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15-16 L02 Intersection Design PDF
15-16 L02 Intersection Design PDF
15-16 L02 Intersection Design PDF
1- General
An intersection is an area, shared by two or more roads, whose main function is to
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provide for the change of route directions. Intersections vary in complexity ﺩﺭﺟ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳ�ﺩ
from a simple intersection, which has only two roads crossing at a right angle, to a
more complex intersection, at which three or more roads cross within the same
area. Drivers therefore have to make a decision at an intersection concerning which
of the alternative routes they wish to take (Garber and Hoel, 2009).
2-1 T Intersections
Various types of T intersections ranging from the simplest one to a channelized one
with divisional islands and turning roadways. Channelization involves the provision
of facilities such as pavement markings and traffic islands to regulate and direct
conflicting traffic streams into specific travel paths (for more details, see Garber and
Hoel, 2009). Figures below show examples of T-intersections.
Figure (d) shows a channelized T intersection in which the two-lane through road
has been converted into a divided highway through the intersection. The
channelized T intersection also provides both a left-turn storage lane for left-turning
vehicles from the through road to the minor road and a right-turn lane on the east
approach. This type of intersection is suitable for locations where volumes are high
such as high left-turn volumes from the through road and high right-turn volumes
onto the minor road. An intersection of this type probably will be signalized.
Figure (d) shows a suitable design (Right-Turn Channelization, Divisional Islands, and
Left-Turn Lanes) for four-leg intersection carrying high through and turning volumes.
This type of intersection is usually signalized.
In Figure A above, the diagonal leg of the intersection is realigned to intersect the
upper road at a location some distance away from the main intersection. This results
in the formation ﺗﺷ��ﻛﻳﻝof an additional T intersection but with the multileg
intersection now converted to a four-leg intersection (Garber and Hoel (2009) and
AASHTO (2011)). A similar realignment of a six-leg intersection is shown in Figure B.
Rotaries have large diameters that are usually greater than 100m, so allowing
speeds exceeding 50 kph, with a minimum horizontal deflection of the path of the
through traffic ( ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺭ )ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟﻲ.
Roundabouts are circular intersections with specific design and traffic control
features that include:
– Yield control ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺧﺿﻭﻉfor all entering traffic.
– Geometric characteristics of the central island ﺍﻟﺟ�ﺯﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯﻳ�ﺔallow travel speeds of
less than 50 km/h.
– Splitter islands ﺟ��ﺯﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺻ��ﻝ on each leg of the roundabout have multiple roles:
separate entering and exiting traffic, deflect and slow entering traffic, and provide a
pedestrian refuge ( ﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﺎﺑﻠﺔ )ﻣﻠﺟﺄ.
Neighbourhood traffic circles ﺩﻭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣ���ﺭﻭﺭ ﻓ���ﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﻳ���ﺎء ﺍﻟﺳ���ﻛﻧﻳﺔare typically built at the
intersections of local streets for traffic calming and/or aesthetics ﺟﻣﺎﻟﻳ���ﺔ. The
intersection approaches may be yield-controlled, uncontrolled, or stop-controlled,
and the intersection diameter is typically between 15 and 30 m. They do not
typically include raised channelization on the entering roadway to guide driver onto
the circulatory roadway.
severity ﺷ�ﺩﺓof potential conflicts among different streams of traffic and between
pedestrians and turning vehicles. The design should consider the following:
least the minimum turning path of the design vehicle ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺻ�ﻣﻳﻣﻳﺔ. When the turning
speed is expected to be greater than 15 mi/h, the design speed should be also
considered.
Figure below shows the minimum designs necessary for a passenger car making a
90-degree right turn using a simple curve.
There are two types of sight triangles, approach sight triangles ﻣﺛﻠﺛ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻳ�ﺔ ﻋﻧ�ﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺗ�ﺭﺍﺏand
potential collision by reducing the vehicle’s speed or by stopping. The decision point
The departure-sight triangle allows for the driver of a stopped vehicle on the minor
road to enter or cross the major road without conflicting with an approaching
vehicle from either direction of the major road.
In addition to the speeds of the approaching vehicles, the lengths of the legs of the
sight triangle also depend on the type of control at the intersection. At-grade
intersections either have no control (Case A) or are controlled by one of the
following methods: stop control on the minor road (Case B), yield control on the
minor road (Case C), traffic signal control (Case D), or all-way stop control (Case E).
Consideration should also be given to the maneuver ﻣﻧ�ﺎﻭﺭﺓof left turns from the major
road (Case F).
4- Channelization
An intersection that is not properly channelized may lower the safety and efficiency
of intersection. In contrast, overchannelization could cause confusion for the
motorist and decrease the operating level of an intersection.
delineate the area of the island. Markers include paint, thermoplastic striping, and
raised retroreflective markers. Flushed islands are preferred over curbed islands at
intersections where approach speeds are relatively high, pedestrian traffic is low,
and signals or sign mountings are not located on the island.
intersection into islands to help guiding motorist. A channelized island may take one
of many shapes (f, e, d of Figure b), depending on its specific purpose. For example,
a triangularly-shaped channelized island is often used to separate right-turning
traffic from through traffic (see Figure a) whereas a curved, central island is
frequently used to guide turning vehicles (see Figure b). In any case, the outlines of a
channelized island should be nearly parallel to the lines of traffic it is channeling.
Where the island is used to separate turning traffic from through traffic, the radii of
the curved sections must be equal to or greater than the minimum radius required
for the expected turning speed.
B- Divisional Islands
Often used at intersections of undivided highways to alert drivers that they are
approaching an intersection and to control traffic at the intersection. They also can
be used effectively to control left turns at skewed intersections. Examples of
divisional islands are shown in Figure below.
C- Refuge Islands
Refuge islands, sometimes referred to as pedestrian islands, are used mainly at
urban intersections to serve as refuge areas for wheelchairs and pedestrians
crossing wide intersections. They also may be used for loading and unloading transit
(public transport) passengers ﺭﻛ�ﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺻ�ﺎﺕ. The Figure on the next page shows examples
of islands that provide refuge as well as function as channelized islands.