ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

Tbilisi. 2011

mariam CxartiSvili

qarTuli identobis sakraluri aspeqti

albaT sakamaTo ar SeiZleba iyos azri imis Sesa-

xeb, rom Teoria, romelsac irCevs istorikosi, rogorc
gamokvlevis safuZvels, gadamwyvetia nebismieri samec-
niero problemis dasmisas. magram gansakuTrebul mniS-
vnelobas iZens Teoria maSin, roca saqme exeba rTul
fenomenebs, romelTa Secnoba moiTxovs mravalricxova-
ni empiriuli masalis gaazrebas da didi istoriuli
narativis Seqmnas.
qarTuli istoriografia sakmaod xangrZlivi pe-
riodis ganmavlobaSi efuZneboda eqskluziurad marq-
sistul sociologias. marqsizmi mZlavr amxsnelobiT
sistemas warmoadgens. amitom am periodis qarTul is-
toriografias (da, agreTve, momdevno periodisas, ro-
melic garkveulwilad wina wlebis inerciiT warimar-
Teboda) hqonda TvalsaCino miRwevebi.
Tumc marqsizmsac aqvs, cxadia, Tavis SesaZleblo-
bebis zRvari da yvela movlenis Sesaswavlad igi ar
gamodgeba. aseT movlenaTa rigs udavod ganekuTvneba
identoba. nebismieri tipis identoba, maT Soris, koleq-
tiuri kulturuli identoba, romlis safuZvelze aris
aRmocenebuli istorikosebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT sain-

72
 mariam CxartiSvili. qarTuli identobis sakraluri aspeqti

tereso eTnikuri da nacionaluri erTobebi, gulisx-

mobs mimarTebas anu subieqtivistur faqtorebs, maSin
roca marqsizmi aris obieqtivisturi midgoma.1 amitomaa,
rom qarTuli identobis istoria qarTul sabWour is-
toriografiaSi TiTqmis Seuswavleli iyo. qarTveli
eris konsolidaciis problemaze saubrisas xSirad, mag-
ram ara yovelTvis, aRiniSneboda qarTveli xalxis
TviTcnobierebis arsebobis sakiTxi, magram detaluri
kvleva TviTcnobierebis istoriisa, ar warmoebda. TviT-
cnobiereba ekonomikur faqtorebze daqvemdebarebul
movlenad iyo miCneuli da mkvlevrebi mis Sesaxeb mxo-

1 saWirod mimaCnia aqve ganvmarto terminebis subieqtivisturi da

obieqtivisturi arsi, rom ar moxdes maTi aRreva qarTul isto-
riografiaSi farTod gavrcelebul subieqturTan da obieqturTan.
naciis obieqtivisturi ganmartebisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba marke-
ris realuroba, anu misi obieqturad, sazogadoebrivi aRqmebisagan
damoukideblad, arsebobis faqti. magaliTad, eris marqsistul de-
finiciaSi postulati imis Sesaxeb, rom eri - es aris erTi enis
mqone erToba, gaigeba rogorc mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom erTobas
marTlac aqvs yvelasagan gansxvavebuli ena. naciis subieqtivistu-
ri interpretacia ki gulisxmobs ara imdenad realurad arsebul
gansxvavebas, aramed am gansxvavebis aRqmas erTobis wevrebis mier
anu markeris socialur Sinaarss da mniSvnelobas. obieqtivisturi
midgoma damaxasiaTebeli iyo sabWouri da postsabWouri periodis
qarTuli istoriografiuli praqtikisaTvis: kvlevis fokuss da sa-
mecniero interesis sagansac TiTqmis yovelTvis warmoadgenda Tu
ra moxda, magram iSviaTad iyo dakvirvebis obieqti is, Tu rogor
aRiqmeboda, rac moxda. am faqtis Sesaxeb naTlad aris miTiTebuli
qarTuli nacionalizmis da naciaTmSeneblobis procesisadmi miZR-
vnil erT-erT gamokvlevaSi. moviyvan mcire amonarids. sityva See-
xeba identobis umniSvnelovanes markers _ enas: `In particular, the notion
of taking seriously all the beliefs the mental universe of a group of people no matter
how outrageous they might seem to serious scholars, is one which puzzles many
Georgians of my acquaintance, who regard the search for the absolute truth (“What is
the origin of the Georgian language?”) as the only valid pursuit, and consider subjective
truth (“What idea do people hold about the origin of the Georgian language?”) as a
futile and uninteresting” (Myth and Nation Building in Georgia. Nation-building in the
Post-Soviet Borderlands. The Politics of National Identities. G. Smith, V. Law, A.
Wilson, A. Bihr, E. Allworth, Cambridge University Press, gv. 270-271).
73
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

lod mokle SeniSvnebiT kmayofildebodnen. 2

gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos mec-
nierebaTa akademiis grantiT dafinansebuli proeqtis
farglebSi mkvlevarTa jgufTan erTad me movkide qar-
Tuli identobis istoriis kvlevas xeli. swored maSin
gaxda CemTvis cxadi, rom aRniSnuli sakiTxis Seswavla
SeuZlebelia marqsistuli sociologiis CarCoebSi.3
garkveuli Ziebebis Semdeg me SevarCie, Cemi azriT,
Sesaferisi Teoriuli midgoma, romelic eTnosimboliz-
mis saxeliT aris cnobili specialur literaturaSi.
am midgomis daxasiaTeba SeiZleba mravali niSniT, mag-
ram amjerad minda xazi gavusva mxolod erTs, am moxse-
nebisaTvis mniSvnelovans: eTnikuri da nacionaluri er-
Tobebis warmoqmnasa, gamZleobas da TviTSenaxvas gana-
pirobebs ara imdenad ekonomikuri an politikuri faq-
torebi, aramed saerTo simboloebi, Rirebulebebi, max-
sovrobebi anu sazogadoebrivi percefciebi (e.i. subie-
qtivisturi faqtorebi). aRniSnuli erTobebi, upirveles
yovlisa, aris kulturis formebi da mxolod amis Sem-
dgom politikuri Tu ekonomikuri warmonaqmnebi.4 da ki-
dev erTi, eTnosimbolizmis mTavari postulati: koleq-
tiur kulturul identobaze dafuZnebuli erTobebi Ta-
visi arsiT gansxvavebulia danarCeni adamianuri asocia-

2 aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT qarTuli istoriografiis na-

wilobrivi analizisaTvis ix.: m. CxartiSvili, q. mania. qarTuli er-
Tobis socialuri `sicocxlis~ ori Tve anu dakvirveba qarTvelTa
nacionaluri konsolidaciis procesze 1878 wlis `iveriis~ 10 nom-
ris mixedviT. qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba. XII. Tb. 2010, gv. 159-168.
3 am proeqtis Sesaxeb mokle informaciisaTvis ix.: m. CxartiSvili.
nacionalizmis ideologiis universaliebi ilia WavWavaZisa Semoq-
medebasa da sazogadoebriv moRvaweobaSi. ilia WavWavaZe 170 (saiu-
bileo krebuli). Tb. 2007, gv. 215-243.
4 A. D. Smith. Chosen Peoples. Ethnicity. Edited by J. Hutchinson and A. D. Smith.

Oxford. New York. 1996, gv. 189.

74
 mariam CxartiSvili. qarTuli identobis sakraluri aspeqti

ciebisagan imiT, rom maT aqvT sakraluri safuZvlebi.

naciebic ki, romelTa warmoSoba ukavSirdeba axal
dros da sekularizaciis epoqas, Tavs moazreben ara
mxolod politikur an Tundac kulturul erTobebad,
aramed moqalaqeTa sakralur Tanaziarebad. swored sak-
ralizmi ganapirobebs maT araCveulebriv gangrZobado-
bas droSi da TviTSenaxvas im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca
ekonomikuri safuZvlebi moSlilia da politikuri Car-
Co darRveuli.5
aRniSnuli Teoriuli postulati nacionaluri da
eTnikuri erTobebis sakraluri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb mi-
Rebulia mravali konkretuli istoriuli SemTxvevis
analiziT. Cems mizans warmoadgens am postulatis qar-
Tuli magaliTiT Semowmeba anu qarTuli identobis sak-
raluri aspeqtis warmoCena. aRniSnuli sakiTxis kvleva
udavod aris saqarTvelos istoriis erT-erTi gasaRebi
problema. rogorc aRvniSne, erTobis sakralizacia mi-
si gamZleobisa da gangrZobadobis mTavari ganmapirobe-
beli faqtoria. xalxebma, romlebmac Seqmnes Sesabamisi
ideologiebi da specialuri socialuri agentebis meS-
veobiT misi kultivirebac moaxerxes TavianTi erTobe-
bis SigniT, gadarCnen. faqti isaa, rom uxsovar droSi
warmoSobilma eTnikurma birTvma qarTuli erTobis sa-
xiT SeZlo gadarCena. metic, is transformirda nacio-
nalur erTobad da rogorc aseTi, ganagrZobs arsebo-
bas. amitom apriori savaraudoa, rom qarTul erTobas

5 At such moments, we can grasp the nation as a `sacred communion of citizens~ (A.
D. Smith. Nationalism. Theory, Ideology, History. Cambridge. 2001. Reprint 2003, gv.
35); `Yet, that the world is divided into communities of nations which posses their own
territories or homelands, their own histories and their particular destinies – these are
beliefs that are rarely questioned by most people. These form what one might term the
‘sacred properties’ of the nation or more accurately, the basic properties of the nation
conceived as a sacral communion of its members~ (ibid, 144).
75
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

hqonda da aqvs sakraluri safuZvlebi. magram im ideeb-

ze, gnebavT, miTebze, romelTac uzrunvelyves Sida-jgu-
furi konsolidacia da aranakleb SeiraRebuli brZo-
lebisa, ganapirobes qarTuli erTobis TviTSenaxva
uprecendentod xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, Cven
TiTqmis araferi viciT. saqarTvelos istoriis, ufro
zustad ki, qarTuli erTobis istoriis am naklebad
Seswavlil aspeqts Seexeba winamdebare gamokvleva.
identoba aris e.w. `xangrZlivi drois~ (esaa cnobi-
li istoriografiuli mimdinareobis e.w. analebis sko-
lis warmomadgenlis brodelis mier Semotanili cneba)
fenomeni. amgvari ganzomilebis mqone movlenis Seswav-
lisas, saWiroa masalis daZebna vrceli qronologiuri
periodidan. umjobesia fenomenze dakvirveba daviwyoT
ganviTarebis im safexuridan, rodesac is yvelaze ufro
srulyofilad avlens Tavs. anu me mkiTxvels vTavazob
qarTuli identobis sakralur aspeqtze msjeloba
daviwyoT Cveni epoqidan: Cveni (anu qarTuli identobis
mqone pirebis) da Cveni garemomcveli sazogadoebis
percefciebze refleqsiiT. bevri faqti SeiZleba dasa-
xeldes. am SemTxvevaSi me yuradRebas SevaCereb mxolod
ramdenimeze.
dRevandeli qarTuli sazogadoeba aSkarad cdi-
lobs hqondes sakraluri centri da hyavdes wminda ada-
miani. es roli qarTvelTa umravlesobis mier mikuTvne-
buli aqvs saqarTvelos kaTolikos patriarqs uwmi-
dessa da unetaress ilia meores. arsebobs erTgvari sa-
zogadoebrivi konsesusi: sazogadoebis umetesi nawili
gulwrfelad aris aRfrTovanebuli patriarqis pirov-
nebiT, nawili ki ubralod pragmatulad Tvlis, rom
erovnul erTobas esaWiroeba sayrdeni, romelic gamZle
SeiZleba iyos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu is gaiazreba,
76
 mariam CxartiSvili. qarTuli identobis sakraluri aspeqti

rogorc wminda. uaxloesi aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi

patriarqis figuram itvirTa mTeli rigi instituciebis
funqcia da urTules gardamaval periodSi xeli Seuw-
yo erovnul gangrZobadobas. niSandoblivia, rom pat-
riarqi martooden qristianul anu zeerovnul eTikas
ar aswavlis qarTvelebs; is mizanmimarTulad aviTarebs
erovnul grZnobebs da aniWebs maT araCveulebriv
potencias imiT, rom akavSirebs am grZnobebs sarwmunoe-
basTan. patriarqi axdens yvelafris sakralizacias,
rasac exeba. misi amgvari araordinaluri socialuri
roli momdinareobs aramarto kaTolikos patriarqis,
udavod dadebiTi, pirovnuli Rirsebebidan, aramed,
upirveles yovlisa, sazogadoebis survilidan qarTul
erovnul erTobas gaaCndes sakraluri safuZveli.6
Cveni epoqisave faqtia, modernuli qarTuli naciis
Camoyalibebis procesis monawileTa wmindanebad Serac-
xva.7 `is vinc qarTveli eris kolsolidacias xeli
Seuwyo, wmindaa, e.i. erad yofna wmindaa, RvTiTkurTxeu-
lia~ _ ai, azri, romelic amgvari aqtebiT inergeba.
magaliTebis gamravleba kidev SeiZleba, magram,
vfiqrob, saWiro araa. daskvna advili gamosatania:
qarTvelebisaTvis sakmarisi rodia, rom warmoadgendnen
mxolod konstituciiT reglamentirebul sazogadoebas,
qarTveloba Tavs moiazrebs saerTo zneobrivi valdebu-
lebebis mqone koleqtivad: es is erTobaa, romelic Seq-
mnes wmindanebma, romelic centrirebulia wminda ada-
mianze.
wmindani qarTuli identobis safuZvelia dResac.
6 ramdenadme vrclad patriarqis amgvari rolis Sesaxeb ix. m.
CxartiSvili. qristianoba, rogorc qarTuli identobis markeri.
logosi. t. 4. Tb. 2007, gv. 15-24.
7 ilia WavWavaZe da eqvTime TayaiSvili am tendenciis TvalsaCino
magaliTebs warmoadgenen.
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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

`wmindani iyo mudam ideali Cveni winaprebis da

CvenTvisac unda darCes idealad Tu gvsurs Cveni erov-
nuli da kulturuli arsebobis SenarCuneba dRes, okea-
nis pirispir, romelic nTqavs yovelgvar erovnul ko-
loritsa da niuansebs. is eri ki, romelic dakagavs
rwmenas da kulturul upiratesobas ver SeinarCunebs
momxdurze, uTuod damarcxdeba. wmindani iyo da aris
ideali ganaTlebuli kacobriobisa. mas verc erTi ide-
ali ver Secvlis momavalSi~.8
es sityvebi ekuTvnis gasul saukunis 80-90-ani wle-
bis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis liders
zviad gamsaxurdias. zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT aS-
karaa, rom isini sruliadac araa SemTxveviTi. zviad
gamsaxurdia, romelic bevri qarTvelisaTvis iyo ara-
marto erovnuli, aramed religiuri grZnobis avtoric
(gavixsenoT: sabWouri stagnaciis periodis qarTuli sa-
zogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawili xasiaTdeboda reli-
giuri nihilizmiT da patriotuli grZnobebis arqoniT),
erovnul konsolidacias Sedegs ganixilavda rogorc
qristianuli zneobiT SeduRabebuli wminda erTobis
Seqmnas. bevrs axsovs albaT mitingebze warmoTqmuli
didi emociuri muxtis mqone misi mowodeba, rom qarT-
vel xalxs arCevani gaekeTebina qristes gzas da bara-
bas gzas Soris. am mowodebis umTavresi mesiji isaa,
rom erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba iyo svla
qristesaken da qristes saxeliT.
axla gadavixedoT kidev erTi saukunis iqiT: davi-
naxavT, rom qarTuli modernuli naciis mSenebelnic
cdilobdnen nacionaluri ideebi sakraluri gaexadaT,

8 z. gamsaxurdia. `mkvaxe SeZaxilis~ eqo (Ria werili akaki baqraZi-

sadmi). ix. z. gamsaxurdia. werilebi, eseebi. Tb. 1991, gv. 565.
78
 mariam CxartiSvili. qarTuli identobis sakraluri aspeqti

nacionalizmis9 ideologia aeyvanaT religiis rangSi.

amjerad ilias mxatvruli Semoqmedebidan magaliTiT
davkmayofildebi: `aq arvis, didsa Tu patarasa, qveynis
tkiviliT ar stkiva guli / dahviwyebia, rom qveynad ca-
sa RvTad moucia marto mamuli/ dahviwebia, rom didi
aris RvTisa winaSe igi cxovreba,/ romelic qveynis wvi-
Ta damwvari qveyanasave Seewireba!/ wmindaa igi, visac
eRirsa mamulisaTvis Tavis dadeba!/ neta im vaJkacs, ne-
ta im gmirsa, is Tavis dReSi aRar mokvdeba./ mas gana-
cocxlebs simRera xalxTa, Sors saukuneT etyvis mis
saxels,/da ara erTxel WabukTa ymaTa, xmlis tarzed
Zlier aurTolebs xels~.
rogorc vxedavT, iliasaTvis qarTuli erToba
(qarTveli eri) RvTaebaa, romelic (rogorc, sxvaTa So-
ris, yvela RvTaeba) iTxovs msxvelpSewirvas, TavSewir-
vas. samagierod, rogorc namdvili RvTaeba, ukvdavebis
garantias iZleva.
amgvarad, ilias Semoqmedebis meSveobiT qarTul
erTobaSi inergeboda azri, rom qarTveli dabadebiT
aris mamulis msxverpli, mis winaSe qarTvels aqvs
RvTiuri vali. anu mamuli, igive eri sakraluri ganzo-

9 aqve zedmeti ar iqneba gavakeToT SeniSvna termin nacionalizmis

Sesaxebac. nacionalizmi zogjer esmiT uaryofiTi konotaciiT .es
Tvalsazrisi damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove dasavluri diskursi-
saTvis; igi, agreTve, gavrcelebulia postsabWoTa istoriografi-
ul sivrceSi sabWouri istoriografiuli praqtikis inerciiT,
romlis SefasebiTac nacionalizmi ganixileboda burJuaziul ide-
ologiad, yvelaferi burJuaziuli ki calsaxad uaryofiT movle-
nad xasiaTdeboda. bevr mkvlevars dRemde ase anu uaryofiTi az-
riT esmis es sityva da zogi mas kidevac upirispirebs erovnuls.
es araa swori. nacionalizmi (qarTulad misi fardi sityva SeiZle-
ba iyos iliaseuli erovnoba) samecniero terminia, romelic gamoi-
yeneba garkveuli socialuri fenomenis aRsaniSnavad. rogorc
kvlevis obieqti, igi ganxilul unda iqnes yovelgvari SefasebiTi
momentis gareSe.
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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

milebis movlenaa.10
axla gadavixedoT saukuneebis siRrmeSi, kerZod,
qarTuli pre-modernuli naciis11 formirebis epoqaSi
anu XI saukuneSi. vxedavT, rom am drosac qarTuli er-
Toba moazreba, rogorc saerTo zneobrivi normebiT (es
normebi eqskluziurad qritianulia) SeduRabebul er-
Tobad.12 Zalian niSandoblivia am TvalsazrisiT sazR-
vargareT myofi wmida giorgi mTawmidelis mowveva sa-
qarTveloSi bagrat meoTxis mier. ratom unda dasWirve-
boda TviTmpyrobel mefes yovelgvar amqveyniur Zala-
uflebas moklebuli beris daxmareba qveynis saqmeTa
mowesrigebisas?
am kiTxvaze pasuxis saSualebas gvaZlevs saqarTve-
loSi wminda mamis moRvaweobais analizi, kerZod, misi
RonisZiebani sayovelTao ganwmedisaken mimarTuli. pu-

10 vrclad ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi nacionalizmis universa-

liebis gamovlinebis Sesaxeb ix.: m. CxartiSvili. nacionalizmis
ideologiis universaliebi ilia WavWavaZisa Semoqmedebasa da sa-
zogadoebriv moRvaweobaSi. ilia WavWavaZe 170 (saiubileo krebuli)
Tb. 2007, gv. 215-243.
11 farTod gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT naciebi axali
drois produqtebs warmoadgenen. am Tvalsazriss iziareben e.w.
modernistebi, romlebic Tvlian, rom naciebi principulad axali
drois fenomenebia da axal droSi politikuri elitebis mier
inspirirebuli da marTuli mobilizaciis Sedegebs warmoadgenen,
da eTnosimbolistebic, romlebic miiCneven, rom, marTalia, naciebi
aRmocendebian axal droSi, magram arsebuli eTnikuri kulturis
CarCoebSi da mTlianad ganpirobebulni arian eTnikuri safuZvliT.
Tumc mimarTeba eTnikursa da nacionalurs Soris Taviseburia:
nacionaluri kultura ar aris eTnikuris ubralo gameoreba, ara-
med garkveuli faqtebis SerCeva da reinterpretacia. e. smiTi
Tvlis, rom garkveuli pirobiTobiT SeiZleba saubari naciebze wi-
na modernul xanaSic. qarTuli SemTxvevisaTvis me savsebiT marTe-
bulad meCveneba es azri.
12 vrclad ix.: m. CxartiSvili. wmida mama giorgi mTawmindeli da
qarTuli identobis samanebi XI saukuneSi. qarTuli wyaroTmcod-
neoba. t. 11. Tb. 2010, gv. 87-101.
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 mariam CxartiSvili. qarTuli identobis sakraluri aspeqti

rifikaciis procesi Sexebia yvelas, ganurCevlad socia-

luri statusisa:
`xolo mieriTgan iwyes aRsaarebad da sinanulad
TÂT mefeman, kaTolikosman, mRdelTa, diakonTa, mona-
zonTa da moweseTa, didebulTa da mTavarTa, mdidarTa
da glaxakTa...da esreT gananaTla yoveli aRmosavleTi
kacman aman ganaTlebulman RmrTisa mier da yovelnive
cxadni da dafarulni uwesobani ganhmarTna~.13
amgvarad, qarTuli erToba, qristianul mcnebaTa
Semnaxveli (`dammarxavi~) erTobaa. qarTuli erTobis
sakraluri ganzomilebis maCvenebelia isic, rom mis sa-
TaveSi dgas RvTismsaxuri mefe. Tavad erTobis wevrTa
percefciiT am erTobis politikuri CarCo anu samefo
sxva araferia, Tu ara instrumenti mefis xelSi saRvTo
gegmis realizaciisaTvis.
qarTuli erTobis wminda safuZvlebis mqone socia-
lur arsad gaazreba Zalian TvalsaCiond Cans daviT
aRmaSeneblis istorikosis bevr msjelobaSi. amjerad,
gamovyofT mxolod erT magaliTs. sityva Seexeba mema-
tianis komentars kaxeTis mefis aRsarTanis renegatul
moqmedebasTan dakavSirebiT. Sua saukuneebis avtoris
azriT, zneobrivi normebis ugulvebelyofam SeiZleba
gamoiwvios erTobis destruqcia. cxadia, aseTi Tval-
sazrisi SeiZleba warmoiSves mxolod im SemTvevaSi Tu
miCneulia, rom Tavad am erTobis arseboba ganpirobe-
bulia wminda safuZvliT:
`maT JamTa aRsarTanca, kaxTa mefe, warvida maliq-
Sas winaSe, dauteva qristeanobaÁ da SeeZina sarkinozTa
sjulsa, da amiT RoniTa aRiRo sultnisagan kaxeTi.
amaT eseviTarTa JamTa arave damSÂdna queyanaÁ, arcaRa

13 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. i. abula-

Zis saerTo redaqciiT. wigni meore (XI-XV ss.), Tb. 1967, gv. 162.
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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

iqmna lxinebaÁ kacTa ukeTurebisTÂs mkÂdrTa misTaÁsa,

rameTu yovelman hasakman da yovelman pativman yovliT-
urTiT Sescodes RmerTsa da miiqces gzaTagan wrfe-
lTa yovlisa mimarT ukeTurebisa; bunebiT mowyale da
saxieri RmerTi eseoden ganarisxnes, vidremdis TÂT mo-
xades ganCinebaÁ risxÂsaÁ, qadebuli usjuloTaTÂs esa-
Áas mier, metyuelisa esreT: `vaÁ naTesavsa codvilsa,
eri romeli savse ars usjuloebiTa kualiTgan ferÃ-
TaÁT vidre Tavadmde, ara ars mas Sina sicocxle~.14
Semdgomni: `queyanaÁ Tqueni oÃer, qalaqni cecx-
liTa momwuar, sofelTa TquenTa ucxo Teslni mos-
Wamen, da mooÃrebul da daqceul ars erisa ucxo tom-
TaÁsa~.15
ese yoveli moiwia da TualiTa CueniTa vixileT,
da friad ufroÁsi amaT warmoTqmulTaca: rameTu vi-
Tarmca vin misca Txrobasa yoveli, romeli iqmna, anu
viTarca vin warmoTqua yoveli, romeli dReTa CuenTa
moiwia Wiri? amas yovelsa ze ara dascxra guliswyro-
maÁ uflisaÁ Cuen zeda, rameTu ara SevinaneT~.16
amgvarad, qarTuli erTobis erTi nawili gankerZov-
da. nacionalur renegatobas religiuri renegatobac
daerTo. amis Sedegebs ki imkis mTeli erToba uflis
sasjelis saxiT. istorikosi aSkarad cdilobs Semdegi
azris kultivirebas: uflisaTvis misaRebi araa erTo-
bis daSla, radgan erTobis safuZveli wmindaa. Cans, igi
Tvlida, rom erToba iyo saukeTeso saSualeba uflis
mcnebaTa miRebisa da uflis gziT svlisaTvis.
igive Tvalsazriss aviTarebs Tamaris pirveli is-

14 qarTlis cxovreba. r. metrevelis saerTo redaqciiT. Tb. 2008, gv.

305.
15 qarTlis cxovreba. r. metrevelis saerTo redaqciiT, gv.Q305.
16 qarTlis cxovreba. r. metrevelis saerTo redaqciiT, gv.Q306.

82
 mariam CxartiSvili. qarTuli identobis sakraluri aspeqti

torikosi giorgi rusis gandgomilebis faqtze saubri-

sas: `maSin Sekrba krebuli RmrTismbrZoli, aRiRes max-
Âlebi da waTebi, warmoemarTnes patronsa RmerTSemo-
silsa zeda~.17
misive azriT, saqarTvelo anu qarTuli erToba
aris uflis samkvidrebeli.18
koleqtiur kulturul identobaze dafuZnebuli
erTobis wminda ganzomilebaze miuTiTebs JamTaaRmwere-
lic: jer igi citirebs wminda werilis sityvebs: `Wama
iakob, ganZRna, gansuena da dauteva RmerTi, Semoqmedi
TÂsi da ganudga RmerTsa, macxovarsa TÂssa zeda~.
mere am sityvebs iyenebs qarTuli erTobis, misi
sityvebiT, `qarTvelTa naTesavis~ mdgomareobis dasaxa-
siaTeblad: `egreTve iqmna naTesaÂsaca amas Sina qarT-
velsa, rameTu ganZRnes da iSuebdes, uwesobad midr-
kes...amisTÂs aRmocendes mizezni codvaTa simravliTa
saqarTvelosa mooÃrebisani~.19
qarTuli identobis sakraluri aspeqti Zalian mka-
fiod Cans qarTuli premodernuli naciis Camoyalibe-
bamde mravali saukuniT adrec. ioane sabanisZe kargad
aCvenebs am periodis qarTuli erTobis mier sakuTari
sakraluri misiis percefcias. hagiografi cdilobs
qarTuli erTobis arsebobis konteqstualizebas qris-
tianul metanarativSi. misi miTiTebiT, dgas meSvide Ja-
mi anu qveynierebis aRsasrulis aTaswleuli. amgvari
identifikaciis saSualebas mas aZlevs wminda werilSi
mocemuli daxasiaTeba bolo Jamisa, romelTac is uda-
rebs mis Tanamedrove viTarebas. am Jamis niSania is,
rom sococxlis moZRvrebas uaryofen adamianebi da

17 qarTlis cxovreba. metrevelis saerTo redaqciiT, gv.Q423.

18 qarTlis cxovreba. metrevelis saerTo redaqciiT, gv.Q479.
19 qarTlis cxovreba. r. metrevelis saerTo redaqciiT, gv.Q527.
83
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

zRaprebs mousmenen. da es viTarebaa swored Cuen Soris

anu imaT Soris, romlebic, ioane sabanisZis azriT,
arian qristianuli oikumenis ganapiras anu `yuresa ama
queynisasa~. miuxedavad imisa, rom aq qristianobas xuTi
saukunis da meti xnis istoria aqvs, mainc WeSmariti
sarwmunoebisagan midrekilia xalxi: zogi ZaladobiT,
zogi motyuebiT, zogi axalgazrdobis gamo gauTviT-
cnobiereblobiT.20
amgvarad, ioane sabanisZe mimarTavs meSvide Jamis
qristianebs. erTi SexedviT, misi adresatia qristianu-
li religiuri erToba sazogadod. magram ara. es qris-
tianebi gansazRvruli arian sivrculad: esaa, rogorc
iTqva, oikumenas ganapiras mcxovrebi xalxi. xom ar
SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom esaa am regionis qristiani mo-
saxleoba ganurCevlad eTnikurobisa? kvlav ara: esaa
qveynierebis sazRvarze mcxovrebi konkretulad is
qristiani xalxi, romelsac qristianoba xuTasi wlis
win da amis uwinaresac aqvs miRebuli. aRniSnuli ukve
konkretuli xalxis istoriis faqtebia, im xalxisa,
romlis mefeebs qristianoba SeuwynarebiaT ukve mesame
saukuneSi: gavixsenoT qarTvelTa mefe rev marTali, ro-
melsac, marTlac, 500 weli aSorebs ioane sabanisZes da
qveyanaSi ki qristianoba vrceldeba amaze uwinares, anu
mociqulTa periodidan:
`da ara xolo Tu Cemda martoÁsa saZiebel ars sme-
nad sawadeli ese martÂlobaÁ wmidisa amis mowamisaÁ,
aramed yovelTa jer ars Tquendaca dakÂrvebad Cem Ta-
na, romelni ese Semoklebulsa21 amas Jamsa meSÂdesa

20 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. wigni pir-

veli, gv. 49-50.
21 `Semoklebuli~ Catanilia sqolioSi, rogorc xelnawerTa kiTx-
vasxvaoba, ZiriTad teqstSi ki aris `Semokrebulsa~, rac gamomce-
84
 mariam CxartiSvili. qarTuli identobis sakraluri aspeqti

darsa zeda vdgaT, romlisa JamisaTÂsca ufali ityÂs,

viTarmed: `mravalni scdebian, mravalTa acTunebdnen da
mociquli pavle miswers timTÂsa, viTarmed: ”movals Ja-
mi, odes sicocxlisa amis moZRurebasa ara Tavs idebd-
nen, aramed gulis-Tqumisaebr TÂsisa TaviT TÂsiT Se-
moikreben moZRurebasa qaviliT yuriTaÁTa da WeSmari-
tebisagan sasmenelni garemiiqcinen da zRaprebsa mieqc-
nen, romelica ese am Jamsa aResrulebis Cuen Soris. ra-
meTu romelni ese varT yuresa ama queyanisasa, sastike-
bisagan da siveragisa manqanebiTa miT sacTurebisaÁTa
zedamdgomelTa amaT CuenTa, mflobelTa amis JamisaTa,
zakulebiTa moZRurebisaÁTa, TÂT TaviT TÂsiT Sjulis
debisaÁTa, gandgomilTa qristÀsgan mravalni SeacTunen
da gardadriknes gzisagan simarTlisa da WeSmaritebisa
qristes saxarebisa Seecodnes, romelni xuTasis wlisa
JamTa da uwinarÀsRa sjuldebul arian wmindaTa mad-
liTa naTlisRebisaiTa. mieriTgan vidre aqamomde na-
Sobni qristeanneTani gardagularZnes romelnime mZlav-
robiT, romelnime SetyuviliT, romelnime siyrmesa Sina
umecrebiT, romelnime mzakuarebiT. da sxuani, romelni
ese varT mowmuneni, mZlavrebasa Sina damonebulni, da
naklulevanebiTa da siglaxakiTa Sekrulni, viTarca
rkiniTa, xarksa queSa maTsa guemulni da qejnilni, ZÂr-
ZÂrad zRveulni, SiSiTa ganilevian da iryevian viTara-

melTa mier aRniSnuli adgilis arasworad gagebaze miuTiTebs. iT-

vleboda, rom meSvide Jami iyo Semoklebuli Jami, radgan qristes
meored mosvla ivaraudeboda mis dasrulebamde. aqedan gamomdina-
re sruliad cxadia, rom sityva `Semokrebuli~, romelsac upirate-
sobas aniWeben gamomcemelni, aq arafer SuaSia. `wm. abos wamebis~
esqatologiis da, konkretulad, `meSvide Jamis~ interpretaciisaT-
vis. ix. g. SurRaia. esqatologiuri Sexedulebebi Zveli qarTuli
da bizantiuri wyaroebis mixedviT (`meSvide dari~ _ dausrulebe-
li gansueneba, Tu mZafri gansacdeli~?). _ IV qarTvelologiuri
simpoziumis masalebi. Tb. 2005. gv. 172-186.
85
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

ca lerwamni qarTagan ZlieriTa, aramed qristÀsa siyua-

ruliTa da SiSiTa Cuelebisaebr mamulisa22 svlisa,
WirTa moTminebiTa ara ganeSorebian mxolod Sobilsa
Zesa RmrTisaÁsa~.23
amgvarad, meSvide Jamis dars, yuresa ama queynisasa
myofi qristianebi konkretuli istoriuli maxsovrobis
erTobaa. anu koleqtiuri kulturuli identobis safuZ-
velzea aRmocenebuli. ioane sabanisZis warmodgeniT (da
es uTuod garkveulwilad aris mTeli qarTuli erTo-
bis warmodgenac, ramdenadac, rogorc cnobilia, hagio-
grafia farTo `momxmarebelze~ gaTvlili Janria), qar-
Tuli erToba aris sakraluri misiis erToba, Sesabami-
sad, sakraluri erToba, amitom misi wiaRi warmoSobs
axali drois anu meSvide Jamis mowames anu abos. mowame,
romelic imartvilebs meored mosvlis win ixsenieba
apokalifsisSi. qristianuli egzegetikiT igi Tavisi
ZalmosilebiT utoldeba elia winaswarmetyvels, ro-
melic ar momkvdara, cocxliv atacebuli iqna uflis
mier da meored mosvlisas pirveli daamowmebs qristes
mosvlas. amgvarad, `wminda abo Tbilelis martviloba-
Si~ dasturdeba qarTuli erTobis mier sakuTari gansa-
kuTrebuli (wminda) misiis rwmena da mesianuri ideo-
logia gamsWvaluli mZafri esqatologiuri gancdiT.
es ideologia garkveulad gagrZelebas warmoad-
gens qarTvelTa eTnikuri rCeulobis ideologiisa, ro-
melic Seiqmna qarTvelTa moqcevis epoqaSi da romlis
saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli gaxda ucxoTa sarwmunoebis
qristianobis anu `hromTa sjulis~ adgilobriv niadag-
22 aq, cxadia, ar igulisxmeba `mamuli~ iliaseuli gagebiT anu sam-
Soblos azriT. aq saubaria mamapapuri sjulis SenarCunebaze, ma-
maTa gziT siarulze.
23 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. wigni pir-
veli, gv. 49-50.
86
 mariam CxartiSvili. qarTuli identobis sakraluri aspeqti

Tan Sezrda. aRniSnuli ideologia anu `rCeulobis mi-

Ti~, rogorc aRniSnaven specialur literaturaSi am
tipis narativebs, dafiqsirebulia qarTuli hagiogra-
fiis uZveles ZeglSi da avTentur wyaroSi `wminda ni-
nos cxovrebaSi~. qarTvelTa eTnikuri rCeulobis kon-
cefciis Seqmna iyo Taviseburi reaqcia im gamowvevaze,
romelsac warmoadgenda transeTnikuri qristianoba ne-
bismieri eTnikuri kulturisaTvis da, maT Soris, qar-
Tuli kulturisaTvisac. aRniSnuli ideologiis mixed-
viT qarTvelTa miwa, romelic Seicavda yvelaze presti-
Jul qristianul relikvias _ uflis kvarTs, momavalSi
gaxdeboda uflis samkvidrebeli anu zeciuri ierusa-
limi, rac miniSneba iyo imaze, rom qarTvelebi, rogorc
uflis sasufevlis damkvidrebis adgilas mcxovrebni,
uflis rCeuli erTobaa. amgvarad, `armazis saymo~ ga-
daazrebul iqna israelad anu rCeul erad.24
me vfiqrob, rom uflis kvarTi da masze dafuZnebu-
li qarTvelTa eTnikuri rCeulobis ideologia aris
qarTuli identobis Senobis `mzidi kedeli~. miuxedavad
imisa, rom am ideologiis warmoSobis xanas mravali
saukune gvaSorebs, igi cocxalia dRemde: saqarTvelo
qarTvelTa warmodgeniT (identobisaTvis mTavaria swo-
red Tavad Cven-jgufis wevrTa warmodgena da ara sxva-
Ta damokidebuleba) aris uflis kvarTis qveyana. qarTu-
li eklesiis da misi mrevlis anu qarTveli eris isto-
ria uflis kvarTiT markirebul qristianTa erTobis
istoriaa.
transeTnikuri qristianuli religiis oficialur
sarwmunoebad miRebam qarTuli identobis markerTa

24 m. CxartiSvili. qarTuli eTnie: rogor iwrToboda igi. eTnikuri

rCeulobis ideologia. kavkasiologiuri Ziebani. t. I. Tb. 2009, gv.
376-385.
87
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

gamokveTa gamoiwvia. aman mis araCveulebriv gangrZoba-

dobasac Seuwyo xeli imiT, erTobis arsebobas mianiWa
sakraluri sazrisi.25
magram, rogorc viciT, qarTuli identoba qris-
tianobiT ar iwyeba. qristianobis miRebis droisaTvis
qarTuli identoba ukve sruliad Camoyalibebuli iyo.
`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ daculi preqristianuli epoqe-
bis amsaxveli cnobebi Zalian niSandoblivia am Tval-
sazrisiT: isini araorazrovnad aCvenebs, rom warmar-
Tul xanaSi qarTvelobis anu qarTul erTobasTan TviT-
identifikaciis safuZveli iyo loaloba erTobis ker-
pebisadmi. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT qristianobam
ki ar Seqmna qarTuli identoba an Tundac misi sakra-
luri ganzomileba, aramed mxolod gaaZliera igi am
identobaze aRmocenebuli erTobis mTavar fasulobaTa
resakralizaciiT da qarTuli narativis qristianuli
istoriis konteqstSi CarTviT.
cxadia, am mokle prezentaciisas SeuZlebeli iyo
Sevxebodi sakiTxTan dakavSirebul yvela Temas. Cemi
moxseneba problemis dasmis cdad mesaxeba da ara misi
srulyofili Seswavlis ambiciiT gamsWvalul gamokv-
levad. amitomac amjerad qarTuli identobis sakralu-
ri ganzomilebis Sesaswavlad Cems Ziebebs davamTavreb
amonaridiT naciis interpretaciis eTnosimbolisturi
midgomis fuZemdeblis, zemoT araerTxel damowmebuli
e. d. smiTis erT-erTi bolodroindeli naSromidan `rCe-
uli xalxebi. nacionaluri identobis sakraluri wya-
roebi~. es naSromi gamovida 2003 wels, Tumc misi Ziri-
Tadi postulatebi adreuli publikaciebiTac iyo cno-
bili, ramdenadac aRniSnuli Teoriis gasaRebs warmo-

25 m. CxartiSvili. qarTuli eTnie religiuri moqcevis epoqaSi. Tb.

2009, gv. 127-159.
88
 mariam CxartiSvili. qarTuli identobis sakraluri aspeqti

adgens swored daskvna sazogadebrivi percefciebis ga-

damwyveti rolis Sesaxeb nacionaluri (da, agreTve, eT-
nikuri) konsolidaciis procesSi.
`me vxedavdi, rom vnebani, romelTac aRviZebs na-
cionalizmi, mZlavri erTguleba, romelsac ganicdis
amdeni adamiani sakuTari nacionaluri identobisadmi,
SeuZlebelia aixsnas ekonomikuri da politikuri piro-
biTobis farglebSi. mxolod religias Tavisi mZlavri
simbolizmiT da koleqtiuri ritualebiT SeuZlia ga-
moiwvios aseTi vneba. magram aqedan gamomdinare sakmari-
si rodi iqneba daviwyoT imis mtkiceba, rom nacionaliz-
mi aris ubralod sxva `politikuri~ religia. saidan
aqvs am vnebas arsebobis wyaro da mowodebis aseTi Za-
la? cxadia, mxolod Rrmad fesvgadgmuli religiuri
rwmenebisa da sentimentebisagan da sakralurobis mZlav-
ri gancdisagan. swored es ukanaskneli moiTxovs abso-
lutur loialobas. magram romelia is obieqtebi, rom-
lebic sakraluri azris matarebelni arian? upirveles
yovlisa, esaa Tavad erToba, rCeuli xalxi, rCeul mor-
wmuneTa krebuli da maTi ojaxebi. mere wminda miwa, ro-
melzedac es xalxia dasaxlebuli, maTi maxsovrobebi,
gmiruli qmedebebi, Zeglebi da winaparTa gansasveneble-
bi. mere esaaa didebuli warsuli, oqros xana, romelic
win uZRoda momdevno savalalo dacemis xanas. dabo-
los, esaa erTobis gadasarCenad da misi wminda momav-
lis uzrunvelsayofad Sewiruli yvela msxverpli. ai,
es aris qsovili avTenturobis im axali religiisa, ro-
melsac ewodeba nacionalizmi~.26
msjeloba, romelic zemoT moviyvane, mocemulia da-
saxelebuli wignis SesavalSi da arsebiTad warmoad-

26
A. D. Smith. Chosen Peoples. Sacred Sources of National Identity. Oxford University
Press, 2003, gv. VII-VIII.
89
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

gens sazogadod problemis dasmas. kvlevis amocanaTa

lakoniur da amgvarad amomwurav identifikacias, vfiq-
rob, SeuZlia Seasrulos gzamkvlevis roli koleqtiu-
ri kulturuli identobis fenomenis sakraluri aspeq-
tis qarTuli magaliTis safuZvelze Seswavlis saqmeSic.

90
 mariam CxartiSvili. qarTuli identobis sakraluri aspeqti

Mariam Chkhartishvili

GEORGIAN IDENTITY’S SACRAL ASPECT

Summary

The paper deals with widely accepted assertion concerning the

sacral sources of collective cultural identities and divine foundation of
the communities based on this type of identities. The goal of the present
contribution is to document this theoretical finding through the Georgian
case study.
While doing so, the author concerns the current situation, then she
considers the epoch of Georgian modern nation shaping (19th c); after
this there are facts of medieval and ancient periods displayed and
analyzed.
The results of the investigation makes it evident that during many
centuries Georgian cultural elite had managed to create and cultivate
ideology of ethnic electivity and special national mission. Just messianic
ideas and belief in Georgians’ “specialness” had played decisive role in
Georgian identity survival.
The conclusion above represents essential novelty in study of
Georgian nation’s history as the facts reflecting subjective factors were
neglected completely in Georgian historiography of Soviet and also post-
Soviet era. The author of the present contribution considers this practice
misleading and attempts to reason necessity of study of Georgian
identity’s sacral dimension.

91