Reference Components

All APA reference list entries contain four main components: author, date, title, and
source. Those components are organized as follows:

Author. (Date). Title. Source.

If you are unable to locate components for a reference, the APA Style website has a
page on Missing Reference Information.
There are two format patterns: italic title and italic source. APA has more information on
this with A Tale of Two Reference Formats.
Author

 Author
 Formatting Author Names
 Multiple Authors
 Organizational Authors
 Editor(s) and Other Roles
 User Names
 No Author
The first component in every APA reference is the author. Sometimes an author can be
a corporation or group.

Author. (Date). Title. Source.

Sources: Publication Manual, 9.7-9.12; APA Style: Elements of Reference List Entries; APA Style: Missing Reference
Information

Date

 Date
 Full Date
 No Date
 Same Author/Date
 Republished Works
 Retrieval Dates
The second component in a reference is the date. Most citations only need the year in
parentheses, followed by a period.

Author. (Date). Title. Source.
Source: Publication Manual, 9.13-9-17; APA Style: Elements of Reference List Entries; APA Style: Missing Reference
Information

Title

 Title
 Capitalization
 Italics
 Punctuation
 Item Clarification
 No Title
The third component is the title. Depending on what you are citing, your title will be
formatted differently.

Author. (Date). Title OR Title. Source.

Sources: Publication Manual, 9.18-9.22; APA Style: Elements of Reference List Entries; APA Style: Missing
Reference Information

Source

 Source
 Books
 Articles
 Internet
 Videos
 No Source
The final component of a reference is the source, which is the retrieval information.

Author. (Date). Title. Source.

The components of a source may change depending on the format of the work you are
citing.
Sources: Publication Manual, 9.23-9.37; APA Style: Elements of Reference List Entries; APA Style: Missing
Reference Information

Books & eBooks

The 7th edition of APA does not differentiate between the format of the books, print or
electronic. Cite both the same way. If you have an open-access eBook, you may
provide the URL at the end, provided it directly takes you to the full text without logging
in.

Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. https://doi.org/XXXXXX

 Examples

George, M. W. (2008). The elements of library research: What every student needs to

know. Princeton University Press.

(George, 2008)

Kleiser, G. (2008). Fifteen thousand useful phrases. Funk & Wagnalls; Project

Gutenberg. http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/18362 (Original work published 1917)

(Kleiser, 1917/2008)

Samanez-Larkin, G. R. (Ed.). (2019). The aging brain: Functional adaptation across

adulthood. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000143-

000

(Samanez-Larkin, 2019)

Note: When citing in-text, it can be difficult if your eBook does not have a page number
(most PDF books do). In this case, try to get as specific as possible by mentioning
chapter, section, and paragraph numbers.

One of the author's main points is that "people don't rise from nothing" (Gladwell,
2008, Chapter 1, Section 2, para. 5).

Source: Publication Manual, 10.2 (examples 20-26); Book References [APA Style]

Book with an Editor

Template

Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Title of book. Publisher.

 Example

Johnson, C. L., & Tuite, C. (Eds.). (2009). A companion to Jane Austen. Wiley-

Blackwell.

(Johnson & Tuite, 2009)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.2 (example 25)

Edition of Books Other Than the First

Template

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of book (xth ed.). Publisher.

Example

Rottenberg, A. T. (2003). Elements of argument: A text and reader (7th ed.).

Bedford/St. Martin's.

(Rottenberg, 2003)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.2 (example 31)

Chapter in an Edited Book

Template

Author of Chapter, A. A. & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of chapter or entry. In

A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx–xxx).

Publisher.
 Example

Shephered, S. (1988). Shakespeare's private drawer: Shakespeare and homosexuality. In

G. Holderness (Ed.), The Shakespeare myth (pp. 96–110). Manchester University

Press.

(Shephered, 1988).

Source: Publication Manual, 10.3 (examples 38-46); Edited Book Chapter References [APA Style]

Anthologies

Whole Anthology

Template

Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Title of book. Publisher.

Example

Grene, D. & Lattimore, R. (Eds.). (1959). The complete Greek tragedies. University of

Chicago Press.

(Grene & Lattimore, 1959)

Work in an Anthology

Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. In A. A. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp.

XX–XX). Publisher. (Original work published Year)

 Example

Ibsen, Henrik. (2002). A doll's house. In R. S. Gwynn (Ed.), Drama: A pocket

anthology (2nd ed., pp. 209–277). Longman. (Original work published 1879)

(Ibsen, 1879/2002)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.2 (example 34) and 10.3 (example 46)

Entry in a Dictionary

Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Entry name. In Title of book (xth ed., p. XX). Publisher.

Example

Johnson, W. J. (2009). Gotra. In A dictionary of Hinduism (p. 131). Oxford University

Press.

(Johnson, 2009)

Source: Dictionary Entry References [APA Style]

Entries in a Reference Book

Always look carefully for a byline/author; this is usually at either the beginning or the
end of an entry.

With Entry Author

Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of entry. In A. Editor (Ed.), Title of reference

work (xth ed., Vol. xx, pp. xxx–xxx). Publisher.

 Example

Hodges, W. (2006). First-order logic. In D. M. Borchert (Ed.), The encyclopedia of

philosophy (2nd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 639–659). Thomson Gale.

(Hodges, 2006)

No Entry Author

Template

Title of entry. (Year). In A. Editor (Ed.), Title of reference work (xth ed., Vol.

xx, pp. xxx–xxx). Publisher.

Example

Southeast Asia. (2003). In The new encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropedia (15th ed.,

Vol. 27, pp. 711–794). Encyclopaedia Britannica.

("Southeast Asia," 2003)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.3 (examples 47-48)

Entries in Online Encyclopedias

Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of entry. In A. Editor (Ed.), Title of reference

work (xx ed.). Website. http://xxxxx

 Example 1: Individual Author

Masolo, D. (2006). African sage philosophy. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford

encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2008 ed.). Stanford University.

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/african-sage/

(Masolo, 2006)

Example 2: Group Author

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. (n.d.) Antisemitism. In Holocaust

encyclopedia. Retrieved October 7, 2019, from

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/antisemitism

(United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, n.d.)

Note: If the author is the same as the website, omit the website component. If an
encyclopedia is continuously updated and does not have an archived version, include
the retrieval date.
Source: Publication Manual, 10.3 (examples 47-48)
Foreign Language Books

Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Foreign title [Translated title]. Publisher.

Example

Paz, O. (1959). El laberinto de la soledad [The labyrinth of solitude]. Fondo de Cultura

Económica.
 (Paz, 1959)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.2 (examples 27-28)

Illustrated Books

Only include the illustrator if the pictures are essential to understanding content (e.g.,
picture books, graphic novels) and if they are listed on the front cover.

Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book (B. B. Illustrator, Illus.). Publisher.

Example

Napoli, D. J. (2014). Hands and hearts (A. Bates, Illus.). Abrams Books for Young

Readers.

(Napoli, 2014)

Source: Children’s Book or Other Illustrated Book References [APA Style]

Sacred Texts

Religious works are considered to not have a specific author.

Template

Title of religious work (A. A. Translator, Trans.). (Year). Publisher. (Original

work published Year)

Examples

The Green Bible: New Revised Standard Version. (2008). HarperOne.

(The Green Bible, Luke 12:49)

The Qur'an (M. A. S. Abdel Haleem, Trans.) (2010). Oxford University Press

(The Qur'an, 5:3–4)

Note: Use chapter/verses for in-text citations as opposed to page numbers.

Journal Articles

Refer to the Multiple Authors guidelines, if needed.

Online Article with DOI

Template

Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of

Journal, Volume(Issue), pages–pages. https://doi.org/XXXXXXXXXXX

Example 1:

Reed, M. J., Kennett, D. J., Lewis, T., Lund-Lucas, E., Stallberg, C., & Newbold, I. L.

(2009). The relative effects of university success courses and individualized

interventions for students with learning disabilities. Higher Education Research &

Development, 28(4), 385–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360903067013

(Reed et al., 2009)

Example 2: Article with an Article Number

Omit the page numbers and use the article number in its place.

Derry, K. (2018). Myth and monstrosity: Teaching indigenous films. Journal of Religion

& Film, 22(3), Article 7. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/

 (Derry, 2018)

Online Article Without DOI/Print Article

Template

Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of

Journal, Volume(Issue), pages–pages.

Only include a URL if it takes you to the full text of the article without logging in.

Example

Husain, A. N., Colby, T. V., Ordóñez, N. G., Krausz, T., Borczuk, A., Cagle, P. T, Chirieac,

L. R., Churg, A., Galeateau-Salle, F., Gibbs, A. R., Gown, A. M., Hammar, S. P., Lizky,

A. A., Roggli, V. L., Travis, W. D., & Wick, M. R. (2009). Guidelines for pathologic

diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory

Medicine, 133(8), 1317–1331.

(Husain et al., 2009)

Note: Do not include the name of a database, except for very rare occasions where the
content is exclusive to the database. See Other Database Content for more guidance.
Sources: Publication Manual, 10.1 (examples 1-6); Journal Article References [APA Style]
Newspaper Articles

Print

Template

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Newspaper Title, pages–

pages.
 Example

Clark, A. (2009, August 9). Apartment glut good for students, bad for owners. The

Gainesville Sun, pp. 1A, 9A.

(Clark, 2009)

Online

Template

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of

Newspaper. http://xxxxx

Examples

Associated Press. (2019, October 7). Unions sue USDA seeking to halt new pork

processing rule. The New York Times.

https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/10/07/us/ap-us-pork-slaughter-

changes.html

(Associated Press, 2019)

Johnson, K. (2017, January 16). Rwanda takes vital baby steps for preschool

education. East African. https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/News/Rwanda-

takes-vital-baby-steps-for-pre-school-education/1433218-3519704-

bi37kl/index.html
 (Johnson, 2017)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.1 (example 16); Newspaper Article References [APA Style]

Magazine Articles

Print

Template

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year, Month Day). Title of

article. Title of Magazine, Volume(Issue, if available), pages–pages.

Example

Erim, K. T. (1967, August). Ancient Aphrodisias and its marble treasures. National

Geographic, 132(2), 280–294.

(Erim, 1967)

Online

If you are unable to find the volume/issue, omit that component.

Template

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Magazine,

Volume(Issue). http://xxxxx

Examples

Tizon, A. (2017, June). My family's slave. The Atlantic, 319(5).

https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/06/lolas-story/524490/
 (Tizon, 2017)

The supermarket of the future. (2017, May 23). Consumer Reports.

https://www.consumerreports.org/grocery-stores-supermarkets/supermarket-of-

the-future/

("The Supermarket," 2017)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.1 (example 15); Magazine Article References [APA Style]

Reviews (Book, Film, or Video)

Book Review

Template

Reviewer, A. A. (Year). Title of review [Review of the book Title of book, by

B. B. Author]. Source information.

Example

King, N. (2009). The psychology of personal constructs [Review of the book George

Kelly: The psychology of personal constructs, by T. Butt]. History & Philosophy of

Psychology, 11(1), 44–47. http://www.bps.org.uk/publications/member-network-

publications/member-publications/history-and-philosophy-psychology

(King, 2009)
 Film or Video Review

Template

Reviewer, A. A. (Year). Title of review [Review of the film Film, by A. A.

Director, Dir.]. Source information.

Example

Schickel, R. (2006). The power of Babel [Review of the film Babel, by A. G. Iñárritu,

Dir.]. Time, 168(18), 70.

(Schickel, 2006)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.7 (examples 67-68)

Cochrane Library

Use for systematic reviews found through the Cochrane Library database.

Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Cochrane Database of Systematic

Reviews. https://doi.org/XXXXXXXXXXX

Example

Butterworth, A. D., Thomas, A. G., & Akobeng, A. K. (2008). Probiotics for induction of

remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.

https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006634.pub2

(Butterworth, et al., 2008)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.1 (example 13)

Documents from ERIC
 The ERIC database sometimes includes non-periodical results, including manuscripts,
policy briefs, and other documents. This template provides guidance for creating
references for those documents.

Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work (ERIC Document Number). ERIC.

http://xxxxx

Example

Asio, J. M. R., & Gadia, E. D. (2019). Awareness and understanding of college students

towards teacher bullying: Basis for policy inclusion in the student

handbook (ED595107). ERIC. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED595107

(Asio & Gadia, 2019)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.8 (example 74); ERIC Database References [APA Style]

Other Database Content

Only use this template for items in library databases that are exclusive content to the
database (i.e. are not found outside the database). Databases include A to Z the World
and some resources in Opposing Viewpoints and Health and Wellness. Otherwise, use
the guidelines for journal or newspaper articles.

Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Database

Name. https://doi.org/XXXXXXXXXXX OR http://xxxxx

Example

Kirby, J. (n.d.). Austria: The business experience. A to Z the World. Retrieved October 7,

2019, from http://www.atoztheworld.com/

 (Kirby, n.d.)

Sources: Publication Manual, 10.1 (examples 13-14); APA Style: Database Information in References

Advance Online Publication

For online journal articles that are published online before they are available in print.

Example

Capone, L. J., Albert, N. M., Bena, J. F., & Tang, A. S. (2012). Serious fall injuries in

hospitalized patients with and without cancer. Journal of Nursing Care Quality.

Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCQ.0b013e3182679056

(Capone at al., 2012)

Films (DVD / Blu-Ray / Streaming)

If you are citing a direct quotation from a film, you can use the time stamp in place of a
page number within the in-text citation.

Template

Director, A. A. (Director). (Year). Title of video [Film]. Production Company.

Examples

Bier, S. (Director). (2018). Bird box [Film]. Netflix; Chris Morgan Productions; Dylan

Clark Productions.

(Bier, 2018, 16:30)

Guggenheim, D. (Director). (2006). An inconvenient truth [Film]. Lawrence Bender

Productions; Participant Productions.

 (Guggenheim, 2006, 23:13)

Haggis, P. (Director). (2004). Crash [Film; director's cut on DVD]. Bob Yari

Productions; DEJ Productions; Blackfriars Bridge; Harris Company;

ApolloProScreen Productions; Bull's Eye Entertainment.

(Haggis, 2004)

Note: If the edition of the film you used is important, such as a special extended edition,
include that in the brackets.
Source: Publication Manual, 10.12 (examples 84-85); Film and Television References [APA Style]
Online Videos (e.g. YouTube, TED)

Use this for videos posted on websites or blogs, such as YouTube, TED, a news
website, etc. If you are citing a direct quotation from a video, you can use the time
stamp in place of a page number within the in-text citation (see Example 1).

Template

Author, A. A. [username]. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video]. Website.

http://xxxxx

Example 1: Full Name

Jones, P. [patrickJMT]. (2009, October 24). Easily memorize the unit circle [Video].

YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03McKEg9ASA

(Jones, 2009, 1:15)

 Example 2: User Name Only

Vercamath. (2011, July 25). Parallel universes explained [Video]. YouTube.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GWaB3SksOQU

(Vercamath, 2011)

Example 3: TED Talk

Gavagan, E. (2012, April). A story about knots and surgeons [Video]. TED Conferences.

https://www.ted.com/talks/ed_gavagan_a_story_about_knots_and_surgeons

(Gavagan, 2012)

TED. (2016, August 30). Suzanne Simard: How trees talk to each other [Video].

YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Un2yBgIAxYs

(TED, 2016)

Note: If citing from the TED website, list the speaker as the author. If citing from
YouTube, list TED (or the account) as the author and include the speaker's name in the
title.
Sources: Publication Manual, 9.8 and 10.12 (examples 88 and 90); YouTube Video References; TED Talk
References [APA Style]
Films on Demand

The library database Films on Demand may contain different types of videos, including
full films and television episodes. You will usually not be able to identify a director for a
video; begin with the title in that case. Identify as many of the components as you are
able.
 Film Template

Director, A. A. (Director). (Year). Title of video [Film]. Production Company.

Title of video [Film]. (Year). Production Company.

Film Example

My brain and I [Film]. (2012). ORF.

(My Brain, 2012)

Episode Template

Title of episode (Season X, Episode X) [TV series episode]. (Year). In Title of

series. Production Company.

Television Example

The Vikings, from Paris to Normandy (Season 3) [TV series episode]. (2019).

In Butterfly effect. Balanga.

("The Vikings," 2019)

Publication Manual, 10.2 (example 84)

Television Episodes

Template

Writer, A. A. (Writer), & Director, B. B. (Director). (Year, Month Day). Title of

episode (Season X, Episode X) [TV series episode]. In C. C. Executive

Producer (Executive Producer), Title of TV Show. Production Company.

 Example

Moffat, S. (Writer) & Macdonald, H. (Director). (2007, June 9). Blink (Season 3, Episode

10) [TV series episode]. In R. T. Davies (Executive Producer), Doctor who. BBC

Studios.

(Moffat & Macdonald, 2007)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.12 (example 87); Film and Television References [APA Style]

Speeches

It is preferable to locate a speech in a retrievable source (e.g. in a book, website, video,

etc.), and then cite that source.

Example 1: In a Book

Safire, W. (Ed.). (1997). Lend me your ears: Great speeches in history. W.W. Norton.

(Safire, 1997)

Example 2: Transcript on the Internet

King, M. J., Jr. (n.d.). The I have a dream speech [Speech transcript]. The U.S.

Constitution Online. http://www.usconstitution.net/dream.html (Original work

published 1963)

(King, n.d.)
 Example 3: YouTube Video

EDM is LIFE. (2017, January 6). I have a dream speech full video - Martin Luther King,

Jr [Video]. YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=weEb9S6YyQs

(EDM is LIFE, 2017)

Example 4: From Vital Speeches of the Day

Manschreck, C. L. (1971). My conscience is bound by the word of God. Vital Speeches of

the Day, 37(17), 540–545.

(Manschreck, 1971)

Example 5: Audio Recording

King, M. L., Jr. (1963, August 28). I have a dream [Speech audio recording]. American

Rhetoric. https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm

(King, 1963)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.13 (example 96); Transcript of an Audiovisual Work References [APA Style]

Interviews

Only cite an interview if it is retrievable. If it is a personal interview that is not able to be

accessed by the reader, follow the guidelines for personal communication.

Template

Interviewee, A. A. (Year, month day interviewed). Title of

interview [Interview]. Website. http://xxxxx

 Example

Miller, C. (2019, October 7). Chanel Miller - Turning her pain into a rallying cry

with Know My Name - Extended interview [Interview]. Comedy Central.

http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/tue-september-18-2012/salman-rushdie

(Miller, 2019)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.13 (example 95)

Podcasts

Template

Host, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Day). Episode title (No. XX)  [Audio podcast

episode]. In Title of podcast. Production Company. http://xxxxx

Example

Mars, R. (Host). (2019, September 30). The help-yourself city (No. 375) [Audio podcast

episode]. In 99% invisible. Radiotopia. https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/the-

help-yourself-city/

(Mars, 2019)

You may also cite the transcript of a podcast episode.

Vedantam, S. (2019, July 22). Facts aren't enough: The psychology of false beliefs [Audio

podcast transcript]. In Hidden brain. NPR.

https://www.npr.org/transcripts/743195213
 (Vedantam, 2019)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.13 (examples 93-94); Transcript of an Audiovisual Work References [APA Style]

Music Recordings

Template

Artist, A. A. (Year). Title of song [Song]. On Title of album. Label. (Original

work published Year).

Artist, A. A. (Year). Title of album [Album]. Label. (Original work published

Year).

Example

Destiny's Child. (1999). Say my name [Song]. On The writing's on the wall. Columbia.

(Destiny's Child, 1999, 0:43)

Joel, B. (1978). 52nd street. Columbia.

(Joel, 1978)

Sources: Publication Manual, 10.13 (examples 91-92)

Musical Score

Template

Composer, A. A., & Librettist, B. B. (Year). Title of score [Type of Score].

Website. http://xxxxx (Original work published XXXX)

 Example

Beethoven, L. van. (1810). Fur Elise [Musical

score]. 8Notes. http://www.8notes.com/scores/571.asp?ftype=gif

(Beethoven, 1810)

Source: Musical Score References [APA Style]

Images

You may also need to include an image attribution if reproducing the image in your
paper; see Figures & Images.

Template

Author (Year). Title of image [Photograph]. Website. http://xxxxx

Example

Science in HD. (n.d.). Living large [Photograph].

Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/te465W47_b8

(Science in HD, n.d.)

Webpages / Web Documents

Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of page. Website. http://xxxxx

General copyright dates are not sufficient to use as the publication date. If no creation
or publication date is given, use n.d. If the author and website are the same, omit the
website.
 Example 1: Author, No Date

Corcodilos, N. (n.d.). Keep your salary under wraps. Ask the Headhunter.

http://www.asktheheadhunter.com/hasalary.htm

(Corcodilos, n.d.)

Example 2: Corporate Author

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2010). Facing down PTSD, vet is now soaring

high. http://www.mentalhealth.va.gov/featureArticle_Feb.asp

(U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2010)

Example 3: Multiple Pages from One Website

If you are using multiple pages from one website that all have the same author and
date, differentiate the dates with letters. Be sure that the citations are listed
alphabetically by webpage title.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014a). Be safe after a hurricane.

http://emergency.cdc.gov/disasters/hurricanes/be-safe-after.asp

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014a)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014b). Make a plan.

http://emergency.cdc.gov/disasters/hurricanes/plan.asp

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014b)

 If both items have n.d. instead of a year, include a hyphen before the differentiating
letter:

Santa Fe College. (n.d.-a). Priority admissions dates.

http://www.sfcollege.edu/admissions/index.php?section=priority_dates

(Santa Fe College, n.d.-a)

Santa Fe College. (n.d.-b). SF to UF: A true story.

http://www.sfcollege.edu/gators/true-story/index

(Santa Fe College, n.d.-b)

Example 4: No Author

Appeal to authority. (n.d.). Logical Fallacies. https://www.logicalfallacies.org/appeal-

to-authority.html

When citing as an in-text citation, you may abbreviate the title to the first few words, in
quotations, unless the title is short:

("Appeal to Authority," n.d.)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.16 (examples 111-114); Webpage on a Website References [APA Style]

Entire Websites

Simply give the URL of the website in the text:

The Lawrence W. Tyree Library website (http://www.sfcollege.edu/library) provides

many resources for the students and faculty at Santa Fe College.

Source: Publication Manual, 8.22; Whole Website References [APA Style]

Entry in an Online Dictionary
 Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Entry name. In Title of online dictionary. Retrieved Day

Month, Year, from http://xxxxx.

Most online dictionaries will not have a date; include a retrieval date in this case.

Example

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Chapfallen. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved

March 10, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chapfallen

(Merriam-Webster, n.d.)

West, S. (2007). Online bully. In Urban

dictionary. https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=online

%20bully&defid=2639710#2639710

(West, 2007)

Source: Dictionary Entry References [APA Style]

Entries in Online Encyclopedias

Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of entry. In A. Editor (Ed.), Title of reference

work (xx ed.). Website. http://xxxxx

 Example 1: Individual Author

Masolo, D. (2006). African sage philosophy. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford

encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2008 ed.). Stanford University.

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/african-sage/

(Masolo, 2006)

Example 2: Group Author

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. (n.d.) Antisemitism. In Holocaust

encyclopedia. Retrieved October 7, 2019, from

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/antisemitism

(United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, n.d.)

Note: If the author is the same as the website, omit the website component. If an
encyclopedia is continuously updated and does not have an archived version, include
the retrieval date.
Source: Publication Manual, 10.3 (examples 47-48)
Blog Posts

Template

Author, A. or ScreenName. (Year, Month Day). Title of blog post. Blog Title.

http://xxxxx
Please note that for blogs, the post title is formatted normally and the blog title is
italicized.
 Example 1: Screen Name

Headsman. (2009, August 17). 1909: Madanlal Dhingra, Indian

revolutionary. ExecutedToday.com.

http://www.executedtoday.com/2009/08/17/1909-madanlal-dhingra-indian-

revolutionary/

(Headsman, 2009)

Example 2: Full Name

Wade, L. (2009, August 7). What makes a person homeless? Sociological Images.

http://contexts.org/socimages/2009/08/07/what-makes-a-person-homeless/

(Wade, 2009)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.1 (example 17); Blog Post and Blog Comment References [APA Style]
Government Reports

Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of report (Report No. xxx). Website. http://xxxxx

Example 1: Individual Author

Haugen, S. E. (2009). Measures of labor underutilization from the current population

survey (Working Paper No. 424). Bureau of Labor Statistics.

http://www.bls.gov/osmr/pdf/ec090020.pdf

(Haugen, 2009)
 Example 2: Organizational Author

For agencies that are part of a hierarchy, you can use the specific agency instead of
including the full hierarchy. If you introduce an abbreviation in your first in-text citation,
you may use that abbreviation in subsequent citations.

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2011). Your guide to anemia (NIH

Publication No. 11-7629). http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/blood/anemia-

yg.pdf

First Time: (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [NHLBI], 2011)

All Subsequent Times: (NHLBI, 2011)

Note: if the author and website are the same, omit the website.

Example 3: Report Retrieved from Other Site

Matese, M. A. (1997, March). Accountability-based sanctions (Office of Juvenile Justice

and Delinquency Prevention Fact Sheet No. 58). National Criminal Justice Reference

Service. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/fs-9758.pdf

(Matese, 1997)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.4 (examples 50-52); Report by a Government Agency References; Report with

Individual Authors References [APA Style]
Online Videos (e.g. YouTube, TED)

Use this for videos posted on websites or blogs, such as YouTube, TED, a news
website, etc. If you are citing a direct quotation from a video, you can use the time
stamp in place of a page number within the in-text citation (see Example 1).

Template

Author, A. A. [username]. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video]. Website.

http://xxxxx
 Example 1: Full Name

Jones, P. [patrickJMT]. (2009, October 24). Easily memorize the unit circle [Video].

YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03McKEg9ASA

(Jones, 2009, 1:15)

Example 2: User Name Only

Vercamath. (2011, July 25). Parallel universes explained [Video]. YouTube.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GWaB3SksOQU

(Vercamath, 2011)

Example 3: TED Talk

Gavagan, E. (2012, April). A story about knots and surgeons [Video]. TED Conferences.

https://www.ted.com/talks/ed_gavagan_a_story_about_knots_and_surgeons

(Gavagan, 2012)

TED. (2016, August 30). Suzanne Simard: How trees talk to each other [Video].

YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Un2yBgIAxYs

(TED, 2016)

Note: If citing from the TED website, list the speaker as the author. If citing from
YouTube, list TED (or the account) as the author and include the speaker's name in the
title.
 Sources: Publication Manual, 9.8 and 10.12 (examples 88 and 90); YouTube Video References; TED Talk
References [APA Style]
Images

Photograph

You may also need to provide an attribution if you include the image in your paper.
See Figures and Images.

Template

Photographer, A. A. (copyright year). Title of photograph [Photograph].

Website. http://xxxxx

Example

Zemlianichenko, A. (1997). Russian President Boris Yeltsin dancing at a rock

concert [Photograph]. The Pulitzer Prizes.

https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/alexander-zemlianichenko

(Zemlianichenko, 1997)

Artwork

Template

Artist, A. A. (copyright year). Title of work [Medium: Painting, drawing,

sculpture, photograph, etc.]. Museum, Location. http://xxxxx

Example

Flack, A. (1988). Islandia, goddess of the healing waters [Sculpture]. Harn Museum of

Art, Gainesville, FL, United States. http://www.harn.ufl.edu/collections/8_e.html

 (Flack, 1988)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.14 (examples 97 & 101); Clip Art or Stock Image References; Artwork
References [APA Style]
Online Lecture Notes or PowerPoint Slides

Only include a full reference to lecture notes or class materials that are behind a login
screen (such as Canvas) if you are writing for an audience that will be able to retrieve
them. Otherwise, cite it as a personal communication.

Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of presentation [Lecture notes or PowerPoint

slides]. Website. http://xxxxx

Examples

Preskill, J. (n.d.). Chapter 4: Quantum entanglement [Lecture notes]. Caltech Particle

Theory Group.

http://www.theory.caltech.edu/people/preskill/ph229/notes/chap4.pdf

(Preskill, n.d.)

Matthews, D. (2019). [Lecture notes on evaluating Internet resources]. Canvas at Santa

Fe College. https://courses.sfcollege.edu/login

(Matthews, 2019)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.14 (example 102); Classroom or Intranet Resources; PowerPoint Slide or Lecture

Note References [APA Style]
Fact Sheets & Brochures
 Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of brochure or fact sheet [Type]. Website.

http://xxxxx.
If the author and website names are the same, omit the website component

Example

Cancer Research UK. (2014). World cancer factsheet [Fact

sheet]. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/sites/default/files/cs_report_world.pdf

(Cancer Research UK, 2014)

Nissan. (n.d.). 2020 Altima [Brochure]. Retrieved March 10, 2020, from

https://www.nissanusa.com/content/dam/Nissan/us/vehicle-

brochures/2020/2020-nissan-altima-brochure-en.pdf

(Nissan, n.d.)

Source: Fact Sheet References; Brochure References [APA Style]

Press Releases

Template

Author, A. A. or  Organization. (Year). Title of press release [Press release].

http://xxxxx
 Example

Santa Fe College. (2010). Film production classes and casting agent coming to

SF [Press release]. http://news.sfcollege.edu/read.php/2010/09/03/film-

production-classes-and-casting-agent-coming-to-sf.html

(Santa Fe College, 2010)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.4 (example 59); Press Release References [APA Style]

Film or Video Review

Template

Reviewer, A. A. (Year). Title of review [Review of the film Film, by A. A.

Director, Dir.]. Website. http://xxxxx

Example

Barsanti, C. (2011). The Muppets [Review of the film The Muppets, by J Bobin, Dir.].

Filmcritic. http://www.filmcritic.com/reviews/2011/the-muppets/

(Barsanti, 2011)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.7 (examples 67-68)

Online Maps

Template

Author, A. A. (Role). (Year). Title of map [Map]. Website. http://xxxxx

 Example

Wise, G. D. (Cartographer). (1857). Preliminary survey of the mouth of the Apalachicola

River, Florida [Map]. University of Florida.

http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/maps/MAPFLL018.JPG

(Wise, 1857)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.14 (example 100)

Interviews

Only cite an interview if it is retrievable. If it is a personal interview that is not able to be

accessed by the reader, follow the guidelines for personal communication.

Template

Interviewee, A. A. (Year, month day interviewed). Title of

interview [Interview]. Website. http://xxxxx

Example

Miller, C. (2019, October 7). Chanel Miller - Turning her pain into a rallying cry

with Know My Name - Extended interview [Interview]. Comedy Central.

http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/tue-september-18-2012/salman-rushdie

(Miller, 2019)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.13 (example 95)

Wikis

Please note: Wikipedia is a good resource for learning about a topic, but it is usually
not an acceptable source to cite in a paper or research project for a class at Santa Fe
College. This is due to the fact that it can be very unreliable and is not considered a
reputable source.
 Template

Title of entry. (Year, Month Day). In Wiki Name. http://xxxxx

Example 1: Wikipedia

Constitution of the United States. (2019, October 7). In Wikipedia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

title=Constitution_of_the_United_States&oldid=920036236

("Constitution," 2019).

Note: Provide the link to the archived version of the entry you use. Click View history
and the time/date corresponding to the entry version you used.

Example 2: Another Wiki

Greek mythology. (2008). In Citizendium. Retrieved August 12, 2019, from

http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Greek_mythology

("Greek Mythology," 2008).

Note: If there is no link to an archival version of the page, provide the retrieval date that
you accessed the entry.
Source: Publication Manual, 10.3 (example 49); Wikipedia Entry References [APA Style]
Facebook

Facebook Page

Template

Author. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved Month Day,

Year, from http://xxxxx

 Example

Florida Memes. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved October 8, 2019,

from https://www.facebook.com/morefloridamemes/

(Florida Memes, n.d.)

Specific Posting On Facebook Profile or Page

If you cite a particular post, you must cite it in the References page; you can follow the
example and guidelines below.

 Include the author name as written (name or an organization).

 You do not need to include the time, simply the day and year.
 Provide the entire posting, up to the first 20 words.
 Include the URL of the specific post if possible.

Template

Author. (Year, Month Day). Text of Facebook post, up to 20 words [Image

attached] [Status update/Video/Infographic/Image]. Facebook.

http://xxxxx

Example

CNN. (2013, October 22). Could a mouse's back potentially hold the cure for baldness?

A breakthrough may be on the horizon, researchers say.

http://on.cnn.com/1cTftYk [Thumbnail link] [Status update]. Facebook.

https://www.facebook.com/cnn/posts/10152027847166509

(CNN, 2013)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.15 (examples 105-106); Facebook References [APA Style]

 Twitter

Twitter Profile

Template

Author, A. A. [@twittername]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Retrieved

Month Day, Year, from http://xxxxx

Example

Tyson, N. G. [@neiltyson]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved October 8,

2019, from https://twitter.com/neiltyson

(Tyson, 2019)

Tweet

If you cite a particular post ('tweet'), you must cite it in the References page; you can
follow the example and guidelines below.

 Include the Twitter username as written (be it a name or an organization).

 You do not need to include the time, simply the day and year.
 Since tweets are limited to 140 characters, you should include the entire text, including
URLs.
 The URL should be for the specific tweet, not the entire feed.
 Replicate emojis if possible.
 If an image or video are included, add square brackets before the Tweet indication.

Template

Author, A. A.. [@twittername]. (Year, Month Day). Full text of tweet [Image

attached/Thumbnail with link attached/etc] [Tweet]. Twitter. http://xxxxx

 Example

Obama, B. [@BarackObama]. (2009, July 15). Launched American Graduation

Initiative to help additional 5 mill. Americans graduate college by 2020:

http://bit.ly/gcTX7 [Tweet]. Twitter.

http://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/2651151366

(Obama, 2009)

Tyson, N. G. [@neiltyson]. (2019, July 15). I love the smell of the universe in the

morning [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter.

https://twitter.com/neiltyson/status/1179714452553420802

(Tyson, 2019)

Source: Publication Manual 10.15 (examples 103-104); Twitter References [APA Style]

Instagram

Template

Author, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month Day). Text of

caption [Photograph(s)/Video(s)]. Instagram. http://xxxxx

Example

Tyree Library [@tyreelibrary]. (2018, October 12). Check out our spooky display for

October! All of the books and movies on display are available for

checkout [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/Bo1uWOgAZ6b/

 (Tyree Library, 2018)

The Generic Reference

If you are trying to cite a source that is not listed here, and you cannot find guidelines
from APA elsewhere, you can create a generic reference. The Publication Manual lists
certain elements that should be included in a generic reference:

 Who / Author - Who is responsible for this work? This can be a person (author or editor)
or an organization. If there is no author or editor, follow the guidelines discussed in No
Author.
 When / Date - When was this work published? A year (Year) is usually acceptable,
although you may need to include a month and day (Year, Month Day). If there is no
date, use n.d.: (n.d.).
 What / Title - What is this work called? This is the title of the actual work you are using,
not necessarily a larger 'container' like a website. If there is no title, you must create one,
and enclose it in square brackets [ ]. You may also wish to clarify the format of the item
in square brackets, after the title. Examples could be [Painting], [App], or [Video].
 Where / Source - Where can I retrieve this work? This can be a book, website (with
URL), journal, publication information, or something else.

Make sure to be familiar with what other APA citations look like and with the formatting
rules.

Template

Author. (Date). Title [Format]. Source.

Source: Publication Manual, 9.4
Personal Communication

Personal communication can mean letters, memos, emails, interviews, telephone

conversations, etc. that your readers will not be able to access. Since these items are
not recoverable, it is not necessary to include in a reference list. Use parenthetical
citations in the text only.

Example

(D. J. Matthews, personal communication, July 10, 2009)

Source: Publication Manual, 8.9

Apps

For information retrieved from a mobile app (such as an iPhone or Android app), cite as
follows:
 Example

Wiley. (2015). Psychology spotlight (Version 1.8) [Mobile app]. App Store.

https://apps.apple.com/us/app/psychology-spotlight/id503789655

(Wiley, 2015)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.10 (example 79)

Artwork

Template

Artist, A. A. (copyright year). Title of work [Medium: Painting, drawing,

sculpture, photograph, etc.]. Museum, Location. http://xxxxx

Example 1: Physical Work of Art

Da Vinci, L. (1506). Mona Lisa [Painting]. Musée du Louvre, Paris, France.

(Da Vinci, 1506)

Example 2: Artwork Viewed Online

Flack, A. (1988). Islandia, goddess of the healing waters [Sculpture]. Harn Museum of

Art, Gainesville, FL, United States. http://www.harn.ufl.edu/collections/8_e.html

(Flack, 1988)

Source: Publication Manual 10.14 (example 97); Artwork References [APA Style]

Class Materials
 Only include a full reference to lecture notes or class materials that are behind a login
screen (such as Canvas) if you are writing for an audience that will be able to retrieve
them. Otherwise, cite it as a personal communication.

Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of presentation [Lecture notes or PowerPoint

slides]. Website. http://xxxxx

Examples

Preskill, J. (n.d.). Chapter 4: Quantum entanglement [Lecture notes]. Caltech Particle

Theory Group.

http://www.theory.caltech.edu/people/preskill/ph229/notes/chap4.pdf

(Preskill, n.d.)

Matthews, D. (2019). [Lecture notes on evaluating Internet resources]. Canvas at Santa

Fe College. https://courses.sfcollege.edu/login

(Matthews, 2019)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.14 (example 102); Classroom or Intranet Resources; PowerPoint Slide or Lecture

Note References [APA Style]
Poster Sessions

Template

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Days of Conference). Title of poster

session [Poster presentation]. Conference Name, location. http://xxxxx

 Example

Rusk, F. (2019, April 10–13). Beyond the research paper: Engaging faculty in

alternative information literacy activities and assignments [Poster presentation].

Academic Colleges & Research Libraries, Cleveland, OH, United States.

(Rusk, 2019)

Source: Publication Manual, 10.5 (example 62)

Theses & Dissertations

Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of doctoral dissertation or master's thesis [Type,

Institution]. Database/Archive Name. http://xxxxx

Example 1: Doctoral Dissertation

Chang, S. (2009). Relationship between active leisure and active vacations [Doctoral

dissertation, University of Florida]. University of Florida Digital

Collections. http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0024249/00001

(Chang, 2009)

Example 2: Master's Thesis

Njuguna, S. W. (2002). Gender education and development: Women's quest for higher

education in Kenya [Master's thesis, Morgan State University].

ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

 (Njuguna, 2002)

Example 3: Only Available in Print

Saba, D. R. (1987). Segmenting the sports market: A benefit analysis [Unpublished

Master's thesis]. Florida State University.

(Saba, 1987)

Sources: Publication Manual, 10.6 (examples 64-66); Published Dissertation or Thesis References; Unpublished

Dissertation or Thesis References [APA Style]
Conference Proceedings

Cite conference proceedings based on the format they are published in. If published in a
journal, cite as a journal article, if published as a book, cite as a book, etc.
Source: Conference Proceeding References [APA Style]
Court Decision

Template

Name v. Name, Volume Source Page (Court Date). http://xxxxx

Example

Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973). https://www.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-18

(Roe v. Wade, 1973)

Source: Publication Manual, 11.4 (examples 1-7)

Executive Orders

From the Code of Federal Regulations

Template

Exec. Order No. xxxxx, 3 C.F.R. Page (Year). http://xxxxx

 Example

Exec. Order No. 13588, 3 C.F.R. 281–282

(2011). https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR-2012-title3-vol1/CFR-2012-title3-

vol1-eo13588

(Exec. Order No. 13588, 2011)

Source: Publication Manual, 11.7 (example 21)

Patents

Template

Name, A. A. (Year). Name of patent (Patent Identifier No. xxx). Patent

Organization. http://xxxxx

Example

Whitehorn, S. J., & Zehr, G. E. (2006). Electronic media reader (U.S. Patent No.

D591,741 S). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/60/7a/8d/d1968eca804a80/USD5917
41.pdf

(Whitehorn & Zehr, 2006)

Source: Publication Manual, 11.8 (example 22)

Statutes

Template

Name of the Statute/Act, Title Number Source § Section number(s) (Year of

Code Used). http://xxxx

 Example 1: Federal Statute

Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C. § 9401 (1988).

https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2017-title42/USCODE-2017-title42-

chap102-sec9401

(Mental Health Systems Act, 1988)

Example 2: State Statute

Florida Patient's Bill of Rights and Responsibilities, Fla. Stat. § 381.026 (1991 & rev.

2017). http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?

App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0300-0399/0381/Sections/0381.026.html

(Florida Patient's Bill of Rights and Responsibilities, 1991/2017)

This statute was originally codified in 1991 and was last updated in 2017, so both dates
are included.
Source: Publication Manual, 11.5 (examples 8-13)
U.S. Constitution

If you wish to cite the U.S. Constitution as a whole, you may simply mention it in your
paper without including a citation in the references list.
However, if you are citing a part of the Constitution, you should use the article,
amendment, section, and/or clause numbers.

 Article = art. [use Roman numerals: I, II, III]

 Amendment = amend. [use Roman numerals: I, II, III]
 Section = § [use Arabic numbers: 1, 2, 3]
  (how to create the section symbol in Word)
 Clause = cl. [use Arabic numbers: 1, 2, 3]
 Preamble = pmbl
 Examples

The founding fathers addressed the process by which new states may join the union
(U.S. Const. art. I, § 3).

U.S. Const. art. I, § 3.

During prohibition, the sale of liquor was made illegal (U.S. Const. amend. XVIII,
repealed 1933).

U.S. Const. amend. XVIII (repealed 1933).

Source: Publication Manual, 11.9 (examples 23-27)

Charter of the United Nations

Template

U.N. Charter art. xx, para. xx.

Example

U.N. Charter art. 1, para. 3.

(U.N. Charter art. 1, para. 3)

Source: Publication Manual, 11.9 (example 28)