ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

Tbilisi. 2011

jaba samuSia

garnisis brZola

saqarTvelos istoriis `oqros xanis~ dasasrulad

istorikosebi sruliad samarTlianad Tvlian xorez-
melTa batonobis im xuTwlian periods, rodesac mterma
moaxerxa qveynis dedaqalaqis da ekonomikurad mniSvne-
lovani regionebis xelTgdeba. xvarazmelebs monRolebi
mohyvnen da mTeli XIII saukune Cveni istoriis erT-erTi
yvelaze tragikul epoqad iqca, romelsac qarTuli
prozis didostatma grigol abaSiZem moswrebulad `di-
di Ramis ukuni sibnele...~ uwoda.1 qarTul istoriogra-
fiaSi ki es epoqa gamocxadebulia `texilad~, romelmac
XIV-XV saukuneebis `Cixisken~ gaxsna gza.2
uSualod brZolis ganxilvamde oriod sityviT Se-
vexoT mis gamomwvev mizezebs.
1218 wlis gazafxulis piras xvarazmis samefos
sazRvrispira qalaq oTrarSi monRoleTidan wamosuli
didi qaravani SeCerda. igi 450 kacisgan da 500 datvir-
Tuli aqlemisagan Sedgeboda. oTrarSi mravali aseTi
qaravani Sesula, magram maTi Tavgadasavali yovelTvis

1gr. abaSiZe. Txzulebebi sam tomad. t II. Tb. 1984, gv. 858.
2 daviT niniZe. bagrationTa samefo saxlis ganStoebaTa istoria.
Tb. 2004, gv. 7.
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istorikosebis yuradRebis miRma darCenila. maS, riTi

daimsaxura mematianeTa aseTi interesi 1218 wlis adre
gazafxulze oTrarSi mosul monRol vaWarTa qaravan-
ma? am periodSi Cingiz-xanis laSqars ukve dasrulebu-
li hqonda CrdiloeT CineTis dapyroba. 1216 wels mon-
RoleTSi dabrunebulma Cingiz-xanma Sua aziis sabo-
loo dapyroba daiwyo. erT-erTi yvelaze did saxelmwi-
foebriv gaerTianebas Sua aziaSi xvarazmis sasulTno
warmoadgenda. Cingiz-xani cdilobda daerwmunebina xva-
razm-Sahi muhamedi (1200-1220), rom monRolebs ar hqon-
daT maT winaaRmdeg araviTari cudi ganzraxva. amisaT-
vis, Cingiz-xani samSvidobo molaparakebis sababiT el-
Cebs ugzavnida muhameds, garkveulad xels uwyobda xva-
razmTan savaWro urTierTobebis gaRrmavebas.3 aseTi ke-
Tilmezobluri urTierTobebis `TamaSiT~, rogorc er-
Ti, aseve meore mxare moxerxebulad niRbavda realur
politikur miznebs. udavoa, mzardi monRoluri saxel-
mwifo dRes Tu xval Seecdeboda mdidari xvarazmis
dalaSqvras da iranisaken gaWras. bunebrivia, Cingiz-
xanis am ambiciuri gegmis Sesaxeb xvdebodnen xvaraz-
mSic. ase, rom SeniRbuli megobrobis miRma, or saxel-
mwifos Soris arsebuli mZlavri dapirispireba imale-
boda. swored aseTi politikuri koniunqtura sufevda
1218 wlisaTvis, rodesac qalaq oTrarSi monRoleTidan
wamosuli qaravani Semovida. monRoleTidan Camosul va-
WarTa saqcieli ar moswonebia qalaqis gamgebels,4 isi-
ni jaSuSebad miuCnevia da amis Sesaxeb sulTanisaTvis
Seutyobinebia. muhamedma vaWrebis Sepyroba da dedaqa-

3 В. В. Бартольд. Туркестан в эпоху монгольского нашествия. Собрание сочи-

нений в 9 томах. Т. I. М. 1963, gv. 460-469.
4 qalaqis gamgebels rangisa da titulis mixedviT uxmobdnen inal-
Cuqad (patara batoni), an arada qaair-xanad (Zlevanosili xani).
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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

laqSi Cayvana brZana. 450 adamianSi ramdenime marTlac

SeiZleba yofiliyo jaSuSi, magram qalaq oTraris gam-
geblis gadawyvetileba mainc ukiduresad radikaluri
aRmoCnda. man monRoleTidan Camosuli vaWrebi erTianad
amowyvita, maTi qoneba ki miiTvisa.5 am tragikulma faqt-
ma Cingiz-xans sababi misca xvarazmis winaaRmdeg didi
samxedro kampania daewyo, rac SemdgomSi monRolTa da-
savleTiT eqspansiis dasawyisad iqca.
1219 wels Cingiz-xanma yurulTai moiwvia da xva-
razmis winaaRmdeg laSqrobis samzadisi brZana. samxed-
ro moqmedebebi Semodgomis piras daiwyo. monRolebma
pirveli dartyma qalaq oTrarze miitanes. misi aRebis
Semdeg ki buxarasa da samaryands Semoartyes alya.
xvarazm-Sahi muhamedma ver moaxerxa monRolebis winaaR-
mdeg sruli samxedro mobilizaciis ganxorcieleba. man
miutevebeli Secdoma dauSva, rodesac calkeuli qala-
qebis gamagrebas mihyo xeli. faqtobrivad, Cingiz-xanma
nawil-nawil moaxerxa xvarazmis samxedro potencialis
ganadgureba.6 monRolebi cecxliTa da maxviliT uswor-
debodnen adgilobriv mosaxleobas. qalaq buxaris aRe-
bis Semde, mosaxleobis mxolod mcire nawilma moaxer-
xa Tavi daeRwia monRolTa tyveobas. iraneli istori-
kosi juveini, erT metad saintereso ambavs mogviT-
xrobs: buxaridan gaqceuli erT-erTi mcxovrebi xora-
sanSi Casula. buxarel ltolvils uamrav SekiTxvas us-

5 И. П. Петрушевский. Поход монгольских войск в Среднюю Азию в 1219-1224

гг. и его последствия. Татаро-монголы в Азии и Европе. Сборник статей. М. 1977,
gv. 112-114; Э. Д. Филлипс. Монголы. Основатели империи Великих ханов. Пер. с
англ. О. И. Перфильева. М. 2003, gv. 60-61; Д. Мэн. Чингисхан: Жизнь, смерть и
воскрешение. М. 2007, gv. 176-178.
6 И. П. Петрушевский. Поход монгольских войск в Среднюю Азию… gv. 118-132.
r. kiknaZe. monRolTa Semosevebi. narkvevebi maxlobeli aRmosavle-
Tis istoriidan. Tb. 1957, gv. 170-171.
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vamdnen, imis Taobaze, Tu ra moimoqmedes monRolebma

mis mSobliur qalaqSi. mas samSvidobos myofs monRol-
Ta Semosevis sazareli suraTi jer kidev Tvalwin ed-
ga. misi pasuxic lakonuri, magram yovlismomcveli iyo:
`movidnen, moTxares, gadawves, daxoces, waiRes da wa-
vidnen~.7 aseTi iyo realuri suraTi monRolTa TareSi-
sa. xvarazm-Sahi muhamedi da misi vaJi jalal ad-dini
iZulebuli gaxdnen iranSi gaqceuliyvnen. Cingiz-xanma
xvarazm-Sahs Tavisi ori sardali jebe da subudai da-
adevna. 1220 wels muhamedi gardaicvala da mis daSlil
samefos saTaveSi jalal ad-dini Caudga.
1221 wels qabulis maxloblad, fervanis regionSi
jalal ad-dinma daamarcxa monRolebi da sagrZnob war-
matebas miaRwia (jalal ad-dini fervanaSi SeebrZola
monRolTa armiis erTi nawils. brZola or dRes gagr-
Zelda. pirveli dRis dasrulebis Semdeg monRoli sar-
dali Seecada xvarazmelTa motyuebas da man sagange-
bod damzadebuli fitulebi gamoiyena, viTomda damxma-
re jari movidao, magram am xerxmac ar uSvela da sas-
tikad damarcxda), magram Cingiz xanma axali samxedro
eqspedicia gaagzavna jalal ad-dinis winaaRmdeg.8 mon-
Rolebma 1221 wlis 24 noembers md. indis napirTan sas-
tikad daamarcxes xvarazm-Sahi, romelmac mcire razm-
Tan erTad md. indis gadacurva moaxerxa da indoeTSi
gaiqca.9 miuxedavad warumateblobisa xvarazm-Sahi wina-

7 ix. r. kiknaZe. monRolTa Semosevebi, gv. 170.

8 Л. де Хартог. Чингисхан: Завоеватель мира (пер. с англ. Е. А. Ерохина). М. 2007,
gv. 153-155.
9 Л. де Хартог. Чингисхан, gv. 155-156. monRolTa mier devnili jalal
ad-dinis mier mdinare indis gadacurvisas Cingiz-xans TanamebrZol-
TaTvis uTqvams: `mxolod aseTi Svili unda hyavdes mamaso~. xva-
razm-Sahis mdinaris gadacurvis scena asaxulia XVI saukunis xel-
naweris miniaturaze.
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aRmdegobas ar wyvetda. indoeTidan man moaxerxa iransa

da eraySi gabatoneba. antimonRolur koaliciaSi ram-
denime mniSvnelovani politikuri erTeuli gaerTianda.
Cingiz-xanis winaaRmdeg gadamwyveti brZolis dawyebamde
jalal ad-dinma saqarTvelos samefos damorCileba gai-
xada miznad. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xvarazm-Sahi moaxerxeb-
da saqarTvelos daCoqebas, kavkasiis muslimuri samyaro
ufro aqtiurad CaerTveboda antimonRolur moZraobaSi.
CrdiloeT iranidan jalal ad-dinma saqarTvelos saz-
Rvrispira teritoriebis darbeva daiwyo. bunebrivia, sa-
qarTvelos samefo kari ar dauSvebda aseT marbiel
laSqrobebs da pasuxmac ar daayovna. saqarTvelos sa-
mefo darbazma mtris winaaRmdeg didi samxedro kampani-
is Catarebis gadawyvetileba miiRo. 1225 wlis agvisto-
Si adarbadaganidan wamosuli jalal ad-dinis didi
laSqari saqarTvelos teritoriaze SemoiWra da dvinis
midamoebSi dabanakda. saqarTvelos samefo karma mTa-
varsardlad ivane aTabagi ganawesa. rusudanma mas ubo-
Za `droSa sviani~.

mebrZol mxareTa laSqris Semadgenloba da

raodenoba

somxur istoriografiaSi garnisSi misuli saqar-

Tvelos laSqari calsaxad gamocxadebulia `somex-qar-
TvelTa gaerTianebul~ laSqarad. es detali saskolo
saxelmZRvaneloebSicaa asaxuli.
ra Semadgenlobis iyo qarTuli armia jalal ad-
dinTan brZolaSi?
Tavidanve davazustoT terminebi. rodesac Cven
vsaubrobT somexTa da qarTvelTa gaerTianebul laS-
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qarze, Cven vawydebiT erT winaaRmdegobas. gamodis, rom

saqme gvaqvs koaliciasTan. magram, rogorc cnobilia
CrdiloeT somxeTi, rogorc saqarTvelos ganuyofeli
nawili saqarTvelos saxelmwifos erTiani samxedro
sistemis nawils warmoadgenda da raime gansakuTrebu-
li uflebiT igi ar sargeblobda. amdenad, Tavidanve
unda iTqvas, rom aranairi koalicia garnisSi ar yofi-
la da iq saqarTvelos samefo laSqari ibrZoda, Tun-
dac masSi yofiliyo somxeTis Temebidan gamomavali
samxedro nawilebi. am realobas aRniSnavs TiTqmis yve-
la saistorio wyaro. juveini, magaliTad dasZens: `ja-
lal ed-dinma qarTvelTa banaks miaRwia garnisis xeoba-
Si, sadac isini RviniT mTvralebi da galeSilebi iyvne-
no~.10 an-nasavic aseve xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, Tu rogor
gaanadgura xvarazm-Sahma qarTvelebi.11 somexi istori-
kosi kirakos ganZakeli mogviTxrobs: `ilaSqra ivanem
qarTvelTa laSqariT da ganlagda maT mopirdapire mxa-
res, odnav zeviT~.12 ibn al-asiris cnobiT ki `jalal
ed-dini xSirad imeorebda `saqarTveloSi unda vilaSq-
ro da qveyana davipyroo~.13 qarTul wyaroebSic, calsa-
xad, saqarTvelos erTian armiazea saubari.14

10 juveinis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. sparsul teqsts Sesava-

li waumZRvara. qarTuli Targmani da SeniSvnebi daurTo revaz kik-
naZem. Tb. 1974, gv. 29.
11 Шихаб Ад-дин Мухаммад ан-Насави. Жизнеописание султана Джалал Ад-Дина

Манкбурны. Пер. с арабского, предисловие, комментарий, примечания и указате-

ли З. М. Буниятова. Баку. 1973, gv. 151-153.
12
Гандзакеци Киракос. История Армении. Перевод с древнеармянского, преди-
словие и комментарии Л. А. Ханларян. М. 1976, gv. 149.
13 Ибн ал-Асир. Ал-Камил фи-т-та’рих (Полный свод истории). Избранные

отрывки. Пер. с араб. языка, примеч. и коммент. П. Г. Булгакова. Дополнения к

пер. примеч. и коммент., введ. и указ. Ш. С. Камолиддина. Ташкент – Цюрих.
2005, gv. 389
14 JamTaaRmwereli. qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela Zi-
riTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. II. Tb. 1959, gv. 169.
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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

qarTuli laSqris Semadgenloba garnisze meryeob-

da 60-70 aTas Soris. XIII s. dasawyisSi saqarTvelos Ta-
visuflad SeeZlo gamoeyvana 80-90 aTasi meomari. Cveni
azriT, garnisSi Cven vxedavT sruliad saqarTvelos ar-
mias. winambrZolad dganan sruliad mesxni. flangebze
ganlagebuli iqnebodnen `afxazni da imerni (marjvniv)~
da `amerni da her-kaxni (marcxniv).~ swored am nawilSia
sagulvebeli somxeTidan gamomavali molaSqreTa yof-
nac (Cven ar gamovricxavT, rom raRac nawili somxuri
miwebidan gamosuli meomrebisa mTavarsardlis rezer-
vSic yofiliyvnen). garnisis brZolisas gasaTvaliswine-
belia somxeTSi arsebuli politikuri viTarebac. ja-
lal ad-dinis TareSis obieqti swored somxuri miwebia.
swored amitomac saqarTvelos samefo kari sagangebod
gaamagrebda cixe-simagreTa mTel sistemas Cr. somxeTSi.
faqtia, rom dvini, bijnisi, anisi saguldagulodaa da-
culi. amdenad, am mxareebidan jaris wveva naklebadaa
savaraudo. es qalaqebi da maTi Semavali qveyana uSua-
lod `frontispira zols~ warmoadgenda. amdenad, mobi-
lizaciis SemTxvevaSi laSqris ZiriTadi resursi sa-
qarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan gamomaval meomrebs
unda SeevsoT. ase rom araviTari qarTul-somxuri koa-
licia garnisSi ar yofila.
jalal ad-dinis armia gacilebiT mravalricxovani
Cans. JamTaaRmwerlis cnobiT, xvarazm-Sahs 140 000 meoma-
ri dauZravs saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg.15 somexi istori-
kosis vardan arevelcis miTiTebiT, muslimuri koali-
cia 200 000 kacs moiTvlida.16 am cnobebis analizisas

15JamTaaRmwereli. qarTlis cxovreba. t. II, gv. 169.

16 Гандзакеци Киракос. История Армении. vardan arevelci. msoflio
istoria. Zveli somxuridan Targmnes nodar SoSiaSvilma da eka
kvaWantiraZem. Sesavali, komentarebi da saZiebeli daurTo eka
kvaWantiraZem. Tb. 2002, gv. 160.
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erTi SekiTxva ibadeba: SeeZlo xvarazmidan devnil ja-

lal ad-dins am raodenobis armiis mobilizeba? am pe-
riodisaTvis igi akontrolebda iranis did nawils.
amasTanave, saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg jalal ad-dinis
mier gamocxadebul `saRvTo omSi~ monawileobdnen era-
yis muslimebi. sakuTvriv jalal ad-dins daax. 60 aTa-
siani armiis mobilizacia SeeZlo. amas emateboda mokav-
Sireebis Zalebic. mTlianobaSi es cifri 90-130 aTasamde
meryeobda.17 amdenad, xvarazm-Sahs marTlac SeiZleba sa-
qarTvelos winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad moegrovebina
140 000-mde laSqari. jalal ad-dinis biografi an-nasavi
imasac dasZens, rom laSqris didi nawili saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg gamolaSqrebamde xvarazm-Sahs ukve saxlebSi
hyavda gaSvebuli.18 es aSkarad gadaWarbebuli unda iyos,
radgan kavkasiaSi da saerTos mTels maxlobel aRmo-
savleTSi yvelaze mTavari mowinaaRmdegis winaaRmdeg
jalal ad-dini moumzadeblad da naucbaTevad ar wamo-
vidoda. da rom aseTi varaudi marTalia, Cans imave an-
nasavis erTi cnobidan, rom qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg wa-
mosul jalal ad-dins gzaze avangardi Seegeba, rom-
lebmac acnobes kidec mas qarTvelTa adgilsamyofe-
li.19 gamodis, rom xvarazm-Sahs winaswar ganuxorciele-
bia adgilisa da situaciis dazverva. aseT SemTxvevaSi
laSqris didi nawilis saxlSi gaSveba ubralod warmo-
udgenelia.

17 jalal ad-dinis laSqris raodenobis Sesaxeb ix. z. buniatovas

SeniSvna an-nasavis teqstisadmi darTul komentarebSi. Шихаб Ад-дин
Мухаммад ан-насави. Жизнеописание султана Джалал Ад-Дина Манкбурны, gv.
320. 36 Tavis 1 SeniSvna.
18 Шихаб Ад-дин Мухаммад ан-насави. Жизнеописание султана Джалал Ад-Дина

Манкбурны, gv. 151.

19 Шихаб Ад-дин Мухаммад ан-насави. Жизнеописание султана Джалал Ад-Дина

Манкбурны, gv. 151.

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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

rogor viTardeboda movlenebi garnisis

brZolamde?

dvinis midamoebis darbeva jalal ad-dinma 1225

wlis agvistos pirvel ricxvebSi daiwyo. mteri am saq-
miT iyo dakavebuli, rodesac garnisSi qarTvelebi mi-
vidnen. jalal ad-dinma mTeli laSqris mobilizacia
moaxdina da garnisSi dabanakebul ivane aTabagis wi-
naaRmdeg gailaSqra.
mebrZol mxareTagan romeli mivida pirveli brZo-
lis velze amis Taobaze wyaroebSi erTiani azri ar ar-
sebobs.
qarTuli wyaros mixedviT, garnisSi jer xvarazme-
lebi, xolo mogvianebiT qarTvelebi dabanakebulan. ja-
lal ad-dinis biografi an-nasavi ki piriqiT aRniSnavs.
qarTuli, somxuri da arabuli wyaroebis SejerebiT vi-
Tareba ase warmogvidgeba. dvinis qveynis darbeva ja-
lal ad-dins 1225 wlis agvistos pirvel ricxvebSi un-
da daiwyo. mteri am saqmiT iyo dakavebuli, rodesac
garnisSi qarTvelebi mividnen. jalal ad-dinma mTeli
laSqris mobilizacia moaxdina da garnisSi dabanake-
bul ivane aTabagis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra.
qarTvelTa laSqris ganlageba aseTi iyo: wi-
nambrZolni iyvnen mesxebi, romelTac Salva da ivane
axalcixelebi sardlobdnen. memarjvene frTaze dasav-
leT saqarTvelodan gamosuli meomrebi `imerni~ idgnen,
xolo marcxena mxares aRmosavleT saqarTvelos laS-
qari _ `amerni~. jalal ad-dinis centrs mxedroba qmni-
da, marcxena frTas sulTanis Zma Rias ed-dini sard-
lobda. marjvena flangze jalal ad-dinma mSvildos-
nebi ganawesa. garnisSi misvlisTanave jalal ad-dini
mixvda, rom qarTvelebi ratomRac ayovnebdnen brZolis
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 jaba samuSia. garnisis brZola

dawyebas. amis mizezi SeiZleba is faqti yofiliyo, rom

garnisSi qarTvelTa laSqari CrdiloeTidan an dasa-
vleTidan, im viwro xevebiT da gadasasvlelebiT Cavi-
doda, romelic Znelad gadasalaxavia. swored amitom,
rogorc Cans, jaris erTbaSad Tavmoyra garnisSi ver
moxerxda. ivane aTabagi drois gayvanis taqtikas daadga.
mas momgebiani pozicia ekava. qarTvelTa ZiriTadi
nawilebi SemaRlebul adgilze idgnen. miuxedavad ami-
sa, jalal ad-dinma Tavis meomrebs meore dRes Sete-
vaze gadasvla ubrZana. an-nasavi mogviTxrobs: `mTeli
is dRe mas (jalal ed-dins) egona, rom qarTvelebi Ca-
movidodnen (mTebidan) sabrZolvelad, magram (isini) ar
apirebdnen Camosvlas. rodesac mze gadaixara, sulTans
patara karavi gauSales centris ukan da man iq gaatara
Rame, xanebsa da amirebs ki ubrZana rigrigobiT Seec-
valaT erTmaneTi ganTiadamde... rodesac dila dadga,
man moiwvia isini da uTxra: `mterma, rogorc Cans, ga-
dawyvita brZolas aaridos Tavi da Semotevis magier
cdilobs saqmis gaWinaurebas. Cven gadavwyviteT Tavze
davesxaT maT, yvela mxridan SevutioT. magram Tu isini
Semogviteven, maSin unda davaswroT da isrebis setyviT
ar mivceT maT Camosvlis saSualeba...~ yvelaze adre
brZolaSi Caeba sulTnis marcxena flangi, sadac imyo-
feboda misi Zma Rias ed-dini, ur-xani, iRan-Taisi da
sxva emirebi~.20

brZolis mimdinareoba

jalal ad-dinis armiisagan pirveli brZola qarT-

velTa winamavalma miiRo. rogorc iTqva, am samxedro

20Шихаб Ад-дин Мухаммад ан-Насави. Жизнеописание султана Джалал Ад-Дина

Манкбурны, gv. 151-152.
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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

nawilebs Salva da ivane axalcixelebi sardlobdnen.

maT qarTvelTa armiis sardals ivane aTabags ramdenime-
jer gaugzavnes mociquli, raTa mas qarTvelTa armiis
ZiriTadi Zalebi daeZra mtris winaaRmdeg. magram daxma-
reba arsaidan Canda. garnisis maRlobebze saqarTvelos
armiis samxedro nawilebi gaunZrevlad idgnen.
jalal ad-dinis armiam mesx winambrZolebs alya
Semoartya. qarTvelebi, miuxedavad simcirisa, medgrad
ekveTnen mters. arc am kritikul momentSi Seuwuxebia
Tavi ivane aTabags RvTis anabarad darCenili qarTveli
meomrebis misaSveleblad. magram yvelaze ucnauri jer
kidev win iyo. swored am dros garnisis velze mou-
lodneli ram moxda. amas winaswar veravin ganWvretda.
moyolebuli 1225 wlidan es ambavi didi gansjis sag-
nadaa qceuli. uecrad ivane mxargrZelis brZanebiT, sa-
qarTvelos armiam zurgi aqcia brZolis velze myof
Tanamemamuleebs da ukan daxeva daiwyo. mTavarsardlis-
gan mitovebulma qarTvelTa razma TandaTan ukan daxeva
daiwyo. uTanasworo brZolaSi Salva da ivane axalci-
xelebs cxenebi moukles. maT qveiTad ganagrZes brZola,
magram mteri yovelmxridan utevda qarTvel meomrebs.
JamTaaRmwereli am faqts ase aRwers: `Ãrmalnica axal-
cixelTa gantydes Cabalaxsa zedao~.21 am sityvebSi sao-
cari tragizmi Cans. es erTi winadadeba mTeli sicxa-
diT warmogvidgens brZolis velze datrialebul ube-
durebas. RalatiT gamwarebulebs ukandasaxevi gzac
moWrili hqondaT.
jalal ad-dinis meomrebma alya Semoartyes Salva
axalcixels da Seipyres. ivanem moaswro da kldovan
masivs Seafara Tavi. mtris maxvilisagan gadarCenili
ivane kldeze asvlisas, Tavisive TanamebrZolis mier

21 JamTaaRmwereli. qarTlis cxovreba. t. II, gv. 170.

128
 jaba samuSia. garnisis brZola

SemTxveviT zevidan dagorebulma qvam imsxverpla.

Salva saswrafod warudgines jalal ad-dins. am
ukanasknelma pativiT miiRo qarTveli sardali da saTa-
nadod daajildova kidec. ramdenime Tvis Semdeg Salva
axalcixeli jalal ad-dinma sikvdiliT dasaja. qarT-
veli mematianis sityviT, Salva moikla sulTnis mier
`aradatevebisaTvis sjulisa~. ucxoeli avtorebi sxva
versias gvTavazoben _ Salvas farulad kavSiri hqonia
gabmuli saqarTvelos samefo karTan da mas xvarazm-Sa-
his gegmebs awvdidao, ris gamoc jalal ad-dinma
sikvdiliT dasaja.
garnisis brZolis msvlelobaze, mis masStabebze
istoriografiaSi sxvadasxva saxis mosazrebaa gamoTq-
muli.
iv. javaxiSvili am movlenas sakmaod mokled aR-
wers: `jalaledinma samarTlianad ufro xelsayrelad
scno, dauyovnebliv brZola daewyo da mowinaaRmdegeze
umal ieriSi mietana. misi angariSi mTlianad gamarTl-
da: sastiksa da uaRresad sisxlismRvrel brZolaSi ja-
laledinma gaimarjva~.22 d. gvritiSvili ufro vrclad
saubrobs garnisis brZolaze da JamTaaRmwerlis kriti-
kul analizsac iZleva. `JamTaaRmwerels _ dasZens is-
torikosi _ garnisis omis aRweris dros mxolod mewi-
nave nawilis brZolebi aqvs aRwerili da ZiriTadi
birTvi TiTqos arc Rebulobda monawileobas. ra Tqma
unda, es ar aris marTali. es cnoba mxolod imdenad
unda miviRoT sarwmunod, ramdenadac mtris pirveli
dartyma mewinave nawils unda mieRo~.23

22 iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. wign. III. iv. javaxiSvi-

li. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. t. III. Tb. 1982, gv. 11
23 d. gvritiSvili. narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan. t. I. Tb.
1962, gv. 164.
129
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

r. kiknaZe garnisSi qarTvelTa damarcxebis mizezad

asaxelebs xvarazmelTa moulodnel Tavdasxmas da
sardlis ivane aTabagis meryeobasa da orWoful moqme-
debas, rasac sardlis xandazmulobiT xsnis.24 nodar
asaTiani qarTuli jaris ZiriTad nawils brZolaSi
CarTulad miiCnevs (centrs da marjvena frTas).25 somexi
istorikosi l. babaiani aseT daxasiaTebas aZlevs am Se-
takebas: `brZolas gaafTrebuli xasiaTi hqonda, mxa-
reebi sakmaod Seupovrad ibrZodneno~.26 azerbaijaneli
istorikosi z. buniatovi ki aRniSnavs: `maSin jalal-ad
dini Tavad gauZRva laSqars qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg,
sastik brZolaSi daamarcxa qarTvelebi, ris Semdeg isi-
ni welSi veRar gaimarTneno~.27
msgavsi citatebi sxva istorikosTa naSromebidanac
SeiZleba movixmoT. faqtia, yvela istorikosi erTsulo-
vania imaSi, rom garnisis brZolisas sastiki Setakeba
gaimarTa qarTvelebsa da xvarazmelebs Soris, magram,
mTlianobaSi aris ori detali, romelic azrTa sxva-
dasxvaobas da kamaTs iwvevs: I _ qarTvelTa mxridan ra
Zalebi daupirispirda jalal ad-dins da II _ SeiZleba
ki garnisis brZola miviCnioT iseTi masStabis Setake-
bad, romelSi damarcxebis Semdeg `qarTvelebi welSi
veRar gaimarTnen~.
Tvali gavadevnoT werilobiTi wyaroebis monace-
mebs.

24 r. kiknaZe. xorezmelebi saqarTveloSi. wign. saqarTvelos isto-

riis narkvevebi. t. III. Tb. 1979, gv. 540.
25 n. asaTiani. rusudanis gamefeba da jalal ed-dinis Semosevebi.
saqarTvelos istoria. t. II. Tb. 2008, gv. 31.
26 Л. О. Бабаян. Социально-экономическая и политическая история Армении в

XIII-XIV веках. М. 1969, gv. 95.

27 З. М. Буниятов. Государство Атабеков Азербайджана (1136-1225 годы). Баку.

1978, gv. 125.

130
 jaba samuSia. garnisis brZola

JamTaaRmwerelma icis, rom qarTvelTa ZiriTadi na-

wili brZolaSi ar Cabmula. xvarazmelebs gaafTrebul
winaaRmdegobas mxolod winamavali uwevda Salva da
ivane axalcixelis sardlobiT. mematiane aRniSnavs:
`ivane aTabagi da spani qarTvelTani xedvides Zliersa
omsa da ara Seiwyalebdes TanamonaTesaveTa da erTs-
julTa~28. vaxuSti batoniSvilic sagangebod aRniSnavs,
rom `aTabagi spiTa uvnod warmovidao~.29 ucxoeli avto-
rebidan am detalze yuradRebas amaxvilebs stefanoz
orbeliani, kirakos ganZakeli, stefanoz episkoposi da
nawilobriv Sihab ad-din muhammad an-nasavic.
stefanos orbeliani mogviTxrobs erT ucnaur de-
talze: `aTabagman... daadgina orni mauwyebelni _ Salva
da grigol(?). ukeTu odes ixilon mcireni Zalni xoras-
nelTa, maSin uÃmon ZalTa CuenTa, ukeTu: `movediT,
movediT~. xolo mas, romeli ufali ars mZlevelobisa,
eneba aRxocva...amisTÂs Sehscuala Ãma mauwyebelTa yur-
Ta maTTa Sina, ukeTu `ivltvodeT~. maSin maT dauteves
unjni karavni da amÃedrden mswraflad cxensa da
viTarca sulelni uÃlmod da umdevrod gardacÂvdnen
didsa Ãramsa mas garnisisa~30. rogorc vxedavT, ZiriTad
StrixebSi somexi mematiane eTanxmeba JamTaaRmwerels.
brZolaSi CarTulan mxolod winambrZolni, danarCeni
ki gaqceulan. amasTanave, istorikosi saintereso
detalze amaxvilebs yuradRebas _ qarTvelebs aravin
ar mosdevda (`umdevrodo~). kirakos ganZakeli, marTa-

28 JamTaaRmwereli. qarTlis cxovreba. t. II, gv. 170.

29 vaxuSti bagrationi. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. qarTlis
cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT
s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. IV. Tb. 1973, gv. 201.
30 stefanos orbelianis `cxovreba orbelianTa~-s Zveli qarTuli
Targmanebi. qarTul-somxuri teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada, Sesa-
vali da saZieblebi daurTo e. cagareiSvilma. Tb. 1978. gv. 65-66.
131
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

lia, qarTuli armiis srul kraxze mogviTxrobs, magram

brZolis etapebi masac zustad aqvs aRwerili: Salva
da ivanem `ubrZanes danarCen meomrebs: `Tqven jer moi-
cadeT Cven wavalT da SevebrZolebiT maT rigebs; da
Tu romelime maTgans ukan daxevas vaiZulebT, gamar-
jveba Cven dagvrCeba, Tqvenc SeutieT, magram Tu maT
dagvamarcxes, gaiqeciT da Tavs uSveleT~. da isini (qar-
Tvelebi) airivnen sultnis jarTan da daiwyes maTi ga-
nadgureba. magram (danarCenma) qarTvelma meomrebma amas
ar miaqcies yuradReba da daiwyes gaqceva, ise rom,
ukandaxevisas sakuTar megobrebs ver cnobdnen~.31 sxva-
Ta Soris kirakos ganZakelic miuTiTebs, rom jalal
ad-dins qarTvelTa devna ar uwarmoebia.
somexi mematiane stefanoz episkoposi (zogi mecnie-
ri mas stefanoz orbelianad miiCnevs, Tumca, dReisTvis
miRebulia, rom igi XIII s-is miwuruls mcxovrebi isto-
rikosi unda iyos.)32 sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom qarTve-
lebma ubrZolvelad datoves garnisi. `didma mxedarT-
mTavarma ivanem gamoiyvana (xvarazmelTa winaaRmdeg) 60
aTasi meomari. magram RvTis risxva daatyda maT... ar
miuRiaT ra brZola garnisis midamoebSi, mtris gaumar-
jveblad isini (qarTvelebi) ukuiqcnen~.33
garnisis brZolis Taobaze metad mniSvnelovania
an-nasavis cnobebi. igi jalal ad-dinis piradi mdivani
iyo da movlenebis TviTmxilveli. yvelaze mniSvnelovani
mis monaTxrobSi aris daRupul qarTvel meomerTa ric-

31 Гандзакеци Киракос. История Армении, gv. 226. im faqts, rom qarTve-

lebma ZiriTadi danakargi ukan daxevisas ganicades, somexi isto-
rikosebi vardan arevelci da anonimi sebastielic aRniSnavs.
32 l. melqiseT-begi. Zveli somxuri literaturis istoria. Tb. 1941,
gv. 136; l. melqiseT-begi. saqarTvelos istoriis werilobiTi wya-
roebis publikaciebi. katalogi. I. Tb. 1949, gv. 270-271.
33 Армянские источники о монголах: извлечения из рукописей XIII-XIV вв. Пер.

Г. Галстяна. М. 1962, gv. 33.

132
 jaba samuSia. garnisis brZola

xvi. istorikosi mas 4 aTasiT gansazRvravs.34 miuxedavad

mis mier daxatuli masStaburi Setakebisa, msxverpli
katastrofuli ar yofila. nasavim icis, rom qarTvelTa
armiis ZiriTadi nawili gadarCa. es ukanaskneli cnoba
ufro sandoa, vidre ibn al-asiris monacemebi, TiTqos
qarTvelebs garnisSi 20 aTasi kaci daukargavs anu mTe-
li armiis mesamedi.35 nasavim SesaniSnavad icoda, ramde-
ni qarTveli meomari daeca brZolis velze, is xom ja-
lal ad-dinis uaxloes wres ekuTvnoda.
CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxze msjelobisas, aseve
mniSvnelovania qarTuli zepirsityvierebis cnobebi.
Salva axalcixelis ciklis leqsebSi Semonaxulia er-
Ti leqsi _ `Salva Surisa mZebneli~. igi ase mTavrdeba:
`...kiloze sisxli sdioda,
Tavis Tavs ara sjavrobda,
Taviss sworebsa sCioda,
orasi Turqis momkvleli
uomrobasa sCioda...~.36
rogorc vxedavT, gamalebul brZolaSi myofi Sal-
va axalcixeli `uomrobas sCioda~. xom ar aris es im
realobis gamoZaxili, rac moxda garnisSi, rodesac be-
dis anabarad mitovebuli qarTveli winambrZolni sa-
marTlian, Tanaswor brZolas natrulobdnen, `uomrobas
sCiodnen~.
amdenad, garnisis brZolaSi mTavarsardlis ugunu-
ri saqcielis gamo, faqtobrivad, saqarTvelos armias

34 Шихаб Ад-дин Мухаммад ан-Насави. Жизнеописание султана Джалал Ад-Дина

Манкбурны, gv. 152.
35 Шихаб Ад-дин Мухаммад ан-Насави. Жизнеописание султана Джалал Ад-Дина

Манкбурны, gv. 335; 48 Tavis SeniSvna 6.

36 qarTuli xalxuri saistorio sityviereba. t. I. teqstebis momza-
deba, redaqcia, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi qsenia sixaruliZis. t. I. Tb.
1961, gv. 105.
133
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

mTeli Tavisi SemadgenlobiT monawileoba ar miuRia.

mTliani danakargi (moklulTa da tyved CavardnilTa
saxiT) 10% meti ar unda yofiliyo. jalal ad-dins arc
ucdia qarTvelebze dadevneba, is, piriqiT, samxreTiT
wavida da dvini garemoicva. es kidev erTxel gvarwmu-
nebs, rom garnisSi saqarTvelos samxedro potencialis
sruli ganadgureba ar momxdara. jaris ZiriTadi nawi-
li kvlav brZolisunariani iyo, mxolod gulgatexili
da fsiqologiurad daTrgunuli. problema arsebobda
ara uSualo jariskacebis doneze, aramed umaRles sar-
dlobaSi, romelmac ver gaarTva Tavi dakisrebul mova-
leobas.

Suri Tu strategiuli gadawyvetileba?

zustad aravin icoda Tu ra edo safuZvlad ivane

mxargrZelis aseT saqciels. qarTveli mematiane amas
sardlis axalcixelebisadmi SuriT xsnis. faqti erTia,
ivanem gawira winambrZolni da uari Tqva brZolaze. uc-
xouri wyaroebis Tanaxmad, qarTvelTa armiam ZiriTadi
danaklisi ukandaxevisas ganicada, rodesac ramdenime
aTasi meomari Rrma xevebSi CaiCexa.
saerTod, ivane mxargrZelis didi mxedarTmTavroba
erTgvari miTi iyo. am adamianis biografia metad sain-
teresoa. is yovelTavis Zmis zaqaria mxargrZelis Crdi-
lis qveS iyo moqceuli. erTi ram namdvilad hqonda
ivane mxargrZels, politikosisaTvis yvelaze mTavari _
drois SegrZneba. Zmisagan gansxvavebiT, ivane marTlma-
dideblad moinaTla, ramac misi poziciebi samefo kar-
ze ufro ganamtkica. SamqorSi ivane vaJkacurad ibrZo-
da, yovel SemTxvevaSi amas gvamcnobs mematiane. Tamaris
dros momxdari yvela didi omis Tanamonawile iyo da

134
 jaba samuSia. garnisis brZola

kargi samxedro reputaciiT sargeblobda, magram damo-

ukideblad Catarebul samxedro kampaniebSi, TiTqmis
yvelgan fiasko ganicada (aq ar igulisxmeva Tamaris
dros mTiulTa ajanyebis Caqroba. didi samxedro Seta-
keba am dros ar momxdara). qalaqi xlaTis garemocvi-
sas, maSin roca xlaTelebi ukve danebebas apirebdnen,
ivane mxargrZelma qalaqis kedlebis daTvaliereba
ganizraxa. Semovlis dros ivanes cxens fexi TxrilSi
Cauvarda da mxedari gadmoagdo. arabi wyaroebi imasac
weren, rom am dros aTabagi karga gvarianad yofila
nasvami da Tanac mxolod mcire amala axlda.37 xla-
Telebma ivane Seipyres. am incidentis Semdeg xlaTis
SemoerTeba ver moxerxda, ivane iZulebuli iyo Tavisi
qaliSvili TamTa gaegzavna sulTnisTvis colad. laSa-
giorgis dros monRolTa Semosevisas sagimis velze
ivane qarTvelTa laSqris marcxena flangs sardlobda.
mterma misi ukuqceva moaxerxa, xolo ivane Zlivs gada-
urCa sikvdils.38 garnisSi damarcxebac mis kiserzea.
swored aseTi samxedro gamocdilebis adamiani sard-
lobda qarTvelTa laSqars jalal ad-dinis winaaR-
mdeg. magram qarTveli mematiane JamTaaRmwereli, rome-
lic ivanes kritikas ar erideba, arafers ambobs mis
samxedro gamocdilebis gamo. is ratomRac aqcents ake-
Tebs imaze, rom ivanem Zmebi axalcixelebi Suris gamo
miatova brZolis velzeo. ra unda yofiliyo ivane mxar-
grZelis mxridan Salvasa da ivanesadmi Suris mizezi?
im dros is mefis Semdeg meore kaci da qveynis realu-
ri gamgebeli iyo. magram aq Suri sxvagvarad unda gavi-

37 g. jafariZe. saqarTvelo da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis islamuri

samyaro XII-XIII s-is pirvel mesamedSi, Tb. 1995, gv. 168.
38 i. sixaruliZe. qarTveli xalxis brZola damoukideblobisaTvis
XIII-XIV saukuneebSi. Tb. 1957, gv. 55-58; d. gvritiSvili. narkvevebi
saqarTvelos istoriidan. t. I. Tb. 1962, gv. 150-151.
135
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

goT. Tamaris droindel mxedarTmTavrebidan moqmedi

sardlebi darCenili iyvnen Salva da ivane axalcixele-
bi. TviTon ivane mxargrZeli, rogorc mematiane dasZens
`mas Jamsa mimxcovnebul iyo~. ivanes Semdeg, sruliad
bunebrivia, qveynis samxedro uwyebis saTaveSi mxargrZe-
lebis magier Zmebi axalcixelebi mosuliyvnen. Zmebma
zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebmac erTad daiwyes karie-
ra, Salva da ivanec erTad ixseniebian. raRac Sefarvi-
Ti konkurencia yovelTvis iarsebebda Zmebis am or tan-
dems Soris. magram zaqaria sanam cocxali iyo, mxargr-
ZelTa poziciebs samefo karze aravin emuqreboda. zaqa-
rias gardacvalebis Semdeg ivane aTabagi xdeba, Tumca-
Ra, amirspasalaris da mandaturTuxucesis saxeloebsac
igi akontrolebda.39
aSkara, am drois saqarTveloSi politikuri krizi-
sis niSnebi ukve Cndeba. politikuri krizisi ar niSnavs
imas, rom qveyana maincdamainc damarcxebuli unda iyos,
anda aucilebeli rom Sinaomi mZvinvarebdes. TviT Tama-
ris epoqaSic ki, rodesac qveyana Tavis ganviTarebis ze-
nitSia, SeiZleba davinaxoT is elementebi, romelmac
qveyana male miiyvana krizisamde. Tundac aviRoT ivanes
aTabagad daniSvna. erTi konkretuli adamianisaTvis Se-
iqmna Tanamdeboba, romelic safuZvelSive ewinaaRmdege-
ba erTi saukunis manZilze saqarTveloSi damkvidrebul
centraluri xelisuflebis mowyobas. amasTanave, Tama-
ris gardacvalebamde da laSa-giorgis dros, ivane mxar-
grZeli, aTabagobasTan erTad amirspasalaricaa. Tavisi
ZmiSvilis mcirewlovnobis dros, rogorc Cans, mas Se-
Tavsebuli unda hqonoda mandaturTuxucesobac.40 mogvi-
anebiT, amirspasalaroba man sakuTar Svils avag-sar-

39 S. mesxia. saSinao politikuri viTareba da samoxeleo wyoba XII

saukunis saqarTveloSi. Tb. 1979, gv. 308.
40 S. mesxia. saSinao politikuri ..., gv. 308-309.

136
 jaba samuSia. garnisis brZola

giss gadauloca.41 magram, es ukanaskneli, nominalurad

iqneboda am saxelos mflobeli. realurad, samxedro
uwyebas ivane ganagebda. rogorc vxedavT, mxcovani vezi-
ris gegmebi Sorsmimavalia. igi faqtobrivad cdilobs,
Tavisi memkvidreobis mowyobas. mxargrZelTa zaqarias
Stos mandaturTuxucesoba daumkvidrda. ivanes Svili
jer amirspasalaria, xolo mamis politikidan wasvlis
Semdeg aTabagobasac miiRebs.42 erTaderTi problema iyo
is, rom rogorc SanSe zaqarias Ze, aseve avag-sargisi
axalgazrdebi iyvnen. ivane mxargrZelis gardacvalebis
Semdeg ki, rogorc iTqva, amirspasalaroba da manda-
turTuxucesoba SeiZleba axalcixelebisTvis gadaecaT.
yvelaze metad swored isini imsaxurebdnen am Tanamde-
bobebs. rogorc Cans, movlenebis aseT ganviTarebas
eloda ivane aTabagi da rogorc gamocdil politikoss
SeSvenis, man erTi xelis mosmiT moiSora mxargrZelTa
axalgazrda TaobisaTvis yvelaze saSiSi konkurentebi,
magram samagierod mis mier dadgmul intrigas qveyana
gadaayola.

* * *
jalal ad-dinma ar icoda ra krizisSi imyofeboda
qarTuli saxelmwifo da misi samxedro Zalebi. qarTve-
lebma garnisis Semdeg Tavisi samxedro potenciali `ga-
daarCines~ da es akrTobda xvarazm-Sahs. Cveni azriT,
jalal ed-dinma ramdenime Tve moandoma saqarTveloSi
arsebuli viTarebis zedmiwevniT Seswavlas da, mogvia-
nebiT, swored aman gaabedvina mas Tbilisze laSqroba.
manamde ki xvarazm-Sahi frTxilad moqmedebda da qar-
Tul mxares dialogsa da molaparakebas sTavazobda.

41 S. mesxia. saSinao politikuri ..., gv. 311.

42 S. mesxia. saSinao politikuri ..., gv. 314-315.
137
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

Jaba Samushia

BATTLE OF GARNISI

Summary

The subject of our article is Jalal ad-Din Khwarazm Shah’s

incursion in Georgia. Political background and hostility between those
Great Powers are narrated by Georgian and foreign sources. Research is
based on those materials. Detailed description is presented about
composition and figure of troops deployed for this battle. Brief account
of field battle that took place in 1225 at Garnisi is given here and the
reason of Georgians’ failure is also explored.

138