ZEPHYR SYSTEM PVT.

LTD

We Think and operate globally

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Objectives

At the end of this course, you will be able to master:

Classification of channels

Structure and Function of channels

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Content
Classification of channels
Structure and Function of channels
Physical layer procedure

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 Architecture of UMTS
CN

Iu Iu

RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC

Iub Iub Iub Iub

NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB

UE

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Channel Type
UE

Physical channel

Transport channel RNC
Node B

Logical channel

Logical channel

Transport channel

Physical channel

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 Concept of channel

RLC layer
Logical channel L2
MAC layer

Transport channel

PHY layer L1
Physical channel

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 Channel Type

Logical channels:

Describe what is transported (i.e., the information to be
transmitted)

Transport channels:

Describe how the logical channels are to be transmitted.

Physical channels:

Represent the “transmission media” providing the
platform through which the information is actually
transferred.

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 Protocol stack of the Uu interface
GC Nt DC

D u p lic a tio n a v o id a n c e

GC Nt DC
U u S b o u nd a ry
C -p la n e s ig n a llin g U -p la n e in fo r m a tio n

RRC c o n tr o l L3

R a d io
control

control

control

control

B earers

PDCP
PD CP L 2 /P D C P

BMC
L 2 /B M C

RLC RLC L 2 /R L C
RLC RLC
RLC RLC
RLC RLC

L o g ic a l
C h a n n e ls

M AC L 2 /M A C
T ran sp o rt
C h a n n e ls
PH Y L1

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 Logical Channels

Control Channel (CCH) Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Paging Control Channel (PCCH)

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

Common Control Channel (CCCH)

Traffic Channel (TCH) Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 Transport Channel

Common Transport Channels Broadcast Channel (BCH)

Paging Channel (PCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)

Forward Access Channel (FACH)

Common Packet Channel (CPCH)

Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)

Dedicated Transport Channels Dedicated Channel (DCH)

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 Physical Channel
Uplink Physical Channels Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)

Downlink Physical Channels Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)

Synchronization Channel (SCH)

Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)

Page Indication Channel (PICH)

Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 Mapping relationship
Uplink Downlink

Logic DCCH DCCH

Channel
CCCH DTCH PCCH BCCH CCCH CTCH
DTCH

Transport
Channel
RACH CPCH DCH PCH BCH FACH DSCH DCH

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 Mapping relationship

Transport Channels Physical Channels

DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
RACH Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
CPCH Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
BCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
FACH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
PCH
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
DSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
Page Indication Channel (PICH)

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Content
Classification of channels
Structure and Function of channels
Physical layer procedure

By:- Gaurav Kumar

WCDMA frame structure

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 Physical Channels(1)

The physical channel is in a 3-layer structure by the time:

Super frame

One super frame lasts 720ms, and consists of 72 radio
frames.

radio frame

One radio frame has a period of 10ms, and comprises
15 timeslots with the same length. Corresponding to
38400 chips, it is a basic unit of the physical layer.

Timeslot

A timeslot is a unit composed of a bit domain,
corresponding to 2560 chips. The bit number and
structure of a timeslot depends on the specific type of
the physical channel.
By:- Gaurav Kumar
 Physical Channels(2)

The frame structure of the physical channels is shown:

Ttimeslot= 2560 chip

Tslot #1 Tslot #2 Tslot #I Tslot #15

Tframe=10 ms

Frame #0 Frame #1 Frame #I Frame #71

Tsuperframe=720 ms
By:- Gaurav Kumar
 Uplink physical channel

2 UL Dedicated physical channel (DPDCH and DPCCH)

2 UL Common physical channel (PRACH and PCPCH)

Dedicated physical
Control channel DPCCH
UL Dedicated physical
Dedicated physical DPDCH channel
data channel
Physical random PRACH
Access channel
UL Common physical
Physical common PCPCH channel
Packet channel

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Uplink Dedicated physical channel

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 PRACH

Physical Random Access Channel

PRACH consists preamble part and message part

Random access transmit 1or more 4096 chips length
preambles and 10ms or 20ms length message part.

Preamble Preamble Preamble Message part

4096 chips 10 ms (one radio frame)

Preamble Preamble Preamble Message part

4096 chips 20 ms (two radio frames)

PRACH transmitted structure

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 PRACH

Physical Random Access Channel

10ms message part is split into 15 timeslots, each timeslot consists of
2560chips.

Each timeslot includes data part and control part. They are
transmitted in parallel .

Data part :SF=32~256 , control part: SF=256.
Data
Data Ndata bits

Pilot TFCI
Control Npilot bits NTFCI bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..3)

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14

Message part radio frameRACH

T = 10 ms

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 Downlink physical channel

DL physical channel include Dedicated physical channel、
1 Shared physical channel and five Common control
channels.
SCH

CPICH

PICH

DL common physical AICH

channel
CCPCH

PDSCH

DPCH

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Downlink dedicated physical channel

By:- Gaurav Kumar

CPICH

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 CPICH

There is 2 types of CPICH:P-CPICH and S-PICH

P-CPICH:

P-CPICH of different cell uses the same Cch,256,0 OVSF code to
spread ,the bit rate of P-CPICH is also fixed.

The P-CPICH is scrambled by the primary scrambling code.

There is one and only P-CPICH per cell.

The P-CPICH is broadcast over the entire cell. it is used to search cell
primary

scrambling code during cell selection procedure. And it is also used
for measurement and estimation during handover, cell selection and cell
re-selection.

S-CPICH:

A arbitrary channelization code of SF=256 is used for the S-CPICH.

A S-CPICH is scrambled by either the primary or a secondary scrambling
code.

There may be 0,1 or several S-CPICH per cell.

A S-CPICH may be transmitted over the entire cell or part of the cell. It is
may be a phase reference for a dl DPCH, but it is decided by high layer
signalling.

By:- Gaurav Kumar

P-CCPCH

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 SCH (1)

The Synchronization Channel (SCH) is a downlink signal used for cell
search.

The SCH consists of two sub channels, the Primary and Secondary SCH.

The 10 ms radio frames of the Primary and Secondary SCH are divided
into 15 slots, each of length 2560 chips.

Structure of synchronization channel

By:- Gaurav Kumar
 SCH (2)

P-SCH

The Primary SCH consists of a modulated code of length 256 chips.
The modulated code need not spreading and scrambling.

The primary synchronization code (PSC) is transmitted once every
slot

The PSC is the same for every cell in the system.

S-SCH

The Secondary SCH consists of repeatedly transmitting a length 15
sequence of modulated codes of length 256 chips.

the Secondary Synchronization Codes (SSC), transmitted in parallel
with the Primary SCH.

Each SSC is chosen from a set of 16 different codes of length 256.

This sequence on the Secondary SCH indicates which of the code
groups the cell's downlink scrambling code belongs to.

By:- Gaurav Kumar

S-CCPCH

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 PICH

PICH carries PI（Page Indication），SF=256，radio
frame=10ms，consists 300bits，288 bits for paging
indication，12 bits Tx Off。

PICH relates to S-CCPCH which mapping to PCH。

12 bits (transmission
288 bits for paging indication off)

b0 b1 b287 b288 b299

One radio frame (10 ms)

PICH frame structure

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Content
Classification of channels
Structure and Function of channels
Physical layer procedure

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 Cell Search

UE has to get the system information before it registers

with the network and access to services.

The system information is beared in the BCH channel, and
its data is mapped into the Primary CCPCH.

So the cell search procedure is mainly to decode the data of
P-CCPCH.

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 Cell search procedure (1)

The cell search is typically carried out in three steps:

Step1: Slot synchronization

During the first step of the cell search procedure the UE
uses the SCH channel's primary synchronization code to
acquire slot synchronization to a cell.

This is typically done with a single matched filter (or any
similar device) matched to the primary synchronization
code which is common to all cells. The slot timing of the
cell can be obtained by detecting peaks in the matched
filter output.

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Sketch of Slot Synchronization

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 Cell search procedure (2)

Step2: Frame synchronization and code-group
identification

During the second step of the cell search procedure, the
UE uses the SCH channel's secondary synchronization
code to find frame synchronization and identify the
code group of the cell found in the first step.

This is done by correlating the received signal with all
possible secondary synchronization code sequences, and
identifying the maximum correlation value. Since the
cyclic shifts of the sequences are unique the code group
as well as the frame synchronization is determined.

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 Downlink Scrambling Code Grouping
No.63 Primary Scrambling Code Group
……
No. 511 Scrambling Code Group
8176 8176：PSCNo.0 Primary Scrambling Code Group
8177：SSC
8177 No. No. 7 Code
510 Scrambling Scrambling
GroupCode Group
…
… 8160 8160：主扰码112 8176：PSC
8191 8191：SSC 113 8177：辅扰码
8161No. 8161：辅扰码 No.
504 Scrambling 1 Scrambling
Code Group Code Group
… …
8064 …8064：主扰码 16 16：PSC
127 8191：辅扰码
8175 8175：辅扰码
8065 8065：辅扰码 17 17：SSC
… … No. 0 Scrambling Code Group
8079 8079：辅扰码 31 31：SSC
0 0：PSC
1 1：SSC
…
15 15：SSC

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Mapping of the Secondary Synchronization Code

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 Cell search procedure (3)

Step3: Scrambling-code identification

During the third and last step of the cell search
procedure, the UE determines the exact primary
scrambling code used by the cell.

The primary scrambling code is typically identified
through symbol-by-symbol correlation over the CPICH
with all codes within the code group identified in the
second step.

After the primary scrambling code has been identified, the
Primary CCPCH can be detected so that the cell specific
BCH information can be read.

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Cell search procedure

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 Summary of the process
Synchronization
Channel Note
acquired

Primary SCH Chip, Slot, Symbol Synchronization 256 chips

Synchronization The same in all cells

15-code sequence of secondary synchronization

Frame Synchronization, codes. There are 16 secondary synchronization
Secondary Code Group codes. There are 64 S-SCH sequences
SCH corresponding to the 64 scrambling code groups
(one of 64) 256 chips, different for different cells and slot
intervals

Common Scrambling code (one of 8) To find the primary scrambling code from common
Pilot CH pilot CH

PCCPCH Synchronization, Fixed 30 kbps channel spreading factor 256

BCCH info

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 RACH procedure

UE decodes BCH to find out the available RACH sub-channels and
their scrambling codes and signatures

It selects randomly one of the available sub-channels and signatures

The downlink power is measured and the initial RACH power level is
set with a proper margin due to open loop inaccuracy

UE transmits 1 ms long preamble with the selected signature

Node B replies by repeating the preamble using Acquisition Indication
Channel (AICH)

UE decodes AICH message to see whether the NodeB has detected the
preamble

If AICH is not detected, the preamble is resend with 1 dB higher
transmit power

If AICH is detected, a 10 or 20 ms long message part is transmitted
with the same power as the last preamble

By:- Gaurav Kumar

RACH procedure

By:- Gaurav Kumar

 Exercise

pls write down the 3 types of channel and describe their
mapping relations.

One radio frame has a period of ( )ms, and comprises( )
timeslots with the same length.

Corresponding to ( ) chips, it is a basic unit of the
physical layer.

pls describe the main function of each physical channel.

pls describe the cell search procedure.

pls describe RACH procedure.

By:- Gaurav Kumar

By:- Gaurav Kumar