Terrorism as a Threat and Challenge of Peace and Security in 21st Century

Naim Spahiu 1
Halim Bajraktari 2
Shefki Shtërbani 3

Abstract

Combining the number of increased states, regions and continents which are affected by security challenges followed
by terrorism and extremism, I asses that measures which should be undertaken immediately to respond correctly by
determine the right future for next generation. Challenges mentioned are funded by certain states and hidden
organizations which are desired to sabotage prosperity and globalization of human rights. Using instrument of making
a crisis in certain regions/states to achieve a focus point regarding fighting terrorism and extremism just aggravate
the situation on managing this crisis. While some states continue to back international terrorism, groups increasingly
finance their own activities through a network of charitable and humanitarian organizations, criminal enterprises,
front companies, dark commercial deals, illicit and unregulated banking systems, and the personal wealth of
individual so called “militant Islamists”. The reason of increasing flames of terrorism globally and particular in our
region when some youth people of our society have become a target person to recruit easily them by attraction of
ideologies, using their poverty as weakness, and a result of poverty education is the desirable thing. Stages of
becoming a target for terrorist organization are: Indoctrination, selection, financing activities (training, travel),
victimization. After being diagnosed reasons for terrorism, we face difficult challenges to deal with combination of
factors which terrorist organization use to attract people to join them. Undertaken steps taken by main social media
to stop spreading extremism is good but not enough. Large number of accounts have been closed, but the goal is to
find some causes of terrorism in order to predict and reduce future incidents. There are different forms of terrorism,
and each form has its own causes. Terrorism happens in both poor and rich countries, and regardless of the type of
government.
Nowadays financing terrorism is a serious issue. How they organize payments, traveling’s? Cash flow of terrorist
organization and how it works? We analyze the likely difference between cash flow and transfers, which are taken.
What were the actions of Kosovo government to stop operating in this area? If our society is able to fight such difficult
and risky action. There are many examples of successful cases that will fit on best scenarios how to deal with financing
terrorism. The final section of the article considers end- game financially and lawfully, and assessing the persons who
were part of terrorist organizations and outcome of such complex and uncertain processes.

Key words: Terrorism, finance, government, security, ideology.

1 Naim SPAHIU, Phd Can. Lecturer at University of Prizren“ Ukshin Hoti” Law Faculty, Email: naimspahiu@gmail.com.
2 Halim BAJRAKTARI, Prof. Ass. Dr. University of Prizren ”Ukshin Hoti” Associate Dean- Law Faculty. http://www.uni-
prizren.com E-mail:. halim.bajraktari@uni-prizren.com;
3 Shefki SHTËRBANI, Assistant at University of Prizren ”UkshinHoti”- Law Faculty. http://www.uni-prizren.com, Email:

shefki.shterbani@uni-prizren.com

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1. Old and new Terrorism
Terrorism has no date when begun, terrorism has existed since humans have existed on this planet.
Forms and groups during the time has emerged and defined depend on evaluations of society. Term
of terrorism is new but actions which are common in human history.The word ‘terrorism’ first
emerged at the end of the eighteenth century in post-revolutionary France when it was used by the
Dictionnaire de l’Académie française to describe ’’a regime of terror’’. Terrorism could be defined
as act of groups, individuals and States. Terrorism is a broad field and it can be thought of as the
use or threatened use of force against civilians designed to bring about political or social change.4.

For the first time word terrorism has been used in 1795 in France to the Reighn of Terror acorded
by French governmet against anti government activities. From then every army has choosen
“iregular”5. The definition of terrorism of LaFree and Ackerman (2009, 348) definedas ‘‘the
threatened or actual use of illegal force, directed against civilian targets, by non state actors, in
order to attain a political goal, through fear, coercion or intimidation6.Terrorism is primarily a
political phenomenon. Terrorism is primarily a political phenomenon therefore the political
science theories are the focus in this study. Instrumental, organizational and political
communication approaches are taken as the principal representatives of political science theories
of terrorism. In addition to those, economic and psychological theories of terrorism are evaluated
from the other disciplines. The reason to evaluate economics and psychology literature is simple:
these are two of the most developed social sciences7. A proliferation of legal measures ensued,
with broad-reaching political and legal effect, including Security Council resolutions that imposed
a wide range of obligations on states to prevent and suppress terrorism. These include ensuring
that ‘terrorist acts are established as serious criminal offences in domestic laws and regulations
and that the punishment duly reflects the seriousness of such terrorist acts8.

According to both the Department of Defense (DOD) and the FBI, terrorism is "the unlawful use
of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian
population or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives." The DOD
definition adds that a goal of terrorism can be "inculcating fear" (thus the psychological
dimension), while the State Department is more elaborate, specifying that terrorism may include
the use of biological, chemical or nuclear devices as well as the act of "assassination."Motivs of
terrorism are political but also could be criminal. Based on the above it can be concluded that
terrorism is a form of violent opposition to the authorities, which is present in modern society, not
only against the undemocratic totalitarian rule, it is possible vision subversive activities against
any, even a democratic government. In fact, terrorism is one of the most brutal ways to achieve
the set goals that often do not correspond o reality is not real life. “Terrorism refutes all moral
norms in the wars of choosing and accepting prefer to kill innocent than to find a way to avoid

4 Lulu Rumsey “Terrorism: A Historical Context” History today Magazine posted 8th September 2011.
5 Ibid.
6 This definition appears to be among the most comprehensive (see Dugan 2010, 9).
7 Özgür ÖZDAMAR “Theorizing Terrorist Behavior: Major Approaches.

and Their Characteristics” Vol. 1, No. 2, Fall 2008 p.90.

8 Hellen Duffy “The war on terror and the frame work on international law” 2005, p, 17.

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them injury’’ 9. Terrorism is an anxiety-inspired method of repeated violent action, employed by
(semi-)clandestine individuals, groups, or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal, religious or
political reasons, whereby – in contrast to assassination – the direct targets of violence are not the
main targets. The immediate human victims of violence are generally chosen randomly (targets of
opportunity) or selectively (representative or symbolic targets) from a target population, and serve
as massage generators. Threatand violence-based communication processes between terrorist
(organization), (imperilled) victims, and the main targets are used to manipulate the main target
(audience(s)), turning it into a target of terror, a target of demands, or a target of attention,
depending on whether intimidation, coercion, or propaganda is primarily sought.10

The acceptance of the term ‘new terrorism’ will have great influence on the direction and funding
of counter-terrorism measures. However, the distinction between old and new terrorism is artificial
and some extent dangerous, as it can be used to justify a whole new set of rushed restrictive
governmental counter-measures without these being democratically debated, publicly discussed,
independently monitored or even necessary11. Defining terrorism is the most ambiguous
component in terrorism studies, with no universally accepted definition that differentiates attacks
against civilian noncombatants or armed military or takes into account the latest trends in terrorist
objectives and warfare. In 1983, the U.S. Department of State (DOS) formulated one of the most
widely used definitions of terrorism. According to this definition, terrorism is "premeditated,
politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or
clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience." [1] As part of this definition, the
term "noncombatant" includes civilians and military personnel who are unarmed or not on duty.
[2] The term 'international terrorism' refers to terrorism "involving citizens or the territory of more
than one country," [3] while the term 'terrorist group' refers to "any group practicing, or that has
significant subgroups that practice, international terrorism"12.

2. UN and the Threat of peace and Security from terrorism After 9/11
On 11 September 2001 two aero planes with passengers were hijacked by terrorists and crashed
deliberately into the World Trade Center in New York. A similar attack was carried out on the
Pentagon in Washington at roughly the same time. Between 4,000 and 6,000 people, including the
terrorists, died. Amongst these were the people of some 30 nations13. In 2001, after 9/11 the UN
Security Council stated that: “acts of international terrorism constitute one of the most serious

9 Johnson, J. T., ''Just War Theory Responding Morally To Global Terrorism'', 2003, pp. 224-225.
10 Alex P. Schmid& Albert J. Jongman, Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases,
Theories and Literature, (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1988), pp. 28.
11 Alexander Spencer, Questioning the Concept of ‘New Terrorism’ Peace Conflict & Development, Issue 8, January

2006 p. 5.
12 United States Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism 2003 (Washington, DC: Office of the Secretary of

State, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, April 2004), p. xii.

13 Suman Gupta, “The Replication of Violence- Thoughts on International Terrorism after September 11th 2001”,

England 2002.

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threats to international peace and security in the twenty-first century14. As a result, the Security
Council it reacted swiftly, within hours of the attacks, and with determination15.
Ad Hoc Committee by the General Assembly of the United Nations set up Resolution 51/210 of
17 December 1996 was tasked to draft a general convention to combat international terrorism. The
Commission failed to do the job because of political, ideological and legal problems, it failed to
define the crime of international terrorism or to the issue of armed conflict from the standpoint of
humanitarian law (Art. 2 and 18 of the draft)16. The Security Council hase adopted many
Resolutions on combating terrorism. The Security Council resolution no. 137317. This resolution
obliges the member states to take a series of measures to prevent terrorist activities and to
criminalize various forms of terrorist actions, and to take measures to facilitate and promote
cooperation between member states18. Also, there are a number other resolutions on terrorism, in
coopeartion of states in fighting terrorism. The increase of the number of terrorist acts in many
countries, the United Nations is going to play the role for preventing terrorism.

The US government’s reaction to 9/11 included the concept of a’’new paradigm’’ namely, the
proposition that, in a time of perceived threat to national security of the magnitude of the 11
September 2001 attacks, it is legitimate and legal either to interpret certain core norms of
international law as not binding or to consider that the powers of the President under the
Constitution to wage a ‘war’ on terrorism supersede international law. The new paradigm has had
a dramatic impact through the doctrine of preventive war and the non-application of certain norms
of international humanitarian law and international human rights.19

3. The Challenges of preventing of financing Terrorism in Europe Specialy in the Balkans

Prevention of money laundering and terrorist financing an important task in each jurisdiction and
covers all measures and actions that can be taken to benefit illegally earned money in any way or
that, regardless of the source, the funds are used for the purposes it was any form of terrorism.

The legal framework consists laws in Balkans, EU regulations and guidelines of the Ministries of
the supervisory bodies. The most important is the Law on the Prevention of Money Laundering

14 Reuven Young, Defining Terrorism: The Evolution of Terrorism as a Legal Concept in International Law and Its
Influence on Definitions in Domestic Legislation, Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, Volume
29 | Issue 1 Article 3, USA, 2006). p. 30.
15 Chantal DE JONGE OUDRAAT, The United Nations and the campaign against terrorism, The Washington Quarterly,

vol. 26, no. 4 (Autumn, 2003), pp. 163– 76, and The Role of the UN Security Council, in Jane Boulden and Thomas
Weiss (eds), Terrorism and the UN: Before and After September 11th, Bloomington, Indiana University Press,
forthcoming. p. 31.
16 V. Second progress report to the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights by Kalliopi K.

Koufa, Special Rapporteur on terrorism and human rights, E/CN/4/Sub. 2/2002/37, p. 9.

17 UN / Security Council, RES/1373 (2001).
18 Counter-Terrorism, Implementation Task Force CTITF, Working group on protectiong human rights while countering

terrorism. Basic Human Rights Reference Guide, Conformity of National Counter-Terrorism Legislation with
international Human Rights Law. CTITF Publication Series, United Nations, New Yourk, October 2014, p.2.
19 Stephen P Marks, “International Law and the ‘War on Terrorism’: Post 9/11 Responses by the United States and

Asia Pacific Countries”, ASIA PACIFIC LAW REVIEW, Vol 14 No 1, 2006.

4
and Financing of Terrorism in each state and its regulations in connection with the parties’ slight
risk, cash and suspicious transactions and indulging depth analysis of third parties. EU Regulation
lays down the information on the payer accompanying the transfers of funds. EU Directive on the
prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering clearly showing
the definition of the concept of development path of suspicious transactions. Structuring the basis
of preventive strategy in the fight against money laundering, the Directive imposes the need for
harmonization and adapting national legislation. Terrorist financing is insurance or raise funds on
legal or illegal any way. Directly or indirectly, with the intent that it be used or knowing that they
it is used, in whole or in deed, for starting terrorist offense terrorist or by a terrorist organization
regulations relating to charitable institutions further add to the problem.

In Saudi Arabia, zakat taxes are collected and controlled by the Directorate General of Zakat and
Income Tax (DZIT) of the Saudi Ministry of Finance and National Economy20 DZIT donations
usually take the form of bank transfers to more than 240 charities. There is also evidence that zakat
is abused by al-Qaeda to finance terrorism. According to Brisard the al-Qaeda network extensively
utilized the weakness of legislation to rely on funds diverted from zakat and other direct donations
through Islamic banks. Furthermore, bin Laden had made regular calls for Muslims to donate
through the zakat system to his organization21 Poverty can lead to terrorism, but terrorism can be
huge parts of the world thrown into poverty. the document says: "Poverty is dangerous as the
weapon of mass destruction”22.

How is the network of terrorist organizations (primarily Al-Qaeda and ISIS) was stretched over all
over the planet, is one part of it covered and western Balkan. In order to properly address the
problem terrorism in western Balkan, it must be viewed in two different, yet closely related
context:

 Humanitarian Organizations
 Legal education institutions
In Kosovo, a part of them continues to work, even though some are not registered as an NGO or
as businesses. Most of these organizations come from Middle east (Saudi Arabia, Qatar and
Turkey). Organization of Islamic Relief Worldwide (IRW), Foundation Holy Land Relief and
Development (HLF), the International Islamic Relief (Iiro) Commission Saudi Joint Relief of
Kosovo and Chechnya (SJRC) Initiative International Humanitarian Law ( IHH), "Al-Waqf Al-
Islami", and Peace TV Channel are just some of the organizations in Kosovo are presented as
humanitarian organizations, but that the state documents of many countries recognized as
organizations that fund terrorism23 and either intentionally creating so called “Islamic states”. It is
estimated that goal may be terrorist elements use Balkans as transit or logistics, but not attacking

20 Ministry of Finance, Saudi Arabia, ‘A technical assessment of certain Saudi Arabia laws, regulations and
institutions’. [Online]. Available at: http://www.mof.gov.sa/e_alzakah.html [accessed: 23 January 2010].
21 Threat finance: disconnecting the lifeline of organised crime and terrorism / by Shima D. Keene (see pg 102)
22 Gerhard Staguhn, Knjiga o ratu: zaštoljudi ne moguživjeti u miru?,Mozaikknjiga, Zagreb, 2007. P. 198.
23
Ardian Kastrati, “The relationship between Islam and democracy in Kosovo The roles and contributions of the
religious leaders in the democratization process” European Scientific Journal October 2015 p 571.

5
also should be considered as an option. A report of the US State Department estimates that
extremists in Kosovo and Balkans have continued to maintain links with organized crime, but
notes that Islamic non-governmental organizations are conducting suspicious terrorist actions.

Blocking of funding for these organizations consolidated with the legal basis would be the first
shot for the termination of ideology and funding for the recruitment of new people from Balkans.
prevent the indoctrination of youth from suspicious organizations funds should be the second step.
And then threat of becoming battlefield or transit corridor for terrorist should be avoided by any
cost. Society should be helpful to institutions which are part of war against such activities and
without their help it would weaken state and be advantage for terrorist organizations.

4. Evelatuation of future Insturments and Mecanisms to Prevent the Rise of terrorism in

21st Century
It obviously clear, that it would be big mistake to focus exclusively on so called “jihadism” in
terms of future terrorist threats. Rather, it is important to understand the wider context within which
terrorist threats emerge.
Potential instruments should be:

An international court for terrorism-Each year bills are introduced urging that an
international court be established, perhaps under the U.N., to sit in permanent session to
adjudicate cases against persons accused of international terrorist crimes. The court would have
broad powers to sentence and punish anyone convicted of such crimes. Critics point out many
administrative and procedural problems associated with establishing such a court and making
it work, including jurisdictional and enforcement issues. An International Court of Justice in
The Hague exists, but it deals with disputes between states and lacks compulsory jurisdiction
and enforcement powers24.

Distribution of Information - The sharing of information on terrorism is clearly different

than the sharing of information regarding other potentially catastrophic events. For example,
there are large historical databases and scientific studies in the public domain for natural
hazards: insurers, property owners, businesses and public sector agencies all have access to
this information. Data on terrorist groups’ activities and current threats are normally kept secret
by federal agencies for national security purposes. For example, the public still has no idea
who manufactured and disseminated anthrax in U.S. mailings during the fall of 2001.25

Respects for human rights - The World Summit Outcome, adopted by the General
Assembly in 2005, also considered the question of respect for human rights while countering

24 Raphael F. Perl, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, Terrorism, the Future, and U.S. Foreign Policy, CRS
Issue Brief for Congress, p. 12.
25 Howard C. Kunreuther Erwann O. Michel-Kerjan, “Evaluationg the effectiveness of terrorism risk financing

solutions“ 13359 p 12.

6
 terrorism and concluded that international cooperation to fight terrorism must be conducted in
conformity with international law, including the Charter of the United Nations and relevant
international conventions and protocols. The General Assembly and the Commission on
Human Rights have emphasized that States must ensure that any measures taken to combat
terrorism comply with their obligations under international human rights law, refugee law and
international humanitarian law26

Rule of law - Before exploring the link between the rule of law and terrorism, these two
concepts must be clarified, as their definitions remain controversial. Like the concept of
terrorism, the rule of law is also ‘‘subject to various definitional and normative disputes’’
(O’Donnell 2004, 34). It is then not hard to imagine why ordinary people in democratic
countries would be less likely to become perpetrators of domestic terrorism than those in
nondemocratic countries, where the legal system is suited mainly for the rich and powerful: a
nonarbitrary creation of law and a dispassionate legal system that metes out appropriate
punishment make extralegal violence untenable and/or undesirable 27.

CONCLUSION
As we have seen, different phases have been attributed to terrorism and protections from the
dangerous phenomena. As a part internationally problems of defining terrorism also problems of
conclude that it may understate the true of the problematic definition. Only when we move beyond
our present penchant for permissive factors will we begin to provide a blueprint for how best to
challenge terrorism (Crenshaw 1981).

The existence of a real and serious terrorist threat, it is a reasonable public policy goal to focus on
preventing attacks before they occur this should be a main goal for each country and international
institutions how to achieve it.

As we have seen, there are clear rational and pragmatic reasons for questioning a shift to the
concept affiancing terrorism and which steps should be undertaken.

Therefore, avoiding the creation of artificial distinctions, which ignore the evolutionary
development of terrorism throughout history, as well as accepting that there are a variety of
different forms of terrorism in the world at any one time. As a final thought, one should consider
the connection between many of the characteristics of ‘new terrorism’ mentioned above and the
current counter-terrorism measures implemented and planned since 9/11.

26 “Human Rights, Terrorism and Counter-terrorism”, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human
Rights United Nations Office at Geneva, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights page 20.
27 Seung-Whan Choi “Fighting Terrorism through the Rule of Law? Journal of Conflict Resolution 54, p. 945

7
In this century, he UN and states itself should spend more and work together in order to have
success in facing the spread of terrorism around the world. This is the concern also about the legal
infrastructure to combat the new terrorism.

Bibliography:
1. Johnson, J. T., ''Just War Theory Responding Morally To Global Terrorism'', 2003, pp.
224-225
2. Alex P. Schmid& Albert J. Jongman, Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors,
Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories and Literature, (Amsterdam: North-Holland
Publishing Company, 1988), pp. 28
3. Stephen P Marks, “International Law and the ‘War on Terrorism’: Post 9/11 Responses
by the United States and Asia Pacific Countries”, ASIA PACIFIC LAW REVIEW, Vol
14 No 1,
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September 11th 2001”, England 2002.
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College International and Comparative Law Review.
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Development, Issue 8, January 2006 p. 5.
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J., ‘Beyond bin Laden: future trends in terrorism’ (Australian Strategic Policy Institute,
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