Example 1

Grape juice at a rate of 3 kg/s is concentrated in a single effect evaporator from 18% to 23% solids
content. Calculate a) the product flow rate, b) the evaporation rate, c) the steam consumption, d)
the steam economy, and e) the required heat transfer area of the evaporator if the juice enters
the evaporator at 508C, the juice boils in the evaporator at 508C, saturated steam at 1008C is used
as heating medium, the condensate exits at 1008C, the heat capacity of the juice is 3.7 kJ/kg8C and
3.6 kJ/kg8C at the inlet and the outlet of the evaporator respectively, and the overall heat transfer
coefficient is 1500 W/m2 8C.

Example 2

Tomato juice at 5.5 kg/s feed flow rate and 608C inlet temperature is concentrated in a double-
effect forward feed evaporator using steam in the first effect at a pressure of 97.2 kPa (gauge) and
cooling water in the condenser (surface condenser) entering at 308C and leaving at 458C. The heat
transfer area, the overall heat transfer coefficient, the boiling point elevation (BPE), and the
pressure in each effect are shown in the following table. The solids content and the heat capacity
of the feed are 11% and 3900 J/kg8C respectively. Calculate the steam flow rate, the solids content
at the exit of each effect, the steam economy, and the flow rate of cooling water in the condenser.

First effect Second Effect

area, m2 100 100
Overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2·C 2000 1000
Boiling point elevation ·C 0.4 0.8
Saturation pressure, kPa 90 17.9
Heat losses , kW 5 4
Heat capacity at the exit J/kg·C 3800 3450
Example 3.

Calculate the steam consumption in a single effect evaporator with 25 m2 heat transfer area,
which is being used to concentrate a fruit juice. The juice enters the evaporator at 708C, the
saturation pressure in the evaporator is 31.19 kPa, saturated steam at 1008C is used as the heating
medium, the condensate exits at 958C, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 1500 W/m28C.

Example 4

Calculate the steam consumption and the steam economy in a single effect evaporator which is
being used to concentrate a fruit juice. The juice enters the evaporator at 258C and a feed flow
rate of 2 kg/s, the saturation pressure in the evaporator is 31.19 kPa, saturated steam at a
pressure of 143.27 kPa is used as heating medium, the condensate exits at the steam
condensation temperature, the heat capacity of the juice is 3.9 kJ/kg8C and 3.7 kJ/kg8C at the inlet
and the outlet of the evaporator respectively, and the solids content is 10% and 20% at the inlet
and the outlet of the evaporator respectively.