Adrian A. Patanao Engr.

John Edward Liwag

AMTE 130 – 11B March 15, 2020

Exhaust section
- The design of a turbojet engine exhaust section exerts tremendous influence on the
performance of an engine.
- An exhaust section and its components affect the temperature of the air entering
the turbine, or turbine inlet temperature, the mass airflow through the engine, and
the velocity and pressure of the exhaust jet.
- An exhaust section is comprised of several components including the exhaust cone,
exhaust duct or tailpipe, and exhaust nozzle.

Exhaust Cone
- Exhaust cone assembly consists of an outer duct, or shell, an inner cone, or tail
cone, three or more radial hollow struts, and a group of tie rods.
- Purpose of an exhaust cone assembly is to channel and collect turbine discharge
gases into a single jet.
- Gas velocity within the exhaust cone decreases slightly while gas pressure rises.

Tailpipe
- Tailpipe is an extension of the exhaust section that directs exhaust gases safely
from the exhaust cone to the exhaust, or jet nozzle.
- A tailpipe imposes a penalty on an engine's operating efficiency due to heat and
duct friction losses.
- Tailpipes are used almost exclusively with engines that are installed within an air-
craft's fuselage to protect the surrounding airframe.

Exhaust Nozzle
- Provides the exhaust gases with a final boost in velocity.
- Two types of exhaust nozzle designs used on aircraft are the converging design,
and the converging-diverging design.
- A variable geometry nozzle is sometimes necessary on engines that utilize an
afterburner. Variable nozzles are typically operated with pneumatic, hydraulic, or
electric controls.

Converging Exhaust Nozzle

- converging exhaust nozzle, the nozzle diameter decreases from front to back. This
convergent shape produces a venturi that accelerates the exhaust gases and
increases engine thrust.

Converging-Diverging
- Converging-diverging duct decreases, then increases from front to back
- The converging portion of the exhaust nozzle accelerates the turbine exhaust gases
to supersonic speed at the narrowest part of the duct.

Mixing of Gases
- Bypass type engines: there are two gas streams venting to the atmosphere. High
temperature gases are discharged by the turbine.
- Low by-pass engine: the flow of cool and hot air is combined in a mixer unit that
ensures mixing of the two streams prior to exiting the engine.
- High bypass engines: exhaust the two streams separately through two sets of noz-
zles arranged coaxially around the exhaust nozzle. However, on some high bypass
engines, a common or integrated nozzle is sometimes used to partially mix the hot
and cold gases prior to their ejection.

AFTERBURNERS
- used to accelerate the exhaust gases, which in turn, increases thrust
- Installed immediately aft of the last stage turbine and forward of the exhaust nozzle
- Fuel manifold, an ignition source, and a flame holder are the components that make
up an after burner

Afterburner Operation
- The tailpipe entrance is fitted with a fuel manifold, consisting of a set of afterburner
fuel nozzles, or spray-bars, that inject fuel into the tailpipe
- The fuel and air mix, then ignite and burn in the afterburner. The additional heat
generated by combustion accelerates the exhaust gases and creates additional
thrust.
- To ensure thorough fuel-air mixing, a tubular grid or spoke-shaped obstruction,
called a flame holder, is placed downstream of the fuel nozzles.

THRUST REVERSERS
- the brakes are the heat buildup in the wheel area generated by braking could lead
to a brake fire. Therefore, most turbojet and turbofan powered aircraft are fitted with
thrust reversers to assist in braking.
- unable to slow the aircraft adequately during landing rollout.
- thrust reversers provide a force in the opposite direction of travel that slows forward
motion
- Airliners powered by turbojets and turbofans, most commuter aircraft, and an
increasing number of business jets are equipped with thrust reversers to:
- aid in braking and directional control during normal landing, and reduce brake
maintenance.
- provide braking and directional control during emergency landings and balked
takeoffs.
- back an aircraft out of a parking spot in a "power back" operation.

TYPES OF THRUST REVERSERS

- MECHANICAL-BLOCKAGE TYPE
- The engine exhaust gases are mechanically blocked and diverted to a
forward direction by an inverted cone, half-sphere, or other device.
- The mechanical blockage system is also known as the "clamshell" thrust
reverser because of its shape.
- AERODYNAMIC-BLOCKAGE TYPE
- These vanes are often referred to as "cascades" and turn the escaping
exhaust gases to a forward direction, which in turn causes a rearward thrust.
- Mixed exhaust turbofans are configured with one reverser, while unmixed or
bypass exhaust turbo- fans often have both cold stream and hot stream
reversers