Bridges Engineering assignment

Topic : Long span bridges

Student name: Domnik Mahmood Shukri

Group: (B)
 (INDEX)

INTRODUCTION PG.2

The top six types of long span bridges: PG.3 – PG.5

The world's longest suspension bridges: PG.6 – PG7

References: PG.8

Introduction:
The bridges can classified by length of span.according to classified length span
we have(short - medium - long - extra long) in this assignment we will talk
about long span bridges. The world's longest bridges are listed according to
the length of their main span (i.e. the length of suspended roadway between
the bridge's towers). The length of main span is the most common method of
comparing the sizes of suspension bridges, often correlating with the height of
the towers and the engineering complexity involved in designing and
constructing the bridge. If one bridge has a longer span than another it does
not necessarily mean that the bridge is longer from shore to shore (or from
abutment to abutmen)Suspension bridges have the longest spans of any type
of bridge. Cable-stayed bridges, the next longest design, are practical for
spans up to just over 1 kilometre. Therefore, the 17 longest bridges on this list
are all currently the 17 longest spans of all types of vehicular bridges (other
than floating pontoon bridges).Since 1998 Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in Japan holds
the record with its span of 1,991 metres (6,532 ft) The Çanakkale 1915 Bridge
of the Dardanelles, currently under construction in Turkey, is expected to
surpass it with a span of 2,023 metres (6,637 ft). The increase in span length
of long span bridges results in remarkable decrease in their natural
frequencies and the ratio between the fundamental torsional and vertical
mode frequencies. This renders long span bridges very susceptible to the
actions of strong wind. Long span bridges may experience vortex-induced
vibration, turbulence-induced buffeting and motion-induced flutter instability
The world longest suspension bridge, have indicated the significance of
aerodynamic design in long span construction.Super long span bridges require
advanced understanding of the wind-bridge interaction to satisfy the
increasing safety and economic needs. Our research activities on the
fundamentals of bridge aerodynamics include the topics on generation
mechanisms of aerodynamic forces on bluff bridge sections, modeling and
identification of aerodynamic characteristics, turbulence effects of bridge
aerodynamics, nonlinear aerodynamics and aerodynamic design of long-span
bridges.

The top six types of long span bridges:

 1. Continuous Plate Girder Bridges:

Simply supported plate girder bridges. The basic design principles for
continuous plate girder bridges remaining the same, the effect of stress
reversal over supports due to continuity of the structure has to be duly
considered in the design.Moreover, due to longer spans and continuity of the
deck, large movement of the deck has to be duly catered for in the design of
expansion joints and free bearings. Salient features of one continuous plate
girder bridge having 261 metres main span and 75 metres side spans are given
below. This is the sava I bridge at Belgrade, Yugoslavia constructed in
1956.fig.1

2. Continuous Steel Tubular or Box-Girder Bridges:

Tubular or box-girder bridges are so called for the shape of the girders which
is tubular or box section. Various shapes of tubular or box-girder bridges are
shown in( Fig.2)Single rectangular box-section shown The box-girders possess
high torsional stiffness and strength compared to open cross-sections such as
plate girders. The box-sections having a bottom plate connecting the bottom
flanges require no scaffolding for the maintenance of the internal space as
these are directly accessible from one end to the other.

3-Steel Arch Bridges :

The development of high strength structural steel made it possible to
construct arch bridges of larger spans similar to other steel bridges. Steel arch
bridges are classified depending upon the arrangement of the deck or
arrangement of the structural system as arch bridges. Steel arch bridges may,
however, have either solid ribs or trussed ribs while the concrete arch bridges
will have only solid ribs.The advantages of using steel arch bridges over girder
bridges are similar to those of concrete arch bridges. The basic design
principles for steel arch bridges are also the same as those for concrete arch
bridges. However, the design considerations such as shrinkage of arch rib,
creep etc. will not occur in steel arch bridges as in concrete bridges.

4-Continuous or Cantilever Truss Bridges :

Types of simply supported truss bridges. Those types are also used for
continuous as well as cantilever truss bridges. The basic principles of
evaluating forces in the truss members. However, due to the presence of
more members as well as on account of continuity the work becomes
elaborate and time consuming. For larger spans when the panel lengths are
more, they are subdivided to give adequate supports for the deck

5-Cable Stayed Bridges :

The cable-stayed bridges are suitable for the span range of 200 to 500 metres
which cannot be covered, by girder bridges nor is within the economical span
range of the stiffened suspension bridges. Further, as in stiffened suspension
bridges, no staging or false work is required for the construction of cable
stayed bridges.

6. Suspension Bridges.:

Suspension bridges are economical when the span exceeds 300 metres but
suspension bridges of lesser spans have also been constructed for aesthetic
and other reasons in many countries. For spans exceeding 600 meters, the
stiffened suspension bridges are the only solutions to cover such larger spans.

The world's longest suspension bridges:

 Mai
Main n
Year
Ran span spa Countr
    Name opene Location
k (metre n y
d
s) (feet
)

Akashi
Kobe (Hyōgo)  Japa
1 Kaikyō 1,991 6,532 1998
n
Bridge

Yangsigan
g Yangtze Wuhan (Hubei)  Chin
2 1,700 5,577 2019
River a
Bridge

Nansha
Dongguan (Guangdo
Bridge  Chin
3 1,688 5,538 2019 ng)
(East a
span)

Zhoushan (Zhejiang)
Xihoumen  Chin
4 1,650 5,410 2009
Bridge a

Korsør – Sprogø (Re
gion Zealand)

Great Belt  Denm

5 1,624 5,328 1998
Bridge ark

6
 Osman
1,55 5,09 201 Dilovası – Altınova (Gulf of İzmit)  Tur
6 Gazi
0 0 6 key
Bridge

Gwangyang – Yeosu (South Jeolla  Sou

Yi Sun-sin 1,54 5,06 201
7 Province) th
Bridge 5 9 2
Korea

Runyang 1,49 4,88 200 Yangzhou – Zhenjiang (Jiangsu)  Chi

8
Bridge 0 8 5 na

Second
Dongtingh 1,48 4,85 201 Yueyang (Hunan)  Chi
9
u 0 4 8 na
Bridge [zh]

Nanjing
1 Fourth 1,41 4,65 201 Nanjing (Jiangsu)  Chi
0 Yangtze 8 2 2 na
Bridge

 Unit
Hessle – Barton-upon-Humber 
1 Humber 1,41 4,62 198 ed
(Yorkshire and Lincolnshire)
1 Bridge 0 6 1 Kingdo
m

7
References:
1- "Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge". Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company
Limited. Retrieved 6 April 2009.
2- "Structurae [en]: Xihoumen Bridge (2008)" (in German).
En.structurae.de. Retrieved 3 April 2009.
3- "New suspension bridge to break world mark for tower height".
rki.kbs.co.kr. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
4- Innovative Bridge Design Handbook Chapter 15 - Long-span bridges
5- http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/bridge-construction/top-6-types-of-

long-span-bridges/94276
6- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_bridge

7- https://www3.nd.edu/~nathaz/research/bridge.html