k.

novero BMLS1-1 DO NOT REPOST

BUFFER SOLUTIONS BUFFER 1ST READ + HCL pH +NaOH pH
SOL’N pH
- Those that resist pH change upon addition of small Buffer 1 6 5.9
amount of acid or base Buffer 2 7.5 7.4 7.8
- When buffer solutions are prepared→ pH of the Distilled H2O 5.8 3.2 12
solution are adjusted to get it within effective range LAB PROCEDURE:
- An aqueous sol’n of either a weak acid and its Buffer solution preparation → ACETATE / PHOSPHATE
conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate BUFFER
-
pH meter: determine the pH of the buffer and compare with
Typically, a strong acid (HCl) is added to lower the pH
the pH of Distilled water
of acidic buffers. A strong base like NaOH is added to
raise the pH of alkaline buffers. HCl→ strong acid; NaOH→ strong base

(HCl +) = ↓pH acidic buffer 1) buffer sol’n & H2O + 2-drops HCL
(NaOH+) = ↑pH alkaline buffers
2) buffer sol’n & H2O + 2-drops NaOH
HOW DO BUFFER SOLUTIONS WORK?
Then measure pH and note change in pH in both the buffer
A buffer solution has to contain things which will remove any
and H2O distilled
hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions that you might add to it -
otherwise the pH will change. Acidic and alkaline buffer BUFFERS
solutions achieve this in different ways. - Used to maintain a stable pH in a sol’n
➢ ACIDIC BUFFER SOLUTIONS - → they can neutralize small quantities of additional
- One which has a pH of ↓7 acid or base.
- Commonly made from a weak acid and one of its For a given buffer solution
salt- often sodium salt - There is a working PH range
- & set of amount of acid or base that can be
neutralized before → pH will change
BUFFER CAPACITY
- The amount of acid or base that can beaded to a
buffer before changing pH
PRINCIPLE OF BUFFERS (how they work?)

neutralizing any added acid (H+) or base (OH-) → maintain

moderate pH → making them = weaker ACID or BASE

e.g.:
buffer: W.B. NH3 & conj.A. NH4+
strong acid: HCl
strong base: NaOH

1) NH3&NH4+ + HCl → H+ + NH3 = NH4 → ↑ NH4 & ↓ NH3

➢ ALKALINE BUFFER SOLUTIONS
- An alkaline buffer solution has a pH ↑ 7. - the extra H+ → consumed by NH3 W.B.
- Alkaline buffer solutions are commonly made from a - pH does not change significantly
weak base and one of its salts.
1) NH3&NH4+ + NaOH → H+ - NH4+ = NH3 + H2O→ ↑ NH3&
↓ NH4 + H2O
- NH4+ ion donates a proton H+
- pH does not change significantly
 k.novero BMLS1-1 DO NOT REPOST
PHYSIOLOGICAL BUFFERS: Naming 3 more buffering agents
➢ BICARBONATE HCO3 BUFFERING pK USEFUL pH
Bicarbonate and carbonic acid in the blood AGENT RANGE
- 20:1 ratio→ if blood pH is normal 1. Citric Acid 3.13, 4.76, 2.1-7.4
- 20x↑ Bicar: Carbonic acid 6.40
- This capture system is more efficient at buffering 2. Acetic Acid 4.8 3.8-5.8
changes that would make blood more acidic 3. Borate 9.24 8.25-10.25
this is useful because:
- Most of the body’s metabolic waste (lactic acid,
ketones)→are acids

Carbonic acid levels:

- Controlled by expiration of CO2
In red blood cells:
- carbonic anhydrase forces dissociation of the acid,
rendering blood less acidic
- because of the acid dissociation: CO2 is exhaled

Bicarbonate levels:
- Controlled by the renal system
- Where the bicarbonate ions in the renal filtrate are
conserved and passed back into the blood
- However, the bicarbonate buffer is primarily
buffering system of IF surrounding the cells in the
tissues throughout the body.

➢ PHOSPHATE PO4-
Found in the blood in 2 forms:
- W.A.→ Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Na2H2PO4-
- W.B.→ Sodium monohydrogen phosphate Na2HPO42-
WHEN:
Na2HPO42 + HCl (S.A.) → Na2HPO42- + H+ = Na2H2PO4- + Na Cl
- The base picks up a second H+ to form a weak acid
and salt
Na2HPO4 + NaOH (S.B.) → Na2H2PO4- - H+ = Na2HPO42- + H2O
2

- W.A. reverts back to the weak base

Acids and bases are still present but they hold ono the ions

➢ PROTEINS
- Nearly all proteins function as buffers
- proteins→ made up of amino acids
- amino acids→ contain
- (+) positively charged amino groups; and,
- (-) negatively charged carboxyl groups

- The charged regions can bind H+ and OH-

- Thus; function as buffers
HEMOGLOBIN Hgb
- Principle protein in RBC
- During conversion of CO2 into HCO3
- H+ liberated in the reaction is buffered by Hgb
- Which is reduced by: dissociation of O2
And help maintain normal pH
- This process is reversed in capillaries to reform CO2
Which can diffuse into air sacs to be exhaled into the
atmosphere