyô%!öܲ í˛z˛õy!ô ≤ÃyÆ •Î˚– ~•z xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛# !Óòƒy
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆàyï˛ü ~üö ~ܲ!ê˛ ò¢≈ö¢yˆÏflÓf ˚ e´ü!Óܲy¢ âê˛yö Îy ï˛áö•z ˛õ)Ó≈ Ä í˛z_Ó˚ ü#üyǧy ò¢≈ˆöÏ Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛m®µ# •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ãçß√ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˛õ![˛ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ°
≤Ãû˛yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–

!Óòƒyû)˛£ÏîÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üï˛
ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ˆÏ°ˆÏçÓ˚ û)˛ï˛˛õ)Ó≈ xôƒ«˛ §ï˛#¢ã˛w !Óòƒyû)˛£Ïî ï˛yÑÓ˚ §%!Óáƒyï˛ @ˇÃsi Ú~
!•flT#… xÓ •z![˛Î˚yö °!çܲÛÈÙÈ~ öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflÓf ˚ í˛zͧ Ä Ü˛y° §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ü)°ƒÓyö àˆÏÓ£Ïîyü)°Ü˛ !ÓhflyÏ !Ó˚ï
§ü#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– !ï˛!ö û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ öƒyÎ˚¢yflfˆÏܲ ≤Ãyã˛#öñ üôƒ Ä xyô%!öܲÈÙÙÙ~•z !ï˛ö Î%ˆÏà !Óû˛_´
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x!û˛üï˛ •ˆÏFåÈ ~•z ÈÙÙÙÈ 650 á #‹T ˛õ)Ó≈y∑ ˆÌˆÏܲ 100 á #‹Ty∑ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ •ˆÏFåÈ ≤Ãyã˛#ö
Î%àó ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ 1200 á #‹Ty∑ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ •ˆÏFåÈ üôƒÎ%àó !ܲv üôƒÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ 1200 á #‹Ty∑
˛õÎ≈hsˇ •ˆÏ°Ä xyô%!öܲ Î%à ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ 900 á #‹Ty∑ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z–36 ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚•z ≤Ãyüyîƒ
@ˇÃsi Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ åÏ È ~ÓÇ ˆ§=!° •ˆÏFåÈ ÎÌye´ˆÏü x«˛˛õyò ˆàÔï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ÚöƒyÎ˚§e) Ûñ !òä‰öyˆÏàÓ˚ Ú≤Ãüyî§ü%Fã˛Î˚Û
~ÓÇ àˆÏD¢ í˛z˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Úï˛_¥!ã˛hsˇyü!îÛ– ~≤çˆÏD í˛zˆÏÕ‘áƒñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ xˆÏöܲ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
ˆ§•z Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y_´ ≤Ãyüyîƒ @ˇÃsi=!° Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ӈϰ ˛õ![˛ï˛Ó˚y üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–

21
 xôƒ«˛ !Óòƒyû)˛£ÏˆîÏ Ó˚ üˆÏï˛ñ ≤Ãyã˛#ö Î%àyÓ˚ˆΩÏ ˛ xÌ≈yÍ 650 á #‹T ˛õ)Óy≈ ˆÏ∑ Îáö xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛# öyüܲ
öƒyÎ˚!ÓòƒyÓ˚ í˛zqÓ •Î˚ñ ï˛áö ï˛y !åÈ° ˆÜ˛Ó°üye K˛yöyˆÏߣ∫ îÏ !Óòƒy– ˆ§•z §üÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ 100 á #‹TyˆÏ∑Ó˚
üˆÏôƒ ï˛y e´ü!Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛Ü≈˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚@ˇÃ• ܲˆÏÓ˚ó !ܲv á #!‹TÎ˚ ≤ÃÌü ¢ï˛y∑# ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏï˛
öƒyÎ˚yö%üyˆÏöÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛ö •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ öƒyÎ˚¢yflf öyˆÏü x!û˛!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z í˛z!_´ ≤Ãüyî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çöƒ xôƒ«˛ !Óòƒyû)˛£Ïî ≤Ãyã˛#ö û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˜Ó!òܲ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛öyÎ˚ Ó ï˛# •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èö–
~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛öyÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ˆòáyö ˆÎñ ˜Ó!òܲ §Ç!•ï˛y Ä Ó y·˛î xLjϢ xydï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˆÎ í˛zˆÏß√£Ï •Î˚ñ
xyÓ˚Ïܲ ï˛y e´ü!Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó≈ˆ¢Ï £Ï xÇ¢ í˛z˛õ!ö£ÏˆòÏ ï˛y §)-y!ï˛§)- Ä ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛
Ó˚*˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚@ˇÃ• ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z˛õ!ö£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öyܲy°ñ xôƒ«˛ !Óòƒyû)˛£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ñ 900 á #‹T ˛õ)Ó≈y∑ ˆÌˆÏܲ
600 á #‹T ˛õ)Ó≈y∑ ˛õÎ≈hsˇó ~ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãôyöï˛É xydy Ä ï˛yÓ˚ !öÎ˚!ï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ
~çöƒ•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xyd!Óòƒyñ xôƒyd!Óòƒy Óy Ó ·˛!Óòƒy öyˆÏü x!û˛!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–37
xôƒ«˛ !Óòƒyû)˛£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ x!û˛üï˛ •ˆÏFåÈñ üyöÓ öyˆÏü ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ üö%Ó˚ xö%àyü#Ó˚y xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#ˆÏܲ
í˛z˛õ!ö£ÏˆòÏ Ó˚ §üyÌ≈ܲ ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢yáyÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ üˆÏö ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ö– xyö%üy!öܲ 327 á #‹T˛õ)Óy≈ ˆÏ∑ ˆÜ˛Ô!ê˛°ƒ
ï˛yÑÓ˚ ÚxÌ≈¢yˆÏflfÛ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈöñ ÚÚxyß∫#!«˛Ü˛# eÎ˚# Óy_≈y ò[˛ö#!ï˛ˆÏÿ˛!ï˛ !ÓòƒyÉ–ÛÛ 38 xÌ≈yÍ !Óòƒy
ã˛yÓ˚≤ÃܲyÓ˚ñ ÎÌyÈÙÙÙÈ xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛# Sˆ•ï%˛!ÓòƒyVñ eÎ˚# S}܉˛ñ §yü Ä Îç%É ~•z ˆÓòeÎ˚Vñ Óy_≈y SÜ,˛!£Ïñ
˛õ÷˛õy°ö Ä Óy!îçƒ !Ó£ÏÎÜ˚ ˛ !ÓòƒyV ~ÓÇ ò[˛ö#!ï˛ SÓ˚yçö#!ï˛V– ~≤çˆÏD í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ ƒñ ˆÓò }܉˛ñ §yüñ
Îç%É Ä xÌÓ≈È ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z ã˛yÓ˚≤ÃܲyÓ˚ •ˆÏ°Ä xˆÏöܲ fliˆ°
Ï í˛z•yˆÏܲ eÎ˚#!Óòƒy Óy ˆÜ˛Ó°üye ÚeÎ˚#Û öyˆÏüÄ
í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xˆÏöˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ñ eÎ˚# Ó°ˆÏï˛ }܉˛ñ §yü Ä Îç%É ~•z !ï˛ö ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ §ü!‹TˆÏܲ
Ó%é˛yÎ˚ó xÌÓ≈ˆÏÓò eÎ˚#Ó˚ xhsˇà≈ï˛ öÎ˚ñ ~!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyçö– xyÓyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚Ä Ü˛yÓ˚Ä üˆÏï˛ñ
}܉˛ñ §yü Ä Îç%ÉÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z !ï˛ö ˆÓòˆÏܲ eÎ˚# xyáƒy ˆòÄÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ ܲyÓ˚î ΈÏK˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ~•z
!ï˛ö ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Ä â!ö¤˛ §¡∫¶˛ !åÈ°– xÌÓ≈ˆÏÓò eÎ˚#Ó˚ xhsˇà≈ï˛ öÎ˚ñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ÎK˛ §¡õyòˆÏöÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ≤Ãyôyöƒ !åÈ° öy– ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ üï˛!ê˛ •ˆÏFåÈ ~•z ÈÙÙÙÈeÎ˚# Ó°ˆÏï˛
!ï˛ö ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ §ü!‹TˆÏܲ ˆÓyé˛yÎ˚ öyñ ˆÓyé˛yÎ˚ !ï˛ö ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ °«˛îÎ%_´ üˆÏsfÓ˚ §ü!‹TˆÏܲ– ˜Ó!òܲ üˆÏsfÓ˚
!ï˛ö!ê˛ Ó˚*˛õÈÙÙÙÈ ˛õòƒñ àyö Ä àòƒ– ˛õòƒydܲ üsf •ˆÏFåÈ }܉˛ñ à#!ï˛Ó˚*˛õ üsf •ˆÏFåÈ §yü ~ÓÇ àòƒydܲ
üsf •ˆÏFåÈ Îç%É– ~•z !ï˛ö ˆ◊î#Ó˚ üsf•z ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ xhsˇàï≈ ˛ ӈϰ ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ öyü eÎ˚#– xÌÓ≈ö‰
üˆÏsfÓ˚ xy°yòy ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy °«˛î ˆö•z– ~•z ˆ◊î#Ó˚ üsf àòƒÈÙÈ˛õòƒÈÙÈà#ï˛ydܲ üˆÏsfÓ˚•z °«˛îye´yhsˇ–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~•z xˆÏÌ≈ xÌÓ≈ˆÏÓòÄ eÎ˚#Ó˚ xhsˇû%≈_´ñ xÌ≈yÍ í˛z•y eÎ˚#ÈÙÈÓ!•û))≈˛ï˛ öÎ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÜ˛Ô!ê˛°ƒ

22
xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#ˆÏܲ üö%ÈÙȧ¡±òyÎ˚ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ eÎ˚#ñ Óy_≈y Ä ò[˛ö#!ï˛ ~•z !e!ÓòƒyÓ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf
!ÓòƒyÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ï˛ˆÏÓ xyd!Óòƒy Ä xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ !ܲå%È !ܲå%È ˆ«˛ˆÏe §yò,¢ƒ
ÌyܲˆÏ°Ä ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆüÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ •ˆÏFåÈ ~•z ˆÎñ xyd!Óòƒy xydyÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲï˛=!°
!Óã˛yÓ˚Î%_´ í˛z!_´ !öˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ó x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛# •ˆÏFåÈ ˆ§•z í˛z!_´=!°Ó˚ §üÌ≈ˆÏö ≤Ãò_
Î%!_´§ü!‹T !öˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ñ xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#ˆÏï˛ ò%!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ÎÌyÈÙÙÙÈ
xydï˛_¥ Ä ˆ•ï%˛ï˛_¥– ~•z ˆ•ï%˛ï˛_¥•z xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ!ö£Ïò ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Ó˚
àë˛ö ≤Ã!e´Î˚y !öÿ˛Î˚•z í˛z˛õ!ö£ÏˆòÏ Ó˚ Î%ˆàÏ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°ñ ˆÜ˛ööy í˛z˛õ!ö£ÏˆòÏ ~Ó˚ !ܲå%È ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ !àܲ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚
˛˛õ)Ó≈yû˛y§ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– !ܲv 650 á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈yˆÏ∑ Îáö •z•y §¡õ)î≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ !ÓòƒyÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛
•Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ ˛˛õÎ≈hsˇ xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛# §%!ö!ò≈‹T Ó˚*˛õ ˛õyÎ˚!ö– xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛# Îáö ≤Ãôyöï˛É xydy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲÓ˚ï˛ñ ï˛áö ï˛y e´ü!Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ò¢≈ö öyˆÏü ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚ó xyÓ˚ xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛# Îáö
≤Ãôyöï˛É ˆ•ï%˛ï˛_¥ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲÓ˚ï˛ ï˛áö ï˛y•z e´ü!Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ü%რxyß∫#!«˛Ü˛# Óy
Î%!_´!Óòƒy öyˆÏü ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛y•z xôƒ«˛ !Óòƒyû)˛£Ïî üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ ‘‘This bifurcation of
Anviksiki into Philosophy and Logic commenced with the very forma-
tion of the science but specially about 550 B. C. when Medhatithi
Goutama expounded the logical side of Anviksiki.’’39 xÌ≈yÍ xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Ó˚
ò¢≈ö¢yflf Ä Î%!_´!ÓòƒyÈÙÙÙÈ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ¢yáyÎ˚ !Óû˛_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ÷Ó˚& •Î˚ Î%!_´!ÓòƒyÓ˚
!ÓK˛yöÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y°yˆÏû˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ•zñ !ܲv !ӈϢ£Ïû˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 550 á #‹T˛õ)Óy≈ ˆÏ∑ Îáö ˆüôy!ï˛!Ì
ˆàÔï˛ü xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Ó˚ Î%!_´˜ÏÓK˛y!öܲ !òܲ!ê˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓö˚ – §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ 650 á #‹T˛õ)Óy≈ ∑ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ•ï%˛ï˛ˆÏ_Ó¥ ˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛•z Î%!_´!Óòƒy öyüܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ ¢yáy !•§yˆÏÓ xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Ó˚ e´ü!Óܲy¢
÷Ó˚& •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° Î%!_´!Óòƒy Ó°ˆÏï˛ xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#ˆÏܲ•z Ó%é˛yÎ˚– xyö%üy!öܲ 327 á #‹T˛õ)Óy≈ ˆÏ∑
ˆÜ˛Ô!ê˛°ƒ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ÚxÌ≈¢yflfÛ @ˇÃˆÏsi xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛# §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ӈϰˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ
≤Ãò#˛õÉ §Óù≈!Óòƒyöyü%˛õyÎ˚É §Óù≈ܲ¡ø≈îyü‰–
xy◊Î˚É §Óù≈ô¡ø≈yîyÇ ŸªŸªòyß∫#!«˛Ü˛# üï˛y–ÛÛ 40
xÌ≈yÍ xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#!Óòƒy SöƒyÎ˚!ÓòƒyV §Ü˛° !ÓòƒyÓ˚ ≤Ãò#˛õfl∫Ó˚*˛õñ §Ü˛° ܲˆÏü≈Ó˚ Sܲü≈§yôˆÏöÓ˚V
í˛z˛õyÎ˚ï%˛°ƒñ §Ü˛° Sˆ°Ô!ܲܲ Ä ˜Ó!òܲV ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ xy◊Î˚fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ӈϰ §Ó≈òy ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#ˆÏܲ ï˛Ü≈˛!Óòƒy Óy Óyò!ÓòƒyÄ Ó°y •Î˚ñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ •z•yˆÏï˛ !Ó!û˛ß¨ !Óï˛Ü≈˛§û˛yÓ˚ !öÎ˚üܲyö%ö

23
!ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy xyˆÏåÈ–
xôƒ«˛ !Óòƒyû)˛£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ñ 650 á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈yˆÏ∑ ã˛yÓ≈yܲ öyˆÏü çí˛¸Óyò# öy!hflÏܲ ~ܲ ò¢≈ö
§¡±òyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ í˛zqÓ •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ° ӈϰ ˜Ó!òܲ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ xyˆÏåÈ– ~ÑÓy˚ ï˛yшòÏ Ó˚ ò¢≈ˆöÏ Ä Î%!_´!ÓòƒyÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ
xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Ó˚ ã˛ã≈˛y ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ö– ˆŸªï˛yŸªï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!ö£ÏˆòÏ §yÇáƒòy¢≈!öܲ ü•!£Ï≈ ܲ!˛õ°ˆÏܲ xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Ó˚ ò¢≈ˆöÏ Ó˚
≤Ãyã˛#öï˛ü ˆ°áܲ ӈϰ Óî≈öy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ÚÚˆÎy ˆÎy!öÇ ˆÎy!öü!ô!ï˛¤˛ˆÏï˛ƒˆÏܲy !ÓŸªy!ö Ó˚*˛õy!î
ˆÎyö#ÿ˛ §Ó≈yÉ– }!£ÏÇ ≤ç)ï˛yÇ Ü˛!˛õ°Ç ÎhflÏüˆÏ@ˇÃ K˛y˜Ïö!Ó≈û˛!ï≈˛ çyÎ˚üyöM˛È ˛õˆÏ¢ƒÍ–ÛÛ41 xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ
x!mï˛#Î˚ ˛õÓ˚üydy Sxôƒydñ x!ôû)˛ï˛ Ä x!ô˜ÏòÓV x!ô¤˛yö§ü)•ˆÏܲ !öÎ˚!sfï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚öñ !Î!ö §ü%òÎ˚
Ó˚*˛õ S¢Ó˚#Ó˚V Ä í˛zͲõ!_fliyö §ü)•ˆÏܲ !öÎ˚!sfï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö ~ÓÇ !Î!ö §,!‹TÓ˚ xˆÏ@ˇÃ çyï˛ §%≤Ã!§k˛ Ä
§Ó≈K˛ ܲ!˛õ°ˆÏܲ K˛yöy!òÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ~ÓÇ í˛zͲõ!_ܲyˆÏ°Ä ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá!åȈϰö S!ï˛!ö•z
!Óòƒy Ä x!Óòƒy ••zˆÏï˛ !û˛ß¨V– ü•!£Ï≈ ܲ!˛õˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲy° •ˆÏFåÈ xyö%üy!öܲ 360 á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈y∑ ˆÌˆÏܲ
575 á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈yˆÏ∑Ó˚ üôƒÓï˛#≈– ò_yˆÏeÎ˚ü%!ö !åȈϰö ܲ!˛õˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ó û˛yàÓï˛˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏî Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
ˆÎñ ò_yˆÏeÎ˚ü%!ö x°Ü˛≈ñ ≤Âyò Ä xöƒyöƒˆÏòÓ˚ xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#¢yflf !¢«˛y !òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö–42 ≤ÃyÎ˚ 550
á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈yˆÏ∑ ã˛Ó˚ܲ§Ç!•ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛y ˛õ%öÓ≈§% xyˆÏeÎ˚ •z!wˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ àˆÏÓ£Ïîyü)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛
ˆ°ˆÏáöñ ï˛y xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Ó˚ xhsˇà≈ï˛–43 •z!wÎ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÓy˚ _´ àˆÏÓ£Ïîyü)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ xydï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ û)˛!üܲy ˛õy°ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ xydï˛_¥ xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Ó˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢–
ü•yû˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢y!hsˇ˛õˆÏÓ≈ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ xyˆÏåÈ ˆÎñ Sxyö%üy!öܲ 550ÈÙÈ500 á #‹T ˛õ)Óy≈ ˆÏ∑Ó˚ üôƒÓï≈˛# §üˆÏÎV˚
§ß¨ƒy!§ö# §%°û˛y ü•!£Ï≈ çöˆÏܲÓ˚ §û˛yÎ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ Ä Ó!°¤˛ !öÎ˚üö#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ û˛y£Ïî ˆòö ï˛y
xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Ó˚ xhsˇà≈ï˛–44 ü•yû˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Óö˛õˆÏÓ≈ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyˆÏåÈ ˆÎñ xyö%üy!öܲ 550ÈÙÈ500 á #‹T
˛õ)Ó≈yˆÏ∑ ü•!£Ï≈ í˛zjy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ !¢£Ïƒ ܲˆÏ•yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˛õ%e x‹TyÓe´ ü%!ö öyˆÏü ~ܲçö Î%!_´!ÓK˛yö# !åȈϰö–
45

xôƒ«˛ !Óòƒyû)˛£ÏˆîÏ Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓy˚ _´ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ §yÓ˚ܲÌy •ˆÏFåÈ ~•z ˆÎñ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ !¢«˛Ü˛Ó˚y
xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï !Ó£ÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èöñ !ܲv !ÓK˛yö !•§yˆÏÓ xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#ˆÏܲ §%§Ç•ï˛
Ó˚*˛õ ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ Ü,˛!ï˛c •ˆÏFåÈ ü•!£Ï≈ ˆàyï˛ü Óy ˆàÔï˛ˆÏüÓ˚– ˛õp˛õ%Ó˚yîñ ˛flÒ¶˛˛õ%Ó˚yîñ ˜ö£ÏôÈÙÈã˛!Ó˚ï˛ñ
öƒyÎ˚Ü%˛§%üyO!°ñ öƒyÎ˚ÈÙȧ)eÓ,!_ ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ @ˇÃˆÏsi ˆàyï˛ü Óy ˆàÔï˛üˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ≈yͲõ,‹T Î%!_´!ÓK˛yö# Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ
xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y ӈϰ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–46 xyö%üy!öܲ 150 á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ܲ!Ó û˛y§
ï˛yÑÓ˚ Ú≤Ã!ï˛üyÛ öyê˛ˆÏܲ ˆüôy!ï˛!Ì öyˆÏü ~ܲçö }!£ÏˆÏܲ öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y ӈϰ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ö

24
~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#ˆÏܲ•z öƒyÎ˚¢yflf öyˆÏü x!û˛!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–47 }ˆÏ@ªˆÏò ~ÓÇ
÷Üœ˛ÈÙÈÎç%≈ˆÏÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ï˛˛õÌÈÙÈÓ y·˛ˆÏî ~ܲçö ˆàyï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyˆÏåÈ– ܲˆÏë˛y˛õ!ö£ÏˆÏò í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ
ˆüôy!ï˛!Ì ˆàÔï˛ü ö!ã˛ˆÏܲï˛y ˆàÔï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Ä §¡±òyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ xhsˇû˛≈) _´ !åȈ°
Ï ö ~ÓÇ ˆàÔï˛ü Ó%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚
üï˛•z !ï˛!ö xy!DÓ˚§ ˆàyˆÏe çˆÏß√!åȈϰö– ~•z ˆüôy!ï˛!Ì Ä xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ ˆüôy!ï˛!Ì x!û˛ß¨ Óƒ!_´
ӈϰ•z xôƒ«˛ !Óòƒyû)˛£Ïî üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓö˚ –48 §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ xôƒ«˛ !Óòƒyû)˛£ÏˆîÏ Ó˚ §%!ã˛!hsˇï˛ x!û˛üï˛ •ˆÏFåÈÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆàyï˛üñ ˆàÔï˛üñ ˆüôy!ï˛!Ì ˆàÔï˛ü ~ÓÇ x«˛˛õyò ˆàÔï˛ü x!û˛ß¨ Óƒ!_´ !Î!ö §ˆÏÓy≈ ÍÜ,˛‹T Î%!_´¢yflf
xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y– ‘‘His theory of reasoning has reached us in a crude form
through the Caraka-samhita, and in a developed form through the Nyaya-
sutra, while we may gather some idea of his theory of soul through the
same sources as well as through the Mahabharata and the Pali
Brahmajala-sutta.’’49 xÌ≈yÍ ï˛yÑÓ˚ Sˆàyï˛ˆÏüÓ˚V Î%!_´˛õk˛!ï˛ï˛_¥ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ ã˛Ó˚ܲ
§Ç!•ï˛yÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü x˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ öƒyÎ˚§ˆ) eÏ Ó˚ üyôƒˆÏü ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ xyܲyˆÏÓó˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÑÓ˚ xydï˛_¥
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ•z í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ü•yû˛yÓ˚ï˛ Ä ˛õy!° Ó ·˛çy°§%_ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyüÓ˚y !ܲå%Èê˛y ôyÓ˚îy
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
~≤çˆÏD í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ ƒñ ˛õy!°û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ !°!áï˛ Ú§%_!˛õê˛Ü˛ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÚxD%_Ó˚!öܲyÎ˚ÛÈÙÈ~ ò¢!ê˛ xˆÏÓÔk˛ §ß¨ƒy§#
§¡±òyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ xyˆÏåÈ ÎyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ Úˆàyï˛üܲyÛ §¡±òyÎ˚ xöƒï˛ü– ~•z Úˆàyï˛üܲyÛ §¡±òyÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛
á%Ó §Ω˛Óï˛É xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y ˆàyï˛ü Óy ˆàyï˛üˆÏܲ•z ˆÓyé˛yˆÏöy •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È ÓˆÏ° xôƒ«˛ !Óòƒyû)˛£Ïî
üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ÚÓ ·˛çy°§%_ÛÈÙÈöyüܲ ˆÓÔk˛@ˇÃˆÏsi ï˛E˛# Ä !ÓüyÇ!§ öyˆÏü ~ܲçö ü%!öÓ˚ Óî≈öy xyˆÏåÈ
!Î!ö !öï˛ƒ Ä x!öï˛ƒ Ó› §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~•z ü%!ö Î!ò Úˆàyï˛üܲyÛ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ˆöï˛y Óy xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ x!û˛ß¨ Óƒ!_´ •öñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° !ï˛!ö ˆÎ ¢yܲƒü%!ö Ó%ˆÏk˛Ó˚
ÓˆÏÎy˚ ˆÏ烤˛ §ü§yü!Î˚ܲ Óƒ!_´ !åȈ°
Ï öÈÙÙÙÈ ~üö !§k˛yhsˇ•z Î%!_´Î%_´– ~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ !û˛!_ˆÏï˛ xôƒ«˛
!Óòƒyû)˛£Ïî ӈϰöñ ‘‘We may therefore fix the date of Medhatithi Goutam at
about 550 B.C.’’50 xÌ≈yÍ Ü˛yˆÏç•z 550 á #‹T ˛õ)Ó≈y∑ˆÏܲ•z xyüÓ˚y ˆüôy!ï˛!Ì ˆàÔï˛ˆÏüÓ˚
ܲy° ӈϰ !ö!ò≈‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ xôƒ«˛ !Óòƒyû)˛£Ïî @ˇÃ#ܲ Î%!_´!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflÓf ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛öyÎ˚ Ó ï˛#
•ö– ï˛yÑÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ñ ≤Ãyã˛#ö Î%ˆÏà !•®% ~ÓÇ @ˇÃ#ܲ òy¢≈!öܲÓ˚y §%ò#â≈ܲy° !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Î%!_´!ÓòƒyˆÏܲ ü)°ï˛É

25
fl∫yô#öû˛yˆÏÓ•z !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ï˛ˆÏÓ @ˇÃ#ܲ Î%!_´!Óòƒy §%!ö!ò≈‹T Ó˚*˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚@ˇÃ• ܲˆÏÓ˚ á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈
¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ñ Î!òÄ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!üܲ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¶˛yö ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲå%Èê˛y ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ Sá #‹T˛õ)Ó≈
˛õM˛Èü ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚V @ˇÃ#ܲ òy¢≈!öܲ ˆ§y!ú˛fiê˛ SÜ)˛ê˛ï˛y!Ü≈˛Ü˛V Ä §ˆÏe´!ê˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ü)°Ü˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÎ˚–
x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ !•®% Î%!_´!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!üܲ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¶˛yö ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ £Ï¤˛ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛–
ÚÚAncient logic was called Anviksiki, or the science of debate, but with
the introduction of syllogism or proper reasoning it came to be called
Nyaya from the 1st century A.D.ÛÛ 51 xÌ≈yÍ ≤Ãyã˛#ö Î%!_´!ÓòƒyˆÏܲ xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛# Óy
ï˛Ü≈˛!Óòƒy öyˆÏü x!û˛!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ï˛ñ !ܲv á #!‹TÎ˚ ≤ÃÌü ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ~•z !ÓòƒyÎ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ Î%!_´≤Ã!e´Î˚y
Óy öƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãã˛°ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲ öƒyÎ˚¢yflf öyˆÏü•z x!û˛!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ï˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ !•®% Î%!_´!Óòƒy
á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ xƒy!Ó˚‹Tê˛°#Î˚ Î%!_´!ÓòƒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yöÈÙÈöyÈÙÈˆÜ˛yö û˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãû˛y!Óï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È
ӈϰ xôƒ«˛ !Óòƒyû)˛£Ïî üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓö˚ – ~Ó˚ ≤Ãüyî •ˆÏFåÈ ~•z ˆÎñ !eÈÙÈxÓÎ˚Ó# öƒyÎ˚yö%üyöï˛_¥ á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ @ˇÃ#ܲ òy¢≈!öܲ xƒy!Ó˚fiê˛ê˛° ܲï≈˛Ü, ˛ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È– ÚÚBut so far as the five-
limbed syllogism of Hindu logic is concerned, the Hindu logician may
have been indebted some way or other to the Greeks.ÛÛ52 xÌ≈yÍ !ܲv !•®%
Î%!_´!ÓòƒyÎ˚ ˛õM˛ÈyÓÎ˚Ó# öƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãã˛°ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !•®% Î%!_´!ÓK˛yö# ˆÜ˛yöÈÙÈöyÈÙÈˆÜ˛yö û˛yˆÏÓ @ˇÃ#ܲ
Î%!_´!ÓK˛yö#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ }î#– ~•z ühsˇˆÓÏ ƒÓ˚ §üÌ≈ˆöÏ xôƒ«˛ !Óòƒyû)˛£ÏˆîÏ Ó˚ Î%!_´ •ˆÏFåÈ ~•z ˆÎñ !ü¢Ó˚
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyˆÏ°Ü˛çy!wÎ˚y ¢•Ó˚ Sí˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛õ)Ó≈ xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÎ˚ xÓ!fliï˛Vñ !§!Ó˚Î˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛Í§Ç°@¿ S˛õ!ÿ˛ü
~!¢Î˚yÓ˚V !ÓhflÏ#î≈ xM˛ÈˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛áö @ˇÃ#ܲˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ Ä !¢«˛yàï˛ xyòyöÈÙÈ˛≤Ãòyö !åÈ°ó xyÓ˚
~•z xM˛È°=!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛Íܲy°#ö x!Óû˛_´ ≤Ãyã˛#ö û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ Ó!ô≈£%è ¢•Ó˚ ï˛«˛!¢°yÓ˚Ä
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà !åÈ°– ï˛yåÈyí˛¸yñ öyÓ˚òü%!ö ˆÎ xyˆÏ°Ü˛çy!wÎ˚y SˆŸªï˛m#˛õV ºüî ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ~ÓÇ
˛õM˛ÈyÓÎ˚Ó# öƒyÎ˚!ÓòƒyÎ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ò¢≈# !åȈϰöñ ï˛yÓ˚ ΈÏÌ‹T ≤Ãüyî ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˆ˛õÔÓ˚y!îܲ
ܲy!•ö#=!°ˆÏï˛–53

üƒy:ü)°yÓ˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üï˛
≤Ãáƒyï˛ çyü≈yö ≤Ãyã˛ƒ ˛õ![˛ï˛ üƒy:ü)°yÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ú!ò !§: !§ˆÏfiê˛ü§‰ xÓ •z![˛Î˚yö !ú˛ˆÏ°yç!ú˛Û
@ˇÃˆÏsi ~•z x!û˛üï˛ Óƒ_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ˆÎñ öƒyÎ˚§)eܲyÓ˚ ˆàÔï˛ü Ä ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ §)eܲyÓ˚ ܲîyˆÏòÓ˚

26
§)e@ˇÃsimˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ òy¢≈!öܲ û˛yÓöyÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ §%ò#â≈ •z!ï˛•y§ xyˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ öƒyÎ˚ Ä ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ
ò¢≈ö §üyöï˛sf ӈϰ•z ï˛Íܲy°#ö çöüyöˆÏ§ xyò,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ K˛yö°yˆÏû˛Ó˚
≤Ãîy°# §¡õˆÏܲ≈ üï˛ˆÏû˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒ•z ï˛yÓ˚y ò%!ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ ¢yáy !•§yˆÏÓ xyd≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ !ܲv ï˛y §ˆÏ_Ä ¥
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ Ó‡ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ ü˜Ïï˛Ü˛ƒ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ åÏ È–54 û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˛õ![˛ï˛ ~ü. xyÓ˚. ˆÓyí˛y§‰ ˆàÔï˛ü Ä Ü˛îyˆÏòÓ˚
§)e@ˇÃsimÎ˚ˆÏܲ á #. ˛õ). ˛õM˛Èü Óy ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ @ˇÃsi ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚öó !ܲv ~Ó˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÜ˛yö
!ö!ÿ˛ï˛ ≤Ãüyî !ï˛!ö í˛z˛õfliy˛õö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö!ö ӈϰ•z xôƒy˛õܲ üƒy:ü)°yÓ˚ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ï˛yÑÓ˚
üˆÏï˛ñ §Çfl,Òï˛ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ü•yܲ!Ó Ü˛y!°òy§ ˆÎ á #!‹TÎ˚ £Ï¤˛ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~!Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ~áö
§Ó≈çöfl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛y!°òyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲy° ˆàÔï˛ü§)ˆÏeÓ˚ ܲy°!öî≈ˆÏÎ˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÜ˛ööyñ ܲy!°òy§
ï˛yÑÓ˚ ˆüâò)ï˛ Ü˛yˆÏÓƒ ˆÓÔk˛ Î%!_´!ÓK˛yö# !òä‰öyˆÏàÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ xyüÓ˚y üˆÏö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ܲy!°òy§ !òä‰öyˆÏàÓ˚ §ü§yü!Î˚ܲ !åȈϰö–55 ≤ÃÌü Óy ≤Ãyã˛#ö Óyã˛flõ!ï˛ !ü◊ ï˛yÑÓ˚
öƒyÎ˚Óy!ï≈˛Ü˛ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ƒê˛#ܲyÎ˚ ӈϰˆÏåÈö ˆÎñ !òä‰öyà ˆÓÔk˛ öy!hflÏܲ ò,!‹Tû˛D# ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆàyï˛üÈÙȧ)ˆÏeÓ˚
Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚öó !ܲv í˛zˆÏjyï˛Ü˛Ó˚ ï˛yÑÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚Óy!_≈ˆÏܲ !òä‰öyˆÏàÓ˚ Î%!_´ á[˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚
˛õ!«˛°fl∫yü# SÓyͧyÎ˚öV Ü,˛ï˛ öƒyÎ˚§ˆ) eÏ Ó˚ ÓƒyáƒyˆÏܲ•z ˛õ%öÉ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓö˚ – Î!ò Óyã˛flõ!ï˛ !ü◊ §!ë˛Ü˛
•öñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° !òä‰öyàˆÏܲ á #!‹TÎ˚ £Ï¤˛ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ fliy˛õöy ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÑÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
xöƒyöƒ öƒyÎ˚òy¢≈!öܲˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y Óƒyáƒyï˛ ˆàyï˛ü§)eˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z §üÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° Óy ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲå%Èê˛y ˛õ)ÓÓ≈ ï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ°
fliy˛õöy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆàyï˛ü§)e ~ï˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈ ~üö í˛z!_´Ó˚ ü)°ƒ á%Ó ˆÓ¢#
ˆö•zó ï˛Ìy!˛õ ~üö ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ ü)°ƒ !ܲå%Èê˛y •ˆÏ°Ä xyˆÏåÈ ÓˆÏ° xôƒy˛õܲ üƒy:ü)°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
x!û˛üï˛–56
ˆÓÔk˛ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ !Ó¢ò ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛öy ï˛Í˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲy°#ö Ó y·˛îƒ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öyܲy° !öî≈ˆÏÎ˚
§•yÎ˚ܲ ӈϰ xôƒy˛õܲ üƒy:ü)°yÓ˚ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆÓÔk˛Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!üܲ hflψÏÓ˚ ˆàÔï˛ü Ó%ˆÏk˛Ó˚
xö%àyü#Ó˚y Ó y·˛îƒ §y!•ï˛ƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ !Ó!FåÈߨ !åȈ°
Ï ö öy– ï˛yåÈyí˛¸yñ ˆÓÔk˛Ó˚y xöƒyöƒ !•®% ò¢≈ˆöÏ Ó˚
ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ öƒyÎ˚ Ä ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ ò¢≈ö ˛õyˆÏë˛ xˆÏöܲ ˆÓ¢# üˆÏöyˆÏÎyà# !åȈϰöñ Î!òÄ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó‡ ï˛_¥
ˆÓÔk˛Ó˚y xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– Ó˚yçy •£Ï≈Óô≈ˆÏöÓ˚ Ó˚yç§û˛yÎ˚ Ó y·˛îñ ˆÓÔk˛ Ä ˜çöÓ˚y §üû˛yˆÏÓ fl∫yàï˛
!åȈϰö– !•í˛zˆÏÎ˚ö §yä‰ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üï˛ ã˛#öy ˛õ!Ó˚Ó yçˆÏܲÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ çyöy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ Ó§%Ó¶%˛ ˆÓÔk˛ôü≈
@ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÓÏ ≈ ï˛yÑÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ !ÓöÎ˚û˛o Óy §Aâû˛ˆÏoÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ x‹Tyò¢ ˆÓÔk˛ §¡±òyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ @ˇÃs˛i õyˆÏë˛Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ £Ïí˛¸ò¢≈ˆöÏ Ó˚ @ˇÃsÄ
i ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ!˚ åȈ°
Ï ö– ~•z Ó§%Ó¶%˛ Ó,k˛ ÓÎ˚ˆ§Ï !•í˛zˆÎÏ ö˚ §yä‰ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !¢«˛Ü˛

27
!åȈϰöó ~•z ã˛#öy ˛õ!Ó˚Ó yçˆÏܲÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ºüî ܲy° •ˆÏFåÈ 629 á #‹Ty∑ ˆÌˆÏܲ 648 á #‹Ty∑ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó§%Ó¶%˛Ó˚ §üˆÏÎ˚ xy!hflÏܲ £Ïí˛¸ò¢≈ö §)eyܲyˆÏÓ˚ Óy ܲy!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ !öÿ˛Î˚•z !Óòƒüyö !åÈ°–
ܲyÓ˚î xhsˇï˛É ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ˛õ!«˛°fl∫yü# Óy ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ myÓ˚y Óƒyáƒyï˛ ~ÓÇ Óï≈˛üyˆÏö
≤ÃyÆ ~ܲ•z öƒyÎ˚§)e ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ˆÓÔk˛òy¢≈!öܲ !òä‰öyˆÏàÓ˚ myÓ˚y Óƒyáƒyï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– 57 !òä‰öyà
Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ @ˇÃsi§ü)ˆÏ•Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ xöƒï˛ü •ˆÏFåÈ öƒyÎ˚≤ÈÏÓ¢ñ ≤Ãüyî§ü%Fã˛Î˚ ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛– !òä‰öyàÜ,˛ï˛ öƒyÎ˚§)ˆÏeÓ˚
§!Óã˛yÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy á #!‹TÎ˚ £Ï¤˛ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ öƒyÎ˚òy¢≈!öܲ í˛zˆÏjƒyï˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y §üyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
öƒyÎ˚Óy!_≈ܲ @ˇÃˆÏsi– xyÓyÓ˚ á #!‹TÎ˚ §Æü ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆÓÔk˛ òy¢≈!öܲ ôü≈ܲ#!ï≈˛ ï˛yÑÓ˚ öyÎ˚!Ó®% @ˇÃˆÏsi
!òä‰öyˆÏàÓ˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ í˛zˆÏjƒyï˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §üyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ çÓyÓ ˆòö– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ á #!‹TÎ˚ öÓü ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆÓÔk˛
òy¢≈!öܲ ôˆÏü≈y_Ó˚ ï˛yÑÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚!Ó®%ê˛#ܲy @ˇÃˆÏsi ôü≈ܲ#!ï≈˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛û˛yˆÏÓ !òä‰öyˆÏàÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚§)eÓƒyáƒy
§üÌ≈ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– á #!‹TÎ˚ ò¢ü ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#ö Óyã˛flõ!ï˛ !ü◊ ï˛yÑÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚Óy!_≈ܲ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ƒ ê˛#ܲy
@ˇÃˆÏsi ã)˛í˛¸yhsˇû˛yˆÏÓ öƒyÎ˚¢yflf §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó y·˛îƒüï˛ ˛õ%öÉ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–58
xôƒy˛õܲ üƒy:ü)°yÓ˚ ˆÓÔk˛ üyôƒ!üܲ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢)öƒÓyò# ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ !û˛!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚§)ˆÏeÓ˚
Ó˚ã˛öyܲy° !öô≈yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓö˚ – ~•z üyôƒ!üܲ ¢)öƒÓyò# ï˛_¥ á![˛ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È ˆàyï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚§ˆ) eÏ Ó˚
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xôƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ 37 ˆÌˆÏܲ 40 §)ˆeÏ ñ ܲ!˛õˆÏ°Ó˚ §yÇყ)ˆeÏ Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü xôƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ 43 ˆÌˆÏܲ 44 §)ˆeÏ ñ
ÓyòÓyÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓòyhsˇ§)ˆÏeÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ 2 ~ÓÇ 28 §)ˆÏe–59 ‘‘If Nagarguna was re-
ally the author of the Madhyamikasutras, as we possess them, they would
carry us back to about the first century A. D., and we should have in
his Karikas, as explained by Kandra-Kirti, the oldest document of sys-
tematic philosophy in India ....’’60 xÌ≈yÍ üyôƒ!üܲ §)e Óï≈˛üyˆÏö xyüÓ˚y ˆÎ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚
˛õy!FåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛y Î!ò ≤Ãܲ, ï˛•z öyàyç%ö≈ •öñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öyܲy° §Ω˛Óï˛É á #!‹TÎ˚ ≤ÃÌü ¢ï˛y∑#
~ÓÇ Ü˛wܲ#!ï≈˛ ܲï≈˛Ü, ˛ Óƒyáƒyï˛ ~•z üyôƒ!üܲÈÙÈܲy!Ó˚ܲyÓ°#ˆÏï˛ xyüÓ˚y ˛õy!FåÈ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆöÏ Ó˚ §%§Ç•ï˛
xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#öï˛ü ò!°°– ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ~•zñ öyàyç≈%ˆÏöÓ˚ üyôƒ!üܲÈÙÈܲy!Ó˚ܲyÎ˚ ≤Ãã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ ¢)öƒÓyò# ï˛_¥
Î!ò á #!‹TÎ˚ ≤ÃÌü ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ï˛_¥ •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° öƒyÎ˚§)ˆÏe ~•z ï˛_¥ Óƒyáƒyï˛ Ä á![˛ï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚
öƒyÎ˚§)ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öyܲy° ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚öyó í˛z•y xÓ¢ƒ•z ï˛yÓ˚ §ü§yü!Î˚ܲ xÌ≈yÍ á #!‹TÎ˚
≤ÃÌü ¢ï˛y∑# Óy ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° §)eܲyÓ˚ ˆàyï˛üܲï≈˛,ܲ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÓˆÏ° üƒy:ü)°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
x!û˛üï˛–

28
 ˆ•Ó˚üƒyö ˆçˆÏܲy!ÓÓ˚ üï˛
≤Ãáƒyï˛ çyü≈yö ˛õ![˛ï˛ xôƒy˛õܲ ˆ•Ó˚üƒyö ˆçˆÏܲy!Ó û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ òy¢≈!öܲ §)e@ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ
àˆÏÓ£Ïîyü)°Ü˛ ü)°ƒÓyö ≤ÃÓ¶˛ ˆ°ˆÏáöñ ˆ§!ê˛ •ˆÏFåÈÈÙÙÙÈ Ú!ò ˆí˛ê‰˛§‰ xÓ !ò !ú˛ˆÏ°yç!ú˛Ü˛ƒy° §)e§‰
xÓ !ò Ó y·˛î§‰–Û ~•z ≤Ãӈ϶˛ !ï˛!ö ˆÓÔk˛ò¢≈ˆöÏ Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲ öƒyÎ˚§ˆ) eÏ Ó˚ ܲy°!öî≈ˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èöñ
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆÓÔk˛ò¢≈ˆöÏ Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ Óï≈˛üyˆÏö §%!Ó!òï˛– ˆÓÔk˛ üyôƒ!üܲ ¢)öƒÓyò# ò¢≈ˆöÏ Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y •ˆÏ°ö
á #!‹TÎ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï !òˆÏܲÓ˚ òy¢≈!öܲ öyàyç≈ö% ~ÓÇ ˆÎyàyã˛yÓ˚ !ÓK˛yöÓyò# ò¢≈ˆöÏ Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y
•ˆÏ°ö á #!‹TÎ˚ ˛õM˛Èü ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆ¢£ÏyˆÏôÓ≈ ˚ òy¢≈!öܲ x§D Ä ï˛yÑÓ˚ xö%ç Ó§%Ó¶%˛– xôƒy˛õܲ ˆçˆÏܲy!ÓÓ˚
x!û˛üï˛ •ˆÏFåÈÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÜ˛yö òy¢≈!öܲ §)ˆÏe Î!ò ¢)öƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z §)e!ê˛Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛öyܲy°
xÓ¢ƒ•z á #!‹TÎ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ Ä ˛õM˛Èü ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ üôƒÓï≈˛# §üÎ˚ó !ܲv §)e!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Î!ò !ÓK˛yöÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÕÏ ‘á
ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y xÓ¢ƒ•z á #!‹TÎ˚ ˛õM˛Èü ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–61
ˆÓÔk˛ !ÓK˛yöÓyò# òy¢≈!öܲ !òä‰öyà xyö%üy!öܲ 520 á #‹Ty∑ ˆÌˆÏܲ 600 á #‹Ty∑ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ
ç#!Óï˛ !åȈ°
Ï ö– !òä‰öyà ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ öƒyÎ˚û˛yˆÏ£ƒÏ Ó˚ §üyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èöñ ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ öƒyÎ˚û˛yˆÏ£ƒÏ Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛y
ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ö !öÿ˛Î˚•z ï˛yÑÓ˚ xhsˇï˛ ò¢ Óy Ü%˛!í˛¸ ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# !åȈϰö ӈϰ xôƒy˛õܲ ˆçˆÏܲy!Ó
üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ ˆÜ˛ööy öƒyÎ˚û˛yˆÏ£ÏƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !òä‰öyˆÏàÓ˚ §üyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ çÓyÓ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ö ˆòö!öó ˆ§•z
§üyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ çÓyÓ !òˆÏÎ!˚ åȈ°
Ï ö öƒyÎ˚òy¢≈!öܲ í˛zˆj
Ï ƒyï˛Ü˛Ó˚ ï˛yÑÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚Óy!_≈ܲ @ˇÃˆsÏ –i §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ö
!öÿ˛Î˚•z á #!‹TÎ˚ £Ï¤˛ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ §üˆÏÎ˚ ç#!Óï˛ !åȈ°
Ï ö– ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ö !ܲv §)eܲyÓ˚ ˆàÔï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ xÓƒÓ!•ï˛
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ööñ ˆÜ˛ööy !ï˛!ö ï˛yÑÓ˚ @ˇÃˆsÏ i ~üö xˆÏöܲ Óyܲƒ xhsˇû≈˛_
) ´ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö ÎyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎÓ˚ ›Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
ˆàÔï˛üÈÙȧ¡±òyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ myÓ˚y Ó‡ xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ í˛zˆj
Ï ƒyï˛Ü˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ öƒyÎ˚Óy!_≈ˆÜÏ ˛ §Ç!«˛Æ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛
Ó‡ !ӣψÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ !ü° xyˆÏåÈ– í˛z˛õˆÏÓy˚ _´ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ !û˛!_ˆÏܲ xôƒy˛õܲ ˆçˆÏܲy!Ó ÓˆÏ°öñ ‘‘Hence
Gautam must have been separated by at least one generation from the
Bhasyakara, and can therefore not be placed after the last quarter of the
fifth century.’’62 xÌ≈yÍ ~•z ˆ•ï%˛Ó¢ï˛É ˆàÔï˛ü !öÿ˛Î˚•z û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xhsˇï˛É ~ܲ≤Ãçß√
˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# ~ÓÇ ˆ§çöƒ•z ˆàÔï˛üˆÏܲ á #!‹TÎ˚ ˛õM˛Èü ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï ã˛ï%˛Ì≈yLjϢÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ öy–
~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ xôƒy˛õܲ ˆçˆÏܲy!Ó ≤Ãüyî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏåÈö ˆÎñ !Ó!û˛ß¨ öƒyÎ˚§)ˆÏe ˆÓÔk˛üï˛ á![˛ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÚfl∫≤¿ÈÙÈ!Ó£ÏÎ˚y!û˛üyöÓòÎ˚Ç ≤ÃüyîÈÙÈ≤ÈÏüÎ˚y!û˛üyöÉ–ÛÛ xÌ≈yÍñ S˛õ)Ó≈˛õ«˛V fl∫≤¿yÓfliyÎ˚
!Ó£ÏÎÈ˚ ÙȺˆÏüÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚ ~•z ≤Ãüyî Ä ≤ÈüÏ Î˚ÈÙÈ!Ó£ÏÎÜ˚ ˛ ºü •Î˚– ÚÚüyÎ˚y à¶˛Ó≈öàÓ˚ÈÙÈüà, ï,˛!£èܲymy–ÛÛ xÌ≈yÍñ

29
xÌÓy üyÎ˚yñ à¶˛Ó≈öàÓ˚ Ä üÓ˚#!ã˛Ü˛yÈÙÈ≤ÃÎ%_´ ºˆÏüÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚ ~•z ≤Ãüyî Ä ≤ÈÏüÎ˚ÈÙÈ!Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ºü •Î˚–
ÚÚˆ•cû˛yÓyò!§!k˛É–ÛÛ63 xÌ≈yÍ Sí˛z_Ó˚˛õ«˛V ˆ•ï%˛Ó˚ xû˛yÓÓ¢ï˛É x!§!k˛ SxÌ≈yÍ xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ˆ•ï%˛Ó˚
xû˛yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛Ó° ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ ò,‹Tyhsˇ myÓ˚y ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ üˆÏï˛Ó˚ !§!k˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öyV– ~•z öƒyÎ˚§)e=!°ˆÏï˛
ˆÎ ˆÓÔk˛üï˛ á![˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ï˛y á #!‹TÎ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï!òˆÏܲÓ˚ ¢)öƒÓyò# òy¢≈!öܲ öyàyç%≈ˆÏöÓ˚
üï˛ó •z•y á #!‹TÎ˚ ˛õM˛Èü ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆ¢£ÏyˆÏô≈Ó˚ !ÓK˛yöÓyò# òy¢≈!öܲ x§D Ä Ó§%Ó¶%˛Ó˚ üï˛ öÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ
¢)öƒÓyò ≤ÃÌü !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ á #!‹TÎ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛•z ~ÓÇ öyàyç%≈ˆÏöÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü ï˛y §%§ÇÓk˛Ó˚*˛õ
˛õ!Ó˚@ˇÃ• ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z Î%!_´Ó˚ !û˛!_ˆÏï˛ xôƒy˛õܲ ˆçˆÏܲy!Ó ˆòáyö ˆÎñ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y_´ öƒyÎ˚§)e §• Ó‡
öƒyÎ˚§ˆ) eÏ Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛öyܲy° 200 á #‹Ty∑ ˆÌˆÏܲ 450 á #‹TyˆÏ∑Ó˚ üôƒÓï≈˛# §üÎ˚ ӈϰ §ü@ˇÃ öƒyÎ˚ÈÙȧe) @ˇÃˆsÏ Ói ˚
Ó˚ã˛öy ~ܲ•z §üˆÏÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈ ~üö !§k˛yhsˇ•z Î%!_´Î%_´– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ xôƒy˛õܲ ˆçˆÏܲy!ÓÓ˚ !§k˛yhsˇ
•ˆÏFåÈñ ‘‘N. D. (Nyaya Darshana or sutra) and B. S. (Brahmasutra) were
composed between 200 and 450 A.D. During that period lived the old
commenators Vatsyayana, Upavarsa, the Vrittikara (Bodhayana) and prob-
ably Sabarswamin. V. D. (Vaisesika Darshana or Sutra) and M. S.
(Mimamsasutra) are about as old as, or rather somewhat older than, N.D.
and B. S.’’64 xÌ≈yÍ öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ö SöƒyÎ˚§e
) V Ä Ó ·˛§)e 200 ˆÌˆÏܲ 450 á #‹TyˆÏ∑Ó˚ üôƒÓï≈˛#
§üˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°– öƒyÎ˚§ˆ) eÏ Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ö û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚öñ í˛z˛õÓ£Ïñ≈ Ó,!_ܲyÓ˚ SˆÓyôyÎ˚öV ~ÓÇ
§Ω˛Óï˛É ü#üyǧܲ ¢ÓÓ˚fl∫yü# •ˆÏ°ö §ü§yü!Î˚ܲ– ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ ò¢≈ö S˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ§)eV Ä ü#üyǧy§)e
≤ÃyÎ˚ §ü§yü!Î˚ܲñ xÌÓy öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ö SöƒyÎ˚§)eV Ä Ó ·˛§)ˆÏeÓ˚ !ܲå%Èê˛y ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛#–ÛÛ
xôƒy˛õܲ ˆçˆÏܲy!ÓÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y_´ Î%!_´Ó˚ ã˛Ó˚ü §ï˛ƒï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xˆÏöˆÏܲ §Ç¢Î˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ӈϰöÈÙÙÙÈ §)e@ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ ˆÎ xLjϢ ¢)öƒÓyò Óy !ÓK˛yöÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyˆÏåÈñ ˆ§•z xÇ¢!ê˛ §)e@ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xÇ¢ñ öy ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° §ÇˆÏÎy!çï˛ xÇ¢ñ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ §Ç¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ΈÏÌ‹T xÓܲy¢ xyˆÏåÈ–
~≤çˆÏD ˆçˆÏܲy!ÓÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ •ˆÏFåÈÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy §)e@ˇÃˆsÏ Ói ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#öï˛ü û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ï˛ÍܲyˆÏ° ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛
ˆÎ §)e@ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ û˛y£Ïƒ Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z ü)°@ˇÃsi ӈϰ @ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚y Î%!_´Î%_´– ï˛yåÈyí˛¸y
~ܲ!ê˛ ü)°@ˇÃˆsÏ i ~ܲ•z üï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ÇÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Óy ˛õˆÏÓy˚ «˛û˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyñ xÌÓy ò%!ê˛ §)e@ˇÃˆsÏ i
~ܲ•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ Î%!_´ §•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ•z !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ≤Ãy§!Dܲ §)e!ê˛Ó˚ ˆüÔ°!ܲï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ΈÏÌ‹T
≤Ãüyî ӈϰ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

30
 xˆÏöˆÏܲ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ˆÎñ ¢)öƒÓyò# òy¢≈!öܲÓ˚y ¢)öƒÓyòˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ !ÓK˛yöÓyò# òy¢≈!öܲÓ˚y
!ÓK˛yöÓyòˆÏܲ ˛˛õ,Ìܲ ò¢≈ö §¡±òyÎ˚Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ §%≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ó‡ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈§)Ó˚# ˆÓÔk˛
!ã˛hsˇyöyÎ˚ܲÓ˚y xö%Ó˚*˛õ üï˛Óyò ˆ˛õy£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛öÈÙÙÙÈ ~üö û˛yÓöy xˆÏÎÔ!_´Ü˛ öÎ˚– ܲyˆÏç•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy
üï˛ÓyˆÏò ¢)öƒÓyò Óy !ÓK˛yöÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyˆÏåÈ ÓˆÏ°•z ~ܲÌy ≤Ãüyî •Î˚öy ˆÎñ ˆ§•z üï˛Óyò!ê˛
¢)öƒÓyò Óy !ÓK˛yöÓyò ˆÓÔk˛ ò¢≈ö§¡±òyÎ˚Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ §%≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲy°#ö–
~≤çˆÏD xôƒy˛õܲ ˆçˆÏܲy!ÓÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ •ˆÏFåÈÈÙÙÙÈ ~ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ §%!ö!ÿ˛ï˛ ˆÎñ ~ܲçö §)eܲyÓ˚
fl∫üï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ô# §Ü˛° üï˛Óyò á[˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çö#Î˚ï˛y öyÄ xö%û˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓö˚ ó !ï˛!ö
ˆÜ˛Ó°üye §yÓ≈çö#ö !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ í˛z_#î≈ üï˛Óyò=!°ˆÏܲ•z á[˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö#Î˚ï˛y xö%û˛Ó
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö– xyÓ˚ Îáö ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ~ܲçö òy¢≈!öܲ §yÓ≈çö#ö !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛ §Ü˛° !Ó˛õ«˛
üï˛Óyò=!° á[˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ üï˛Óyò x«˛ï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §ú˛° •ö ï˛áö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !ï˛!ö ~ܲ!ê˛ öï%˛ö
§¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ü)°ö#!ï˛ =!°Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛y ӈϰ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ •ö– ‘‘Therefore, we
may be sure that a discussion of Sunyavada or Vijnanavada opinions in
a Sutra must be referred to the period after the definite establishment of
those schools.’’65 xÌ≈yÍ xï˛~Óñ xyüÓ˚y ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ !ö!ÿ˛ï˛ ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy §)ˆÏe ¢)öƒÓyò Óy
!ÓK˛yöÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨ ï˛ˆÏ_Ó¥ ˚ ˆÎ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy xyˆÏåÈñ ˆ§•z xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ=
˚ !°Ó˚ §üÎ˚ܲy° xÓ¢ƒ•z
ˆ§•z §¡±òyÎ˚=!° §%≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲy°#ö–

~§. ~ö. òy¢=ˆÏÆÓ˚ üï˛

öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆöÏ Ó˚ í˛zͧ Ä Ü˛y° !öî≈ˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÎ˚ ≤Ãáƒyï˛ ≤Ãyã˛ƒ ˛õ![˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ §Çfl,Òï˛
ܲˆÏ°ˆÏçÓ˚ û)˛ï˛˛õ)Ó≈ xôƒ«˛ ~§. ~ö. òy¢=Æ ï˛yÑÓ˚ §%!Óáƒyï˛ @ˇÃsi ÚÚ ~ !•!flT… xÓ •z![˛Î˚yö
!ú˛ˆÏ°y§!ú˛ÛÈÙȈÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈöñ ≤Ãyã˛#öܲyˆÏ° ˜Ó!òܲ ü)°@ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ xÌ≈ í˛zk˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çöƒ !Ó!û˛ß¨ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
˛õ![˛ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÎ Óyòyö%Óyò •ˆÏï˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ ÚÓyˆÏܲyÓyܲƒÛ Ó°y •ˆÏï˛y– ~•z Óyòyö%ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü
˛õ![˛ï˛Ó˚y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¡±òyÎ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛y– ~•z Óyòyö%Óyò Óy ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛
!Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ•z öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ xy!òüï˛ü §)ã˛öyÓ˚ §¶˛yö ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–66 xôƒ«˛ òy¢=ˆÏÆÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ñ
xyö%üy!öܲ 327 á #‹TÈÙÈ˛õ)Ó≈yˆÏ∑ ≤Ãáƒyï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#ö û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Ó≈¢yflf!Ó¢yÓ˚ò ~ÓÇ §Ó≈çö◊ˆÏk˛Î˚
ÚxÌ≈¢yflfÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛y ˆÜ˛Ô!ê˛°ƒ !Óòƒy§ü%ˆÏj¢ xÌ≈yÍ !Óòƒy§ü)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚àîö ~û˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ

31
ÚÚxyß∫#!«˛Ü˛# eÎ˚# Óy_≈y ò[˛ö#!ï˛ˆÏÿ˛!ï˛ !ÓòƒyÉ–ÛÛ xÌ≈yÍ xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛# Sˆ•ï%˛!ÓòƒyVñ eÎ˚#
S}܉˛ÈÙȧyüÈÙÈÎç%ˆÏÓ≈òydܲ ˆÓò!Óòƒy§ü%òyÎ˚Vñ Óy_≈y SÜ,˛!£Ïñ ˛õ÷˛õy°ö Ä Óy!îçƒ!Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ !ÓòƒyV ~ÓÇ
ò[˛ö#!ï˛ SÓ˚yçö#!ï˛VÈÙÙÙÈ ~•z ã˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !Óòƒy xyˆÏåÈ–67 ~Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛# Óy ˆ•ï%˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚
=Ó˚&c ~•z ˆÎñ •z•y eÎ˚#!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xÌ≈!Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– x!ôܲvñ ˆÜ˛Ô!ê˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ ÚÚ§yÇáƒÇ ˆÎyˆÏày
ˆ°yܲyÎ˚ï˛Ç ˆã˛ï˛ƒyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#–ÛÛ xÌ≈yÍ §yÇáƒñ ˆÎyà ~ÓÇ ˆ°yܲyÎ˚ï˛ÈÙÙÙÈ ~•z !ï˛ö!ê˛ ¢yflfÄ xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Ó˚
) ´–ÛÛ68 °«˛ƒî#Î˚ñ ˆÜ˛Ô!ê˛°ƒ ÎyˆÏܲ Úxyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Û öyˆÏü x!û˛!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èöñ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ö ï˛yˆÏܲ•z
xhsˇû≈˛_
ÚöƒyÎ˚¢yflfÛ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈöñ ÚÚ≤Ãüy˜ÏîÓ˚Ì≈ÈÙ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÇ öƒyÎ˚Éñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛yàüy!◊ï˛ü%˛õüyöÇñ §y• ß∫#«˛yñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛yÈÙÈ
àüyû˛ƒyü#!«˛ï˛§ƒyß∫#«˛îüß∫#«˛y– ï˛Ìy ≤ÃÓ_≈ï˛ •zï˛ƒyß∫#!«˛Ü˛# öƒyÎ˚!Óòƒyñ öƒyÎ˚¢yflfü–‰ ÛÛ69 xÌ≈yÍ §ühflÏ
≤ÃüyˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y S§Ó≈≤Ãüyîü)°Ü˛ Ú≤Ã!ï˛K˛y!òÛ ˛õM˛ÈyÓÎ˚ˆÏÓÓ˚ myÓ˚yV xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ÚöƒyÎ˚Ûñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Ä
xyàˆÏüÓ˚ xy!◊ï˛ xÌ≈yÍ x!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# xö%üyöñ ï˛y Úxß∫#«˛yÛ xÌ≈yÍ í˛z_´ xö%üyöÓ˚*˛õ öƒyÎ˚ˆÏܲ•z
Úxß∫#«˛yÛ ÓˆÏ°– ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Ä xyàˆÏüÓ˚ myÓ˚y K˛yï˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y •ˆÏFåÈ Úxß∫#«˛yÛñ ˆ§•z Úxß∫#«˛yÛÈÙÈÓ˚
!ö!ü_ ≤ÃÓ_
, xÌ≈yÍ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ÈÙÙÙÈ ~•z xˆÏÌ≈ Úxyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Û öyÎ˚!Óòƒy öƒyÎ˚¢yflf SxÌ≈yÍ í˛z_´Ó˚*˛õ Ó%ƒÍ˛õ!_
xö%§yˆÏÓ˚ Úxyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Û ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ myÓ˚y öƒyÎ˚!Óòƒy Óy öƒyÎ˚¢yflf•z Ó%é˛y ÎyÎ˚V–
!ܲv xôƒ«˛ òy¢=ˆÏÆÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ñ öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ xÇ¢ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ Î%!_´!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xÇ¢ñ ˆÎáyˆÏö
Î%!_´!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ≤Ãyôyöƒ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈó x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ x!ô!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xÇ¢ñ ˆÎáyˆÏö xyôƒy!dܲ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ≤Ãyôyöƒ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ xÇ¢!ê˛•z ≤ÃÌü Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ñ !ܲv ~Ó˚ xyôƒy!dܲ
xÇ¢!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÇˆÏÎyçö– ~•z üˆÏï˛Ó˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ xôƒ«˛ òy¢=ˆÏÆÓ˚ Î%!_´ •ˆÏFåÈÈÙÙÙÈ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ö !öˆÏç•z
≤ÃÌü §)eû˛yˆÏ£ƒÏ ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ xÇ¢ˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ xÇ¢ ӈϰ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ Ü˛Ó˚ˆåÏ Èö– 70 ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÇˆÏÎy!çï˛
Sxyôƒy!dܲV xÇ¢!ê˛ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛Ô!ê˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈ ~üö ˆÜ˛yö ≤Ãüyî ˆö•z– xôƒ«˛
òy¢=Æ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ö öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ xôƒyd!Óòƒy xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆ•ï%˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚
=Ó˚&c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ˆÜ˛ööy xôƒyd!Óòƒy ï˛ÍܲyˆÏ° §Ó≈çöfl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ Ä çö!≤ÃÎ˚ ¢yflf !•§yˆÏÓ
≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y °yû˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°ó !ܲv ˆ•ï%˛!Óòƒy ï˛áöÄ ˆ§•z fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˛õyÎ˚!ö– öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ•ï%˛!ÓòƒyÄ
ˆÎ xôƒyd!ÓòƒyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y•z §üyö =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ~•z ï˛_¥ˆÜÏ ˛ §Ó≈çöfl∫#ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ•z !ï˛!ö ˆÜ˛Ô!ê˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚
üˆÏï˛y xyÆ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ í˛z!_´ˆÏÜ˛Ä ï˛yÑÓ˚ üˆÏï˛Ó˚ §üÌ≈ˆÏö í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚¢yflfˆÏܲ §Ó≈!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ≤Ãò#˛õñ
§Ó≈ܲˆÏü≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ Ä §Ó≈ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ xy◊Î˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛‹T ¢yflfÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–71 È ~•z âê˛öy ˆÌˆÏܲ
≤Ãüyî •Î˚ ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛Ô!ê˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ §üˆÏÎÄ
˚ öƒyÎ˚¢yflf xôƒyd!Óòƒy Ä ˆ•ï%˛!Óòƒy ÈÙÙÙÈ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ¢yáyÎ˚ !Óû˛_´

32
!åÈ°– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z §Ç!ü◊î á%Ó•z !¢!Ì° ~ÓÇ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ӈϰ ≤Ãï˛#Î˚üyö •Î˚– xyÓ˚ Î%!_´!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xÇ¢!ê˛
~ܲܲû˛yˆÏÓ ÎˆÏÌ‹T üˆÏöyˆÏÎyà xyܲ£Ïî≈ öyÄ Ü˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓÈ˚ ÙÙÙÈ ~•z xy¢B˛yÎ˚ xyôƒy!dܲ xÇ¢ ï˛ÍܲyˆÏ°
xӈϕ!°ï˛ Î%!_´!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xLjϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §ÇˆÏÎy!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ˆÜ˛Ó°üye Î%!_´!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xÇ¢!ê˛Ó˚
çö!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛y Ó,!k˛Ó˚ çöƒñÈ ~üö âê˛öy x§Ω˛Ó öÎ˚ ӈϰ•z xôƒ«˛ òy¢=Æ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–
~≤çˆÏD xôƒ«˛ òy¢=Æ ü•yüˆÏ•y˛õyôƒyÎ˚ •Ó˚≤çyò ¢yflf#Ó˚ Ó_´Óƒ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰöñ
Óyã˛flõ!ï˛ !ü◊ ÚöƒyÎ˚§)eÛ §Ç@ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚ çöƒ ˆÎ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˆã˛‹TyÓ˚ ú˛§° •ˆÏFåÈ
ÚöƒyÎ˚§)ã˛#!öÓ¶˛Û– xï˛~Ó •z•y ≤Ãï˛#Î˚üyö •Î˚ ˆÎñ Óyã˛flõ!ï˛ ï˛yÑÓ˚ §üˆÏÎ˚Ä xˆÏöܲ ÚöƒyÎ˚§)eÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚
≤Ãüy!îܲï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ö!ÿ˛ï˛ !åȈϰö öy– ˆÓ¢!ܲå%È öƒyÎ˚§)e ˆÎ ≤Ã!«˛Æ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
ˆÜ˛yö §Ç¢Î˚ ˆö•z– xyÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyçö ≤Ã!e´Î˚y!ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ò%!ê˛ ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇˆÏÎyçö •Î˚
!ܲå%ȧÇáƒÜ˛ ˆÓÔk˛ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyçö •Î˚ !ܲå%ȧÇáƒÜ˛ !•®%ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚yñ ˆÎ !•®%Ó˚y
ˆÓÔk˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !•®% Î%!_´=!° í˛z˛õfliy˛õö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–72
xôƒ«˛ òy¢=ˆÏÆÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ñ ¢yflf# ü•y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y_´ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ=!°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ §Ω˛yÓƒï˛y
ÌyܲˆÏ°Ä ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ Óï≈˛üyˆÏö ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ≤Ãyüyîƒ ï˛Ìƒ Óy ˛õÌ!öˆÏò≈!¢Ü˛y ˆö•z ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y !öî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ ~Ó˚*˛õ §ÇˆÏÎyçö !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yö §üˆÏÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ï˛ˆÏÓ xôƒ«˛ òy¢=Æ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ
xˆÏöܲ §)e ˆÎ ≤Ã!«˛Æ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ xºyhsˇ ≤Ãüyî Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ ~•z âê˛öy öƒyÎ˚§)ˆÏeÓ˚ ü)°
xLjϢÓ˚ ܲy°!öî≈Î˚ xyÓ˚Ä xˆÏöܲ ˆÓ¢# ܲ!ë˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈñ ˆÜ˛ööy ~§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÓÔk˛ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y
í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ ï˛Ìƒ á%Ó ˆÓ¢# ܲyˆÏç °yˆÏàöy–73 xyÓ˚ ˆàÔï˛ü Ä x«˛˛õyò ˆÎ x!û˛ß¨ Óƒ!_´ ~ÓÇ
xƒy!Ó˚fiê˛ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˆÜ˛yöÈÙÈöyÈÙÈˆÜ˛yö xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ x!hflÏc !åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xôƒ«˛
òy¢=ˆÏÆÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö §Ç¢Î˚ ˆö•z– ï˛y•z ï˛yÑÓ˚ !§k˛yhsˇ •°ÈÙÙÙÈ ‘‘Kautilya knew the Nyaya in
some form as Anviksiki in 300 B.C., and on the strength of this we may
venture to say that the Nyaya existed in some form as early as the fourth
century B. C. But there are other reasons which lead me to think that at
least some of the present sutras were written sometime in the second
century A. D.’’74 xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛Ô!ê˛°ƒ á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ öƒyÎ˚¢yflfˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yö ~ܲ!ê˛
xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛# ӈϰ çyöˆÏï˛ö ~ÓÇ ~•z ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ !û˛!_ˆÏï˛ xyüÓ˚y !ö!ÿ˛ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚
ˆÎñ á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÈÙÈöyÈÙÈˆÜ˛yö xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ x!hflÏc !åÈ°– !ܲv xöƒyöƒ

33
ܲyÓ˚îÓ¢ï˛É xy!ü û˛yÓˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •!FåÈ ˆÎñ Óï˛≈üyö §)e=!°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ xhsˇï˛É !ܲå%È §)e á #!‹TÎ˚ !mï˛#Î˚
¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yö ~ܲ §üˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–

~§. Ó˚yôyÜ,˛£èˆÏöÓ˚ üï˛

öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zͧñ ܲy° Ä xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ˛õk˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xôƒy˛õܲ í˛É ~§. Ó˚yôyÜ,˛£èˆÏöÓ˚
x!û˛üï˛ •ˆÏFåÈÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÓÔk˛Î%à û˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ òy¢≈!öܲ !ã˛hsˇy !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# û)˛!üܲy ˛õy°ö
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÓÔk˛ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# Î%ˆÏà û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ üöˆÏö ˆÎ Î%!_´•#öï˛y Ä ˆàyÑí˛¸y!ü !åÈ°ñ ˆÓÔk˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
§ü§yü!Î˚ܲ ˜çö ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò# xyˆÏ®y°ö ï˛yÓ˚ ü)ˆÏ° Ü%˛ë˛yÓ˚yâyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ‘‘The Conservative
schools were compelled to codify their views ad set forth logical defences
of them.ÛÛ75 xÌ≈yÍ S~Ó˚ ≤Ãû˛yˆÏÓV Ó˚«˛î¢#° §¡±òyÎ˚=!° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !öç !öç òy¢≈!öܲ
üï˛ÓyòˆÏܲ §)eyܲyˆÏÓ˚ !°!˛õÓk˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ §%Ó˚«˛y !òˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •Î˚– ú˛ˆÏ° ç#Óö Ä
x!û˛K˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq(ï˛ ˆÓÔk˛ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ Å˛õ!ö£Ï!òܲ !ã˛hsˇy e´ü!Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !û˛ß¨ !û˛ß¨
˜Ó!¢‹TƒÎ%_´ §%§ÇÓk˛ ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õ ˛õyÎ˚– ˆÓÔk˛Î%ˆÏà çí˛¸Óyò#ñ §Ç¢Î˚Óyò# ~ÓÇ ˆàÔï˛üÓ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚
xö%àyü#ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y K˛yˆÏöÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ !öÿ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ühflÏ !û˛!_ ôùǧ≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ú˛°◊&!ï˛ˆÏï˛
Î%!_´!ÓòƒyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy Ä ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö Ä §Ó≈ydܲ ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty ÷Ó˚& •Î˚–
~Ó˚ ú˛ˆÏ°ñ ˆàÔï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚ñ ܲîyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲñ ܲ!˛õˆÏ°Ó˚ §yÇáƒñ ˛õï˛O!°Ó˚ ˆÎyàñ ˜ç!ü!öÓ˚
˛õ)Óü≈ #üyǧy ~ÓÇ ÓyòÓ˚yÎ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ü#üyǧy Óy ˆÓòyhsˇÈÙÙÙÈ ~•z åÈÛ!ê˛ ˜Ó!òܲ ò¢≈ö §¡±òyÎ˚ xöƒyöƒ
ò¢≈ö xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÓ¢# ≤Ãyôyöƒ ˛õyÎ˚– x˜ÏÓ!òܲ ã˛yÓ≈yܲñ ˜çö Ä ˆÓÔk˛ ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ° !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y Ä
§üyˆÏ°yã˛öyÎ˚ !ò¢y•yÓ˚y ˜Ó!òܲ òy¢≈!öܲÓ˚y ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ üï˛ÓyòˆÏܲ §%§ÇÓk˛ Ó˚*˛õ !òˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
ú˛ˆÏ° §,!‹T •Î˚ §)e§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ S§)e§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ܲy° xyö%!üy!öܲ á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ¢ï˛y∑#– ÈÙÙÙÈ
àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ–V ~•z §)e§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ•z ü)° òy¢≈!öܲ ï˛_¥=!°ˆÏܲ x!ï˛§Ç!«˛Æñ §Ç¢Î˚ Ä ºü¢)öƒñ
˛õ%öÓ˚&!_´ˆÏòy£Ïü_
% ´ !ܲv àû˛#Ó˚ Ä Ó‡ü%á# ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ §)eyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~ ≤çˆÏD í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ ƒñ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ~ܲ!ê˛ ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ ï˛_¥=!° !ܲv ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ~ܲçö !ã˛hsˇy!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ §,!‹T öÎ˚ó û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ òy¢≈!öܲ
xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ãçß√ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ òy¢≈!öܲ ï˛_¥=!° e´ü!Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ
ˆ§=!°•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy @ˇÃsÜi ˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §)e@ˇÃˆsÏ i @ˇÃ!Ìï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– ܲyˆÏç•z §)eyܲyˆÏÓ˚ @ˇÃsÓi k˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ
xyˆÏà•z ˆ§=!° §%§ÇÓk˛ ò¢≈ö §¡±òyÎ˚Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy §Ç¢Î˚ ˆö•z–

34
‘‘The authors of the sutras are not the founders or originators of the
systems but only their compilers or formulators.’’76 xÌ≈yÍ §)eܲyÓ˚Ó˚y ï˛yшÏòÓ˚
!öç !öç §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y Óy flÀ‹Ty öö !ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Çܲ°Ü˛üye–
~≤çˆÏD í˛zˆÏÕ‘áƒñ ˆÓÔk˛ òy¢≈!öܲÓ˚y ˆÎ £Ïí˛¸ò¢≈ö §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓ!•ï˛ !åȈϰö ï˛yÓ˚ ΈÏÌ‹T ≤Ãüyî
Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ åÏ È ˆÓÔk˛ xyܲÓ˚ @ˇÃs=
i !°ˆÏï˛– ˆàÔï˛ü Ó%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ ü,ï˛% ƒÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ¢ï˛y∑#=!°ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyO° üöˆÏöÓ˚
ç#Óö Ó‡ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ fl∫yô#ö Ä fl∫ï˛sf û˛yˆÏÓ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ Î!òÄ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §)e!öÓk˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö#Î˚ï˛y xö%û)˛ï˛ •Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò# ò¢≈ö=!°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y !•§yˆÏÓ•z– §)eܲyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#
û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ myÓ˚y ~•z ò¢≈ö=!°Ó˚ !ܲå%È !ܲå%È ï˛ˆÏ_Ó¥ ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛öñ §ÇˆÏ¢yôö Ä ˛õ!Ó˚Óô≈ö §y!ôï˛ •ˆÏ°Ä
§)eܲyÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚•z ~•z ò¢≈ö=!°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y ӈϰ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ò¢≈ö §¡±òyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˆÎ ï_¥=!°
üöˆÏöÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ §%§ÇÓk˛ Ó˚*˛õ °yû˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z ï˛_¥=!°ˆÏܲ•z §)eܲyÓ˚Ó˚y §)eyܲyˆÏÓ˚ !°!˛õÓk˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÓyhflÏÓ Ó˚*˛õ ˆòö–
Ó˚yôyÜ,˛£èö üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ö §!Óã˛yÓ˚ xö%§¶˛yˆÏöÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“öy Ä ˛õk˛!ï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~çöƒ•z ~ˆÏܲ §Ü˛° !ÓK˛yˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆ◊¤˛ !ÓK˛yö Ó°y •Î˚– ü#üyǧy
òy¢≈!öܲÓ˚yÄ ~ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ =Ó˚&ˆÏcÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö ӈϰ ï˛yÑÓ˚yÄ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§
Î%!_´!ÓK˛yö#Ó˚ üÎ≈yòy ˛õyö– í˛zͧà≈ü)°Ü˛ ôü≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Î%!_´!ÓK˛yˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zqÓ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÓˆÏ° Ó˚yôyÜ,˛£èö
üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓö˚ ñ ˆÜ˛ööy í˛zͧà≈ü°
) ܲ ôü≈#Î˚ xyã˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈxö%¤˛yöñ !öÎ˚ü Ä ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îyü §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ˜Ó!òܲ
ü)°@ˇÃsi=!° ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ û˛yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö !åÈ° ï˛ˆÏÓ ü•!£Ï≈ ˆàÔï˛ü Îáö xöƒyöƒ
!ã˛hsˇy!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°öyÎ˚ xyÓ˚Ä x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ Îb Ä =Ó˚&c §•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ í˛z_´ !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!°Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ !òܲ!ê˛
Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ ï˛áö•z ï˛yÑÓ˚ üï˛Óyò xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ x!û˛ß¨Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y °yû˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲyˆÏç•z
ˆÎ Úxyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Û ¢∑!ê˛ ò#â≈ܲy° ôˆÏÓ˚ §%§ÇÓk˛ ò¢≈ö=!°ˆÏï˛ §yôyÓ˚î xˆÏÌ≈ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ •!FåÈ° ï˛y•z
ܲy°e´ˆÏü ï˛yͲõˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Çܲ#î≈ xˆÏÌ≈ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ó˚yôyÜ,˛£èˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ñ öƒyÎ˚¢yflfˆÏܲ ï˛Ü≈˛!Óòƒy Óy Óyò!ÓòƒyÄ Ó°y •Î˚ó ˆÜ˛ööyñ ˆÎ§Ü˛° §%ò#â≈
âê˛öy ¢,C° ˆÌˆÏܲ öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zqÓñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ xöƒï˛ü ≤Ãôyö =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ fliyö òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ my!®µÜ˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy– ≤ÃÌü öƒyÎ˚§)e!ê˛Ó˚ ò¢ü xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏFåÈ ÚÓyòÛ ~ÓÇ my!®µÜ˛
xyˆÏ°yã˛öy•z •ˆÏFåÈ ÚÓyòÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ãyî– §)eܲyÓ˚Ü,˛ï˛ ÚÓyòÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ °«˛î ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ~ܲÌy ≤Ãüy!îï˛ •Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚ≤ÃüyîÈÙÈï˛Ü≈˛ÈÙȧyôyˆÏöy˛õy°Ω˛É !§k˛yhsˇy!ÓÓ˚&k˛É ˛õM˛ÈyÓÎ˚ˆÏÓy˛õ˛õß¨É ˛õ«˛≤Ã!ï˛˛õ«˛˛õ!Ó˚@ˇÃˆÏ•y ÓyòÉ–ÛÛ77

35
xÌ≈yÍ ÎyˆÏï˛ ≤Ãüyî Ä ï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y fl∫˛õ«˛ fliy˛õö ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚˛õ«˛á[˛î •Î˚ñ ~üö !§k˛yhsˇy!ÓÓ˚&k˛ Ä
˛õM˛ÈyÓÎ˚ÓÎ%_´ ˆÎ §Ü˛° ÓyˆÏܲƒ Óyò# Ä ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò#Ó˚ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ !ÓÓ˚&k˛ ôü≈mÎ˚Ó˚*˛õ ˛õ«˛ Ä ≤Ã!ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚@ˇÃ• •Î˚ñ ~üö Óyܲƒ§ü)•ˆÏܲ•z ÚÓyòÛ ÓˆÏ°– §•ç û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ñ çˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲÌy !ã˛hsˇy öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óyò# Ä
≤Ã!ï˛Óyò# Îáö §ï˛ƒï˛y !öô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÎ˚ ≤ÃÓ,_ •ˆÏÎ˚ !öç !öç üï˛
≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛áö ï˛yˆÏܲ ÚÓyòÛ Ó°y •Î˚– ˆÎüöñ xydyÓ˚ x!hflÏc xyˆÏåÈ xÌÓy ˆö•zÈÙÙÙÈ ~•z í˛zû˛Î˚
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !§k˛yhsˇ•z @ˇÃy•ƒ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– ~Ó˚*˛õ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xydyÓ˚ fl∫Ó*˚ ˛õ !öô≈yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ çöƒ Óyò# Ä ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò#Ó˚
ˆÎ my!®µÜ˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyñ ï˛y•z •ˆÏFåÈ ÚÓyòÛ– ÚÓyòÛ •ˆÏFåÈ ˆÓÔ!k˛Ü˛ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ãyîó K˛yöyˆÏß∫£ÏˆÏî ~Ó˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈– ˆÎáyˆÏö òy¢≈!öܲ !ÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ü)°Ü˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy •ˆÏï˛yñ ˆï˛üö ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò Óy
!ÓK˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §û˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy í˛z˛õ!ö£Ïò=!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–78 §)eܲyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü §)ˆÏey!Õ‘!áï˛ x‹Tü
xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ!Ó£ÏÎ˚ Úï˛Ü≈˛ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ °«˛ˆÏî ӈϰˆÏåÈöñ ÚÚx!ÓK˛yï˛ÈÙÈï˛ˆÏ_¥• ˆÏÌ≈ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîy˛õ˛õ!_ï˛hflÏ_¥K˛yöyÌ≈ÈÙÈ
ü)•hflÏÜ≈˛É–ÛÛ79 xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ï˛_¥ÈÙÈ!öÿ˛Î˚ çˆÏß√!öñ ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛_¥!öÿ˛Î˚yˆÏÌ≈ ˆ§•z ï˛_¥!öÿ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ܲyÓ˚î ˆÎñ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃüyˆÏîÓ˚ §Ω˛ÓÈÙÈ≤ÃÎ%_´ üyö§ÈÙÈK˛yöÈÙÈ!ӈϢ£Ï •ˆÏFåÈ ï˛Ü≈˛– §•çû˛y£ÏyÎ˚ñ ï˛Ü≈˛ •ˆÏFåÈ
~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ≤Ãyܲ!“ܲ Î%!_´ó ≤ÃüyˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÎ !§k˛yˆÏhsˇ í˛z˛õö#ï˛ •ÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆ§•z !§k˛yˆÏhsˇÓ˚
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ˆÏܲ x§Ω˛Ó ≤Ãüyî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÎ Î%!_´ ˆòáyˆÏöy •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ï˛Ü≈˛ ӈϰ– ˆÎüöñ ~ܲ!ê˛
çµ°hsˇ ≤Ãò#˛õˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyÓÓ˚î !òˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ,ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ≤Ãò#˛õê˛y !öˆÏû˛ ˆà°ó !§k˛yhsˇ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏ°y
ˆÎñ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ xû˛yˆÏÓ•z ≤Ãò#˛õê˛y !öˆÏû˛ ˆà°– Î!ò ˆÜ˛í˛z ~•z !§k˛yhsˇ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ~û˛yˆÏÓ Î%!_´ ˆòÄÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓÈ˚ ÙÙÙÈ ÚÎ!ò Óyï˛y§ öy ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ≤Ãò#˛õ çµ°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓö˚ y–Û
!§k˛yhsˇÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#Ó˚ Î%!_´á[˛îyˆÏÌ≈ ~Ó˚*˛õ Î%!_´ˆÏܲ•z Úï˛Ü≈˛Û Ó°y •Î˚– ü•!£Ï≈ ˆàÔï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ Î%!_´!ÓK˛yö
m®µü)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ̈Ïܲ•z í˛zq(ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈó !ӈϢ£Ïû˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚yçòÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ òy¢≈!öܲ §¡±òyÎ˚
§ü)ˆ•Ï Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ !öÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈãÏ ˛‹Ty ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Î%!_´˜ÏÓK˛y!öܲ üï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zqÓ–
@ˇÃ#ܲ Î%!_´!ÓK˛yö# xƒy!Ó˚fiê˛ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y•z ü•!£Ï≈ ˆàÔï˛ü !Óã˛yÓ˚˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ ö#!ï˛=!°ˆÏܲ ≤Ãîy°#Ók˛ ܲˆÏÓö˚ ñ
!ü̃y ˆÌˆÏܲ §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ xy°yòy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ~ÓÇ ï˛y!Ü≈˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ Óî≈öy
ˆòö– ≤ÃÌü öƒyÎ˚§)ˆÏe ˆÎ ˆ£Ïy°!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyˆÏåÈñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÎÌyÌ≈ K˛yö°yˆÏû˛Ó˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ
my!®µÜ˛ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨ hflÏÓ˚ ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–80
x!ôܲvñ ˆàÔï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚§)e Î%!_´!ÓòƒyÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §%§ÇÓk˛ !ÓÓÓ˚î •ˆÏ°Ä ˆàÔï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈
Î%!_´!ÓòƒyÓ˚ x!hflÏc !åÈ°ñ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎüö ˜ç!ü!öÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ü#üyǧyò¢≈ö ~ÓÇ ˛õy!î!öÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈

36
ÓƒyܲÓ˚î¢yˆÏflÓf ˚ x!hflcÏ !åÈ° ÈÙÙÙÈ •z•y•z Ó˚yôyÜ,˛£èˆÏöÓ˚ x!û˛üï˛– xyã˛yÎ≈ ¢B˛Ó˚ ÎyˆÏܲ ï˛Ü≈˛¢yflf ӈϰˆÏåÈöñ
åÈyˆÏ®yàƒ í˛z˛õ!ö£ÏˆÏò ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ÚÓyˆÏܲyÓyܲƒÛ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–81 ü•yû˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ä ï˛Ü≈˛¢yflf Ä xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Ó˚
í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyˆÏåÈ– ˆÓÔk˛ò¢≈ö á%Ó•z ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ ò¢≈ö •ˆÏ°Ä ˆÓÔk˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ö xyܲÓ˚@ˇÃsi§ü)ˆÏ•
Î%!_´˜ÏÓK˛y!öܲ ï˛ˆÏ_Ó¥ ˚ §%§ÇÓk˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ˆö•zó ï˛ˆÏÓ Î%!_´!ÓòƒyÎ˚ ò«˛ !ܲå%È Óƒ!_´Ó˚ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘
ï˛yˆÏï˛ xyˆÏåÈ– ˆÎüöñ ÚÓ ·˛çy° §%_ÛÈÙÈ~ ï˛E˛# Ä !Óüyǧ# SÜ)˛ê˛ï˛y!Ü≈˛Ü˛VÈÙÈ~Ó˚ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–82
Úüç‰!é˛ü !öܲyÎ˚ÛÈÙÈ~ ˆÎ Úxö%üyö §%_ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y §Ω˛Óï˛É öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚
xö%üyöˆÏܲ•z !öˆÏò¢≈ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ È–83 ÚܲÌyÓ_%ÛÙȈïÏ ˛ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛~è‰~èyñ í˛z˛õöÎ˚ Ä !öà‰ày• Î%!_´!ÓòƒyÓ˚
≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚y!àܲ xˆÏÌ≈•z ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–84 Ú°!°ï˛!ÓhflÏyÓ˚Û @ˇÃˆÏsi Î%!_´!ÓòƒyˆÏܲ ˆ•ï%˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È–85 á #!‹TÎ˚ ≤ÃÌü ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ @ˇÃsÜi ˛yÓ˚ xyÎ≈Ó!˚ «˛ï˛ ï˛yÑÓ˚ Úxö%ˆÎÏ yàmyÓ˚Û @ˇÃˆsÏ i ˆàÔï˛ü§)ˆeÏ Ó˚
xö%Ó˚*˛õ ˛õ)Ó≈ÓÍñ ˆ¢£ÏÓÍ Ä §yüyöƒˆÏï˛yò,‹TÈÙÙÙÈ ~•z !e!Óô xö%üyˆÏöÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏåÈö– xyÎ≈Ó˚!«˛ï˛
xÓ¢ƒ xö%üyˆÏöÓ˚ ~•z !e!Óô !Óû˛yà á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãî#ï˛ ˜çö xyܲÓ˚@ˇÃsi Úû˛àÓï˛#
§)eÛ xö%§yˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–86 ܲyˆÏç•z ~•z !e!Óô xö%üyöï˛_¥ !öÿ˛Î˚•z á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó˚yôyÜ,˛£èˆÏöÓ˚ x!û˛üï˛ •ˆÏFåÈñ ‘‘The beginnings of the
Nyaya belong to the pre-Buddhistic period, though a scientific treatment
of it was udertaken sometime about the period of early Buddhism, and
the main principles were well established before the third century B. C.
We know little about the historical development of the Nyaya prior to
the composition of the Sutra.’’87 xÌ≈yÍ öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& •Î˚ ˆÓÔk˛ ˛õ)ÓÓï≈˛# Î%ˆÏàñ
ï˛ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ ˜ÓK˛y!öܲ ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛°ö •Î˚ ˆÓÔk˛Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü !òˆÏܲ xyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ü)° ö#!ï˛=!° ò,ì˛¸û˛yˆÏÓ
≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚ á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z– !ܲv §)eyܲyˆÏÓ˚ !°!˛õÓk˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# §üˆÏÎ˚
~Ó˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yö á%Ó §yüyöƒ•z– ˆàÔï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚§e) ˆÏܲ•z öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflÓf ˚
≤ÃÌü !°!˛õÓk˛ xyܲÓ˚ @ˇÃsi ӈϰ Ó˚yôyÜ,˛£èö üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ï˛ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÌü ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !°!áï˛ ˆüÔ!°Ü˛
§)e=!° á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ •ˆÏ°Ä !ܲå%È !ܲå%È §)ˆeÏ Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎÓ˚ › !ö!ÿ˛ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ á #‹T ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#
Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ӈϰ !ï˛!ö üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–
ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ˆöÏ Ó˚ öƒyÎ˚û˛y£Ïƒ •ˆÏFåÈ öƒyÎ˚§ˆ) eÏ Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆ°áy §ˆÏÓy≈ ÍÜ,˛È‹T û˛y£Ïƒ– flõ‹Tï˛É•zñ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ö
ˆàÔï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ §y«˛yÍ í˛z_Ó˚§)Ó˚# ööñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ï˛yÑÓ˚ @ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨ fliyˆÏö ÚÓy!_≈ܲÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ !Óòƒüyö

37
ӈϰ Ó˚yôyÜ,˛£èˆÏöÓ˚ x!û˛üï˛– ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ö ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy öƒyÎ˚§)ˆÏeÓ˚ !û˛ß¨ !û˛ß¨ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èöñ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~ܲÌy ≤Ãüy!îï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎñ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ˆöÏ Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÓÏ ≈ öƒyÎ˚§ˆ) eÏ Ó˚ xyÓ˚Ä xˆÏöܲ û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚
!åȈϰöñ ÎyÑÓ˚y §)e=!°Ó˚ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚ §•üï˛ !åȈϰö öy– ï˛yåÈyí˛¸yñ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ö §)eܲyÓ˚ ˆàÔï˛üˆÏܲ §%ò)Ó˚
xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ܲçö ü•!£Ï≈ ӈϰ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– !ï˛!ö ï˛yÑÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ£ƒÏ ˛õï˛O!°Ó˚ Úü•yû˛y£ÏƒÛñ ˆÜ˛Ô!ê˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚
ÚxÌ≈¢yflfÛ ~ÓÇ Ú˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ§)e ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zk˛, !ï˛ !òˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èö– Úí˛z˛õyÎ˚ˆÜÏ ˛Ô¢°ƒÛ Ä Ú!Ó@ˇÃ•ÓƒÓï≈˛ö#Û @ˇÃsmi ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
ˆ°áܲ ˆÓÔk˛òy¢≈!öܲ öyàyç≈%ö !ö!ÿ˛ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# !åȈϰöñ ˆÜ˛ööy ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ö
öyàyç≈ˆ% öÏ Ó˚ üˆÏï˛Ó˚ §üyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– Ú≤Ãüyî§ü%Fã˛Î˚Ûñ ÚöƒyÎ˚≤Ãܲy¢Û •zï˛ƒy!ò @ˇÃˆsÏ Ói ˚ ˆ°áܲ á #!‹TÎ˚
˛õM˛Èü ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆÓÔk˛ òy¢≈!öܲ !òä‰öyà ˆÓÔk˛ ò,!‹Tû˛D# ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚öû˛yˆÏ£ÏƒÓ˚ §üyˆÏ°yã˛öy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ܲyˆÏç•z Ó˚yôyÜ,˛£èˆÏöÓ˚ !§k˛yhsˇ •ˆÏFåÈÈÙÙÙÈ ‘‘From all this, we may infer that
Vatsyayana lived sometime before A. D. 400.’’88 xÌ≈yÍ ~§Ü˛° ï˛Ìƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ
xyüÓ˚y xö%ü˛yö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ö ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ç#!Óï˛ !åȈϰö–

ˆÜ˛. ~•zã˛. ˛õê˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üï˛

ÚöƒyÎ˚§)eÈÛÙÈ~Ó˚ í˛zͧ Ä Ü˛y° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õ![˛ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÎ üï˛ˆÏû˛ò xyˆÏåÈñ ï˛y !ӈϢ£Ïû˛yˆÏÓ
í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö Ú~ö§y•zˆÜÏ ˛œ y!˛õ!í˛Î˚y xÓ •z![˛Î˚yö !ú˛ˆÏ°y§!ú˛§Û @ˇÃˆsÏ Ói ˚ §¡õyòܲ ˛õyÿ˛yï˛ƒ ˛õ![˛ï˛
ˆÜ˛. ~•zã˛. ˛õê˛yÓ˚– ï˛yÑÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ñ ‘‘The date of Gautama or Aksapada (‘eyes in his
feet’), to whom the ‘Nyayasutras’ is attributed, is variously estimated from
as early as the 6th century B. C. to the 2nd century A. D....’’89 xÌ≈yÍ
ˆàÔï˛ü xÌÓy x«˛˛õyò SÚÎyÑÓ˚ ã˛Ó˚îÎ%àˆÏ° ã˛«%˛ÛVÈÙȈÏܲ ÚöƒyÎ˚§)eÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛y ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ
ï˛yÑÓ˚ ܲy° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ü˜Ïï˛Ü˛ƒ öy ÌyܲyÎ˚ñ üˆÏö ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎñ !ï˛!ö á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ £Ï¤˛ ¢ï˛y∑# ˆÌˆÏܲ á #!‹TÎ˚
!mï˛#Î˚ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ üôƒÓï≈˛# §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óƒ!_´c– ~•z §%ò#â≈ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ öƒyÎ˚§)eܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy!Óû≈˛yˆÏÓÓ˚
§%!ö!ò≈‹T ܲy°!öî≈ˆÎÏ ˚ ≤Ãôyö §ü§ƒy •° ~•z ˆÎñ öƒyÎ˚§e) yÓ°# á #‹T˛õ)ÓÜ≈ ˛y° ˆÌˆÏܲ•z §%ò#â≈ܲy° ÎyÓÍ
x!ÓöƒhflÏ xÓfliyÎ˚ !åÈ° ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ö Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛y Î#÷á #ˆÏ‹TÓ˚ çˆÏß√Ó˚ Ó‡ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ç#!Óï˛ !åȈϰöñ
!Î!ö ˜Ó!òܲ Î%ˆàÏ Ó˚ S1500ÈÙÈ600 á #‹T ˛õ)Óy≈ ∑V ~ÓÇ ü•yܲyˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Î%ˆàÏ Ó˚ S600ÈÙÈ200 á #‹T ˛õ)Óy≈ ∑V
@ˇÃsiܲï≈˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ §%˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !åȈϰö– ï˛ˆÏÓ Óï≈˛üyˆÏö ≤ÃyÆ öƒyÎ˚§)eyÓ°# á #!‹TÎ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚
üyôƒ!üܲ ¢)öƒÓyò# òy¢≈!öܲ öyàyç%≈ˆÏöÓ˚ §ü§yü!Î˚ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy @ˇÃsiܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y §%!ÓöƒhflÏ xyܲyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ

38
•Î˚– xyÓ˚ Óï≈˛üyö !Ó•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ü!Ì°yÓ˚ x!ôÓy§# x«˛˛õyò ˆÎ öƒyÎ˚§)eܲyÓ˚ ӈϰ ≤Ã!§k˛ xyˆÏåÈöñ
ï˛y ˛õê˛yÓ˚ Î%!_´Î%_´ ӈϰ•z üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– 90 ˜Ó!òܲ Î%ˆÏà ˆàÔï˛ü öyˆÏü ~ܲçö }!£ÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚
˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ó xyÓ˚ ˆàÔï˛üñ ˆàyï˛üñ ò#â≈ï˛ü§ñ ˆüôy!ï˛!Ì ˆàÔï˛ü ~ÓÇ x«˛˛õyò ˆÎ ~ܲ•z Óƒ!_´ÈÙÙÙÈ
~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy §Ç¢Î˚ ˆö•z– ~•z xy°yã˛öyÓ˚ !û˛!_ˆÏï˛ ˛õê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !§k˛yhsˇ •°ÈÙÙÙÈ Óï≈˛üyö
xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ öƒyÎ˚§e) @ˇÃs!i ê˛ !Ó!û˛ß¨ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È– ~Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ !ܲå%È !ܲå%È §)e Ó˚!ã˛ï˛
•ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È á #‹T˛õ)ÓÎ≈ ˆ% àÏ – ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆàÔï˛üˆÏܲ ˆÎ öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflÓf ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y Ó°y •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ xöƒï˛ü ܲyÓ˚î
•ˆÏFåÈ ~•z ˆÎñ öƒyÎ˚§)eÈÙÈ@ˇÃsi!ê˛Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛öyÎ˚ ï˛yÑÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ û)˛!üܲy !åÈ°– ‘‘...it was not
until around the 2nd century A.D. that the work took the form in which
it now appears.’’91 xÌ≈yÍ Óï≈˛üyö §%!ÓöƒhflÏ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ öƒyÎ˚§e
) ÈÙÈ@ˇÃs!i ê˛ á #!‹TÎ˚ !mï˛#Î˚
¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚!ö–
ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õê˛yÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ í˛zͧ Ä Ü˛y° xö%§¶˛yˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ühsˇÓƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ ‘‘One
may sum up the situation pretty safely by saying that we have not the
vaguest idea who wrote the Nyayasutras or when he lived.’’92 xÌ≈yÍ ~•z
˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏܲ §%!ö!ÿ˛ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ Óî≈öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ÚöƒyÎ˚§)eÛ ˆÜ˛ Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö
Óy !ï˛!ö ܲˆÏÓ ç#!Óï˛ !åȈϰöÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ flõ‹T ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ôyÓ˚îyÄ ˆö•z–

ú˛!îû)˛£Ïî ï˛Ü≈˛Óyà#¢ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üï˛

fl∫öyüôöƒ ≤Ãyã˛ƒ ˛õ![˛ï˛ ü•yüˆÏ•y˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ú˛!îû)˛£Ïî ï˛Ü≈˛Óyà#¢ ï˛yÑÓ˚ §%!Óáƒyï˛ @ˇÃsi ÚöƒyÎ˚ò¢≈öÛ
Ä ÚöƒyÎ˚˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ÛÈÙÈ~ öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zͧñ ܲy° Ä xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ˛õk˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÎ §%!ã˛!hsˇï˛ x!û˛üï˛
Óƒ_´ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èöñ ï˛y !öɧˆÏ®ˆÏ• ≤Ã!îôyöˆÏÎyàƒ– !ï˛!ö ӈϰˆÏåÈöñ ÚÚû˛àÓyö‰ x«˛˛õyò ü•!£Ï≈ §)e@ˇÃˆsÏ Ói ˚
myÓ˚y ~•z xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛# !ÓòƒyÓ˚ SöƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflfÓ˚V ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏåÈöñ !ï˛!ö •z•yÓ˚ flÀ‹Ty öˆÏ•–ÛÛ 93
í˛z˛õ!ö£Ïòñ ü•yû˛yÓ˚ï˛ñ Ó˚yüyÎ˚îñ ◊#üqyàÓï˛ S˛õ%Ó˚yîV •zï˛ƒy!ò @ˇÃˆÏsi öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ÌyܲyÎ˚ ~•z
¢yflf ΈÏÌ‹T ≤Ãyã˛#ö ӈϰ !ï˛!ö üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– [ ~ ≤çˆÏD í˛zˆÏÕ‘áƒñ í˛z˛õ!ö£Ïò‰ñ Ó˚yüyÎ˚îñ ü•yû˛yÓ˚ï˛
•zï˛ƒy!ò @ˇÃsi=!° §Ó•z ˆÓÔk˛Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛#ñ xÌ≈yÍ á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ £Ï¤˛ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# ӈϰ x!ôܲyÇ¢
≤Ãyã˛ƒ Ä ˛õyÿ˛y_ƒ ˛õ![˛ï˛ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– §Çfl,Òï˛ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ãáƒyï˛ •z!ï˛•y§!Óò‰ ô#ˆÏÓ˚wöyÌ
ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛ñ xyö%üy!öܲ á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ 700ÈÙÈ500 xˆÏ∑ í˛z˛õ!ö£Ïò‰ Ä ü)° ü•yû˛yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ

39
á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ £Ï¤˛ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ ü)° Ó˚yüyÎ˚î Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–94 Ó˚yôyÜ,˛£èˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ñ xyö%üy!öܲ á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈
1000ÈÙÈ300 xˆÏ∑ xy!òü í˛z˛õ!ö£Ïò‰=!°ñ á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ 500 xˆÏ∑ ü)° ü•yû˛yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ü•yû˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
§yüyöƒ !ܲå%È ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ü)° Ó˚yüyÎ˚î Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–95 xôƒ«˛ òy¢=ˆÏÆÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ñ xyö%üy!öܲ
á #‹T ˛õ)Ó≈ 700ÈÙÈ600 xˆÏ∑ xy!òü í˛z˛õ!ö£Ïò‰à!° Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–96 ] åÈyˆÏ®yàƒ í˛z˛õ!ö£ÏˆÏòÓ˚
§Æü xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü áˆÏ[˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ ü•!£Ï≈ öyÓ˚ò ˆÜ˛yö ~ܲ §üˆÏÎ˚ û˛àÓyö‰ §öÍÜ%˛üyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ !Óòƒy≤ÃyÌ≈# •ˆÏÎ!˚ åȈ°
Ï ö– !ܲv !ÓòƒyÌ≈#Ó˚ ˆÎyàƒï˛y Ä K˛yö §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !ö!ÿ˛ï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ !ï˛!ö
öyÓ˚òˆÏܲ !ܲå%È ≤ß¿ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ï˛ò%_ˆÏÓ˚ öyÓ˚ò ӈϰ!åȈϰö ˆÎñ !ï˛!ö ã˛ï%˛ˆÏÓ≈òñ Ó˚y!¢!Óòƒyñ à!îï˛¢yflfñ
~ܲyÎ˚ö Sö#!ï˛¢yflfV Ó ·˛!Óòƒy SxÌ≈yÍ £Ïí˛¸ˆÏÓòyDñ ÎÌy ÈÙÙÙÈ!¢«˛yñ ܲ“ñ ÓƒyܲÓ˚îñ !öÓ˚&_´ñ åÈ® Ä
ˆçƒy!ï˛£ÏV «˛e!Óòƒy Sôö%ˆÓÏ ≈òV •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ÓyˆÏܲyÓyܲƒ Sï˛Ü≈˛¢yflfVÈÙÈÄ çyˆÏöö– öyÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ x!ôàï˛
Ä åÈyˆÏ®yàƒ í˛z˛õ!ö£ÏˆÏò Ó!î≈ï˛ ï˛Ü≈˛¢yflf •ˆÏFåÈ ˛õM˛ÈyÓÎ˚Ó öƒyÎ˚!Óòƒyñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ü•yû˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õM˛ÈyÓÎ˚Ó
öƒyÎ˚!ÓòƒyÎ˚ öyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy![˛ï˛ƒ Ó!î≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–97 ï˛yåÈyí˛¸yñ xöƒyöƒ í˛z˛õ!ö£ÏˆÏòÄ ˆÓòy!ò !ÓòƒyÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ öƒyÎ˚!Óòƒy Óy ï˛Ü≈˛¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyˆÏåÈ–98
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÎ!òö ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢yflfyÌ≈ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ˆ§!òö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !ӈϢ£ÏÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ öƒyÎ˚¢yflfÄ
xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È ÙÙÙÈ ~ܲÌy xöfl∫#ܲyÎ≈– ˆÜ˛ööy !Óã˛yÓ˚ !ܲ ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓñ !Óã˛yÎ≈ ˆ•ï%˛=!°
ܲáö §ˆÏk˛ï%˛ Óy x§ˆÏk˛ï%˛ Sˆ•cyû˛y§V •Î˚ñ §ò%_Ó˚ Óy x§ò%_Ó˚ ܲyˆÏܲ ӈϰñ Óyò!Óã˛yÓ˚ !ܲñ •zï˛ƒy!ò
K˛yï˛Óƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflf•z §!ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚ Ó!î≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– §Ç¢Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ö@ˇÃ•fliyö ˛õÎ≈hsˇ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ã˛ï%˛ò≈¢ ˛õòyÌ≈ öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflfÓ˚•z ≤Ãfliyö– xö%üyöÈÙÈ≤Ãüyî°û˛ƒ ÎÌyÌ≈ K˛yö ˆÎ ¢yflfyÌ≈!öî≈ˆÏÎ˚
~ܲyhsˇ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ÈÙÙÙÈ •z•y §Ó≈çö fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ó xyÓ˚ xö%üyöÈÙÈ≤ÃüyˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏk˛ï%˛ Ä x§ˆÏk˛ï%˛ Óy ˆ•cyû˛y§
!öÓ˚*˛õî ÎÌyÌ≈û˛yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛Ó°üye ~•z öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflf•z xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xö%üyöÈÙÈ≤Ãüyîñ ï˛Ü≈˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò
!ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ܲå%È !ܲå%È xyˆÏ°yã˛öy xÓ¢ƒ xöƒyöƒ ò¢≈ˆÏöÄ xyˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ ~ܲÌy §ï˛ƒó !ܲv ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §!ÓhflÏyÓ˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ˆÜ˛Ó°üye öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏfl•f z xyˆÏåÈ ÓˆÏ° •z•y ˆ•ï%˛ !Óòƒy Óy ï˛Ü≈˛¢yflf öyˆÏüÄ ˛≤Ã!§k˛– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ
ˆ•ï%˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy !ܲå%È Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ Óy ˆÓyé˛yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° öƒyÎ˚¢yflf•z •ˆÏFåÈ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ xÓ°¡∫ö– ~§Ü˛°
ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ •z á #‹T˛õ)Ó≈ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ §Ó≈¢yflf!Ó¢yÓ˚ò ˆÜ˛Ô!ê˛°ƒ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ÚxÌ≈¢yflfÛ @ˇÃˆsÏ i xyß∫#!«˛Ü˛#Ó˚ xhsˇû˛≈ _
) ´
öƒyÎ˚¢yflfˆÜÏ ˛ §Ó≈!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ≤Ãò#˛õfl∫Ó*˚ ˛õ ˆ◊¤˛ !Óòƒy ӈϰ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– ˆ§çöƒ•z ú˛!îû)˛£Ïî ӈϰˆÏåÈöñ
ÚÚ§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÓòyÌ≈ˆÓÏ yˆÏôÓ˚ çöƒ §%≤Ãyã˛#ö ܲyˆÏ°Ä ˆÓòyD ÓƒyܲÓ˚î¢yˆÏflÓf ˚ öƒyÎ˚ ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õyD öƒyÎ˚¢yflfÄ

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xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ ••zÎy˚ ˆÏåÈñ §ˆÏ®• öy•z ~ÓÇ ˆÎ xyܲyˆÏÓ•˚ z •í˛zܲñ öƒyÎ˚¢yflf §%≤Ãyã˛#ö ܲyˆÏ°Ä !åÈ°ñ •z•yÄ
xÓ¢ƒ fl∫yܲ#Î≈ƒ–ÛÛ 99
öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#öï˛y !ӣψÏÎ˚ ú˛!îû)˛£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ xyÓ˚Ä ~ܲ!ê˛ Î%!_´ •ˆÏFåÈ ~•z ˆÎñ §!Óã˛yÓ˚
ˆÓòyÌ≈ˆÓÏ yˆÏô ˆÎüö öƒyÎ˚¢yflf xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ñ ˆï˛üö•z ü%ü«% ˛% ˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛_¥ ◊ÓîyhsˇÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üöˆÏöÄ öƒyÎ˚¢yflf
!ӈϢ£Ï xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ó ˆÜ˛ööy ¢yflfmyÓ˚y ˆÎ ï˛ˆÏ_Ó¥ ˚ ◊Óî xÌ≈yÍ ¢y∑ˆÏÓyô •ˆÏ°yñ xö%üyöÈÙÈ≤ÃüyˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y
˙ !öî≈#ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˛õ)î≈K˛yö•z •ˆÏFåÈ üöö– ¢yflf Óy =Ó˚&Ó˚ !öÜ˛ê˛ ◊&ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ_¥ !ã˛hsˇö !fliÓ˚!öÓk˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çöƒ•z Ó‡ ˆ•ï%˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˙ K˛yï˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ä ˛õ%öÉ ˛õ%öÉ xö%üyöÓ˚*˛õ üöˆÏöÓ˚ !Ó!ô ¢yˆÏflf í˛z˛õ!ò‹T
•ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È–100 ˆÓò¢yflfüˆÏï˛ üöö åÈyí˛¸y ˆÜ˛Ó° fl∫yô#ö Ó%!k˛ÓˆÏ° xydï˛_¥K˛yö •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy ~ÓÇ
ï˛Ü≈˛ Î!ò ¢yflfyö%§yÓ˚# öy •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ Ü%˛ï˛Ü≈˛ ӈϰ– ~§Ü˛° !§k˛yhsˇ xy!hflÏܲ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚•z
fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛– ï˛y•z ¢yflf!ÓÓ˚&k˛ xö%üyö öƒyÎ˚•z öÎ˚ñ í˛z•y öƒyÎ˚yû˛y§ öyˆÏü ≤Ã!§k˛– ï˛y•z ˆàÔï˛ü Ó°ˆÏ°öñ
ÚÚ◊&!ï˛≤ÃyüyîƒyFã˛–ÛÛ101 xÌ≈yÍ ◊&!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃüyîƒÓ¢ï˛É Süö%£ÏƒÈÙÈ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ˛õy!Ì≈ÓV– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ xö%üyöÓ˚*˛õ
üöö !öÓ≈yˆÏ•Ó˚ çöƒ öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflÓf ˚ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ï˛y ˆÓò!Ó!•ï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ~Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#öï˛y ≤Ã!§k˛ ӈϰ ú˛!îû)˛£Ïî
ü•y¢Î˚ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓö˚ – ~ ≤çˆÏD í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ ƒñ öƒyÎ˚§e) @ˇÃsi ˆÎ ü•!£Ï≈ ˆàÔï˛ü Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆàÔï˛üñ ˆàyï˛ü
~ÓÇ x«˛˛õyò ˆÎ ~ܲ•z Óƒ!_´ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ §Ç¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy xÓܲy¢ ˆö•z– ~•z üˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛
≤Ãüyî fl∫Ó*˚ ˛õ !ï˛!ö ï˛yÑÓ˚ ÚöyÎ˚ò¢≈öÛ @ˇÃˆsÏ i ˛õ%Óy˚ îñ ü•yû˛yÓ˚ï˛ñ Ó˚yüyÎ˚î ≤Ãû˛, !ï˛ §%≤Ã!§k˛ @ˇÃˆsÏ i í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛
ܲy!•ö#=!°Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ˆÎüöñ ˆòÓ#˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏî Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ÚÚˆàÔÓù≈y܉˛ ï˛˜ÏÎ˚Ó ï˛üÎ˚ö‰ ˛õÓ˚yö‰
ˆàyï˛ü í˛zã˛ƒˆÏï˛– ˆàyï˛üyß∫Î˚çˆÏß√!ï˛ ˆàÔï˛ˆÏüy• !˛õ § ã˛y«˛˛õyÍ–ÛÛ102 xÌ≈yÍ ˆàÔ SxÌ≈yÍ ÓyܲƒV
myÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚üï˛ˆÏܲ !Î!ö á[˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ•z ˆàyï˛ü Ó°y •Î˚– ˆàyï˛ü ÓLjϢ çß√ ӈϰ ï˛yÑÓ˚ öyü
ˆàÔï˛ü ~ÓÇ !ï˛!ö•z x«˛˛õyò– ÚöƒyÎ˚˛õ!ã˛Î˚Û @ˇÃˆÏsi ü•yû˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛y!•ö# í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö
ӈϰö ˆÎñ ¢Ó˚ÈÙȢ΃yÎ˚ ¢y!Î˚ï˛ û˛#‹øˆÏòˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆò•ï˛ƒyàܲyˆÏ° ˆÓòÓƒy§ñ öyÓ˚òñ ˆàÔï˛üñ í˛z°Ü% ˛ SxÌ≈yÍ
ܲîyòV ≤Ãü%á ü%!öàî í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ !åȈϰö–103 §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ü•yû˛yÓ˚ï˛ Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z ˆÎ ܲîyò
Ä ˆàÔï˛ü ÎÌye´ˆÏü ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ§)e Ä öƒyÎ˚§)e Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰöÈÙÙÙÈ •z•y ≤Ãüy!îï˛ •Î˚– ~≤çˆÏD
fløÓ˚î#Î˚ ˆÎñ öƒyÎ˚ÈÙȘӈϢ!£Ïܲ §)ˆeÏ ˆÜ˛yö ˛õ)Óy≈ ã˛yˆÏ΃≈ Ó˚ öyˆÏüyˆÏÕá‘ ˆö•z– û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ö öƒyÎ˚§e)
1†1†32ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ û˛yˆÏ£Ïƒ ò¢yÓÎ˚ÓÓyò# ˜öÎ˚y!Î˚ܲ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xö%üyö
ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ≤Ãyã˛#öܲyˆÏ° ò¢yÓÎ˚ÓÓyò# ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy öƒyÎ˚§¡±òyÎ˚ !öÿ˛Î˚•z !åȈϰöñ !ܲv
°yâÓö#!ï˛Ó˚ çöƒ öƒyÎ˚§)eܲyÓ˚ ˛õM˛ÈyÓÎ˚Ó# öƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãã˛°ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–

41
 Óï≈˛üyˆÏö §Ó≈öy!hflÏcÓyò Ä ¢)öƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !öî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üyôƒˆÏü ú˛!îû)˛£Ïî ü•y¢Î˚ öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflfÓ˚
≤Ãyã˛#öï˛y ≤ÃüyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ï˛yÑÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ •ˆÏFåÈÈÙÙÙÈ öƒyÎ˚§)ˆÏe ˛õ)Ó≈˛õ«˛Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ˆÎ §ühflÏ öy!hflÏܲ
üˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ á[˛î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ˆ§=!° í˛z˛õ!ö£ÏˆÏòÄ xyˆÏåÈ– !ܲv ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° üyôƒ!üܲ
§¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÓÔk˛ òy¢≈!öܲ öyàyç≈%ö ¢)öƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ Óƒyáƒy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ï˛y ˆÜ˛yö öƒyÎ˚§)ˆÏe ˆö•zñ
~üö!ܲ öƒyÎ˚û˛yˆÏ£ÏƒÄ ˆö•z– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ öyàyç≈%ˆÏöÓ˚ myÓ˚y Óƒyáƒyï˛ ¢)öƒÓyò ˆÎ §Ó≈öy!hflÏcÓyò öÎ˚ñ ï˛y
≤ÃüyˆÏîÓ˚ çöƒ ú˛!îû)˛£Ïî ü•y¢Î˚ öƒyÎ˚§)ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÚ§Ó≈üû˛yˆÏÓy û˛yˆÏÓ!‹∫ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ï˛Ó˚yÈÙÈ
û˛yÓ!§ˆÏk˛É–ÛÛ104 xÌ≈yÍ §Ü˛° ˛õòyÌ≈•z x§Í Óy x°#ܲñ ܲyÓ˚î û˛yÓ§ü)ˆÏ• S•!Ó˚îñ Óyâ ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛
˛õòyˆÏÌ≈V ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚yû˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ K˛yö •Î˚– ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ~•zñ ˆÎ •!Ó˚î ˛õòyÌ≈ §Í ӈϰ ܲ!Ìï˛ •Î˚ñ í˛z•y
ÓyâÈÙÈfl∫Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ x§Íñ ˆÜ˛ööy •!Ó˚î ܲáö•z Óyâ öÎ˚– xö%Ó˚*˛õû˛yˆÏÓñ §Í ӈϰ ܲ!Ìï˛ Óyâ ˛õòyÌ≈
•!Ó˚îÈÙÈflÓ∫ *˚ ˆÏ˛õ x§Íñ ˆÜ˛ööy Óyâ ܲáö•z •!Ó˚î öÎ˚– ~Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õñ û˛yÓˆÏÓyôܲ •!Ó˚îñ Óyâ ≤Ãû˛, !ï˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ x§ÍÈÙÙÙ ~üö ≤Ãï˛#!ï˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Úx§ÍÛ Ä ÚxÈÙÈÓyâÛñ ÚxÈÙÈ•!Ó˚îÛ •zï˛ƒy!ò ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ£Ïôܲ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚
§yüyöy!ôܲÓ˚îƒ ≤ÃÎ_
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•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÈ Ú°y° ˛õê˛Û ~•z Óyܲƒ!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ú°y°Û ¢∑ Ä Ú˛õê˛Û ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ x!û˛ß¨yÌ≈ܲ ≤ÃÌüy
!Óû˛!_´Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ~áyˆÏö Ú˛õê˛Û ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ú°y°Û ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §yüyöy!ôܲÓ˚îƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˙
§yüyöy!ôܲÓ˚ˆÏîƒÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü Ú˛õê˛Û ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ú°y°Û ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ x!û˛ß¨ï˛yñ xÌ≈yÍ °y°Ó˚*˛õ!Ó!¢‹T
˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ x!û˛ß¨ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓyé˛yˆÏöy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xö%Ó˚*˛õû˛yˆÏÓñ Úx§Í •!Ó˚îÛ •zï˛ƒy!ò ÓyˆÏܲƒ Úx§ÍÛ ¢∑ Ä
Ú•!Ó˚îÛ ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ x!û˛ß¨yÌ≈ܲ ≤ÃÌüy !Óû˛!_´Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà •ÄÎ˚y Ú•!Ó˚îÛ ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
Úx§ÍÛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆÎ §yüyöy!ôܲÓ˚îƒ xyˆÏåÈñ ï˛Í≤ÃÎ%_´ Úx§ÍÛ Ä Ú•!Ó˚îÛñ Úx§ÍÛ Ä ÚÓyâÛ ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛
˛õòyÌ≈mÎ˚ ˆÎ x!û˛ß¨ ˛õòyÌ≈ÈÙÙÙÈ •z•y ≤Ã!ï˛˛õߨ •Î˚– ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ Î%!_´ˆÏï˛ §Ü˛° ˛õòyÌ≈•z x§Íñ
•z•y•z ≤Ã!ï˛˛õߨ •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏö ˛õòyÌ≈mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xˆÏû˛òˆÏòƒyï˛Ü˛ x!û˛ß¨yÌ≈ܲ !Óû˛!_´Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà •Î˚ñ
ˆ§fliˆÏ° ˙ x!û˛ß¨yÌ≈ܲ !Óû˛!_´ü_¥Ä §yüyöy!ôܲÓ˚îƒ öyˆÏü ܲ!Ìï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
!ܲv ¢)öƒï˛yÓyò Ä x§ò‰Óyò S§Ó≈öy!hflÏcÓyò Óy §Ó≈¢)öƒï˛yÓyòV ~ܲ•z üï˛ öÎ˚ ӈϰ•z
ú˛!îû)˛£Ïî ü•y¢Î˚ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ˆÜ˛ööyñ x§ò‰Óyò# üˆÏï˛ñ §Ü˛° ˛õòyÌ≈•z x§Í Óy x!hflÏc•#ö–
!ܲv ¢)öƒÓyò# üˆÏï˛ñ ˆÜ˛yö ˛õòyÌ≈•z §Í öÎ˚– ~ܲÌyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •°ñ ˆÜ˛yö ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚•z fl∫!öû≈˛Ó˚ §_y

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ˆö•zó ˆÜ˛ööy ≤Ãï˛#ï˛ƒ§ü%ͲõyòÓyò xö%ÎyÎ˚#ñ §Ü˛° ˛õòyÌ≈•z ˛õÓ˚!öû≈˛Ó˚ñ xÌ≈yÍ xöƒ ˆÜ˛yö ܲyÓ˚î
ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq(ï˛– xyÓyÓ˚ ~•z §Ü˛° ˛õòyÌ≈ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ x!û˛K˛ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •Î˚ ӈϰ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xyܲy¢Ü%˛§%ü
Óy ¢¢¢,ˆÏDÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y x°#ܲ Óy !ü̃y SxÌ≈yÍ §¡õ)î≈ x§ÍVÈÙÈÄ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ öy– xyÓyÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
§ò§ÍÈÙÈÄ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ öyñ ˆÜ˛ööy ~üö í˛z!_´ fl∫!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#– ܲyˆÏç•zñ ¢)öƒÓyò# üˆÏï˛ñ §Ó•z ¢)öƒó ï˛ˆÏÓ
~•z ¢)öƒï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ öyàyç≈%ö fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ Ú!ܲå%È ÙÈöyÛ Óy Ú¢)öƒàû≈˛Û öÎ˚ó ˆÜ˛ööy ~áyˆÏö Ú¢)öƒÛ ܲÌyÓ˚ xÌ≈
•ˆÏFåÈ ÚxÓyã˛ƒÛ Óy ÚxÓî≈ö#Î˚Û– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ñ Ó›Ó˚ x!hflψÏcÓ˚ xyû˛y§ xyüÓ˚y ˛õy•zñ !ܲv ˆ§•z
x!hflψÏcÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓ!•ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°•z Ó%!k˛ !Óºyhsˇ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ ú˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏܲ
xyüÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yöû˛yˆÏÓ•z Óƒyáƒy Óy Óî≈öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚öy–
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x§ò‰Óyò Óy §Ó≈¢)öƒï˛yÓyò Óy §Ó≈öy!hflÏcÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zqyÓܲ !åȈϰö– ~Ó˚ xˆÏöܲ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö ˆÓÔk˛
§¡±òyÎ˚ ~•z x§ò‰ÓyòˆÏܲ•z !§k˛yhsˇÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ §üÌ≈ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö üye– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ~•z x§ò‰Óyò•z
öyàyç%≈ˆÏöÓ˚ ¢)öƒÓyòÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ °yû˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z Ó_´ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ §üÌ≈ˆÏö ú˛!îû)˛£Ïî ü•y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Î%!_´
•° ~•z ˆÎñ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ §üˆÏÎ˚ öyàyç%≈öÈÙÈÓƒyáƒyï˛ ¢)öƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ !åÈ° öyó Î!ò ÌyܲˆÏï˛y ï˛ˆÏÓ
!ï˛!ö ˆÓÔk˛üˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÎ˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z !ӈϢ£ÏÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ ¢)öƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á Ä á[˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– !ܲv
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ˆÜ˛yö ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ !û˛!_ ˆö•z– ï˛yåÈyí˛¸yñ ˆÜ˛yö ˆÓÔk˛@ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö ¢∑ ˆÜ˛yö öƒyÎ˚§)ˆÏe ˆòˆÏá ˆ§•z
§)e!ê˛ ˆÎ ˆ§•z ˆÓÔk˛@ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ ~Ó˚*˛õ xö%üyö ˆÜ˛yö §òö%üyö •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚öyó
ˆÜ˛ööyñ ≤Ã!§k˛ ˆÓÔk˛ ˆÎyàyã˛yÓ˚ !ÓK˛yöÓyò# @ˇÃsi Ú°B˛yÓï˛yÓ˚§e) Ûñ üyôƒ!üܲ ¢)öƒÓyò# öyàyç≈ˆ% öÏ Ó˚
@ˇÃsi Úüyôƒ!üܲܲy!Ó˚ܲyÛ ≤Ãû˛, !ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yö x§yôyÓ˚î ˛õ!Ó˚û˛y!£Ïܲ ¢∑Ä öƒyÎ˚§ˆ) eÏ ˆö•z– ÓyͧƒyÎ˚öÄ
Ú≤Ãï˛#ï˛ƒ§ü%ͲõyòÛ ≤Ãû˛, !ï˛ ˆÓÔk˛ ˛õy!Ó˚û˛y!£Ïܲ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à ܲˆÏÓö˚ !ö– !ï˛!ö «˛!îܲÓyò#ñ xöydÓyò#
~ÓÇ §Ó≈öy!hflÏcÓyò#ˆÏܲ Úxyö%˛õ°!Ω˛Ü˛Û öyˆÏü í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°Ä ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)öƒÓyò# ӈϰö!ö Óy Ú¢)öƒÛ
¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ÓƒyáƒyÄ Ü˛ˆÏÓö˚ !ö– ܲyˆÏç•zñ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ö ˆÎ ¢)öƒÓyò# ˆÓÔk˛ öyàyç%ˆ≈ öÏ Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓö˚
öyÈÙÙÙÈ ~üö !§k˛yhsˇ•z Î%!_´Î%_´ ӈϰ ú˛!îû)˛£Ïî ü•y¢Î˚ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–106
x!ôܲvñ §%!Óáƒyï˛ ÓƒyܲÓ˚î@ˇÃsi Úx‹TyôƒyÎ˚#ÛÈÙÈÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛y ˛õy!î!ö ˆàÔï˛ü Ó%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ ˛õ)ÓÓ≈ ï˛#≈– xÓ¢ƒ
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˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˆÎ ˆàÔï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚§)e Ä ã˛Ó˚ܲü%!öÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö @ˇÃsi !åÈ°öyÈÙÙÙÈ ~üö ˆÜ˛yö ≤Ãüyî ˆö•z– ˛õÓ˚vñ
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í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyˆÏåÈ– ܲyˆÏç•z ˙ §Ü˛° ˛õòyÌ≈ ã˛Ó˚ܲü%!öÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ §%≤Ã!§k˛ !åÈ° ӈϰ ú˛!îû)˛£Ïî ü•y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
x!û˛üï˛–107 ˆÓòyhsˇ§ˆ) eÏ Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ xôƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õyˆÏò ܲ!ï˛˛õÎ˚ §)ˆeÏ Ó˚ myÓ˚y ¢B˛Ó˚yã˛yÎ≈ ≤Ãû˛, !ï˛
û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚àî ˆÎ ˛õÓ˚üyî%ܲyÓ˚îÓyò á[˛î ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èöñ ï˛y ≤Ãܲ, ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ܲîyò Ä ˆàÔï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ üï˛– ܲyˆÏç•zñ
ˆÓòyhsˇ§)e ˆÎ öƒyÎ˚ÈÙȘӈϢ!£Ïܲ §)ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ܲyˆÏ° Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy ΈÏÌ‹T
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S4†3†110ÈÙȧˆ) eÏ V ˛õyÓ˚y¢Î≈ƒ !û˛«%˛§)ˆeÏ Ó˚ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èöñ ï˛y ˛õÓ˚y¢Ó˚˛õ%e ˆÓòÓƒy§ÈÙÈÓ!˚ ã˛ï˛ ˆÓòyhsˇ§e)
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§üyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ çÓyˆÏÓ û˛Ó˚myç í˛zˆÏjƒyï˛Ü˛Ó˚ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚öû˛yˆÏ£ÏƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Óy!_≈ܲ Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ~ÓÇ
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öƒyÎ˚û˛y£Ïƒ Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–ÛÛ110 •#öÎyö Ä ü•yÎyö öyüܲ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ˆÓÔk˛ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xû%˛ƒòÎ˚
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á #‹T˛õ)Ó ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–

¢yflfyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛
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ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– ~•z ¢yˆÏflf ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ !ӣψÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ !e!Óô xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ÎÌyÈÙÙÙÈ í˛zˆj
Ï ¢ñ °«˛î

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§yüyöƒñ !ӈϢ£Ïñ §üÓyÎ˚ Ä xû˛yÓ ~•z §yï˛!ê˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ xyˆÏåÈ– ~•z Óyܲƒ!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ Óyܲƒ–
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≤Ãüyîñ ≤ÈüÏ Î˚ñ §Ç¢Î˚ñ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çöñ ò,‹Tyhsˇñ !§k˛yhsˇñ xÓÎ˚Óñ ï˛Ü≈˛ñ !öî≈Îñ˚ Óyòñ ç“ñ !Óï˛[˛yñ ˆ•cyû˛y§ñ
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í˛z!j‹T ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚•z xyÓyÓ˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆû˛ò xyˆÏåÈñ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ú!Óû˛yàÛ •ˆÏFåÈ í˛z!j‹T ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏû˛ò Ó°yÓ˚ çöƒ ï˛yÓ˚ !û˛ß¨ !û˛ß¨ !ӈϢ£Ï öyü ܲÌö– ˆ§•z !Óû˛yàˆÏÜ˛Ä Úí˛zˆÏj¢Û ӈϰñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
ï˛y •ˆÏFåÈ Ú!ӈϢ£Ï í˛zˆÏj¢–Û
öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ xöƒï˛ü x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏFåÈ Ú°«˛îÛ !öî≈Î˚–
ˆÜ˛ööy ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ °«˛î!öî≈Î˚ öy •ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛_¥K˛yö •Î˚öy– ï˛y•z û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ö Ú°«˛îÈÛÙÈ~Ó˚
fl∫Ó˚*˛õ !öô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çöƒ ӈϰˆÏåÈöñ ÚÚï˛e í˛z!j‹T§ƒ xï˛_¥ÓƒÓˆÏFåÈòˆÏܲy ôˆÏ¡ø≈y °«˛îü‰–ÛÛ115 xÌ≈yÍ
ï˛ß√ˆÏôƒ í˛z!j‹T ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÎ ï˛!qߨ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ !û˛ß¨ñ •z•yÓ˚ ˆÓyôܲ SxÌ≈yÍ •zï˛Ó˚ÓƒyÓ_≈ܲ x§yôyÓ˚îV
ôü≈ •ˆÏFåÈ °«˛î– ~áyˆÏö û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚y_´ Ú°«˛îÛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ myÓ˚y °«˛îÈÙÈÓã˛öˆÏܲ•z ˆÓyé˛yˆÏFåÈ– fl∫çyï˛#Î˚
Ä !Óçyï˛#Î˚ §ühflÏ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ °«˛ƒ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ ÓƒÓˆÏFåÈò ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚•z °«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ü%áƒ
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çö– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ í˛zˆj
Ï ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ §ühflÏ ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ •˚ z °«˛îÈÙÈ!öî≈Î˚ ܲï≈˛Óƒ– í˛z!j‹T S≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòƒV ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚
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Ó°y •Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÎyˆÏï˛ à¶˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•z •ˆÏFåÈ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ñÛ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z °«˛îÓyܲƒ myÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚•z °«˛î
Ó°y •ˆÏåÈ– !ܲv ˆÜ˛Ó°üye x§yôyÓ˚î ôü≈ í˛zˆÏÕ‘ˆÏáÓ˚ myÓ˚y•z ˆÜ˛yö ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ °«˛î ܲ!Ìï˛ •Î˚öyó

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˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ °«˛îˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z !öˆÏòy≈ £Ï •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– °«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !öˆÏòy≈ £Ï Ú°«˛îÛ !öî≈ˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˛õsiy˛õk˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏܲ≈
öƒyÎ˚˜ÏӈϢ!£Ïܲ òy¢≈!öܲ xߨÇû˛R ˆÎ ü)°ƒÓyö !ӈϟ’£Ïî ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈöñ ï˛y ≤Ã!îôyöˆÏÎyàƒ– ï˛yÑÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ñ
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°«˛ƒüyeyÓï≈˛öü§Ω˛ÓÉñ ÎÌy ˆàyˆÏÓ˚ܲ¢ú˛Ó_¥ü‰– ~ï˛ò‰ò)£ÏîeÎ˚Ó˚!•ˆÏï˛y ôˆÏü≈y °«˛îü‰ñ ÎÌy ˆàyÉ
§yfl¨y!òü_¥ü‰– § ~Óy§yôyÓ˚îôü≈ •zï%˛ƒã˛ƒˆÏï˛–ÛÛ117 xÌ≈yÍ Ú°«˛îÛ Sӈϰ x!û˛!•ï˛ ôü≈!ê˛V Î!ò
°«˛ƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ~ܲ xLjϢ ˆÜ˛Ó°üye Óï≈˛üyö ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° °«˛ˆÏî xÓƒy!Æ ˆòy£Ï •Î˚ó ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÈ
àÓ˚& ܲ!˛õ° SÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#V– Ú°«˛îÛ Sӈϰ x!û˛!•ï˛ ôü≈!ê˛V Î!ò °«˛ƒ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈
SxÌ≈yÍ x°ˆÏ«˛ƒ ÌyˆÏܲVñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° °«˛ˆÏî x!ï˛Óƒy!Æ ˆòy£Ï •Î˚ó ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÈ àÓ˚& ¢,D!Ó!¢‹T ≤Ãyî#–
°«˛ƒ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yö!ê˛ˆÏï˛•z ˆö•z ~üö ˆÜ˛yö ôü≈ˆÏܲ Î!ò °«˛î Ó°y •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° x§Ω˛Ó ˆòy£Ï
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ü%_´ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z S≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛V °«˛î Ó°y •Î˚ó ˆÎüö àÓ˚& •ˆÏFåÈ à°Ü˛¡∫°!Ó!¢‹T ≤Ãyî#– ~ˆÏܲ•z x§yôyÓ˚î
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í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏî ÚàÓ˚&Û •ˆÏFåÈ °«˛ƒ˛õòyÌ≈– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Î!ò Ó°y •Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚàÓ˚&Ó˚ Óî≈ ܲ!˛õ°Ûñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛y myÓ˚y
ˆÜ˛Ó°üye ܲ!˛õ°ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ àÓ˚&=!°ˆÏܲ•z Ó%é˛yˆÏÓñ ˆŸªï˛Óî≈ñ Ü,˛£èÓî≈ ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ xöƒyöƒ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ àÓ˚&=!°ˆÏܲ
Ó%é˛yˆÏÓ öy– !ܲv àÓ˚&Ó˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ °«˛î!ê˛ §ühflÏ àÓ˚&ˆÏܲ•z Ó%é˛yˆÏÓñ ˆÜ˛yö àÓ˚&•z ~•z °«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚
ÌyܲˆÏÓ öy– ˆÎ °«˛î °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛üye xÇ¢ˆÏܲ Ó%é˛yÎ˚ñ §¡õ)î≈ xÇ¢ˆÏܲ Ó%é˛yÎ˚ öyñ ˆ§•z °«˛ˆÏî
ˆÎ ˆòy£Ï âˆÏê˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ xÓƒy!Æ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Úܲ!˛õ°Óî≈cÛ ôü≈!ê˛ àÓ˚&Ó˚ °«˛î •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– xyÓyÓ˚
Î!ò Ó°y •Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈ Ú¢,D!Ó!¢‹T ≤Ãyî#•z àÓ˚&Ûñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~•z °«˛î myÓ˚y ˆû˛í˛¸yñ åÈyà° ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ ¢,D!Ó!¢‹T
xöƒyöƒ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏÜ˛Ä Ó%é˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ Îy °«˛ƒ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ !û˛ß¨ ï˛yˆÏܲ x°«˛ƒ ӈϰ– xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆîÏ
àÓ˚& •ˆÏFåÈ °«˛ƒñ xyÓ˚ àÓ˚&ÈÙÈ!û˛ß¨ ˆû˛í˛¸yñ åÈyà° ≤Ãû˛, !ï˛ §ühflÏ x°«˛ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈– !ܲv ¢,D ˆÎüö àÓ˚&ˆÏï˛
xyˆÏåÈñ ˆï˛üö•z ˆû˛í˛¸yñ åÈyà° ≤Ãû˛, !ï˛ x°«˛ƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ä xyˆÏåÈ– ˆÎ ôü≈ °«˛ƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ ÌyˆÏܲñ xyÓyÓ˚
x°«˛ƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ä ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛yˆÏܲ °«˛î ӈϰ @ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° °«˛ˆÏî x!ï˛Óƒy!Æ ˆòy£Ï •Î˚ñ Îy ~áyˆÏö
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ x!ï˛Óƒy!Æ ˆòyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çöƒ Ú¢,D!Ó!¢‹TcÛ àÓ˚&Ó˚ °«˛î •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– xyÓyÓ˚ Î!ò
Ó°y •Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚàÓ˚& •ˆÏFåÈ x!Óû˛_´ «%˛Ó˚!Ó!¢‹T ≤Ãyî#ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚*˛õ °«˛î myÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ àÓ˚&ˆÏÜ˛Ä Ó%é˛yˆÏÓ
öyñ ˆÜ˛ööy ˆÜ˛yö àÓ˚&Ó˚•z x!Óû˛_´ «%˛Ó˚ ˆö•z– ~û˛yˆÏÓñ ˆÎ ôü≈ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ•˚ z ÌyˆÏܲ öyñ ˆ§Ó˚*˛õ

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ôü≈ˆÜÏ ˛ °«˛î !•§yˆÏÓ @ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚ˆ°
Ï °«˛ˆÏî x§Ω˛Ó ˆòy£Ï •Î˚– ~•z x§Ω˛Ó ˆòyˆÏ£ÓÏ ˚ çöƒ Úx!Óû˛_´
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í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y_´ ò)£ÏîÈÙÈeÎ˚Ó˚!•ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– xߨÇû˛ˆÏRÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ñ àÓ˚&Ó˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ °«˛î •ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚*˛õÈÙÙÙÈ ÚàÓ˚& •ˆÏFåÈ
§yfl¨y!ò SxÌ≈yÍ à°Ü˛¡∫° ≤Ãû˛, !ï˛V !Ó!¢‹T ≤Ãyî#–Û ï˛yÑÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ñ ~•z °«˛î!ê˛ !öˆÏòy≈ £Ï– ˆÜ˛ööy à°Ü˛¡∫°
ˆÎ ÷ô%üye ܲˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛!ê˛ àÓ˚&ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y öÎ˚ó §ühflÏ àÓ˚&Ó˚•z à°Ü˛¡∫° ÌyˆÏܲ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ °«˛ˆÏî xÓƒy!Æ
ˆòy£Ï •° öy– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ ˆû˛í˛¸yñ åÈyà° ≤Ãû˛, !ï˛ ÎyÓ˚y x°«˛ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚Ä à°Ü˛¡∫° ˆö•z–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ °«˛ˆÏî x!ï˛Óƒy!Æ ˆòy£Ï •° öy– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö àÓ˚&Ó˚•z à°Ü˛¡∫° ˆö•zñ ~üöÄ Ó°y ÎyˆÏÓ
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Úà°Ü˛¡∫° !Ó!¢‹T ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲ•z àÓ˚& ӈϰÛÈÙÙÙÈ ~Ó˚*˛õ °«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y_´ !e!Óô ˆòyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ
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ˆÎˆÏܲyö °«˛ƒ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xÓƒy!Æñ x!ï˛Óƒy!Æ Ä x§Ω˛ÓÈÙÙÙÈ ~•z !e!Óô ˆòy£ÏÈÙÈü%_´ ˆÎ ôü≈ñ
ï˛y•z ÎÌyÌ≈ °«˛î ӈϰ ¢yˆÏflf fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛– ~•z !e!Óô ˆòy£ÏÈÙÈÓ!˚ •ï˛ ôü≈ˆÜÏ ˛•z xߨÇû˛R x§yôyî ôü≈ ӈϰ
í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
~áö ~•z Úx§yôyÓ˚ î ôü≈ Û È Ù È ~ Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ, ˛ ï˛ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ çyöy ≤ÃˆÏ Î ˚ y çö– xߨ Ç û˛ˆÏ R Ó˚ üˆÏ ï ˛ñ
ÚÚ°«˛ƒï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲÈÈÙȧü!öÎ˚ï˛cü‰ x§yôyÓ˚îcü‰–ÛÛ118 xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ ôü≈!ê˛ °«˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ xÓˆÏFåÈòˆÏܲÓ˚
§ü!öÎ˚ï˛ñ ï˛y•z •ˆÏFåÈ x§yôyÓ˚î ôü≈– ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ~•zñ Îy xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛ˆÏܲ xöƒyöƒ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓñ˚ xÌ≈yÍ §#üy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓñ˚ ï˛y•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲôü≈– ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÈ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ
fliˆÏ° ÚàÓ˚&ÛÈÙÈÓ˚ °«˛î !öî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe °«˛ƒ •ˆÏFåÈ ÚˆàyÛ ~ÓÇ °«˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ •ˆÏFåÈ ÚˆàycÛ–
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ӈϰ ÚˆàycÛ ôü≈!ê˛ ~áyˆÏö ÚˆàyÛ ~•z °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ °«˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ– Ú!öÎ˚ï˛Û xÌ≈ •ˆÏFåÈ Óƒy!Æ!Ó!¢‹T
Óy Óƒy˛õƒ– ô)ü Ä Ó!•´Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ~üö §¡∫¶˛ xyˆÏåÈ ˆÎñ ˆÎáyˆÏö ˆÎáyˆÏö ô)ü ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆ§áyˆÏö•z Ó!•´
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Óƒy˛õܲ– Óƒy!Æ xyÓyÓ˚ ò%Ó˚ܲüÈÙÙÙÈ §üÓƒy!Æ ~ÓÇ !Ó£ÏüÓƒy!Æ– ô)ü Ä Ó!•´Ó˚ Óƒy!Æ !Ó£ÏüÓƒy!Æñ
ˆÜ˛ööy ˆÎáyˆÏö ô)ü ÌyܲˆÏÓñ ˆ§áyˆÏö•z Ó!•´ ÌyܲˆÏÓó !ܲv Ó!•´ ˆÎáyˆÏö ÌyܲˆÏÓñ ˆ§áyˆÏö•z ˆÎ
ô)ü ÌyܲˆÏÓ ~üö ˆÜ˛yö ܲÌy ˆö•zñ ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÈï˛Æ ˆ°Ô•!˛õˆÏ[˛ Ó!•´ ÌyܲˆÏ°Ä ô)ü ÌyˆÏܲ öy–

47
x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ §üÓƒy!ÆÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î •° ~Ó˚*˛õÈÙÙÙÈ ÚˆÎáyˆÏö ˆÎáyˆÏö ≤ÈÏüÎ˚cñ ˆ§áyˆÏö•z x!û˛ˆÏôÎ˚cÛ–
xyÓyÓ˚ ÚˆÎáyˆÏö ˆÎáyˆÏö x!û˛ˆÏôÎ˚c ˆ§áyˆÏö•z ≤ÈÏüÎ˚cÛ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ≤ÈÏüÎ˚c Ä x!û˛ˆÏôÎ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ
ˆÎÓ˚*˛õ Óƒy!Æ §¡õÜ≈˛ñ ï˛y•z §üÓƒy!Æ– ~áyˆÏö ≤ÈÏüÎ˚c Ä x!û˛ˆÏôÎ˚c í˛zû˛Î˚•z ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óƒy˛õƒ
Ä Óƒy˛õܲ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ xߨÇû˛ˆÏRÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ñ ~áyˆÏö Úx§yôyÓ˚îcÛ ¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï xˆÏÌ≈ @ˇÃ•î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z !ӈϢ£Ï xÌ≈ •ˆÏFåÈÈÙÙÙÈ °«˛ƒ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ °«˛ƒï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ °«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
!öÎ˚!üï˛û˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲe xÓ!fli!ï˛•z •ˆÏFåÈ Úx§yôyÓ˚îcÛ– ~Ó˚*˛õ xÌ≈ @ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° °«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ú°«˛îÛÈÙÈ~
xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆòyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓöy ÌyܲˆÏåÈ öy– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Úx§yôyÓ˚îcÛÈÙˆÏܲ ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï xˆÏÌ≈ @ˇÃ•î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° Úܲ!˛õ°Óî≈cÛ xyÓ˚ àÓ˚&Ó˚ x§yôyÓ˚î ôü≈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öyó ˆÜ˛ööy ˙ ôü≈!ê˛ àÓ˚&Ó˚
°«˛ƒï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲ ôü≈ ÚˆàycÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !öÎ˚!üï˛û˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲˆÏe ÌyˆÏܲ öy– ÚˆàycÛ •ˆÏFåÈ àÓ˚&Ó˚
°«˛ƒï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲ ôü≈ñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ï˛y §Ü˛° àÓ˚&ˆÏï˛ !Óòƒüyö ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ àÓ˚&ˆÏܲ xöƒ §Ü˛° ˛õòyÌ≈
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ !ܲv ܲ!˛õ°Óî≈c §Ü˛° àÓ˚&ˆÏï˛ !Óòƒüyö öÎ˚ ӈϰ !ӈϢ£Ï xˆÏÌ≈ í˛z•y x§yôyÓ˚î
ôü≈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– Úò%!ê˛ ôü≈ !öÎ˚!üï˛ û˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲˆÏe xÓfliyö ܲˆÏÓ˚ÛÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲÌy ï˛áö•z Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ
Îáö ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zû˛Î˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ~ܲ•z x!ôܲÓ˚ˆîÏ !öÎ˚!üï˛û˛yˆÏÓñ xÌ≈yÍ Óƒ!ï˛e´ü•#ö û˛yˆÏÓñ ~ܲ•z x!ôܲˆÏÓî˚
!Óòƒüyö ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– Ú¢,!DcÛ ~ÓÇ Ú~ܲ¢ú˛Ó_¥ÛÈÙÙÙÈ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÄ xö%Ó˚*˛õû˛yˆÏÓ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ– xÌ≈yÍ Úx§yôyÓ˚îÛ Ü˛Ìy!ê˛Ó˚ xy«˛!Ó˚ܲ xˆÏÌ≈ í˛z•yÓ˚y Úx§yôyÓ˚î ôü≈Û !ܲv !ӈϢ£Ï xˆÏÌ≈ í˛z•yÓ˚y
Úx§yôyÓ˚î ôü≈ öÎ˚ó ˆÜ˛ööy í˛z•yÓ˚y ÚàÓ˚&ÛÈÙÈÓ˚ °«˛ƒï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲ ôü≈ ÚˆàycÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §Ó≈òy ~ܲ•z
x!ôܲÓ˚ˆÏî !Óòƒüyö öÎ˚ñ xÌ≈yÍ §ü!öÎ˚ï˛ öÎ˚– !ܲv Ú§yfl¨y!òü_¥Û Sà°Ü˛¡∫°!Ó!¢‹TcV xy«˛!Ó˚ܲ
Ä !ӈϢ£ÏÈÙÙÙÈ ~•z í˛zû˛Î˚ xˆÏÌ≈•z x§yôyÓ˚î ôü≈Û ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ï˛y °«˛ƒû˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲ ôü≈ ÚˆàycÈÙÈ~Ó˚
§ü!öÎ˚ï˛–

xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ Ä xÓˆÏFåÈòܲï˛y
~≤çˆÏD ÚxÓˆÏFåÈòÜ˛Û Ä ÚxÓˆÏFåÈòܲï˛yÛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ Ó%é˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö– Îy ˆÜ˛yö
˛õòyÌ≈ˆÜÏ ˛ xöƒyöƒ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓñ˚ xÌ≈yÍ §#üy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓñ˚ ï˛y•z ˆ§•z ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚
xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ ôü≈– ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÈ àÓ˚&Ó˚ °«˛î xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÎ˚ °«˛ƒ •ˆÏÓ ÚˆàyÛ ~ÓÇ °«˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ÚxÓˆÏFåÈòܲÛ
•ˆÏÓ ÚˆàycÛ– xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ §ühflÏ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ ˆàyc ˆö•zñ ï˛y °«˛ƒ öÎ˚ó xyÓ˚ ˆÎ §ühflÏ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ ˆàyc
ÌyܲˆÏÓñ ï˛y•z °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ xhsˇà≈ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ܲyˆÏç•z ÚˆàycÛ ôü≈!ê˛ °«˛ƒ àÓ˚&ˆÏܲ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ x°«˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õòyÌ≈ñ

48
SxÌ≈yÍ ˆàyÈÙÈ!û˛ß¨ ˛õòyÌ≈V ˆÌˆÏܲ §#üy!Î˚ï˛ Óy ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚ˆåÏ È ÓˆÏ° ÚˆàycÛ ~áyˆÏö ÚˆàyÛÈÙÙÙÈ ~•z °«˛ƒ
˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ °«˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ–
˜öÎ˚y!Î˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ xˆÏöܲ ôü≈ ÌyˆÏܲñ !ܲv §Ü˛° ôü≈•z xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ •Î˚ öyó
§yôyÓ˚îï˛É °â% ôü≈!ê˛•z xÓˆÏåÈòܲ •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ Ó%é˛yˆÏöy Îyܲ– âê˛
í˛zͲõ!_Ó˚ xöƒï˛ü ܲyÓ˚î •° ò[˛ó ú˛ˆÏ° òˆÏ[˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ Ü˛yÓ˚îï˛yñ xyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲ •ˆÏÓ ò[˛c–
!ܲv Î!ò Ó°y •Î˚ Úò[˛ ˆö•zÛñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~Ó˚*˛õ xû˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏÓ ò[˛ñ xyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲ •ˆÏÓ ò[˛c– xyÓyÓ˚ òˆÏ[˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !˛õ˛õ#!°Ü˛y xyˆÏåÈó ~áyˆÏö
ò[˛ •° x!ôܲÓ˚îñ xyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛ xyˆÏåÈ x!ôܲÓ˚îï˛y ~ÓÇ x!ôܲÓ˚îï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲ •ˆÏÓ ò[˛c– ˆÜ˛ööy
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà#ñ x!ôܲÓ˚î ≤Ãû˛, !ï˛ öyöyÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ òˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛òö%§yˆÏÓ•˚ z ò[˛c xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ
•ˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚ܲü ˆÜ˛yö ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£ÏÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ òˆÏ[˛Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á öy ÌyܲˆÏ° ò[˛cˆÏܲ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ Ó°y ÎyˆÏÓ
öy– •z!ï˛˛õ)ˆÓÏ ≈ Ó°y •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èñ °â%ôü≈•z xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ •Î˚– òˆÏ[˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ˛õòyÌ≈cñ oÓƒcñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#cñ ò[˛c
≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ ~ܲy!ôܲ ôü≈– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ò[˛c•z ~áyˆÏö °â%ôü≈ ӈϰ ˆ§!ê˛•z xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
!ܲv òˆÏ[˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y x!@¿ ≤Ãçµ!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yߨy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˙ Ó˚yߨyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ò[˛ˆÏܲ ܲyë˛Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ•z ܲyÓ˚î Ó°y
í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ܲyÓ˚îï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲ •ˆÏÓ Ü˛y¤˛cñ ò[˛c öÎ˚– ~û˛yˆÏÓ xöƒeÄ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
!Ó¢òyÌ≈ ~•zñ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ •ˆÏFåÈ !ӈϢ£Ïܲ SxÌ≈yÍ ÓƒyÓ_≈ܲ Óy ˆû˛òܲV– K˛yö ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ !ܲû˛yˆÏÓ
@ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ SxÌ≈yÍ K˛yˆÏöÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚Vñ ï˛y xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ myÓ˚y•z çyöy ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÓ!•´K˛yöÛ Ó°ˆÏ° Ó!•´!Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ K˛yöˆÏܲ Ó%é˛yÎ˚ó !ܲv ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y K˛yˆÏöÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ!ê˛ §%flõ‹T •Î˚
öyñ ˆÜ˛ööy Ó!•´ ~ܲ!ê˛ oÓƒ ӈϰ oÓƒK˛yöÄ Ó!•´!Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ Ó!•´ ˆï˛ˆÏçy!ӈϢ£Ï
ӈϰ ˆï˛ˆÏçyK˛yöÄ Ó!•´!Ó£ÏÎÜ˚ ˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ܲyˆÏç•z ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFåÈñ !ï˛ö!ê˛ K˛yˆÏöÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎï˚ ˛y•z Ó!•´ˆÏï˛
xyˆÏåÈ– ú˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yö ~ܲ!ê˛ ôü≈ˆÏܲ ˙ ˙ K˛yˆÏöÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ï˛yÓ˚ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~áö
Ó!•´cñ oÓƒc Ä ˆï˛çgflψÏܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ï˛yÓ˚ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˙ !ï˛ö ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ K˛yö ÎÌye´ˆÏü
Ó!•´cyÓ!FåÈߨ!Ó£ÏÎ˚ï˛yܲñ oÓƒcyÓ!FåÈߨÈÙÈ!Ó£ÏÎ˚ï˛yܲ Ä ˆï˛çgflÏyÓ!FåÈߨ!Ó£ÏÎ˚ï˛yܲ •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ˙ K˛yˆÏöÓ˚
˜Ó°«˛îƒ !§k˛ •Î˚ – ~û˛yˆÏ Ó ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ï ˛yÓˆÏ F åÈ ò ܲñ !ÓˆÏ ¢ £Ï ƒ ï˛yÓˆÏ F åÈ ò ܲñ §yôƒï˛yÓˆÏ F åÈ ò ܲñ
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲñ xyˆÏôÎ˚ï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲñ ˆ•ï%˛ï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲñ ܲyÓ˚îï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲñ ܲyÎ≈ï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲñ
≤Ã!ï˛Óôƒï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲñ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó¶˛Ü˛ï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲ •zï˛ƒy!ò í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ– xÓˆÏFåÈòˆÏܲÓ˚ ôü≈ˆÏܲ
xÓˆÏFåÈòܲï˛y ӈϰñ xÌ≈yÍ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ xÓˆÏFåÈòˆÏܲ– ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÈ Ú˛õÓ≈ï˛ Ó!•´üyö ô)üyÍÛ ~•z

49
xö%!ü!ï˛fliˆÏ° Ó!•´ •° §yôƒñ Ó!•´c §yôƒï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲó §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ §yôƒï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲï˛y Ó!•´ˆÏc xyˆÏåÈ–
Ú~•z Óƒ!_´ ò[˛ôyÓ˚#ÛÈÙÙÙÈ ~•z xö%!ü!ï˛fliˆÏ° ò[˛# •ˆÏFåÈ §yôƒñ ò![˛c SxÌ≈yÍ ò[˛V •ˆÏFåÈ
§yôƒï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲñ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏï˛ xyˆÏåÈ §yôƒï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲï˛y Sôü≈V–
xÓˆÏFåÈòܲï˛y ò%≤ÃܲyÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ!ܲ!M˛Èk˛ü≈yÓ!FåÈߨ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲï˛y Ä !öÓ˚!Ó!FåÈߨ
xÓˆÏFåÈòܲï˛y– !öÓ˚Ó!FåÈߨ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲï˛yÓ˚ fli°!ê˛ ~Ó˚*˛õÈÙÙÙÈ Ú˛õÓ≈ï˛ Ó!•´üyö‰ ô)üyÍ–Û ~fliˆÏ° §yôƒ
•ˆÏFåÈ ÚÓ!•´Ûñ §yôƒï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲ ôü≈ •ˆÏFåÈ ÚÓ!•´cÛ ~ÓÇ ~•z ÚÓ!•´cÛ ôˆÏü≈ xyˆÏåÈ §yôƒï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲï˛y–
~áyˆÏö Ó!•´ˆÏc ˆÎ §yôƒï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲï˛y xyˆÏåÈñ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ӈϰ !öÓ˚Ó!FåÈߨ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲï˛yñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛
Ó!•´ˆÏcÓ˚ K˛yö xöƒ ˆÜ˛yö ôü≈ÈÙÈÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ •Î˚öy– !ܲv xÓˆÏFåÈòܲï˛y ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Î!ò x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ û˛yö •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ !ܲ!M˛Èk˛ü≈yÓ!FåÈߨ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲï˛yó ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÈ Ú~•z Óƒ!_´ ò[˛ôyÓ˚#ñ
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ !ï˛!ö Ü%˛Ω˛Ü˛yÓ˚–Û ~fliˆÏ° §yôƒ •ˆÏFåÈ Úò[˛ôyÓ˚#Ûñ §yôƒï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲ ôü≈ •ˆÏFåÈ Úò[˛Û ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚
K˛yö •ˆÏFåÈ ò[˛cÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ òˆÏ[˛ ˆÎ §yôƒï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲï˛y xyˆÏåÈ ï˛y ò[˛cyÓ!FåÈߨ •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚
!ܲ!M˛Èk˛ü≈yÓ!FåÈߨ •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èñ !öÓ˚Ó!FåÈߨ •Î˚!ö– xÓˆÏFåÈòˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xöƒôˆÏüÓ≈ ˚ K˛yö •ˆÏ° ˆ§•z ôü≈ˆÜÏ ˛•z
xÓˆÏ F åÈ ò ܲyÓˆÏ F åÈ ò ܲ ÓˆÏ ° ó ˆÎüöÈ Ù ÙÙÈ í˛z ˛ õˆÏ Ó ˚ y _´ fli ˆ Ï ° ò[˛ §yôƒï˛yÓˆÏ F åÈ ò ܲ ~ÓÇ ò[˛c
§yôƒï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲyÓˆÏFåÈòܲ–
~áyˆÏö í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ ƒñ ôü≈ ˆÎüö xÓˆÏFåÈòyÓˆÏFåÈòܲ •Î˚ñ ˆï˛ü!ö xyÓyÓ˚ §¡∫¶˛Ä xÓˆÏFåÈòܲyÓˆÏFåÈòܲ
•Î˚– Ú~•z Óƒ!_´ ò[˛ôyÓ˚#ÛÈÙÙÙÈ ~•z ÓyˆÏܲƒ §yôƒ Úò[˛ôyÓ˚#Û fliˆÏ° ò[˛ôy!Ó˚ÈÙÈ!ö¤˛ §yôƒï˛yÓ˚ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ
§¡∫¶˛ •Î˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàó xyÓyÓ˚ ò[˛!ö¤˛ §yôƒï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲï˛yÓ˚ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ §¡∫¶˛Ä •Î˚ §ÇˆÏÎyà– ï˛ˆÏÓ
Ú˛õÓ≈ï˛ Ó!•´üyö‰Û ~fliˆÏ° Ó!•´!ö¤˛§yôƒï˛yÓ˚ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ §¡∫¶˛ §ÇˆÏÎyà •ˆÏ°Ä !ܲv Ó!•´!ö¤˛
§yôƒï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲï˛yÓ˚ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ §¡∫¶˛ •ˆÏFåÈ §üÓyÎ˚– xï˛~Ó Ú§¡∫¶˛!û˛ß¨ ˆÜ˛yö ôü≈Û ~ÓÇ Ú§¡∫¶˛Û
í˛zû˛Î˚•z ˆÎ fli°!ӈϢˆÏ£Ï xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y xyÓ˚Ä ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏFåÈ– xû˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ú≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà#Û Ü˛ÌyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •ˆÏFåÈÈÙÙÙÈ ÚˆÎ ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ xû˛yÓ ï˛y•z •ˆÏFåÈ ˙ xû˛yˆÏÓÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà#–Û ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÈ ÚâˆÏê˛Ó˚ xû˛yÓÛ Ó°ˆÏ° ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Úâê˛Û •ˆÏFåÈ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà#ñ Ú˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ xû˛yÓÛ Ó°ˆÏ°
ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ú˛õê˛Û •ˆÏFåÈ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà#ñ •zï˛ƒy!ò– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ öƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ñ âê˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õê˛ÈÙÙÙÈ ò%!ê˛ˆÏï˛•z
Ú≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÛ öyüܲ ôü≈ xyˆÏå– !ܲv âˆÏê˛ ˆÎ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y xyˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏê˛ ˆÎ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y
xyˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ ï˛yÓ˚y !ܲv x!û˛ß¨ öÎ˚ñ xÌ≈yÍ ÚâˆÏê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ âê˛öyÛ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y
•ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ âê˛öyÛÈÙÙÙÈ ò%!ê˛ âê˛öy §¡õ)î≈ !û˛ß¨ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚– ˆÜ˛ööy í˛z•yÓ˚y Î!ò x!û˛ß¨ •ï˛ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° âê˛

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˛õê˛yû˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà# ~ÓÇ ˛õê˛ âê˛yû˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛y– •z•y !ܲv x§Ω˛Óñ ܲyÓ˚î
ÚÎyÓ˚ xû˛yÓñ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà# ӈϰ–Û xï˛~Ó í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y_´ ò%!ê˛ âê˛öyˆÏܲ !û˛ß¨ ӈϰ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ– ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !û˛ß¨ ӈϰ ~üö ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ˛õòyÌ≈ !öÿ˛Î˚•z xyˆÏåÈñ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà#ˆÏܲ xöƒ
~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà# ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆû˛òܲ ˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z Ó°y •Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈ Ú≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲÛ
Óy Ú!ӈϢ£ÏÜ˛Û– âˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˙ !ӈϢ£Ïܲ •ˆÏFåÈ âˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆ§•z ôü≈ SxÌ≈yÍ âê˛cV ÎyÓ˚ çöƒ âê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
xû˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÄ xö%Ó˚*˛õ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
~áö ˆÎ !ӈϢ£Ïܲ!ê˛ §¡∫¶˛ÈÙÈ!û˛ß¨ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ôü≈ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲÈÈÙÈôü≈ó xyÓ˚
ˆÎ !ӈϢ£Ïܲ!ê˛ Ú§¡∫¶˛ÈÙȈÓyôÜ˛Û ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ Ú≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲÈÙȧ¡∫¶˛Û– ˆÎüö Úû)˛ï˛ˆÏ° âê˛yû˛yÓ
xyˆÏåÈÛÈÙÙÙÈ ~•z xû˛yÓfliˆÏ° Úâê˛Û •ˆÏFåÈ xû˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà# ~ÓÇ Úâê˛cÛ •ˆÏFåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ Ú!ӈϢ£ÏÜ˛Û Óy
Úˆû˛òܲÛñ ˆÜ˛ööy Úâê˛cÛÈÙÈôü≈•z âê˛ˆÏܲ xöƒyöƒ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ öƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚
˙ Úâê˛cÛÈÙôü≈ •ˆÏFåÈ Úû˛)ï˛ˆÏ° âê˛yû˛yÓÛÈÙÈ~ Ú≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲ ôü≈Û– §¡∫¶˛ÈÙÈÄ ˆÎ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ •Î˚
ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãܲ, ‹T í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛Ü˛≈§Ç@ˇÃ• @ˇÃˆsÏ i xߨÇû˛R≤Ãò_ xˆÏöƒyöƒyû˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ °«˛ˆÏîÈÙÈÚÚï˛yòydƒÈÙÈ
§¡∫¶˛yÓ!FåÈßȨ ÙÈ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÜ˛É xˆÏöƒyöƒyû˛yÓÉ– ÎÌy ÈÙÈ âê˛É ˛õê˛É ˆö!ï˛–ÛÛ119 xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ xû˛yˆÏÓÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲÈÙȧ¡∫¶˛ •ˆÏFåÈ ï˛yòydƒÈÙȧ¡∫¶˛ñ ï˛y•z •° xˆÏöƒyöƒyû˛yÓ– ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÈ âê˛ ˛õê˛
öÎ˚– ~áyˆÏö ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ Úâê˛ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xû˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ ˙ xû˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏFåÈ
Úâê˛Û– xyÓyÓ˚ Úâê˛Û ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~áyˆÏö ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà#ñ ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ Úâê˛ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà# •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ
•ˆÏFåÈ Úâê˛cÛñ ˆÜ˛ööy Úâê˛cÛÈÙÈ•z Úâê˛ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yˆÏܲ xöƒ xû˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Úâê˛cÛ •ˆÏFåÈ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ xû˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤çˆÏD Ú≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓˆÏFåÈòܲ ôü≈Û– !ܲv ~áyˆÏö
Úï˛yòydƒÈÙȧ¡∫¶˛Û öyüܲ xyÓ˚Ä ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ܲyÓ˚î Úâê˛ ˛õê˛ öÎ˚ÛÈÙÙÙÈ ~ܲÌy Ó°yÓ˚
xÌ≈ •ˆÏFåÈ Ú~áyˆÏö ˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yòydƒ §¡∫¶˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ âˆÏê˛Ó˚ xû˛yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– Úâê˛ ˛õê˛ öÎ˚ÛÈÙÙÙÈ
~•z ÓyˆÏܲƒ ˆÎ xû˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èñ ˆ§áyˆÏö ~•z Úï˛yòydƒÈÙȧ¡∫¶˛ÛÈÙÈÄ âˆÏê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚
xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ï˛Ü≈˛§Ç@ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚxyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ xû˛yÓ!ê˛ ï˛yòydƒÈÙȧ¡∫¶˛y!Ó!FåÈߨ
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yܲyû˛yÓÛñ xÌ≈yÍ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ xû˛yÓ!ê˛ ~üö ~ܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚
xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ •ˆÏFåÈ ï˛yòydƒ§¡∫¶˛– ~áyˆÏö ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFåÈ ˆÎñ xï˛ƒhsˇyû˛yÓ Ä xˆÏöƒyöƒyû˛yÓÈÙÙÙÈ
í˛zû˛Î˚ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe•z ˆÎ ˛õòyÌ≈ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏFåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ ÌyˆÏܲÈÙÙÙÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡∫¶˛!û˛ß¨ôü≈
~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡∫¶˛– ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥Ä ~•z ò%•z≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xû˛yÓˆÏܲ ˆÎ xy°yòy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ï˛yÓ˚

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ܲyÓ˚î ~•z ˆÎñ xˆÏöƒyöƒyû˛yˆÏÓ §¡∫¶˛Ó˚*˛õ xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ!ê˛ •ˆÏFåÈ ï˛yòydƒ§¡∫¶˛ñ !ܲv xï˛ƒhsˇyû˛yˆÏÓ
xÓˆÏFåÈòܲ!ê˛ §Ó≈òy•z ï˛yòydƒ!û˛ß¨ xöƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy §¡∫¶˛–
ü•!£Ï≈ ˆàÔï˛ü öƒyÎ˚ ¢yflfyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü xôƒyÎ˚Óƒy˛õ# ï˛yÑÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ ≤Ãüyîy!ò ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚
í˛zˆÏj¢ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ °«˛î !öî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÈÙÈ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚
x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ xD •ˆÏFåÈ Ú˛õÓ˚#«˛yÛ ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ xôƒyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õM˛Èü xôƒyÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ !ï˛!ö ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚
Ó ï˛# •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èö– ~áyˆÏö Ú˛õÓ˚#«˛yÛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ Ó%ƒÍ˛õ!_àï˛ xÌ≈ •ˆÏFåÈ ~Ó˚*˛õ ÈÙÙÙÈ Ú˛õ!Ó˚Û xÌ≈ Ú§Ó≈ˆïÏ ˛yû˛yˆÏÓÛ
~ÓÇ Ú{«˛yÛ xÌ≈ Ú!öî≈Î˚Û– xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ !Óã˛yÓ˚ Óy Î%!_´Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˆÏܲyö ï˛_¥!öî≈Î˚ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ӈϰ
˛õÓ˚#«˛y– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~Ó˚*˛õ Ó%ƒÍ˛õ!_ˆÏï˛ Ú˛õÓ˚#«˛yÛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ myÓ˚y !Óã˛yÓ˚ Óy Î%!_´ˆÏܲ•z Ó%é˛yÎ˚– ~çöƒ•z
û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ö Ó°ˆÏ°öñ Ú°!«˛ï˛§ƒ ÎÌy°«˛îü‰ í˛zͲõòƒˆÏï˛ ö ˆÓ!ï˛ ≤Ãüy˜ÏîÓ˚ÓôyÓ˚îÇ
˛õÓ˚#«˛y–ÛÛ120 xÌ≈yÍ °!«˛ï˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆ§•z °«˛î xö%§yˆÏÓ˚ Sˆ§•z ˛õòyÌ≈V í˛z˛õ˛õߨ •Î˚ !ܲöyñ
ï˛!m£ÏˆÎÏ ˚ §Ç¢Î˚ !öÓ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ çöƒ ≤Ãüyî§ü)ˆ•Ï Ó˚ xÓôyÓ˚î SxÌ≈yÍ !Óã˛yÓ˚˛õ)ÓÜ≈ ˛ ˆ§•z ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ ï˛_¥!öî≈ÎV˚
•ˆÏFåÈ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y– ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ~•zñ ˆÎ ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ ˆÎÓ˚*˛õ °«˛î Ó°y •Î˚ñ ï˛òö%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆ§Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ
í˛z˛õ˛õߨ •Î˚ !ܲöyñ •z•y ≤Ãüyî myÓ˚y !Óã˛yÓ˚˛õ)ÓÜ≈ ˛ ï˛o*ˆÏ˛õ !öî≈Ε˚ z •ˆÏFåÈ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y– ˆÎüöñ Úà¶˛Ó_¥Û
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ °«˛î !ܲöyÈÙÙÙÈ ~üö !Óã˛yÓ˚•z •ˆÏFåÈ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ≤Ãüyîy!ò ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ ï˛_¥K˛yˆÏöÓ˚
çöƒ•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y Óy !Óã˛yÓ˚ÈÙ!ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲï≈˛Óƒ– ÚöƒyÎ˚§)eÛ @ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ü•!£Ï≈ ˆàÔï˛ü
≤Ãüyîy!ò ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ xÌ≈yÍ öyˆÏüyˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎÌye´ˆÏü ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ °«˛î ӈϰˆÏåÈö– !ï˛!ö
ˆÎ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆÎÓ˚*˛õ °«˛î ӈϰˆÏåÈöñ ï˛òö%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˙ ˛õòyÌ≈ÈÙÈ!ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÎ §Ü˛° §Ç¢Î˚ Ä xö%˛õ˛õ!_
•ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓöy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ öƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚yñ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚ !öÓ˚§ö ܲï≈˛Óƒñ ˛õÓ˚üï˛ !öÓ˚yܲÓ˚î˛õ)Ó≈ܲ
!öçüï˛ §Çfliy˛õö ܲï≈˛Óƒó ~Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ !öç !§k˛yhsˇ !öî≈Î˚ •ˆÏFåÈ Ú˛õÓ˚#«˛yÛ– !mï˛#Î˚ xôƒyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !ï˛!ö
ˆ§•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y xyÓ˚Ω˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
~áö ≤Ãüyîy!ò ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ Ä °«˛î ˆÎ e´ˆÏü ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÄ
ˆ§•z e´ˆÏü ܲÓ˚y ܲï≈˛Óƒ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛ §Ó≈yˆÏ@ˇÃ ≤Ãüyî ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲï≈˛Óƒ– !ܲv ü•!£Ï≈
≤ÃÌü ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ ≤Ãüyî Ä Ú≤ÈÏüÎ˚ÛÈÙȈÏܲ Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ §Ó≈yˆÏ@ˇÃ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ ڧǢˆÏÎ˚ÛÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y
myÓ˚y ï˛yÑÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y≤ÃܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §)ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ˆÜ˛ö⁄ ~Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ӈϰöñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈yD
•ˆÏ F åÈ §Ç¢Î˚ ñ xÌ≈ y Í ˛õÓ˚ # «˛yÓ˚ ˛õ) ˆ Ï Ó ≈ §Ç¢Î˚ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– ˆÜ˛ööy ü•!£Ï ≈ Ó ˚ üˆÏ ï ˛ñ ÚÚ!Óü, ¢ ƒ
˛õ«˛≤Ã!ï˛˛õ«˛yû˛ƒyüÌ≈yÓôyÓ˚îÇ !öî≈Î˚É–ÛÛ121 xÌ≈yÍ Sï˛Ü≈˛!ӣψÏÎ˚V §Ç¢Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ«˛ Ä ≤Ã!ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚

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myÓ˚y SxÌ≈yÍ fl∫˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §Çfliy˛õö ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §yôˆÏöÓ˚ á[˛ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚yV ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xÓôyÓ˚î •ˆÏFåÈ
!öî≈Î˚– ~•z !öî≈Î˚•z •ˆÏFåÈ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y– ~•z !öî≈Î˚Ó˚*˛õ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y §Ç¢Î˚ÈÙÈ˛õ)Ó≈ܲñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §Ç¢Î˚ Óƒï˛#ï˛
!öî≈Î˚ x§Ω˛Óó §!®?˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ•≈ z öƒyÎ˚ÈÙÈ≤ÃÓ!, _ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ §Ó≈≤Ã̈Ïü Ú≤ÃüyîÛ ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°Ä ï˛Í˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ï˛!m£ÏˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yö≤ÃܲyÓ˚ §Ç¢Î˚ ≤Ãò¢≈ö xÓ¢ƒ ܲï≈˛Óƒ– ï˛ˆÏÓ §Ç¢Î˚ ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ç¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î !öˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓó xyÓyÓ˚ §Ç¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !öÓ˚§öÄ xÓ¢ƒ ܲï≈˛Óƒñ ˆÜ˛ööy
ï˛yöy•ˆÏ° !§k˛yhsˇ §%!ö!ÿ˛ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ öy– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ §Ç¢Î˚ !öÓ˚y§yˆÏÌñ≈ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y xÓ¢ƒ
ܲï≈˛Óƒ– ú˛°Ü˛Ìyñ §Ç¢Î˚ÈÙÈ˛õÓ˚#«˛y Óƒï˛#ï˛ §Ç¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲyÓ˚î=!°ˆÏï˛ !öɧǢÎ˚ •ÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öyñ
ú˛ˆÏ° ï˛!m£ÏˆÏÎ˚ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚Ä ü#üyǧy •Î˚ öy– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ x!hsˇü §Ç¢Î˚ü)°Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ˛õÓ˚#«˛y•z §Ω˛Ó
öÎ˚– ~çöƒ•z ü•!£Ï≈ ≤ÃܲÓ˚îyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛ §Ó≈≤Ã̈Ïü §Ç¢Î˚ÈÙÈ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ~•zñ §Ç¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy≤ÃܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y °«˛ˆÏî öy ÌyܲyÎ˚ ü•!£Ï≈ ≤Ã̈Ïü í˛zˆÏj¢ e´üyö%§yˆÏÓ˚•z °«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
!ܲv ˛õÓ˚#«˛yüye•z §Ç¢Î˚˛õ)Ó≈ܲ •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ñ xÌ≈yÍ §Ç¢Î˚ Óƒï˛#ï˛ ˆÜ˛yö ˛õÓ˚#«˛y•z §Ω˛Ó öy •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ñ
ÚxyÌ≈Û e´üyö%§yˆÏÓ˚ §Ç¢Î˚•z §Ü˛° ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# ~ÓÇ ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yܲyˆÏÎ≈ §Ç¢Î˚•z §Ó≈≤Ã̈Ïü
ܲï≈˛Óƒ– ~•z ˆ•ï%˛Ó¢ï˛É ü•!£Ï≈ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y≤ÃܲÓ˚ˆÏî öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢e´ü ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÌ≈e´ü
xö%§yˆÏÓ˚ §Ó≈yˆÏ@ˇÃ §Ç¢Î˚ˆÏܲ•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ¢yˆÏflf £Ïí˛¸‰!Óô e´ü Óy ˆ˛õÔÓy˛õˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ܲÌy Ó°y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ï˛ß√ˆÏôƒ ˆ◊Ôï˛e´ü Óy ¢y∑e´ü ≤ÃÌüñ xÌ≈ Óy xyÌ≈e´ü !mï˛#Î˚ñ í˛zˆÏj¢ Óy ˛õyë˛e´ü
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ñ fliyöe´ü ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ñ ü%áƒe´ü ˛õM˛Èüñ ≤ÃyÓ,!_ܲ e´ü £Ï¤˛–122 ~•z £Ïí˛¸‰!Óô e´ˆÏüÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ
≤ÃÌü ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚!ê˛ ò%Ó≈°– öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü§)ˆÏe ˆÎ í˛zˆÏj¢e´ˆÏüÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ í˛z•y
ˆ◊Ôï˛ Óy ¢y∑ e´ü öÎ˚ñ í˛z•y ˛õyë˛e´ü– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ xyÌ≈ e´ü í˛z•yÓ˚ Óyôܲ– !ܲv ˛õyë˛e´ü ˆÌˆÏܲ
xyÌ≈ e´ü ≤ÃÓ° ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xyÌ≈e´ü í˛z•yÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛#– ú˛ˆÏ° í˛zˆÏj¢ Óy ˛õyë˛e´ü ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ü•!£Ï≈
ï˛òˆÏ˛õ«˛y ≤ÃÓ° xÌ≈ e´üyö%§yˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã̈Ïü ڧǢÎ˚Û ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ •z•y Î%!_´Î%_´•z •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÓˆÏ°
öƒyÎ˚òy¢≈!öܲÓ˚y üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–
~fliˆÏ° ˛õ)Ó≈˛õ«˛Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xy˛õ!_ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yüye•z
§Ç¢Î˚˛õ)ÓÜ≈ ˛ •ˆÏ° §Ç¢Î˚ÈÙÈ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÓÏ Ä
≈ §Ç¢Î˚ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ñ ˆ§•z §Ç¢Î˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ xyÓyÓ˚ §Ç¢Î˚
xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ÈÙÙÙÈ ~Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ xöÓfliy ˆòy£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~≤çˆÏD í˛zˆÏÕ‘áƒñ xöÓfliy §ÓˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆòy£ÏyÓ• öÎ˚–
ÚxöÓfliyÛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ •ˆÏFåÈ ÚxÓ!fli!ï˛Ó˚ xû˛yÓÛ– ÚxÓfliyÛ Óy ÚxÓ!fli!ï˛Û •ˆÏFåÈ ~áyˆÏö Úܲ“öyÓ˚
xÓ!ôÛ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ü˛“öyÓ˚ xÓ!ôÓ˚ xû˛yÓ•z •ˆÏFåÈ xöÓfliy Óy ܲ“öyÓ˚ §üy!Æ•#ö ôyÓ˚y– öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflf

53
ò%•≤z ÃܲyÓ˚ xöÓfliyÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È– ÎÌyÈÙÈ ≤Ãyüy!îܲ xöÓfliy ~ÓÇ x≤Ãyüy!îܲ xöÓfliy– ≤Ãyüy!îܲ
xöÓfliy •ˆÏFåÈ Î%!_´Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãüyî!§k˛ §üy!Æ•#ö ôyÓ˚y Óy ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚yó •z•y ˆòy£ÏyÓ• öÎ˚– ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÈ
Ó#ç ˆÌˆÏܲ xB%˛ˆÏÓ˚yͲõ!_ñ xyÓyÓ˚ xB%˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó#ˆÏçyͲõ!_ÈÙÙÙÈ ~•z ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚îôyÓ˚yÓ˚ !fli!ï˛ Óy ˆ¢£Ï
öy ÌyܲˆÏ°Ä •z•y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛≤Ãüyî!§k˛ •ÄÎ˚yˆÏï˛ ˆòyˆÏ£ÓÏ ˚ öÎ˚– x≤Ãyüy!îܲ xöÓfliy •ˆÏFåÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòy£Ï–
ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÈ öƒyÎ˚üˆÏï˛ñ xÓÎ˚Ó#Ó˚ xÓÎ˚ÓôyÓ˚y xöhsˇ Óy xˆÏ¢£Ï •ˆÏ° xöÓfliy ˆòy£Ï •Î˚– ~•z ˆ•ï%˛Ó¢ï˛É
˛õÓ˚üyî%ˆÏï˛ xÓÎ˚ÓôyÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó◊yü Óy xÓ!fli!ï˛ Óy §üy!Æ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ï˛y öy •ˆÏ° ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
xöÓfliy ˆòy£Ï •ˆÏÓ– xyÓyÓ˚ xöÓfliy ˆòyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓöy ÌyܲyÓ˚ çöƒ•z çy!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚ çy!ï˛ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ öy– ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÈ âê˛cñ ˛õê˛cñ Ó,«˛c •zï˛ƒy!ò çy!ï˛ˆÏܲ Óƒ!_´ Óy çy!ï˛Ó˚ xy◊Î˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏï˛
xyÓyÓ˚ Úçy!ï˛cÛ çy!ï˛ fl∫yܲ#Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ âê˛cñ ˛õê˛cñ Ó,«˛cñ çy!ï˛c •zï˛ƒy!ò çy!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyÓyÓ˚
xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ Úçy!ï˛ccÛ çy!ï˛ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓÈÙÙÙÈ ~û˛yˆÏÓ çy!ï˛ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ° Î%!_´ˆÏï˛
xöÓfliy ˆòy£Ï âê˛ˆÏÓ–
~•z xy˛õ!_Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ƒê˛#ܲyܲyÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ö Óyã˛flõ!ï˛ !ü◊ ӈϰˆÏåÈö ˆÎñ ~áyˆÏö ü•!£Ï≈
ï˛yÑÓ˚ ڧǢÎ˚ÈÙÈ°«˛îÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ •z•y !ܲv §Ç¢Î˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y öÎ˚–123 ˆÜ˛ööy ü•!£Ï≈
ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ ڧǢÎ˚ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §yüyöƒ °«˛î Ä í˛z•yÓ˚ ˛õM˛È!Óô !ӈϢ£Ï ܲyÓ˚î
í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï °«˛î ӈϰˆÏåÈöñ ÚÚ§üyöyˆÏöܲôˆÏ¡ø≈y˛õ˛õˆÏ_!Óù≈≤Ã!ï˛˛õˆÏ_Ó˚&˛õ°∏˛ƒÈÙ
ö%˛õ°∏˛ƒÓƒÓfliyï˛ÿ˛ !ӈϢ£ÏyˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛y !Óü¢≈É §Ç¢Î˚É–ÛÛ124 xÌ≈yÍ S1V §yôyÓ˚î ô¡ø≈!Ó!¢‹T ôü≈#Î˚
K˛yöçöƒñ S2V x§yôyÓ˚î ô¡ø≈!Ó!¢‹T ô¡ø≈#Î˚ K˛yöçöƒñ S3V !Ó≤Ã!ï˛˛õ!_çöƒ SxÌ≈yÍ ~ܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈
!ÓÓ˚&k˛yÌ≈≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòܲ ÓyܲƒçöƒVñ S4V í˛z˛õ°!∏˛Ó˚ xÓƒÓfliyçöƒ ~ÓÇ S5V xö%˛õ°!∏˛Ó˚ xÓƒÓfliyçöƒ
Ú!ӈϢ£Ïy˛õ«˛Û SxÌ≈yÍ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õ)ˆÓÏ ≈ !ӈϢ£Ï ôˆÏ¡ø≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ •Î˚öyñ !ܲv !ӈϢ£Ï ôˆÏ¡ø≈Ó˚ flø,!ï˛ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛
•Î˚ñ ~üöV Ú!Óü¢≈Û xÌ≈yÍ ~ܲ•z ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ öyöy !ÓÓ˚&k˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ K˛yö •ˆÏFåÈ Ú§Ç¢Î˚Û– §Ç¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~•z
˛õM˛È!Óô ܲyÓ˚î=!°ˆÏï˛•z §Ç¢Î˚ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚•z !öÓ˚y§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ü•!£Ï≈ ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚î=!°Ó˚•z
˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ï˛yˆÏܲ•z û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÑÓ˚ xö%àyü#Ó˚y §Ç¢Î˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ӈϰ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
§Ç¢Î˚ •ˆÏFåÈ §Ó≈çö@ˇÃy•ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈– xߨÈÇû˛R §Ç¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ °«˛ˆÏî ӈϰˆÏåÈöñ ÚÚ~ܲ!fløö‰ ô!ü≈!î
!ÓÓ˚&k˛öyöyôü≈˜ÏÓ¢‹TƒK˛yöÇ §Ç¢Î˚É– ÎÌyÈÙÙÙÈ fliyî%Ó≈y ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£Ïy Óy •z!ï˛–ÛÛ125 xÌ≈yÍ ~ܲ•z ôü≈#ˆÏï˛
!ÓÓ˚&k˛ öyöy ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ K˛yö •ˆÏFåÈ Ú§Ç¢Î˚Û– ˆÎüö í˛z•y ~ܲ!ê˛ fliyî% xÌÓy ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï– ÈÙÙÙÈ ~Ó˚*˛õ K˛yö–
û˛y£Ïy˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFåÈòܲyÓ˚ !ÓŸªöyÌ §Ç¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ °«˛ˆÏî ӈϰˆÏåÈöñ Ú~ܲÈÙÈô!¡ø≈ܲÈÙÈ!ÓÓ˚&k˛ÈÙÈû˛yÓyû˛yÓÈÙÈ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ܲÇ

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K˛yöÇ §Ç¢Î˚ •zï˛ƒÌ≈É–ÛÛ126 xÌ≈yÍ ~ܲ!ê˛ ô¡ø≈#ˆÏï˛ !ÓÓ˚&k˛ û˛yÓ Ä xû˛yÓ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ܲ K˛yö•z •ˆÏFåÈ
§Ç¢Î˚–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFåÈ §Ç¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲyÓ˚Ä ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy §Ç¢Î˚ Óy !ÓÓyò ˆö•z– xï˛~Ó
§Ç¢Î˚ÈÙÈfl∫Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ܲyÓ˚î•z ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– !ܲv §Ç¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î§ü)ˆÏ• §Ç¢Î˚ Óy
!ÓÓyò í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •ˆÏ° ˆ§•z ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚îçöƒ §Ç¢ˆÏÎ˚Ä ˆ§Ó˚*˛õ !ÓÓyò í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ó xï˛~Ó
§Ç¢ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚î=!°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ï˛É §Ç¢Î˚ÈÙÈ˛õÓ˚#«˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy xy˛õ!_ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
öy– û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ÓyͧƒyÎ˚ö xö%Ó˚*˛õ í˛z!_´ ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ ï˛yÑÓ˚ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy xy˛õ!_ Óy ˆòy£Ï ˆö•z–
!ܲv ü•!£Ï≈ ˆàÔï˛ü öÓü ˛õòyÌ≈ Ú!öî≈Î˚ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ °«˛ˆÏî ӈϰˆÏåÈöñ ÚÚ!Óü,¢ƒ ˛õ«˛≤Ã!ï˛˛õ«˛yû˛ƒyüÈÙÈ
Ì≈yÓôyÓ˚îÇ !öî≈ÎÉ˚ –ÛÛ127 xÌ≈yÍ §Ç¢Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ«˛ Ä ≤Ã!ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ myÓ˚yñ xÌ≈yÍ fl∫˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §Çfliy˛õö
Ä ˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §yôˆÏöÓ˚ á[˛ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚yñ ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ xÓôyÓ˚î •ˆÏFåÈ Ú!öî≈ÎÛ˚ – !ܲv û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚ Ú!öî≈ÎÛ˚ ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
§)eû˛yˆÏ£Ïƒ ӈϰˆÏåÈöñ ÚÚö ã˛yÎ˚Ç !öî≈ˆÏÎ˚ !öÎ˚ˆÏüy !Óü,˜Ï¢ƒÓ ˛õ«˛≤Ã!ï˛˛õ«˛yû˛ƒyüÌ≈yÓôyÓ˚îÇ !öî≈Î˚
•z!ï˛–ÛÛ128 xÌ≈yÍ §Ç¢Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ•˚ z Ú˛õ«˛Û Ä Ú≤Ã!ï˛˛õ«˛ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y xÌ≈yÓôyÓ˚î •ˆÏFåÈ Ú!öî≈ÎÛ˚ ó Sï˛ˆÏÓV
•z•y !ܲv !öî≈ˆÎÏ ˚ !öÎ˚ü öÎ˚– ˆÎüöñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛y!ò fliˆ°
Ï §Ç¢Î˚Ó!˚ •ï˛ !öî≈Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ÓyòÈÙÈ!Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚
Ä ¢yˆÏflf §Ç¢Î˚Ó˚!•ï˛ !öî≈Î˚ •Î˚– xÌã˛ û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü öƒyÎ˚§)eû˛yˆÏ£Ïƒ ӈϰˆÏåÈöñ Ú!Óü¢≈É §Ç¢Î˚É
˛õ«˛≤Ã!ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛Ô öƒyÎ˚≤ÃÓ,!_É xÌ≈yÓôyÓ˚îÇ !öî≈Î˚hflÏ_¥K˛yö!ü!ï˛– § ã˛ ÚxÎ˚Ç !Ü˛Ç !fl∫!òÛ!ï˛ Ó›
!Óü¢≈üyeüöÓôyÓ˚îÇ K˛yöÇ §Ç¢Î˚Éñ ≤ÈÏüˆÏΕ˚ hsˇû≈˛ÓˆÏߨÓüÌ≈Ç ˛õ,Ì=ã˛ƒˆÏï˛–ÛÛ129 xÌ≈yÍ Ú!Óü¢≈Û
Ó°ˆÏï˛ §Ç¢Î˚ñ Ú˛õ«˛Û Ä Ú≤Ã!ï˛˛õ«˛Û Ó°ˆÏï˛ öƒyÎ˚≤ÃÓ,!_ñ ÚxÌ≈yÓôyÓ˚îÛÈÙÈÓ˚*˛õ !öî≈Î˚ •ˆÏFåÈ ï˛_¥K˛yö–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ •z•y•z !ܲ⁄ xÌÓy •z•y öÎ˚ !ܲ⁄ ~Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ !Óü¢≈ üye !ܲ öyÈÙÙÙÈ x!öÿ˛Î˚ydܲ K˛yöÓ˚*˛õ
ˆ§•z SöƒyÎ˚yDV §Ç¢Î˚ ≤ÈÏüÎ˚ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xhsˇà≈ï˛ K˛yö˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ xhsˇû≈˛)_´ •ˆÏÎ˚Ä ~çöƒ SxÌ≈yÍ
öƒyÎ˚≤ÃÓ,!_Ó˚ ü)° ӈϰV ˛õ,Ì܉˛ í˛z_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ~•zñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yüye•z §Ç¢Î˚˛õ)Ó≈ܲñ ~•z Î%!_´ˆÏï˛
§Ó≈yˆÏ@ˇÃ §Ç¢Î˚ÈÙÈ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ܲï≈˛Óƒï˛y §üÌ≈ö ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ ÈöÈÙÙÙÈ •z•y §Dï˛ öÎ˚– !öî≈Îü˚ ye•z Îáö §Ç¢Î˚˛õ)ÓÜ≈ ˛
öÎ˚ñ ï˛áö !öî≈Î˚Ó˚*˛õ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yüye §Ç¢Î˚˛õ)Ó≈ܲñ •z•y !ܲÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ Î%!_´§Dï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ x!ôܲvñ ~•z
¢yˆÏflf ü•!£Ï≈ ˆÎ §Ü˛° ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ˆ§=!° ¢yflf§¡øï˛ó xyÓ˚ ¢yflfmyÓ˚y ˆÎ ï˛_¥!öî≈Î˚ •Î˚ñ
ï˛y ܲyÓ˚Ä §Ç¢Î˚˛õ)Ó≈ܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚öyÈÙÙÙÈ •z•y §Ó≈çö fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛– ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~•z ¢yflf#Î˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
§Ç¢Î˚ ˛õ)Ó≈yD öy •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛ §Ó≈yˆÏ@ˇÃ §Ç¢Î˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚y_´ ܲyÓ˚î ~•z ¢yˆÏflf

55
ˆÜ˛yˆÏöyÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ•z §Dï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– í˛zˆÏj¢e´üyö%§yˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãüyî ˛õÓ˚#«˛y•z §Ó≈yˆÏ@ˇÃ ü•!£Ï≈Ó˚ ܲï≈˛Óƒ–
xÌ≈yÍ xyÌ≈e´ü ~áyˆÏö §Ω˛Ó öÎ˚ ӈϰ ˛õyë˛e´ü•z xÓ°¡∫ö#Î˚–
~•z xy˛õ!_Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚òy¢≈!öܲÓ˚yñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆj
Ï ƒyï˛Ü˛Ó˚ ӈϰˆÏåÈö ˆÎñ !öî≈Îü˚ ye•z §Ç¢Î˚
˛õ)Ó≈ܲ öy •ˆÏ°Ä !Óã˛yÓ˚üye•z !ܲv §Ç¢Î˚˛õ)Ó≈ܲ– ¢yflfåÈyí˛¸yÄ Îáö !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛áö ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÓÏ ≈
§Ç¢Î˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z xyˆÏåÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ §Ç¢Î˚ Óƒï˛#ï˛ !öî≈Î˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°Ä !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲáö•z §Ç¢Î˚ Óƒï˛#ï˛
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öyó !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛•z §Ç¢Î˚ !Óòƒüyö– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~•z öƒyÎ˚ ¢yflf#Î˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ !Óã˛yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ï˛y §Ç¢Î˚˛õ)Ó≈ܲ •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ §Ç¢Î˚ !ö!ÿ˛ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈yD •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~çöƒ•z ü•!£Ï≈
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ˆΩÏ ˛ §Ó≈≤Ã̈Ïü §Ç¢Î˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– ï˛yͲõÎ≈ƒ ê˛#ܲyܲyÓ˚ Óyã˛flõ!ï˛ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö ˆÎñ ¢yflfK˛
Óyò# Ä ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò#Ó˚ ¢yˆÏflf §Ç¢Î˚ ˆö•z §ï˛ƒñ !ܲv ÎyÑÓ˚y ¢yˆÏflf Ó%ƒÍ˛õߨ ööñ xÌ≈yÍ ÎyÑÓ˚y ¢yflfyˆÏÌ≈
§!®?˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ¢yflfyÌ≈ í˛zk˛yˆÏÓ˚ !öü@¿ñ ï˛yÑÓ˚y ¢yˆÏflfÄ §Ç¢Î˚˛õ)Ó≈ܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲö– ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ~•zñ
§Ç¢ˆÏÎ˚ !öî≈Î˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yüyˆÏeÓ˚ xD öy •ˆÏ°Ä !öî≈yÎ˚yÌ≈ !Óã˛yÓ˚üyˆÏeÓ˚•z xDó ˆÜ˛ööy !öî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çöƒ
!Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ˛õ«˛ Ä ≤Ã!ï˛˛õ«˛ @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚•z !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓó xyÓ˚ ˛õ«˛ Ä ≤Ã!ï˛˛õ«˛
!fliÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°•z §Ç¢Î˚ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ !öî≈Î˚üye•z §Ç¢Î˚˛õ)Ó≈ܲ öy •ˆÏ°Ä !Óã˛yÓ˚üye•z
§Ç¢Î˚˛õ)Ó≈ܲ ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~•z öƒyÎ˚¢yflf#Î˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ÓˆÏ°ñ û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚ !öî≈Î˚§)e û˛yˆÏ£Ïƒ
˛õÓ˚#«˛y !ӣψÎÏ ˚ §Ç¢Î˚˛õ)ÓÜ≈ ˛ !öî≈ˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ܲÌy•z ӈϰˆÏåÈö– xyÓ˚ñ ˆÎ Óyò# Ä ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò#Ó˚ ¢yflfyˆÏÌ≈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy
§Ç¢Î˚ ˆö•zñ ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy fløÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÓ˚ˆÏá•z !ï˛!ö ¢yˆÏflf §Ç¢Î˚Ó˚!•ï˛ !öî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏåÈö– !ܲv
Ú˛õÓ˚#«˛yÛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ú!Óã˛yÓ˚Û xÌ≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˛õÓ˚#«˛yüye•z §Ç¢Î˚˛õ)Ó≈ܲÈÙÙÙÈ ~ܲÌy fl∫#ܲyÎ≈–
öƒyÎ˚¢yflf§• §ühflÏ ¢yflfyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Ä x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ ܲï≈˛Óƒ •ˆÏFåÈ Úxö%Ó¶˛Û
ã˛ï%˛‹TÎ˚ !öÓ˚*˛õî– Úxö%Ó¶˛Û ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ Ú!ö!ü_Ûñ xÌ≈yÍ ¢yflfyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ !ö!ü_ Óy ˆ•ï%˛–
ÚÚxî%ÈÙÈ˛õÿ˛yÍÈÙÈfl∫K˛yˆÏöy_Ó˚Ç Óô¯!hsˇÈÙÈxy§OÎ˚!hsˇÈÙÈ≤ÃÓï≈˛Î˚!hsˇ •z!ï˛ xö%Ó¶˛yÉ–ÛÛ130 xÌ≈yÍ xö%Ó¶˛
ˆ§•z=!°ˆÏܲ•z Ó°y •Î˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yö •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö ¢yflf Óy @ˇÃˆsÏ Ói ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆöÏ xˆÏôƒï˛yÓ˚ §•ˆÏç•z
≤ÃÓ,!_ •Î˚– ~çöƒ §Ü˛° ¢yflf Óy @ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛ xö%Ó¶˛!öÓ˚*˛õî xÓ¢ƒÜ˛ï≈˛Óƒ– ÚÚï˛eyö%ӈ϶˛y
öyüy!ôܲy!Ó˚ÈÙÈ!Ó£ÏÎ˚ÈÙȧ¡∫¶˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçöy!ö–ÛÛ131 xÌ≈yÍ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xö%Ó¶˛=!°Ó˚ öyü •ˆÏFåÈÈÙÙÙÈ x!ôܲyÓ˚#ñ
!Ó£ÏÎñ˚ §¡∫¶˛ Ä ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çö– ~•z ã˛yÓ˚≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xö%Ó¶˛ Óy !ö!ü_ ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛ ¢yˆÏfl•f z ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆÜ˛ööy ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy
¢yˆÏflÓf ˚ xö%Ó¶˛ã˛ï%˛‹TˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ K˛yö•z ˆ§•z ¢yˆÏflf ≤ÃÓ!, _Ó˚ ˆ•ï%˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ¢yˆÏflÓf ˚ ï˛_¥yˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚
˛õ)ˆÓÏ ≈ ˆ§•z ï˛_¥ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ §«˛ü ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy x!ôܲyÓ˚# xyˆÏåÈ !ܲöyñ ï˛y ¢yflfˆKÏ ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã̈Ïü•z çyöy ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çö–

56
ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ~•zñ ¢yflfyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚#ñ xÌ≈yyÍ ï˛_¥yˆÏ°yã˛öy Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ Ä ï˛òö%ÎyÎ˚# §yôö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§«˛üÈÙÙÙÈ ~Ó˚*˛õ Óƒ!_´ Î!ò öy ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛_¥yˆÏ°yã˛öy ÓƒÌ≈ •Î˚– öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ ü)° xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏFåÈ ≤Ãüyîñ ≤ÈÏüÎ˚y!ò ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ˛õòyÌ≈– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˙ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ =õߨ ˆÎ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ï˛_¥
§¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ !çK˛y§y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ˆ§Ó˚*˛õ Óƒ!_´•z öƒyÎ˚¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ï˛_¥yˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ x!ôܲyÓ˚# ӈϰ ¢yˆÏflf
fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛– x!ôܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ üï˛ ¢yˆÏflÓf ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ ï˛_¥ Óy !Ó£ÏÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ~ܲ !Ó!¢‹T ú˛°≤Ãò ≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòƒ
˛õòyÌ≈Ä Ìyܲy xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– ï˛y öy ÌyܲˆÏ°ñ xyd!•ˆÏï˛Få%È Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÓ,!_ •ˆÏÓ öy– xyÓ˚ ≤Ãüyîñ
≤ÈÏüÎ˚y!ò ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ˛õòyÌ≈•z ˆÎ ~•z ¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ!Ó£ÏÎ˚ñ ï˛y ü•!£Ï≈ ˆàÔï˛ü §)e@ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü §)ˆÏe•z
flõ‹Tû˛yˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~áö ˆ§•z ≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòƒ!Ó£ÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢yflfÈÙÙÙÈ ~•z í˛zû˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòƒ Ä ≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòܲÓ˚*˛õ §¡∫¶˛ ÌyܲyÄ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– öˆÏã˛Í ˆ§•z §¡∫¶˛!Ó•#ö xyˆÏ°yã˛öy xÌ≈•#ö
≤ÈÏã˛‹TyÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈Ó!§ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– öƒyÎ˚¢yflf Ä ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòƒ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòܲÈÙÈ≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòƒ§¡∫¶˛
!ö!ÿ˛ï˛Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ !Óòƒüyö ӈϰ•z öƒyÎ˚òy¢≈!öܲàî Î%àÎ%à ôˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ¢yflfyˆÏ°yã˛öyÎ˚ !öˆÏÎy˚ !çï˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ åÏ Èö–
ï˛ˆÏÓ ÷ô%üye x!ôܲyÓ˚#ñ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Ä §¡∫¶˛ ÌyܲˆÏ°Ä •ˆÏÓ öyñ ˆ§•z ¢yflfyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçöÄ Ìyܲy
xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– ˆÜ˛ööyñ !Óöy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏö ˆÜ˛í˛z•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ܲyˆÏç ≤ÃÓ,_ •Î˚ öy– ≤Ãüyîy!ò ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ˛õòyÌ≈
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ÎÌyÌ≈ ï_¥K˛yöçyï˛ !öɈÏ◊Î˚§•z ~•z ¢yflfyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö– ~çöƒ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ¢yˆÏflf
í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ ã˛yÓ˚≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xö%Ó¶˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ öƒyÎ˚¢yflfÄ ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!ï˛e´ü öÎ˚–

57
≤ÃÌü xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õyòê˛#ܲy
1– ï˛Ü≈˛§Ç@ˇÃ• xÓ xߨÇû˛R SxƒyÌ!°Vñ û)˛!üܲyñ ˛õ,. xii-xiii –
2– ˙ñ ˛õ,. xix –
3– ˙ñ ˛õ,. xx –
4– ˙ñ ˛õ,. xxii –
5– öƒyÎ˚§)eÈÙÙÙÈ 3†1†32ñ 3†2†2ñ 3†2†17 ~ÓÇ ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ §)eÈÙÙÙÈ 4†1†1ñ 4†1†4–
6– ï˛Ü≈˛§Ç@ˇÃ• xÓ xߨÇû˛Rñ û)˛!üܲyñ ˛õ,. xxiii –
7– ˜ï˛!_Ó˚#Î˚ í˛z˛õ!ö£ÏÍÈÙÙÙÈ 2†7–
8– ï˛Ü≈˛§Ç@ˇÃ• xÓ xߨÇû˛Rñ û)˛!üܲyñ ˛õ,. xxiii-xxiv –
9– ˙. ˛õ,. xxiv –
10– ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ §)eÈÙÙÙÈ 4†1†1ñ 9†1†1 –
11– Ó ·˛§)eÈÙÙÙÈ 2†2†12ÈÙÈ17ñ 2†3†1ÈÙÈ7 –
12– ˜ç!ü!ö §)eÈÙÙÙÈ 1†3†3ÈÙÈ4ñ Ó ·˛§)eÈÙÙÙÈ 2†2†18ÈÙÈ32 –
13– Ó ·˛§)eÈÙÙÙÈ 2†2†14ñ 2†2†15–
14– ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ§)eÈÙÙÙÈ 4†1†4ÈÙÈ5–
15– ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ §)eÈÙÙÙÈ 3†2†9–
16– öƒyÎ˚§)eÈÙÙÙÈ 4†1†64–
17– öƒyÎ˚§)eÈÙÙÙÈ 3†2†14–
18– Ó ·˛§)eÈÙÙÙÈ 2†1†24–
19– öƒyÎ˚§)eÈÙÙÙÈ 2†1†61ÈÙÈ67–
20– ï˛Ü≈˛§Ç@ˇÃ• xÓ xߨÇû˛Rñ û)˛!üܲyÈñ ˛õ,.È xxvii –
21– öƒyÎ˚§)eû˛y£ÏƒÈÙÙÙÈ 1†1†4–
22– öƒyÎ˚§)eÈÙÙÙÈ 1†1†29–
23– ï˛Ü≈˛ §Ç@ˇÃ• xÓ xߨÇû˛Rñ û)˛!üܲyñ ˛õ,. xxviii –
24– ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ §)eÈÙÙÙÈ 3†2†4–
25– öƒyÎ˚§)eÈÙÙÙÈ 1†1†10–
26– ˜ÓˆÏ¢!£Ïܲ §)eÈÙÙÙÈ 3†1†17–

58
27– öƒyÎ˚§)eÈÙÙÙÈ 1†2†45 ÈÙÈ 46ñ 2†2†3–
28– ï˛Ü≈˛§Ç@ˇÃ• xÓ xߨÇû˛Rñ û)˛!üܲyñ ˛õ,. xxix –
29– öƒyÎ˚§)eÈÙÙÙÈ 3†2†10ÈÙÈ17ñ 4†2†7ÈÙ33–
30– ï˛Ü≈˛§Ç@ˇÃ• xÓ xߨÇû˛Rñ û)˛!üܲyñ ˛õ,. xxxi –
31– ˙ñ ˛õ,. xxxii –
32– ˙ñ ˛õ,. xxxiii –
33– ˙ –
34– ˙ñ ˛õ,. xxxv –
35– ˙–
36– ~ !•!flT… xÓ •z![˛Î˚yö °!çܲ S!Óòƒyû)˛£ÏîVñ û)˛!üܲyñ ˛õ,. xiii –
37– ˙ñ ˛õ,. 4–
38– xÌ≈¢yflfÈÙÙÙÈ 1†2†1–
39– ~ !•!flT… xÓ •z![˛Î˚yö °!çܲñ ˛õ,. 6–
40– xÌ≈¢yflfÈÙÙÙÈ 1†2†2–
41– ˆŸªï˛yŸªï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!ö£ÏÍÈÙÙÙÈ 5†2–
42– û˛yàÓï˛˛õ%Ó˚yîÈÙÙÙÈ 1†3†12–
43– ã˛Ó˚ܲ§Ç!•ï˛yÈÙÙÙÈ §)efliyöñ xôƒyÎ˚ÈÙÈ8–
44– ü•yû˛yÓ˚ï˛ñ ¢y!hsˇ˛õÓ≈ñ xôƒyÎ˚ÈÙÈ320–
45– ˙ñ Óö˛õÓ≈ñ xôƒyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ 132ÈÙÈ134–
46– ~ !•!flT… xÓ •z![˛Î˚yö °!çܲñ ˛õ,. 17–
47– ˙ñ ˛õ,. 18–
48– ˙ñ ˛õ,. 19–
49– ˙ñ 20–
50– ˙ñ ˛õ,. 21–
51– ˙ñ û)˛!üܲyñ ˛õ,. xvi –
52– ˙ñ ˛õÈ,. xv –
53– ˙ñ ˛õ,. xv –

59
54– !ò !§: !§ˆÏfiê˛ü§‰ xÓ •z![˛Î˚yö !ú˛ˆÏ°y§!ú˛ Süƒy:ü)°yÓ˚Vñ ˛õ,. 363–
55– ˙–
56– ˙ñ ˛õ,. 364–
57– ˙ñ ˛õ,. 365–
58– ˙ñ ˛õ,. 365ÈÙÈ366–
59– ˙ñ ˛õ,. 366–
60– ˙–
61– !ò ˆí˛ê‰˛§‰ xÓ !ò !ú˛ˆÏ°y§!ú˛Ü˛ƒy° §)e§‰ xÓ !ò Ó y·˛î§‰ SˆçˆÏܲy!ÓVñ ˛õ,. 2–
62– ˙ñ ˛õ,. 6–
63– öƒyÎ˚§)eÈÙÙÙÈ 4†2†31ÈÙÈ33–
64– !ò ˆí˛ê‰˛§‰ xÓ !ò !ú˛ˆÏ°y§!ú˛Ü˛ƒy° §)e§‰ xÓ !ò Ó y·˛î§‰ñ ˛õ,. 29–
65– ˙ñ ˛õ,. 3–
66– ~ !•!flT… xÓ •z![˛Î˚yö !ú˛ˆÏ°y§!ú˛ Sòy¢=ÆVñ 1ü á[˛ñ ˛õ,. 276–
67– xÌ≈¢yflfÈÙÙÙÈ 1†2†1–
68– ˙ñ 1†2†2–
69– öƒyÎ˚û˛y£ÏƒÈÙÙÙÈ 1†1†1–
70– ˙–
71– ˙–
72– ~ !•!flT… xÓ •z![˛Î˚yö !ú˛ˆÏ°y§!ú˛ñ 1ü á[˛ñ ˛õ,. 278–
73– ˙ñ ˛õ,. 279–
74– ˙–
75– •z![˛Î˚yö !ú˛ˆÏ°y§!ú˛ SÓ˚yôyÜ,˛£èîVñ 2Î˚ á[˛ñ ˛õ,. 17–
76– ˙ñ ˛õ,. 23–
77– öƒyÎ˚§)eÈÙÙÙÈ 1†1†42–
78– •z![˛Î˚yö !ú˛ˆÏ°y§!ú˛ñ 2Î˚ á[˛ñ ˛õ,.È 33ÈÙÈ34–
79– öƒyÎ˚§)eÈÙÙÙÈ 1†1†40–
80– •z![˛Î˚yö !ú˛ˆÏ°y§!ú˛ñ 2Î˚ á[˛ñ ˛õ,. 34–

60
81– ˙ñ ˛õ,. 35–
82– •z![˛Î˚yö !ú˛ˆÏ°y§!ú˛ñ 2Î˚ á[˛ñ ˛õ,. 35–
83– ˙–
84– ˙–
85– ˙–
86– ˙–
87– ˙ñ 36–
88– ˙ñ 38–
89– ~ö§y•zˆÏÜœ˛y!˛õ!í˛Î˚y xÓ •z![˛Î˚yö !ú˛ˆÏ°y§!ú˛§ S˛õê˛yÓ˚Vñ ˛õ,. 3ÈÙÈ4–
90– ˙ñ ˛õ,. 4–
91– ˙ñ ˛õ,. 220–
92– ˙ñ ˛õ,. 221–
93– öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈ö Sú˛!îû)˛£ÏîVñ 1ü á[˛ñ û)˛!üܲyñ ˛õ,. 3–
94– §Çfl,Òï˛ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ Sô#ˆÏÓ˚wöyÌVñ û)˛!üܲyñ ˛õ,. 45ñ 78 Ä 61–
95– •z![˛Î˚yö !ú˛ˆÏ°yç!ú˛ñ 1ü á[˛ñ ˛õ,. 142ñ 481ñ 483–
96– ~ !•!flT… xÓ •z![˛Î˚yö !ú˛ˆÏ°§!ú˛ñ 1ü á[˛ñ ˛õ,. 28–
97– öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈öñ 1ü á[˛ñ û)˛!üܲyñ ˛õ,. 4ÈÙÈ5–
98– ܲˆÏë˛y˛õ!ö£ÏÍÈÙÙÙÈ 1†2†8ÈÙÈ9ñ Ó,•yòÓ˚öƒÜ˛ í˛z˛õ!ö£ÏÍÈÙÙÙÈ 2†4†5ñ 4†5†6–
99– öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈öñ 1ü á[˛ñ û)˛!üܲyñ ˛õ,. 21–
100– Ó,•òyÓ˚îƒÜ˛ í˛z˛õ!ö£ÏÍÈÙÙÙÈ 2†4†5ñ 4†5†6–
101– öƒyÎ˚§)eÈÙÙÙÈ 3†1†31–
102– öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈öñ 1üá[˛ñ û)˛!üܲyñ ˛õ,. 34–
103– öƒyÎ˚˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ñ û)˛!üܲyñ ˛õ,. 31–
104– öƒyÎ˚§)eÈÙÙÙÈ 4†1†37–
105– öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈öñ 4Ì≈ á[˛ñ ˛õ,. 233–
106– öƒyÎ˚˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ñ û)˛!üܲyñ ˛õ,. 32–
107– ˙ñ ˛õ,. 32ÈÙÈ33–

61
108– ˙ñ ˛õ,. 33–
109– ˙–
110– ˙ñ ˛õ,. 35–
111– öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈öñ 1ü á[˛ñ ˛õ,. 80–
112– §ê˛#Ü˛É ï˛Ü≈˛§Ç@ˇÃ•É Sˆàyfl∫yü#Vñ ˛õ,. 13–
113– öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈öñ 1ü á[˛ñ ˛õ,. 80–
114– öƒyÎ˚§)eÈÙÙÙÈ 1†1†1–
115– öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈öñ 1ü á[˛ñ ˛õ,. 81–
116– ˙ñ ˛õ,. 82–
117– §ê˛#Ü˛É ï˛Ü≈˛§Ç@ˇÃ•Éñ ˛õ,. 17–
118– ˙–
119– ˙ñ ˛õ,. 601–
120– öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈öñ 1ü á[˛ñ ˛õ,. 81–
121– öƒyÎ˚§)eÈÙÙÙÈ 1†1†41–
122– öƒyÎ˚§)eÈÙÙÙÈ 4†1†18 ~ÓÇ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈öˆÏܲy£Ï S◊#ˆÏüy•ö Ä ò#ˆÏö¢Vñ ˛1ü á[˛ñ ˛õ,. 60–
123– öƒyÎ˚ò¢≈öñ 2Î˚ á[˛ñ ˛õ,. 3–
124– öƒyÎ˚§)eÈÙÙÙÈ 1†1†23–
125– §ê˛#Ü˛É ï˛Ü≈˛§Ç@ˇÃ•Éñ ˛õ,. 569–
126– û˛y£Ïy˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFåÈòÉñ ˛õ,. 523ÈÙÈ524–
127– öƒyÎ˚§)eÈÙÙÙÈ1†1†41–
128– öƒyÎ˚û˛y£ÏƒÈÙÙÙÈ 1†1†41
129– öƒyÎ˚û˛y£ÏƒÈÙÙÙÈ 1†1†1 SöƒyÎ˚ò¢≈öñ 1ü á[˛ñ ˛õ,. 27V–
130– §ê˛#Ü˛É ï˛Ü≈˛§Ç@ˇÃ•Éñ ˛õ,. 4–
131– ˆÓòyhsˇ§yÓ˚É Sܲy°#ÓÓ˚Vñ ˛õ,. 11–

62