Integrated

Syllabus

e) m
FOUNDATION & OLYMPIAD

pl co
IIT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer - Chemistry Class - X
UNIQUE ATTRACTIONS

m t.
CLASS - X

n
l l Numerical Problems
l Cross word Puzzles Conceptual Questions

Sa le
l Graded Exercise l Multiple Answer Questions
n Basic Practice l Paragraph Questions

e ta
n Further Practice l Assertion & Reason Type
n Brain Nurtures Questions CLASS
Solutions-X

re a
(F bm
` 75

CHEMISTRY
Detailed solutions
for all problems
of IIT Foundation &

.
Olympiad Explorer

w
are available in this book

` 200

w
w
YOUR

COACH

India’s FIRST scientifically designed portal

for Olympiad preparation
• Olympiad & Talent Exams preparation packages
• Analysis Reports • Previous question papers
• Free Demo Packages • Free Android Mobile App
Get 15% discount on all packages by using the discount coupon code: KR157N
A unique opportunity to take about 50 tests per subject.
 e) m
FOUNDATION & OLYMPIAD

pl co
m t.n
Sa le
CHEMISTRY
e ta

CLASS - X
re a
(F bm.
w
w
w

www.bmatalent.com
Published by:

Brain Mapping Academy

#16–11–16/1/B, First Floor,
Farhat Hospital Road,
Saleem Nagar, Malakpet,
Hyderabad–500 036
Andhra Pradesh, India.

e) m
✆ 040–65165169, 66135169
E–mail: info@bmatalent.com
Website: www.bmatalent.com

pl co
© Brain Mapping Academy

m t.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval

n
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without
Sa le
the prior written permission of the publisher.
e ta
Publication Team
Editor: E.V.S.S. Lakshmi
re a

Design & Typing: M. Nagender , M. Manjula

(F bm

ISBN: 978-93-80299-02-0

Disclaimer
.

Every care has been taken by the compilers and

w

publishers to give correct, complete and updated information.

In case there is any omission, printing mistake or any
other error which might have crept in inadvertently,
w

neither the compiler / publisher nor any of the

distributors take any legal responsibility.
w

In case of any dispute, all matters are subject to the exclusive

jurisdiction of the courts in Hyderabad only.
 Preface
Speed and accuracy play an important role in climbing the competitive ladder. Students have to integrate
the habit of being able to calculate and function quickly as well as efficiently in order to excel in the learning

e) m
culture. They need to think on their feet, understand basic requirements, identify appropriate information
sources and use that to their best advantage.
The preparation required for the tough competitive examinations is fundamentally different from that of

pl co
qualifying ones like the board examinations. A student can emerge successful in a qualifying examination by
merely scoring the minimum percentage of marks, whereas in a competitive examination, he has to score
high and perform better than the others taking the examination.

m t.
This book provides all types of questions that a student would be required to tackle at the foundation level.

n
The questions in the exercises are sequenced as Basic Practice, Further Practice, Multiple Answer Questions,
Paragraph Questions, Numerical Problems, Conceptual Questions and Brain Nurtures. Simple questions involving
Sa le
a direct application of the concepts are given in Basic Practice. More challenging questions on direct application
are given in Further Practice. Questions involving higher order thinking or an open-ended approach to
e ta
problems are given in Brain Nurtures. These questions encourage students to think analytically , to be
creative and to come up with solutions of their own. Constant practice and familiarity with these questions
will not only make him/her conceptually sound, but will also give the student the confidence to face any
re a

entrance examination with ease.

(F bm

Valuable suggestions as well as criticism from the teacher and student community are most welcome and
will be incorporated in the ensuing edition.

Publisher
.
w
w
w
 e) m
pl co
1. Atomic Structure .................................. 01
2. Periodic Table ....................................... 25

m t.
3. Chemical Bonding ................................ 48
4. n
Mole Concept & Stoichiometry ........... 71
Sa le
5. Electrochemistry .................................. 92
e ta
6. Chemical Kinetics & Chemical
Equilibrium .......................................... 111
re a

7. Acids, Bases & Salts .............................. 139

(F bm

8. Compounds of Nitrogen ..................... 165

9. Compounds of Sulphur ....................... 184
.

10. Compounds of Chlorine ...................... 204

w

11. Organic Chemistry–I ........................... 224

w

12. Organic Chemistry–II .......................... 250

w

13. Metallurgy ........................................... 275

Answers ................................................ 297
Solution to Crossword Puzzles ........... 316
IIT Foundation & OlympiadExplorer Chemistry / Class - X

Chapter

1
3
CHEMICAL BONDING
Mathematical
CHEMICAL
Force andBONDING
Induction
Pressure

e) m
Common Misconception Fact

pl co
1. All ionic compounds are 100% ionic. 1. Ionic bonds involve partial sharing and
hence show partial covalent character.

2. HCl is an ionic compound. 2. HCl is a polar covalent compound.

m t.
3. Ice contains greater number of hydrogen 3. Ice and water possess same number of

n
bonds than water. hydrogen bonds than water.
Sa le
SYNOPSIS
e ta
INTRODUCTION
In nature, most of the elements exist in combined state in the form of molecules. Only
re a

in some cases like inert gases, atom exists independently. The reason for these elements
to have independent existence is due to high stability because of completely filled octet
(F bm

or duplet configuration. This is the reason the atoms of other elements have tendency to
attain. Stability by combining with same or other elements the above stable configurations
by means of bond formation. The process of bond formation resulting in various types of
bonds depending on the nature of participant atoms is known as chemical bonding.
Types of bonds
.
w

The various types of bonds are:

a) Ionic bond (or) electrovalent bond
w

b) Covalent bond
c) Coordinate bond (or) dative bond
w

d) Metallic bond
All these four bonds are called strong bonds. These are attractive interactions between
the atoms or molecules which are comparatively weaker than the bonds mentioned
above. They are called weaker bonds. Hydrogen bond and vanderwaals forces of
interactions are examples of weaker bonds.

Ionic bond or Electrovalent bond

An ionic bond is defined as the electrostatic attractive force that exists between two
oppositely charged ions in a molecule.

3. Chemical bonding 48
© Brain Mapping Academy
IIT Foundation & OlympiadExplorer Chemistry / Class - X

The compounds whose ions are held together by ionic or electrovalent bonds are called
ionic or electrovalent compounds. These are the compounds which are formed by the
complete transfer of one or more electrons from an electropositive element (usually a
metallic element) to an electronegative element (usually a nonmetallic element).
Generally an ionic bond is formed between a metal and a nonmetal.
Electrovalency
The number of electrons lost or gained from the valence shell of an atom of an element

e) m
to form an ion having the stable electron octet of the nearest inert gas is called its
electrovalency. For example, calcium (2, 8, 8, 2) loses the two electrons in the valence
shell (last shell) to form Ca2+ (2, 8, 8) the stable electronic configuration of the nearest

pl co
inert gas, argon. Hence electrovalency of calcium is + 2. Chlorine (2, 8, 7) gains one
electron to form Cl– (2, 8, 8), the stable configuration of the nearest inert gas, argon.
Thus, the electrovalency of chlorine is – 1.

m t.
Covalent bonds
A covalent bond is defined as the bond formed by the sharing of one or more electron

n
pair(s) between the two combining atoms in such a way that both can attain the stable
electronic configuration of the nearest inert gas. The two combining atoms may be
Sa le
similar or dissimilar nonmetallic atoms. The difference between the electronegativities
of the combining atoms should be either zero or very small. Compounds formed by the
sharing of electron pairs are called covalent or molecular compounds.
e ta
Non polar Covalent bond
In a bond between two identical atoms the electrons are shared equally between the
re a

atoms. No separation of charge takes place in the molecule. This type of bond is called
nonpolar covalent bond.
(F bm

Covalency
The number of electron pairs which an atom shares with one or more atoms of the same
or different type so as to attain the stable electronic configuration of the next higher
noble gas is its covalency.
.

Types of covalent bonds

w

Single covalent bond

A covalent bond formed by the mutual sharing of only one pair of electrons by the two
combining atoms is called a single covalent bond. It is also known as a single bond. This
w

single bond is denoted by a single line, _____, between the two atoms. Each atom
contributes one electron for sharing.
w

Double covalent bond

If two electron pairs are shared by the two combining atoms, it is called a double covalent
bond, also called a double bond. This bond is indicated by two parallel lines, = , between
the two combining atoms. Each combining atom contributes two electrons for sharing.
Triple covalent bond
A triple covalent bond is formed by the mutual sharing of three electron pairs between
the two combining atoms. This bond is denoted by three parallel lines, ≡ between the
two atoms. It is also called a triple bond. Three electrons are contributed by each of the
two combining atoms.

3. Chemical bonding
49 © Brain Mapping Academy
IIT Foundation & OlympiadExplorer Chemistry / Class - X

Polar covalent bond

When a covalent bond is formed between two dissimilar atoms or atoms having different
electronegativities, then the shared pair (s) of electrons will be attracted more towards
the more electronegative atom than towards the other. As a result, the more
−
( )
electronegative atom develops a small negative charge δ and the less electronegative
+
( )
atom develops a small positive charge δ , Due to the presence of these two charges,

e) m
the covalent bond between the dissimilar atoms having slightly different
electronegativities is said to get some ionic or polar characters. Such a covalent bond is

pl co
called polar covalent bond. Examples of polar covalent molecules are HCl, H2O, NH3,
HF, HBr, HI etc.,

Note:

m t.
Polar covalent compounds are covalent when pure but became ionic when dissolved
in water.
n
Sa le
Valence bond theory and its postulates

Lewis theory failed to explain the bond angles and the shape of the molecules, So a
e ta
theory which could explain these factors was needed. Schordinger’s work laid the
formation in the direction. He was the one, who introduced the concept of “wave
mechanics”. A moving electron, is said to behave as both, a particle and a wave. Wave
re a

mechanics, deals with the behaviour of an electron as a wave. Schrodinger, with the
help of wave mechanics proposed the shape of orbitals. This development led to the
(F bm

concept of orbital bonding in the form of valence bond theory. This valence bond theory,
was developed by Heitler and London in 1927, based on wave mechanics. Later, Pauling
and Slater modified this theory.
1. Cause for the formation of a covalent bond:
.

A covalent bond is formed by the overlap of orbitals of one atom, with orbitals of
w

another atom.
w

2. Conditions for overlapping of orbitals:

(i) Only an orbital with unpaired electrons is eligible for overlapping.
w

Eg: Outer electronic configuration of ‘Cl’ and its block diagram is

3s 3p 3p 3p
x y z

In the outer shell of Cl, the orbitals 3s, 3p x and 3py are completely filled with
one pair of electrons in each, whereas 3pz orbital is half–filled and it is said to
be an orbital with an unpaired electron. Only such an orbital is eligible for
overlapping.

3. Chemical bonding 50
© Brain Mapping Academy
IIT Foundation & OlympiadExplorer Chemistry / Class - X

(ii) For the orbitals to overlap, the electrons in overlapping orbitals should spin in
the opposite direction.

(iii) After overlapping, the shape of the orbitals change such that a greater electron
density appear between the nuclei of the atoms, along the internuclear axis

e) m
(an imaginary line joining the nuclei of combining atoms)
E.g. During the overlap of two ‘p’ orbitals, the size of one lobe decreases and

pl co
the other lobe stretches and increases in size. The lobes with an increased
size, merge with each other resulting in greater electron density, along the
internuclear axis.

m t.
+
p-orbital p-orbital

n
Sa le
p-orbital p-orbital Lobe with Inter nuclear
reduced size axis
e ta
A region of high electron density is formed between the nuclei of the combining
atoms. The attraction between the positive nuclei and the electron cloud, in
the region of high electron density holds the combining atoms together.
re a

(iv) The direction of the covalent bond is in that direction in which, the overlapping
(F bm

orbitals have greater electron density. This is along the internuclear axis.
3. Strength of covalent bond :
The factor which decides the strength of a covalent bond is the extent of the overlap.
Greater the extent of the overlap, more is the strength of a covalent bond. The
.

extent of the overlap depends on the shape of the orbitals. The spherical ‘s’ orbitals
w

cannot overlap effectively, whereas the extent of overlap in the dumbbell shaped ‘p’
orbitals is more. So, covalent bonds involving the overlap of ‘s’ orbitals are weaker,
when compared to covalent bonds involving the overlap of ‘p’ orbitals.
w

Limitations of valence bond theory

w

1. Since the two electrons of the shared pair constitute a covalent bond, they must
come from two different atoms. This theory, does not give any explanation about the
formation of coordinate covalent bond, in which one of the bonded atoms furnishes
both the electrons.
2. The two atoms in O2 molecule, should have close electronic shell, resembling those
of Ne, which would give even number of electrons (paired) to the molecule, which
will make a diamagnetic (substances which get repelled in a magnetic field. This
phenomena is exhibited by molecules having paired electrons). But experiments show
that O2 molecule is paramagnetic (substances which are weakly attracted in a magnetic
field. This phenomenon is exhibited by molecules having unpaired electrons), indicating

3. Chemical bonding
51 © Brain Mapping Academy
IIT Foundation & OlympiadExplorer Chemistry / Class - X

the presence of unpaired electrons in oxygen molecule. Valence bond theory cannot
explain this.
3. This theory does not consider the formation of an odd electron molecule or ions such
as H2+ ion, where no pairing of electrons occur and where the molecule has only one
electron.
Overlapping of Orbitals
s–s overlapping

e) m
The overlapping between ‘s’ orbital of one atom and the ‘s’ orbital of another atom is
called s–s overlapping. This is observed in the formation of hydrogen molecule.

pl co
+

1s 1s s–s

m t.
H H H2
The electron cloud of 1s orbital of one hydrogen atom overlaps with 1s orbital of another

n
hydrogen atom. As a result, the 2 nuclei are brought closer and a strong bond is formed.
Sa le
p–p overlapping
The overlapping between ‘p’ orbital of one atom and the ‘p’ orbital of another atom is
called p–p overlapping. This type of overlapping is observed in the formation of halogen
e ta
molecules. (F2, Cl2 etc.). The unpaired dumbbell shaped ‘p’ orbital overlaps with another
such p–orbital. It results in the formation of a strong bond. This overlapping is also
known as axial or head-on overlapping.
re a

The subsequent p–p overlapping is described as lateral or sidewise overlapping. These

(F bm

overlappings result in weak bonds.

p p p-p overlapping
(Axial)
.

p–p overlapping can be seen in :

w

F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, O2, N2, etc.,

s–p overlapping
w

The overlapping between ‘s’ orbital of one atom and the ‘p’ orbital of another atom is
called ‘s–p’ overlapping. This type of overlapping is observed in hydrogen halide molecules.
w

The spherical ‘s’ orbital overlaps with the dumbbell shaped p–orbital.

s p s-p overlapping
s–p overlapping can be seen in HF, HCl, HBr, HI, H2S, H2Se, H2Te.
Order of strength of overlapping : p–p > s–p > s–s.

3. Chemical bonding 52
© Brain Mapping Academy
IIT Foundation & OlympiadExplorer Chemistry / Class - X

Sigma bond ( σ bond)

A sigma bond is formed by an axial or head-on overlapping of pure atomic orbitals. It is
an end to end overlap. Sigma bonds are represented by the Greek letter σ .
A strong bond is formed in all sigma bonds. In multiple bonds, one must be a sigma bond
and the rest are pi bonds.
Examples : ( σ bond)

e) m
pl co
s-s s-p p-p

(End to end overlap/overlapping along the internuclear axis)

m t.
Pi bond ( π bond)
A pi bond is formed by the sidewise overlapping of pure atomic orbitals after the formation
n
of a sigma bond. The extent of overlapping is less, hence a pi bond is weaker than the
σ bond.
Sa le
e ta
re a

(Side wise/Lateral Overlapping)

(F bm

Examples:
a) O2 molecule
__
The structure of oxygen molecule is O __ O
.

The first line represents a σ bond and the second line represents π bond.
w

b) N2 molecule : The structure of N2 molecule N ≡ N. The first line represents a σ bond

and the second and third lines represent π bonds.
w

Shapes of Molecules
A theory called VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) helps in explaining the
w

shapes of simple covalent molecules. A bond pair means 2 electrons involved in bonding.
A lone pair means a pair of 2 electrons not involved in bonding. They are lonely and
single. Electron pairs consist of bond pairs & lone pairs. According to this theory, the
various electron pairs around a central atom orient themselves in such a way that there
is minimum repulsion between them and maximum stability. The decreasing order of
repulsions among electron pairs is as under
lone pair – lone pair > lone pair – bond pair > bond pair – bond pair
[Whenever there is a lone pair of electrons, there will be distortion in the shape. The
shape will change a little bit.]

3. Chemical bonding
53 © Brain Mapping Academy
IIT Foundation & OlympiadExplorer Chemistry / Class - X

Linear Molecules
BeCl2 (Dots represent electrons)
Cl • • Be • • Cl ⇒ Cl–Be–Cl
1 bond pair 1 bond pair
No. of electron pairs = 2
__ __

e) m
CO2 : O __ C __ O
HgCl2 : Cl ––Hg––Cl

pl co
The angle between Hg and Cl molecules is 1800
Trigonal Planar
The structure is a triangle.

m t.
BF3

n
Sa le
e ta

Number of bond pairs = 3

Tetrahedral
re a

CH4
(F bm.
w

Number of bond pairs = 4

w

Trigonal Bipyramidal
PCl5
w

Number of bond pairs = 5

3. Chemical bonding 54
© Brain Mapping Academy
IIT Foundation & OlympiadExplorer Chemistry / Class - X

Square Planar
[Cu(NH3)4]2–

e) m
pl co
Number of bond pairs = 4
Pyramidal
NH3

m t.n
Sa le
e ta

Number of bond pairs = 3

Octahedral
re a

SF6
(F bm.
w
w

Number of bond pairs = 6

w

[Fe(H2O)6]+2

Number of bond pairs = 4

3. Chemical bonding
55 © Brain Mapping Academy
IIT Foundation & OlympiadExplorer Chemistry / Class - X

Shapes of Molecules and Electron Pairs

No. of e Type of
Shape Bond Angle Examples
pairs Molecule
2 AB2 Linear 180° BeCl2, CO2
HgCl2, CS2
3 AB3 Planar triangle/ 120° BF3, BCl3, SO3

e) m
Trigonal planar
4 AB4 Tetrahedral 109°28| CH4, NH+4

pl co
5 AB5 Trigonal 90°, 120° PCl5
bi- pyramidal
6 AB6 Octahedral 90° SF6,

m t.
[Fe(H2O)6]2+
L.P.
2 n B.P.
4 AB4E2 Square planar 90° [Cu(NH3)4]2+
Sa le
1 3 AB3E Pyramidal NH3 = 107° NH3, PH3
PH3 = 93.3° PCl3
e ta

L.P. - Lone pair

B.P. - Bond pair
re a

Coordinate covalent bond

It is a special type of covalent bond in which only one of the participating atoms contributes
(F bm

the electron pair for sharing. The atom which gives the electron pair for sharing is
called the donor and the other atom which accommodates the shared pair of electrons is
called an acceptor. In this mechanism, the contribution of electron pair is one–sided,
and slight polarity develops in the molecule. A coordinate bond is represented by ‘ → ’,
.

pointing from the donor atom to the acceptor atom. A coordinate bond is explained
w

below with the help of some examples.

(a) Formation of HClO :
w

×× ×× ××
× × ×
H Cl + O
××
× = H Cl O
××
×=or H Cl O×
××

Cl – atom of HClO is the donor and O – atom is the acceptor of a lone pair of electrons.
w

(b) Formation of NH3 → BF3

H F H F H F
–

•• ×× •• ××
H N + B F = H N ×
B ×
F or H – N →B – F
••

••

••

••

× ×
•• ••
×× ××
–

H F H F H F
Nitrogen atom of ammonia has a lone pair of electrons and these are accepted by the
vacant p orbital of the boron atom of BF3. Hence nitrogen atom is the donor and
boron atom is the acceptor.

3. Chemical bonding 56
© Brain Mapping Academy
IIT Foundation & OlympiadExplorer Chemistry / Class - X

Metallic bond
Each atom in a metal crystal loses all its valence electrons. The electrons thus obtained
from an electron pool. The resulting positively charged metal ions are believed to be
held together by the electron pool. The positively charged metal ions have a definite
position in the crystal lattice of the metal. The valence electrons are not attached to any
individual ions, they belong to the crystal as a whole and are free to move throughout
the metal crystal. The electrostatic force of attraction that binds metal ions to the mobile
electrons within its sphere of influence is known as a metallic bond.

e) m
SOLVED EXAMPLES

pl co
Example 1:
The overlapping orbitals always possess electrons with opposite spin. Give reason.
Solution:

m t.
If the overlapping orbitals have electrons with same spin, the increased repulsive forces
between the electrons oriented in the same direction increases energy of the system
n
and decreases stability. Hence overlapping orbitals always need to possess electrons
with opposite spin.
Sa le
Example 2:
Compare the solubilities of various lithium halides in water.
e ta

Solution:
re a

Lattice energy of these halides decreases from LiF to LiI with increase in size of the
anion. Hydration energy increases from LiF to LiI. The greater difference between
(F bm

hydration energy and lattice energy, the greater will be the solubility. Thus LiF is insoluble
and LiI is soluble.
Example 3:
Among hybrid orbitals and pure orbitals, which orbitals form stronger bonds ?
.

Solution:
w

Hybrid orbitals possess same shape, size and energy. Hence the extent of overlapping is
more in case of hybrid orbital. In hybrid orbital, the electron cloud is concentrated in the
w

larger lobe which renders larger extent of overlapping and hence results in stronger
bond.
w

Example 4:
NF3 and NCl3 have same shape and bond angle. But, NCl3 only undergoes hydrolysis and
NF3 does not.
Solution:
In case of NCl3, there are vacant ‘d’ orbitals in chlorine. The lone electron pair of H2O
molecule can be donated to NCl3 as they occupy the vacant d orbitals. Thus, NCl3 undergoes
hydrolysis. But, in case of NF3 fluorine has no vacant ‘d’ orbitals. Therefore lone pair of
electrons in H2O cannot be donated to NF3 molecule. Hence NF3 does not undergo
hydrolysis.

3. Chemical bonding
57 © Brain Mapping Academy
 CONCEPT MAP w Chemical Bonding

The force of attraction which binds the atoms together in a molecule

w

3. Chemical bonding
Decrease in energy of the system Increase in stability of the system
w
Transfer of electrons Attainment of octet or duplet configuration Sharing of electrons
.
IIT Foundation & OlympiadExplorer

Ionic bond Electrovalency Covalency Covalent bond

(F bm
Ionic compounds Properties Covalent compounds
re a
Brittle solids Mostly gases rarely
liquids or soft solids

59
High melting points Equal Unequal
e ta
Low melting point Non polar
sharing sharing

Electrical conductivity Non-conductor

Soluble in non polar

Sa le
Solubility in polar solvents solvents
n
Gases, liquids,
Strong electrostatic force
or solids
m t.
Polar

Nondirectional Higher m.pt & b.pt

Coordinate
pl co
Conductors in covalent bond
aq.solution
e) m
Soluble in polar Donor Acceptor
solvent

© Brain Mapping Academy

Chemistry / Class - X
 w
w

3. Chemical bonding
w Non bonded forces of attraction
.
IIT Foundation & OlympiadExplorer

Vanderwaals Dipole – dipole Hydrogen

Metallic bond
(F bm
forces re a attractions bonding

Non polar covalent Polar covalent Hydrogen Metal ions with

–

60
molecules or inert gas molecule highly EN atom pool of e s
e ta
Slightly
Very weak Stronger Stronger
stronger
Sa le
n
Omni
m t.
directional
pl co
e) m

© Brain Mapping Academy

Chemistry / Class - X
IIT Foundation & OlympiadExplorer Chemistry / Class - X

BASIC PRACTICE
SECTION A
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. The partial charge separation between the bonded atoms gives rise to ___________.
2. Linear molecules possess ___________ dipole moment.

e) m
3. Presence of 3 bond pairs corresponds to ___________ hybridisation.
4. The electron pairs involved in hybridisation and not involved in bonding are called

pl co
___________.
5. Number of lone pairs and bond pairs in ammonia molecule is ___________.
6. ___________ is the number of electrons contributed for sharing in covalent bond

m t.
formation.
7. The electrostatic force of attraction that binds metal ions with mobile electrons

n
surrounding within its sphere of influence is called ___________.
Sa le
8. Helium has ___________ configuration.
9. By losing ___________ electrons, calcium acquires the configuration of ___________.
e ta
10. The number of bond pairs in the molecule PCl5 is ___________.
11. Strongest hydrogen bond is present in ___________.
12. ___________ bond is formed between atoms of elements possessing electronegativities
re a

of 3.5 and 0.8.

(F bm

13. The greater polarisability of anion gives rise to ___________ character for the bond.
14. ___________ overlapping between orbitals leads to π bond formation.
15. In the formation of water molecule, ___________ number of lone pairs and ___________
number of bonds pairs are present.
.
w

TRUE OR FALSE
16. All polar covalent compounds possess dipole moment.
w

17. All homoatomic molecules possess non polar covalent bonds.

18. Metallic bond is non directional.
w

19. In multiple bonds, all bonds have equal strength.

20. Hydrogen bonding can exist between two molecules or within a single molecule.
21. There are no forces of attraction between the molecules of inert gases.
22. Strength of ionic bond depends on lattice energy.
23. During the bond formation, energy is absorbed.
24. Potential energy curve for covalent bond formation gives bond length.
25. Formation of dative bond involves only transfer of electrons from donor to acceptor.

3. Chemical bonding
61 © Brain Mapping Academy
IIT Foundation & OlympiadExplorer Chemistry / Class - X

MATCH THE FOLLOWING

26. Column – I Column – II
A. KCl p. Polar covalent compound
B. NH3 q. sp hybridization in carbon atoms
C. Acetylene r. Dative bond is present

e) m
D. H2O s. Pyramidal shape
E. H3O ion
+
t. Ionic compound

pl co
27. Column – I Column – II
A. Ionic bond p. Water

m t.
B. Polar covalent bond q. Calcium chloride

n
C. Non polar covalent bond
D. Coordinate covalent bond
r. Ammonium ion
s. Fluorine
Sa le
E. Hydrogen bonding t. Hydrogen sulphide
e ta
FURTHER PRACTICE
re a

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The electronic configuration of an element ‘A’ is [Ne] 3s2 . With which of the following
(F bm

elements it can form an ionic compound of the type AX2 ?

(A) [He] 2s2 2p2 (B) [Ne] 3s2 3p5 (C) [Ar] 3d10 4s1 (D) [Ne] 3s2 3p4
2. The correct order of strength of bonds is :
.

(A) s – s > s – p > p – p (B) s – s < s – p < p – p

w

(C) s – p > s – s > p – p (D) s – s > p – p > s – p

3. Intermolecular forces in solid iodine corresponds to :
w

(A) covalent bond (B) ionic bond

w

(C) coordinate covalent bond (D) vanderwaal’s forces

4. When magnesium and oxygen react, energy is :
(A) released, covalent bond is formed (B) absorbed, ionic bond is formed
(C) absorbed, covalent bond is formed (D) released, ionic bond is formed
5. Among the following bonds formed by chlorine atom, the strongest bond is formed with
which of the following elements ?
(A) Iodine (B) Hydrogen (C) Carbon (D) Chlorine

3. Chemical bonding 62
© Brain Mapping Academy
IIT Foundation & OlympiadExplorer Chemistry / Class - X

15. Non directional bond is present in :

(A) KF (B) H2 (C) H2O (D) Both 1 and 2
16. On the basis of which of the following parameters, shape of the molecule can be
predicted ? (only when one parameter is known).
(A) Type of hybridisation (B) Molecular formula
(C) Number of lone pairs and bond pairs (D) Dipole moment

e) m
17. When two ice cubes are pressed together, they join together. Identify the type of attraction.
Which helps for the above process.
(A) Vanderwaals (B) Covalent bond (C) Dative bond (D) hydrogen bond

pl co
18. Identify the correct reason for higher boiling point of ICl than Br2 :
(A) Higher molecular weight of ICl than Br2

m t.
(B) Presence of dipole - dipole forces in ICl
(C) Presence of vanderwaals forces in ICl

n
(D) Presence of vanderwaals forces in ICl
Sa le
19. Electron pool theory of metals can not explain which of the following characteristics of
metals ?
e ta
(A) Hardness (B) Malleability
(C) Electrical conductivity (D) Sonorousness
20. Which amongst the following is more covalent in nature?
re a

(A) AlF3 (B) AlCl3 (C) CsCl (D) CsF

(F bm

MULTIPLE ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following statements is true regarding NH +4 ?

.

(A) NH +4 contains a dative bond

w

(B) Bond angle increases when a bond is formed between NH3 and H+.
w

(C) NH +4 has pyramidal shape.

(D) The type of hybridisation changes when a bond is formed between NH3 and H+
w

2. Identify the correct reason for zero dipole moment.

(A) The molecule may be homoatomic
(B) There may be a dative bond in the molecule
(C) The molecule may be heteroatomic and symmetric
(D) There may be lone pairs in the molecule
3. Which of the following molecules possess same shape as H3O+ ?

(A) NH +4 (B) NH3 (C) PH3 (D) CH4

3. Chemical bonding 64
© Brain Mapping Academy
IIT Foundation & OlympiadExplorer Chemistry / Class - X

4. Identify the correct order of lattice energies :

(A) CsCl < RbCl < KCl < NaCl (B) KCl > CaCl2 > AlCl3
(C) NaCl < LiCl < MgCl2 < AlCl3 (D) LiCl > NaCl < MgCl2 < AlCl3
5. Identify the consequences of hydrogen bonding :
(A) Solubility of an ionic compound in water
(B) Solubility of a covalent compound in water

e) m
(C) Existence in liquid state
(D) Low boiling points

pl co
6. Which of the following electronic configurations are associated with the formation of
molecule with expanded octet ?
(A) [He] 2s2 2p1 (B) [He] 2s2 2p2 (C) [Ne] 3s2 3p3 (D) [Ne] 3s2 3p4

m t.
7. Among the following identify the molecules with sp2 - p σ bonds.
(A) BeCl2 (B) C2H2 (C) BCl3 (D) BF3
n
Sa le
ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE QUESTIONS
The questions given below consist of statements of an Assertion and a Reason. Use the
following key to choose the appropriate answer.
e ta

(A) If both assertion and reason are CORRECT and reason is the CORRECT explanation
of the assertion.
re a

(B) If both assertion and reason are CORRECT, but reason is NOT THE CORRECT
explanation of the assertion.
(F bm

(C) If assertion is CORRECT, but reason is INCORRECT.

(D) If assertion is INCORRECT, but reason is CORRECT.
(E) If both assertion and reason are INCORRECT.
.

1. Assertion : Malleability of a metal is due to the presence of metallic bond.

w

Reason : Metallic bond is non directional

2. Assertion : There is a carbon carbon double bond in ethylene molecule
w

Reason : Hybrid orbitals can form both sigma and pi bonds

3. Assertion : Water molecule is linear in shape
w

Reason : There are two lone pairs and two bond pairs in water molecule
4. Assertion : Two chlorine atoms are bound by a single bond
Reason : There is only one unpaired electron in the valence shell of chlorine
5. Assertion : Sigma bond is stronger than pi bond
Reason : The strength of a bond depends on the extent of overlap
6. Assertion : CCl4 has zero dipole moment whereas CHCl3 has dipole moment
Reason : Dipole moment is a vector quantity

3. Chemical bonding
65 © Brain Mapping Academy
IIT Foundation & OlympiadExplorer Chemistry / Class - X

7. Assertion : LiF has more covalent character than CsF

Reason : Lattice energy of CsF is less than that of LiF
8. Assertion : PCl5 is an unstable molecule
Reason : Formation of PCl5 does not follow octet tule
9. Assertion : Glucose is soluble in water
Reason : There is hydrogen bonding in water

e) m
10.Assertion : CO2 molecule is linear in shape
Reason : Any atom bonded to two other atoms should be linear

pl co
PARAGRAPH QUESTIONS

Passage - I

m t.n
Coordinate covalent bond is a special type of covalent bond in which only one of the
Sa le
bonded atoms contributes the electron pair for sharing.
i) In ammonium ion, identify donor and acceptor.
e ta
(A) ammonia, hydrogen chloride
(B) hydrogen ion, ammonium hydroxide
(C) ammonia, hydrogen ion
re a

(D) ammonium hydroxide, hydrogen chloride

(F bm

ii) Identify the number of lone pairs donated by donor in the formation of ammonia
boron trifluoride?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
iii) Depict the formation of ammonium ion by Lewis dot structure.
.
w

(A) (B) (C) H (D)

H F H •• H
+
•• •• H N H •• ••
••

••

××
× +
H N B F H N H H N H
••

••

••

••

••

••

×
w

•• ×× •• ••

H F H H
iv) How is coordinate covalent bond denoted ? What is the other name for it ?
w

(A) arrow, dative bond

(B) dots, dative bond
(C) arrow, covalency
(D) dots, hydrogen bond
v) Give another example for the formation of the above type of bond.
(A) hydronium ion (B) sulphur dioxide
(C) water (D) ammonia

3. Chemical bonding 66
© Brain Mapping Academy
IIT Foundation & OlympiadExplorer Chemistry / Class - X

SECTION – B
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS

1. Between two similar or dissimilar atoms, one sigma bond only is possible whereas two pi
bonds can be formed explain.
2. Explain the formation of H3O+ ion. Give its shape and bond angle with proper justification.

e) m
3. The formation of 4 bonds in methane can be explained by considering the excited state
configuration of carbon. Then, what is the need for the concept of hybridisation ?
4. When sufficient force is applied, ionic crystals and covalent solids also break. But, metals

pl co
can be made into thin sheets or foils by the application of same amount of force. Give
reason.
5. Rules of hybridisation say that hybrid orbitals form only sigma bonds. However,

m t.
unsaturated hydrocarbons like (ethylene and acetylene) possess multiple bonds between
carbons.
6.
n
Lone pairs and bond pairs possess electrons. However, the repulsion experienced by
Sa le
lone pairs is much greater than that experienced by bond pairs. What reason can be
attributed to this ?
7. Explain the shapes of AX3 type molecules without any lone pairs, with one lone pair and
e ta
with two lone pairs.
8. Fluorine has lesser electron affinity value than chlorine. However, fluorine shows greater
re a

ease of formation of F– ion than chlorine for Cl − ion. How do you justify this ?
(F bm

9. Melting point of MgCl2 is greater than that of BaCl2. Give reason ?

10. Phosphorous can form two types of halides whereas nitrogen can form only one type of
halide. Give reason.
SECTION – C
.
w

PREVIOUS CONTEST QUESTIONS

1. The hybridisation of carbon atoms in C – C single bond of HC ≡ C − CH = CH2 is :

w

(A) sp3 – sp3 (B) sp2 – sp3 (C) sp – sp2 (D) sp3 – sp
w

2. The correct order of bond angles in H 2S, NH3, BF3 and SiH4 :
(A) H2S < SiH4 < NH3 < BF3 (B) NH3 < H2S < SiH4 < BF3
(C) H2S < NH3 < SiH4 < BF3 (D) H2S < NH3 < BF3 < SiH4
3. The molecule having zero dipole moment is :
(A) CHCl3 (B) H2O (C) CCl4 (D) HCl
4. The number of sigma bonds in ethane formed by the overlap of sp3 and s orbitals is :
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 4

3. Chemical bonding
67 © Brain Mapping Academy
IIT Foundation & OlympiadExplorer Chemistry / Class - X

5. Which one of the following statements is true for ammonium ion ?

(A) All bonds are ionic.
(B) All bonds are dative bonds.
(C) Hydrogen atoms are situated at the corners of a tetrahedron.
(D) None
6. According to VSEPR theory, the shape of AB3 type of molecule in which the central atom

e) m
has one lone pair of electrons :
(A) pyramidal (B) tetrahedral (C) trigonal planar (D) linear

pl co
7. In which of the following is the hydrogen bonding strongest in gas phase ?
(A) HF (B) CH4 (C) HI (D) PH3
8. In which of the following substances highest covalent character is found ?

m t.
(A) CaF2 (B) CaCl2 (C) CaBr2 (D) CaI2
9.
n
The bonds present in K4[Fe(CN)6] are :
Sa le
(A) all ionic
(B) all covalent
e ta
(C) ionic and covalent
(D) ionic, covalent and coordinate covalent bonds
10. The ion which is isoelectronic with CO is :
re a

(A) CN– (B) O2− (C) N +2 (D) O2+

(F bm

11. BCl3 molecule is planar while NCl3 is pyramidal because :

(A) BCl3 does not have lone pair on B but NCl3 has one lone pair on N.
(B) B – Cl bond is more polar than N – Cl bond.
.

(C) N atom is smaller than B.

w

(D) N – Cl bond is more covalent than B – Cl bond.

12. Which one among the following is not paramagnetic ?
w

(A) Be– (B) Ne2+ (C) Cl– (D) As+

w

13. According to Fajan’s rule, covalent bond is favoured by :

(A) large cation and small anion (B) large cation and large anion
(C) small cation and small anion (D) small cation and large anion
14. The bond length between C – C bonds in sp 2 hybridised atom is :

° ° ° °
(A) 1 : 2 A (B) 1.32 A (C) 1.54 A (D) 1.4 A
15. The hybridisation of sulphur in SO2 is :
(A) sp2 (B) sp3 (C) spd3 (D) sd3

3. Chemical bonding 68
© Brain Mapping Academy
IIT Foundation & OlympiadExplorer Chemistry / Class - X

BRAIN NURTURES

1. Sodium has lower IP value and hence is highly metallic in nature. But, it is so soft that
it can be cut with knife. Iron is a hard metal though its ionisation potential value is
higher than that of sodium. Justify.
2. A molecule HX can form stronger hydrogen bond than another molecule HsY. But HX
boils at a lower temperature than H2Y. Identify HX and H2Y and give reason for the

e) m
peculiar behaviour.
3.

pl co
m t.n Internuclear distance
Is the above energy profile diagram the formation of hydrogen molecule correct in all
Sa le
respects ? If not explain and draw the correct figure.
4. Consider isoelectronic series of A+, B+2, C+3. Compare the relative covalent characters of
e ta
their chlorides. Give justification.
5. Had repulsions between the different types of electron pairs been equal, what would
have been the shapes of H2O and NH3 molecules.
re a

6. The valencies of p block elements are equal to group number or 8 - group number.
(F bm

Therefore they show one lower valency and one higher valency. However, if we go to
the bottom elements of any group, the compounds with lower valency are predominant
whereas higher valency becomes rather uncommon. Explain.
7. Among metals of its own group, only mercury is a liquid. Give reason.
.

8. When water and mercury are spilled on floor, what difference do you observe in their
w

behaviour or appearance ? Justify.

9. An atom ‘X’ has 5 electrons in ‘M’ shell. It can form XCl5 and XCl3. Explain their formation.
w

10. Two elements X and Y have L and M as valence shells and can form stable di negative
ions. But, they also form covalent compounds with hydrogen. One is a gas (compound
w

with Y) and one is a liquid (compound with X) at room temperature. Identify X and Y and
the compounds. Give reason for their respective physical states.
11. Electronegativity value of 2nd period, VA group element is same as that of 3 rd period, VII
A group element. But, the hydride of former can go into liquid state more easily than the
hydride of latter. Justify.

3. Chemical bonding
69 © Brain Mapping Academy
IIT Foundation & OlympiadExplorer Chemistry / Class - X

Crossword Puzzle

1 2 3

e) m
4

pl co
5

m t.
6

n
Sa le
7
e ta
re a
(F bm.
w

ACROSS DOWN
w

1 This property is seen in water molecule. 1 Ammonium ions have this type of bond.
w

5 Inert gases (except helium) have this
configuration in outer shells.
7 Energy released when oppositely charge ions are
brought together.
2 Metal atoms are united together by this
3 Shape of methane molecule
4 Hydrogen fluoride molecules have this type of
bond
5 Hybridisation takes place among these to level
the energy differences.
6 Most of the ionic compounds exist in this physical
state

3. Chemical bonding 70
© Brain Mapping Academy
 Integrated
Syllabus

e) m
FOUNDATION & OLYMPIAD

pl co

IIT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer - Chemistry Class - X

UNIQUE ATTRACTIONS

m t.
CLASS - X

n
l l Numerical Problems
l Cross word Puzzles Conceptual Questions
Sa le
l Graded Exercise
n Basic Practice
l

l
Multiple Answer Questions
Paragraph Questions
e ta
n Further Practice l Assertion & Reason Type
n Brain Nurtures Questions CLASS
Solutions-X
re a
(F bm

` 75

CHEMISTRY
Detailed solutions
for all problems
of IIT Foundation &
.

Olympiad Explorer
w

are available in this book

` 200
w
w

YOUR

COACH

India’s FIRST scientifically designed portal

for Olympiad preparation
• Olympiad & Talent Exams preparation packages
• Analysis Reports • Previous question papers
• Free Demo Packages • Free Android Mobile App
Get 15% discount on all packages by using the discount coupon code: KR157N
A unique opportunity to take about 50 tests per subject.