Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”

School of Economics

Bachelor of Science in

Business Administration and Economics

Thesis in Economic History

“Measuring Wealth Distribution in Southern Italy in the Early 19 th Century”

The Supervisor The Student

Prof. Giovanni Vecchi Stefano Crispino
Signature Signature

Academic Year 2019/2020

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION – Page 3

CHAPTER 2 – MACROECONOMIC BACKGROUND – Page 4

CHAPTER 3 – THE SOURCE – Page 10

CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS – Page 14

CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSIONS – Page 20

REFERENCES – Page 23

APPENDIX – Page 24

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CHAPTER 1 – Introduction

This thesis has been borne out of an interest to analyze the area around the region formerly
known as Terra di Lavoro, in Central Italy, in terms of its economic history. From there,
the scope of the thesis was expanded to the whole area of the Kingdom of Naples, by
analyzing data about and obtained from the Catasto Onciario, a census of the Kingdom’s
population.

The main objective of this body of work is to examine the socio-economic reality of the
Kingdom of Naples by the end of the 18th Century and the start of the 19th Century. This
analysis is mostly focused on wealth distribution, economic inequality, and demographics
of the population, and its objective is to define how unequal the Neapolitan society of the
time could be considered, by modern standards.

The core of the analysis has been conducted by creating databases about raw data
concerning the Catasto Onciario. This was done in two main ways: by documenting the
population of the Kingdom, comparing it to the modern population of all the cities in the
Kingdom; and by analyzing the socio-economic and demographic data of the inhabitants of
a single town, Cicciano, which are found in its Catasto.

The thesis is organized as follows. Chapter 2 focuses on the macroeconomic background of

the Kingdom by the end of the 18th Century; Chapter 3 contains details about the Catasto
Onciario and its structure; Chapter 4 provides an analysis of the data collected for the city
of Cicciano; Chapter 5 contains the results and the conclusions of the thesis.

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CHAPTER 2 – Macroeconomic Background

In the wake of the Napoleonic Wars, Europe found itself at the start of the Age of
Industrialization. The situation in Italy, borne out of centuries of foreign influence, was very
different for the different parts of the peninsula. While the North was highly urbanized, with
seats of power residing in cities, the South was deeply based on a feudal government, first
established with the creation of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily (1130), then reinforced
during the Aragonese and Spanish Viceroyalties period (1442-1716). As such, until the
abolishment of feudalism, initiated during the Parthenopean Republic, most of the territories
of the Kingdom were administered by the landed nobility, save for 52 cities, which were
under the direct control of the Crown. The Kingdom of Naples was the largest state in pre-
unitary Italy, and it encompassed almost all of what is today Southern Italy. Its population
was divided into 14 administrative regions, which make the basis for the current Regions of
the Italian Republic:

Figure 1 – A map of the administrative divisions in the Kingdom of Naples.

Source: Malanima (2006: p. 5)

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As was the custom for most of the European states by the end of the 18 th Century, the
Kingdom of Naples was overwhelmingly dependent on agriculture. During its history, the
Kingdom had enjoyed a period of flourishing trading activity, thanks to its central position
in the Mediterranean. As foreign influence diminished and global trade routes moved from
the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Ocean, though, a large part of this business had diminished
by the start of the Industrial Age. GDP had reached 370-380 million ducats by 1811
(Saladino, 1957). This kind of economic basis reflected on the population, which was heavily
concentrated in those areas where economic and agricultural activity was more prominent:

Table 1 – Population Spread and Total Wealth in the year 1807

Region Population Total Wealth(Once)
Terra di Lavoro and Naples 1,185,435 10,768,099
Calabria Ultra 451,804 4,044,012
Principato Citra 427,856 4,036,575
Abruzzo Ultra I and II 419,131 3,382,935
Basilicata 392,105 2,573,018
Calabria Citra 351,853 3,340,477
Terra di Bari 338,203 4,083,718
Principato Ultra 325,615 3,793,839
Terra d’Otranto 301,527 4,085,187
Molise 296,531 924,959
Capitanata 250,694 2,573,018
Abruzzo Citra 242,869 1,928,219
Source: Mafrici (1984)

Most of the agricultural output of the Kingdom was produced in the Campanian and Apulian
Plains. Some industry based on manufactory was developed in the Terra di Lavoro region,
mostly based around the city of Naples (textile industry) or the Duchy of Sora (paper
industry). From what we can see from the data, most of the population of the kingdom was
concentrated in areas which yielded the highest amount of agricultural output (Terra di
Lavoro, the modern Apulia region, and Calabria), while regions which whose territory was
more hilly or characterized by the presence of mountains (such as Molise and Abruzzo)
tended to have fewer inhabitants, with most of them concentrated on coastal cities, such as
Ancona. Many of the most important population centers of the Kingdom were, in fact,
located by the sea, such as Reggio Calabria, Bari, or Naples.

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Table 2 – Number of inhabitants employed in various professions in 1814

Profession Number % of the % of the total

active population population
Landowners 815,762 29,17 16,22
Liberal arts 38,669 1,38 0,77
Clergymen 46,610 1,67 0,93
Peasants 1,457,662 52,13 28,98
Craftsmen and servants 249,749 8,93 4,97
Sailors and fishermen 34,208 1,22 0,68
Beggars 153,633 5,49 3,05
Total 2,796,293 100,00 55,60
Source: Martuscelli (1979)

From what we can observe from the employed population (from which women were
excluded, as we can conclude in the fact that the employed population roughly equals to half
of the total population of the Kingdom), an overwhelming majority of the citizens had jobs
related to food production. Those categories included peasants, sailors, and fishermen, and
landowners, defined as those who owned land, no matter their social status.

Naples itself was the heart of the kingdom: having reached a population of 314,967
inhabitants by 1814, it was the third-largest city in Europe, after London and Paris, at the
time (Martuscelli, 1979). The capital itself saw the first hints of what would later become
the foundation of Southern Italian industrialization, thanks to both the presence of various
artisan guilds, which had a long history of activity in the city, and to the establishment of
state manufactories, which were further expanded during the Napoleonic period.

The 18th century was a time of demographic growth throughout Europe. As such, as was the
trend in pre-industrial societies, average wealth diminished, not only due to the spread of
pre-existing wealth over a greater number of people but also due to lowering wage rates and
higher rent prices (Abel, 1966).

Financial institutions were only present in urban centers. As such, most of the population in
rural areas relied on church institutions and wealthy landowners to procure loans for
themselves. This had the effect of concentrating wealth in the hands of few members of the
city’s inhabitants overtime. The people who benefitted most from this kind of practice were
often members of the clergy, who administered the Church’s finances, smaller nobles, who

6
inherited most of their wealth, or state functionaries such as bureaucrats or judges, who
received a salary much higher than the one that a common person had access to. What all of
these groups of people had in common was a much higher level of literacy, compared to
most of the Kingdom’s population. A lack of literacy was one of the biggest problems faced
by the Kingdom, up to the unification of the peninsula. In 1861, only 3% of the total
population of the Two Sicilies was able to write and read (Sallmann, 1989).

An important period in Neapolitan politics is the introduction of widespread financial

reforms, introduced after the start of the French occupation, and completed during the reign
of Gioacchino Murat (1808-1815). Starting in 1806, the feudal structure of the Kingdom was
abolished, and thus, a new financial system was established, with the intent of introducing it
to the whole kingdom, while removing local financial burdens, previously levied by the
nobility. he financial reform was based on a land tax (contribuzione fondiaria), a tax on
crafts (contribuzione delle patenti) and a personal tax on each inhabitant of the Kingdom
(contribuzione personale) (Ostuni, 1992). The personal tax was paid by all inhabitants of the
Kingdom, save for those considered too poor (indigenti) or those with serious medical
conditions. The other two taxes were based on the wealth of the citizen, both material and
based on his work.

The official currency used by the State was the oncia, which was divided into the following
subunits:

 1 Oncia = 6 Ducati
 1 Ducato = 5 Tarì
 1 Tarì = 2 Carlini
 1 Carlino = 10 Grani
 1 Grana = 2 Tornese
 1 Tornese = 6 Cavalli

This system of currency was established by King Charles VII in 1734. Up until 1814, the
grana was the equivalent of 12 cavalli, but afterward, this number changed to a ratio of 1:10.
The most important units of currency were the Oncia, the Ducato, and the Tarì. During the
XVII century, a common citizen could buy a lamb for the price of 7 ducati; a chicken for the
price of 17 grana; a bottle of wine was worth 1 grano; a kilogram of bread was worth 2 grana.
The prices for the rent of apartments in Naples ranged from 45 ducati per year in the richest

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areas to 11 ducats per year in more affordable areas (Archivio Storico del Banco di Napoli:
P.30).

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CHAPTER 3 – The Source

In 1737, King Charles III issued the order to compile a census of the Neapolitan population,
to better administer the finances of the Kingdom. Said census, called the Catasto Onciario –
based on the oncia, the currency used in the Kingdom of Naples at the time – was introduced
in order to streamline the taxation system, which was heavily conditioned by the feudal
society of the kingdom, where different regions paid different amounts and types of taxes to
the landed aristocracy. The Catasto was, for its time, a surprisingly progressive basis of
taxation, based on both an income and property tax, and which would later become the basis
for the fiscal reforms introduced during the Napoleonic Wars.

The census was conducted through four different phases (Mafrici, 1984):

1. The initial act (atti preliminari), where the city chose deputies among its population,
from all levels of wealth, in order to properly represent the interests of all citizens.
They were paired together with functionaries sent by the State in order to determine
the value of the goods which they had to examine afterwards;
2. The rivele, during which all the inhabitants of the city declared their possessions and
the composition of their family;
3. The analysis (apprezzo), during which the functionaries and elected citizens
examined the value of all goods declared, save for those families that enjoyed
exemption from the taxation. Said bureaucrats also examined whether what was
declared corresponded to the truth, by directly investigating the claims made by the
citizens, and by comparing them to those found on past administrative documents;
4. The census was compiled. All the information included in it were summarized in a
table present at the end of the document (Mappa generale).

The data contained in the Catasto was, in the end, analyzed another time by the Regia
Camera della Sommaria, which was a State body in charge of fiscal obligations and public
administration.

The Catasto contained information about age, the relationship between family members, job,
salary, state of livelihood, possessions, financial obligations, and any health problems, if
present. False declarations about one’s possessions resulted in criminal charges and

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payments to the state equal to 25 once. Moreover, the goods which had not been declared to
the authorities were confiscated, and divided between the State and the city itself.

The census was based on eight types of classes:

1. Citizens not affiliated to the church;

2. Citizens affiliated to the church;
3. Churches, monasteries and other places of worship;
4. Foreign citizens (meant as citizens in the process of moving away from the city) not
affiliated to the church;
5. Foreign citizens affiliated to the church;
6. Non-citizens who owned land in the city, not affiliated to the church;
7. Non-citizens who owned land in the city, affiliated to the church;
8. Church institutions that owned land in the city.

Goods and land owned by both men and institutions were examined, classified and taxed,
based on standards set by the Crown and the bureaucrats in charge of compiling the census.
Instructions set by institutions said that all property, be it movable or real estate, yielded
revenue of 5% of its total value. This was not the case for domesticated animals, which
instead yielded revenue of 10% of their total value. This was the result of the fact that, at the
time, most of the economic value generated by the population was the result of what was
what they harvested from the land and other natural property. The home in which a family
lived was not taxed unless the owner extracted revenue from it by renting its rooms.

Notable categories of citizens, which were taxed differently than the rest of the inhabitants,
included men of the clergy (through an ecclesiastic tax), or people who either had no property
nor jobs or had disabilities, which were not taxed. People who had reached an age higher
than 60 were also exempt from taxation. The income recognized by the State to different
kinds of jobs was not dependent on the economic activity of the citizen, but was rather fixed
to its profession: bureaucrats and other learned men, such as doctors, earned 16 once;
artisans, laborers and those who did complex manual work earned 14 once; those who
instead did simple jobs which required no complex skill, such as peasants or herders earned
12 once.

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Those people who either did not work due to either the fact that they did not need to (as they
were rich enough), worked in academics or were self-employed were not taxed on their
salary.

Every family paid what was called the “testatico”, a minimum tax that consisted of 1 ducato.
The rest of their fiscal grievances were based on the property held by the family, both in
terms of landed property and economic claims on other people. The population of Naples
was exempt from taxation since the City enjoyed the medieval status of “Città Regia”.
Foreign citizens had to pay an additional tax, the jus habitationis, which amounted to 15
carlini.

The society described in the census is highly paternalistic. Families gravitate around the
pater familias, which could be easily identified as the oldest male member of the family, as
long as he had reached maturity. All women but those employed in the ecclesiastical
institutions were considered to be unemployed, and as such, they were considered to not
have a salary, no matter their role in the family structure, or whether they were an integral
part of the business conducted by the men in the family. Moreover, the family of the bride
was expected to deliver a dowry to their newly-acquired son-in-law. In the case in which
this did not happen, the father of the bride was considered to be in debt towards its son-in-
law.

Families were divided, as such, in three distinctive groups: normal families, families which
had no adult male member (“vergini e vedove”), and members of the clergy. Only the first
type of family was taxed with the “testatico”.

The census was written down in two copies: the first was held by the relative municipality,
while the second was sent to the Royal Court in Naples, in order to be used as a basis for
administration and fiscal activities. While the order to start the census was issued in 1737, it
was only completed by the end of the century, mostly due to pressure exerted by the state
administration, in order to see it complete. This was due mostly to administrative
inefficiency, local resistance of both feudal lords and citizens, which saw the census as a
way for the state to increase both centralization and taxation, and due to the lack of
harmonization in the fiscal system used in different regions. Moreover, most of the people
who based their income on taxation dictated by local standards, rather than complying with
the directives from the Crown, directly opposed the introduction of the census, as it would
disrupt their way of living and most of the power they had accumulated. As such, by 1743,

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only a quarter of all the cities in the Kingdom had completed the census, and by 1749, this
number was raised to around half of the total cities (Villani, 1974).

As such, the census cannot be considered a properly complete demographic analysis,

compared to today’s standards, especially given the fact that various cities recorded their
data in different years. Nonetheless, it represents an important basis of analysis for what was
the reality of the Neapolitan socio-economic structure.

In the Appendix, a detailed table about the Catasto Onciario can be found. The table contains
information about the places where a copy of the census can be found nowadays, plus any
links useful to access the census digitally, if available.

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CHAPTER 4 – Results

In order to evaluate the socio-economic situation present in the timeframe of the late 18 th
century and the early 19th century, I am going to analyze the socio-economic data available
for every family in the city of Cicciano. The data about its inhabitants has been elaborated
directly from the Catasto Onciario. This data can be found in a table, in the Appendix.

First, a brief description of the city. Cicciano is a town located near Naples, which rose to
prominence in the Middle Ages as it became the location of a fortress built by the Knights
of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem. This fortress grew as time passed, and the main
economic activity of the city started to focus on agriculture, as it became larger (Capolongo,
De Riggi and Petillo, 2010). As such, Cicciano represents the typical municipality present
in the Kingdom at the time: one that based its everyday life around agriculture and animal
breeding, while being subject to feudal rules (in the case of Cicciano, this was the Commenda
Gelosolimitana, the administrative institution in which the Order of Saint John had evolved
into after the Middle Ages). The Church held considerable influence over the city, especially
because it had been borne from a fortress built by a Christian holy order.

The census of the city was compiled in the year 1746. The city is made of a total of 1605
inhabitants. In this number, the first three categories described in the Catasto are included:
common citizens, members of families with no adult male in them, and members of the
clergy. This analysis is going to be mainly based on the oncia as a measure of monetary
value, given the fact that it was used by the Neapolitan administration as the monetary
standard on which to base the Catasto Onciario.

Given the fact that the data contained in the census is not based on an individual basis, but
rather on families, it is important to examine the value of wealth pro capita, rather than the
raw total wealth of each family. In order to do so, a cumulative distribution function and a
probability density function have been used to plot the raw data.

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Graph 1

Cumulative distribution function for household net wealth -

Cicciano (1742)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Once pro capita

Source: Our calculation on data from the Catasto Onciario of Cicciano.

Graph 2

Probability density function for household net wealth -

Cicciano (1742)
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Once pro capita

Source: Our calculation on data from the Catasto Onciario of Cicciano.

The most important notion that we can extract from these two functions is that a large
majority of the total wealth contained in the city is distributed among its total population. A
plurality of all families present in Cicciano either owe less than 20 total once (46.1%) or owe
between 20 and 40 total once (29.2%). Only five families, over a total of 343, had managed
to acquire enough goods whose total revenue was above a total of 200 ounces.

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Another tool that we can use in order to analyze the economic situation of the city, by
deriving a curve of wealth concentration, is a Lorenz Curve. This process is useful as it
allows examination of how wealth is distributed in a population. The data on which the
Lorenz Curve is based on the following repurposed data:

Table 3 – Data used in order to plot the Lorenz Curve

Amount of Number of fi% Sum of oi% (fi-oi)%

once owed families(fi) once
owed(oi)
Less than 20 158 46.1% 1576 12.8% 33.3%
Less than 40 258 75.2% 4362 35.4% 39.8%
Less than 60 296 86.3% 6160 50.0% 36.3%
Less than 80 316 92.1% 7468 60.6% 31.5%
Less then 100 325 94.8% 8224 66.8% 28.0%
Less then 120 329 95.9% 8638 70.1% 25.8%
Less then 140 333 97.1% 9165 74.4% 22.7%
Less then 160 335 97.7% 9458 76.8% 20.9%
Less then 180 337 98.3% 9794 79.5% 18.7%
Less then 200 338 98.5% 9976 81.0% 17.5%
Less than 878 343 100% 12316 100% -
Source: Our calculation on data from the Catasto Onciario of Cicciano.

Graph 3

Lorenz Curve - Cicciano

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Source: Our calculation on data from the Catasto Onciario of Cicciano.

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The Lorenz curve is used to represent the distribution of wealth in a population. In this case,
it helps consolidate the notion of the fact that most of the wealth of the city is in the hands
of the poorest demographics. The Lorenz Curve is fundamental in order to determine the
Gini Index, a number that is used as a value of inequality worldwide. For Cicciano, the Gini
Index is equal to 31,1%. The value is lower than the one assigned to Italy in 2013, which
corresponded to 39,1% (Banca d’Italia, 2013). Given the fact that as the value of the Gini
Index gets closer to 1, the higher the economic inequality in an analyzed area, we can state
that low levels of inequality are present in the city. What we can conclude, by analyzing this
data, is that, compared to today’s standards, inequality in the city tended to be fairly low.
This is mostly a result of the fact that a large part of the demographic analyzed did not base
their total wealth on real estate, or movable property. Instead, the majority of the wealth
created in the town is a result of labor.

To put those values into perspective, we must analyze the impact that they made on the life
of the citizens of Cicciano. In 1811, the price of ordinary expenses for food, for one person,
ranged between 5 and 6 once, per year (Romano, 1965). Just by confronting this value with
the distribution of wealth pro capita present in Cicciano, we can observe that most families
(a total of 169 over 343) did not reach enough total wealth to afford such an expense. This
led to the result that most of the population of the city could not afford to completely satisfy
the basic need for food.

In order to further discuss the matter of how labor impacted the lives of the citizens of
Cicciano, we can take a look at the demographic data for the inhabitants. First of all, their
age:

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Table 4 – Age ranges for the citizens of Cicciano

Age range Number of people Number of people (%)

0-10 403 25.8

11-20 343 21.9

21-30 251 16.1

31-40 220 14.1

41-50 173 11.1

51-60 98 6.3

61-70 55 3.5

71-80 17 1.1

80+ 4 0.3

1,564 100.0
Source: Our calculation on data from the Catasto Onciario of Cicciano (Data related to all citizens with a stated
age)

As we can see, almost half of the town’s population had not yet reached maturity. As stated
in Chapter 3, all women and underage men were not considered to be employed, no matter
their material contribution, or the economic value of their day-to-day life. Therefore, we can
only determine the socio-economic results of labor by analyzing the work of employed men:

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Table 5 – Work distribution in the city of Cicciano

Work field Citizens % of citizens employed

employed
Artisans 88 16.4

Agriculture 326 60.6

Services 53 9.9

Merchants 15 2.8

Bureaucrats 9 1.7

Clergymen 25 4.6

Students 10 1.9

Other 12 2.2

538 100.0
Source: Our calculation on data from the Catasto Onciario of Cicciano (Data does not include all citizens
considered to be unemployed).

The number of citizens employed in the field of agriculture, either directly, or in jobs related
to food production in the city, describes a situation where not only we can determine the core
of the city’s economy, but also analyze the amount of work specialization in the city. First
of all, most of the jobs available in the city can be considered to be based on low-skilled.
Those jobs that required higher degrees of learning of know-how can be classified as either
manual (artisans and producers of material goods), or academic (bureaucrats, clergymen,
and students). Jobs that required proficiency in writing and reading have a severely low
frequency. Moreover, most professions were hereditary in their nature: literate men tended
to be sons of literate parents (clergymen are the only exception, as the career of priest or nun
was open to everyone), artisans tended to be sons of artisans, while the sons of peasants
tended to be peasants themselves. This lack of social and economic mobility is the fruit of
the poverty that most families faced: a peasant who lacked goods or property not related to
farming did not have many chances to offer his son an education in a different field. Another
factor that contributed to this was the gender of the children: having a daughter rather than
a son was, in most situations, economically damaging: not only the daughter would not
contribute to the family income, as she would be forever be recognized as unemployed by
the State, but marriage resulted in the obligation of a dowry for the family of the bride. As

18
such, the richest families tended to be either those with many male children or with people
who were employed in fields that required a high amount of expertise, for the time.

One last thing that we can observe from the census that is that almost all of the financial
obligations present in the city are tied to church institutions, or the wealthiest members of
society, such as the family of the Mayor. This is since, in absence of proper financial
institutions such as a banking system, the only parties in the city which had enough liquidity
to sustain the demand of loans of everyday citizens were the Church and what could be
considered a primitive form of a middle class.

19
CHAPTER 5 – Conclusions

The economy of the Kingdom of Naples revolved, as was the case for most European states
by the start of the Napoleonic Wars, around agriculture. This cornerstone of everyday life
reflected on the population of the Kingdom in two main ways. The first is territorial wealth
distribution: areas whose territory was more inclined to food production were far richer than
those which were less inclined. This had the results of creating population centers around
plains and coastlines. The second product of agricultural dominance over the economy is the
fact that, as most of the jobs related to food production were intensive in labor, based on low
know-how, and did not yield high salaries, a majority of the population of the Kingdom was
poor, and lived off of their everyday produce. As such, a bad harvest could seriously put the
economic stability of a common family at risk.

The main result of this state of things is low inequality. As we can see by analyzing the data
from Cicciano as the basis, most of the population of the town lived in a situation of very
low wealth, with barely enough liquidity to satisfy basic needs, if at all. In this sense,
economic inequality is not as high as modern economic inequality because the majority of
the population is poor, but rather because the families with very high amounts of wealth
compared to the rest of the population are very scarce. Moreover, the wealth owned by the
richest members of society is not of equal or superior value than the wealth owed by the rest
of the inhabitants (the richest 2% of the population owns 23% of the total wealth).

The socio-economic situation is also heavily influenced by factors which severely limit
productivity. First of all, workers who are employed in jobs that require literacy (students
included) make less than 10% of all employed men, in the city. This severely limited social
mobility, or even the possibility of moving away or from the city, in order to look for better
economic opportunities. If we couple this with a tendency for sons to inherit their father’s
job, we have the result of a population whose chances at a better life are mostly tied to their
few material possession and to what they yield. The few cases of people escaping poverty
are found in those that are lucky enough to have had the means to afford an education, be it
academic or strictly related to a craft.

The socioeconomic situation found in Cicciano has been documented in other cities, such as
Foggia, Castellammare di Stabbia and Barletta (De Meo, 1962). By the start of the 19th

20
century, Southern Italy did not had the basis for industrialization. There were traces of
organized manufacturing activity around Naples, but those were mostly the result of direct
government action. This situation was worsened by the fact that a proper middle class was,
by and in large, absent from the nation. Aristocratic and feudal lords could not make up for
this vacancy, as it would happen in the Kingdom of Prussia with the Junkers, mostly due to
the fact that their income and economic interest were tied strictly to agriculture, and as such,
they had no interest in developing a proper basis for industrialization. The situation would
improve after the Napoleonic Wars, with the abolishment of feudalism, but not enough to
create the economic stimulus to position the newly-created Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
among the Great Powers of Europe. This was mostly the result of three important factors,
the first of which is the already discussed lack of literacy that plagued the nation. The second
can be identified in the lack of a middle class, which severely hampered the formation of
new private firms that would not only generate economic activities, but also spread and
develop the scientific discoveries that created the Industrial Age in the first place. The
noticeable example to this is the city of Naples itself: with its massive population and as the
economic center of the nation, it did have a core of inhabitants who had far more material
resources at hand, both from the nobility and from the merchant and artisan classes. This is
reflected in the Gini index for the city, which, at a value of 0,533 (Malanima, 2006), is
noticeably higher than that in the rest of the country. The last factor for the delay of
industrializion in the nation is tied to its natural resources, or lack thereof: Southern Italy is
almost completely devoid of those natural resources that would define the Industrial Age,
coal and iron.

The condition of women, even if not as bad as those reached during the peak of the Industrial
Age, cannot be defined as good, or even decent. Women, by administrative standards, were
not even considered part of the workforce, and their role in society came strictly second to
that of men. This made it even more difficult for them to achieve any economic success in
life: the two best pathways that led to a better life for a woman in the start of the 19 th century
were either marrying into a wealthier family, or becoming part of an ecclesiastical institution.
In fact, the job of nun was the only one that the state recognized to women.

As such, we can state that the society of a person living in the Kingdom of Naples during its
last years was characterized by a rather high level of equality, or, to be more precise, equality
in poverty. A person which was born poor was, is most situation, to remain poor for the rest

21
of its life. The conditions of economic success relied more on factors purely dictated by
chance, such as the sex of a new-born baby, rather than on rational and controllable factors,
such as access to education, or economic development.

22
REFERENCES

Malanima, 2006 “Pre-Modern Equality Income Distribution in the Kingdom of Naples

(1811)”

Saladino, 1957 “Atti dell’Accademia Nazionale di Scienze Morali e Politiche in Napoli”

Mafrici, 1984 “Il Mezzogiorno Settecentesco attraverso i catasti onciari”

Martuscelli, 1979 “La popolazione del Mezzogiorno nella statistica di Re Murat”

Abel, 1966 “Agrarkrisen und Agrarkonjunktur. Eine Geschichte der Land- und
Ernährungswirtschaft Mitteleuropas seit dem hohen Mittelalter”

Sallmann, 1989 “Les niveaux d’alphabétisation en Italien au XIXe siècle”

Ostuni, 1992 “Finanza e economia nel regno delle due Sicilie”

Villani, 1974 "Il Mezzogiorno fra riforme e rivoluzione”

Capolongo, De Riggi and Petillo, 2010 “Il Catasto Onciario di Cicciano del 1746,
Municipality of Cicciano”

“Archivio Storico del Banco di Napoli” Banco di Napoli Edition, Naples, 1985

Acciari and Mocetti, Banca d’Italia, 2013, “Questioni di Economia – Una mappa della
disuguaglianza del reddito in Italia” https://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/qef/2013-
0208/QEF_208.pdf

Romano, 1965 “Prezzi, salari e servizi a Napoli nel secolo XVIII(1734-1806)”

De Meo, 1962 “Saggi di statistica economica e demografica sull’Italia meridionale nei

secoli XVII e XVIII”

23
APPENDIX

Here is the data containing all the cities included in the Catasto Onciario, together with the
number of inhabitants they had in 1800 and their current one. All data has been acquired
from the State Archives of Naples:
City Region Document Site Amatrice Abruzzo Napoli
Ulteriore II° Aquila
Accumoli Abruzzo Napoli
Ulteriore II° Aquila Amendolara Calabria Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza
Acerno Principato Napoli
Citeriore Salerno Andrano Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce
Acqua Calabria Unavailable
Formosa Citeriore Andria Terra di Bari Napoli
Bari
Acqua Appesa Calabria Unavailable
Citeriore Antrodoco Abruzzo Napoli
Ulteriore II° Aquila
Acquaro Calabria Unavailable
Ulteriore II° Anzano Capitanata Unavailable
Acquaviva Terra di Bari Napoli Aprigliano Calabria Napoli
Bari Citeriore Cosenza
Acquaviva Molise Unavailable Aquara Principato Unavailable
d’Isernia Citeriore
Acri Calabria Napoli Aquila Abruzzo Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza Ulteriore II° Aquila
Afragola Napoli Unavailable Aradeo Terra Napoli
Africo Calabria Unavailable d’Otranto Lecce
Ulteriore I° Arischia Abruzzo Napoli
Agnone Terra di Municipality Ulteriore II° Aquila
Lavoro
Agropoli Principato Napoli Arnesano Terra Napoli
Citeriore Salerno d’Otranto Lecce
Alberobello Terra di Bari Unavailable Arzano Napoli Unavailable
Albidona Calabria Napoli Ascoli Capitanata Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza Foggia
Alessandria Calabria Napoli Ateleta Abruzzo Unavailable
Citeriore Cosenza Ulteriore II°
Alessano Terra Napoli Atena Principato Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce Citeriore Salerno
Alliste Terra Napoli Auletta Principato Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce Citeriore Salerno
Altamura Terra di Bari Napoli Avella Terra di Napoli
Bari Lavoro Municipality
Altavilla Principato Napoli
Ulteriore Avellino Avellino Principato Napoli
Altilia Calabria Napoli Ulteriore Avellino
Citeriore Cosenza Aversa Terra di Napoli
Altomonte Calabria Napoli Lavoro Municipality
Citeriore Cosenza
Avetrana Terra Napoli
Amantea Calabria Napoli d’Otranto Taranto
Citeriore Cosenza Bagaladi Calabria Unavailable
Ulteriore I°

24
Bagno Abruzzo Napoli Boiano Molise Napoli
Ulteriore II° Aquila Municipality
Bagnoli Principato Napoli Bonifati Calabria Napoli
Ulteriore Municipality Citeriore Cosenza
Bagnolo Terra Napoli Borghetto Abruzzo Unavailable
d’Otranto Lecce Ulteriore II°
Baiano Terra di Unavailable Borgo Abruzzo Napoli
Lavoro Collefegato Ulteriore II° Aquila
Balsorano Abruzzo Napoli Boscoreale Napoli Unavailable
Ulteriore II° Aquila
Boscotrecase Napoli Unavailable
Barano Napoli Unavailable
Brindisi Basilicata Napoli
Barbara Abruzzo Unavailable Potenza
Ulteriore I°
Brindisi Terra Napoli
Barete Abruzzo Napoli d’Otranto Brindisi
Ulteriore II° Aquila
Brusciano Abruzzo Unavailable
Bari Terra di Bari Napoli Ulteriore II°
Bari
Bucciano Terra di Unavailable
Barisciano Abruzzo Napoli Lavoro
Ulteriore II° Aquila
Bugnara Abruzzo Napoli
Ulteriore II° Aquila
Barletta Terra di Bari Napoli
Bari Bussi Abruzzo Napoli
Ulteriore II° Aquila
Baronissi Principato Unavailable
Citeriore Caggiano Principato Napoli
Citeriore Salerno
Barra Napoli Unavailable
Belmonte Calabria Napoli Cagnano Abruzzo Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza Ulteriore II° Aquila
Cagnano Capitanata Napoli
Belmonte Molise Unavailable
Foggia
Belsito Calabria Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza Calimera Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce
Belvedere Calabria Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza Calvanico Principato Unavailable
Citeriore
Benestare Calabria Unavailable Calvi Terra di Unavailable
Ulteriore I° Lavoro
Bernalda Basilicata Napoli Calvizzano Napoli Unavailable
Catanzaro
Camarda Abruzzo Napoli
Bianchi Calabria Unavailable Ulteriore II° Aquila
Citeriore
Campagna Principato Napoli
Biccari Capitanata Napoli Citeriore Salerno
Binetto Terra di Bari Napoli Municipality
Bari
Campi Terra Napoli
Bisceglie Terra di Bari Napoli d’Otranto Lecce
Campo Calabria Unavailable
Bisignano Calabria Napoli Ulteriore I°
Citeriore Cosenza
Campobasso Molise Unavailable
Bitetto Terra di Bari Napoli
Campochiaro Molise Napoli
Bari
Campobasso
Bitonto Terra di Bari Napoli Municipality
Bari
Campodipietr Molise Napoli
Bitritto Terra di Bari Napoli a Campobasso
Bari Municipality

25
Campomaggi Basilicata Unavailable Casamicciola Napoli Unavailable
ore Casandrino Napoli Unavailable
Cannalonga Principato Unavailable Casarano Terra Napoli
Citeriore d’Otranto Lecce
Cannole Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce Casino Calabria Unavailable
Ulteriore II°
Cantalice Abruzzo Napoli
Ulteriore II° Aquila Casole Calabria Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza
Cantalupo Molise Napoli
Campobasso Casoria Napoli Unavailable
Municipality Cassano Terra di Bari Napoli
Bari
Capestrano Abruzzo Napoli
Ulteriore II° Aquila Castel del Abruzzo Napoli
monte Ulteriore II° Aquila
Caporciano Abruzzo Napoli Castel Abruzzo Napoli
Ulteriore II° Aquila Sant’Angelo Ulteriore II° Aquila
Caprarica di Terra Napoli Castelbaronia Principato Napoli
Lecce d’Otranto Lecce Ulteriore Avellino
Capriati Terra di Napoli Castelfranco Calabria Napoli
Lavoro Municipality Citeriore Cosenza
Capurso Terra di Bari Napoli Castellafiume Abruzzo Napoli
Bari Ulteriore II° Aquila
Caramanico Abruzzo Napoli Castellalto Abruzzo Napoli
Citeriore Ulteriore I° Teramo
Carapelle Abruzzo Napoli Castellammar Abruzzo Unavailable
Ulteriore II° Aquila e Ulteriore I°
Carife Principato Napoli Castellana Terra di Bari Napoli
Ulteriore Avellino Bari
Carolei Calabria Napoli Castellaneta Terra Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza d’Otranto Taranto
Carovigno Terra Napoli Castelli Abruzzo Napoli
d’Otranto Brindisi Ulteriore I° Teramo
Carpanzano Calabria Napoli Castelvecchio Abruzzo Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza Subequo Ulteriore II° Aquila
Carpignano Terra Napoli Castelvetere Principato Unavailable
d’Otranto Lecce Ulteriore
Carsoli Abruzzo Napoli Castiglione Principato Napoli
Ulteriore II° Aquila Citeriore Salerno
Casacalenda Molise Napoli Castiglione Calabria Napoli
Campobasso Citeriore Cosenza
Municipality Castrifrancon Terra Napoli
Casaletto Principato Napoli e d’Otranto Lecce
Citeriore Salerno Castrignano Terra Napoli
Casalnuovo Napoli Unavailable de Greci d’Otranto Lecce

Casalnuovo Calabria Unavailable Castrignano Terra Unavailable

Ulteriore I° del Capo d’Otranto
Casalnuovo Capitanata Napoli Castropignano Molise Napoli
Foggia Campobasso
Municipality
Casaluce Terra di Unavailable
Lavoro Castroregio Calabria Napoli
Casamassima Terra di Bari Napoli Citeriore Cosenza
Bari

26
Cataforio Calabria Unavailable Colletorto Molise Napoli
Ulteriore I° Campobasso
Ceglie Terra Napoli Municipality
d’Otranto Brindisi Colliano Principato Napoli
Celico Calabria Napoli Citeriore Salerno
Citeriore Cosenza Colosimi Calabria Unavailable
Cellamare Terra di Bari Napoli Citeriore
Bari Condofuri Calabria Unavailable
Cellara Calabria Napoli Ulteriore I°
Citeriore Cosenza Conversano Terra di Bari Napoli
Cellino Terra Napoli Bari
d’Otranto Brindisi
Copertino Terra Napoli
Ceraso Principato Napoli d’Otranto Lecce
Citeriore Salerno
Corato Terra di Bari Napoli
Cerchio Abruzzo Napoli Bari
Ulteriore II° Aquila
Corigliano Terra Napoli
Cerignola Capitanata Napoli d’Otranto Lecce
Foggia
Corsano Terra Napoli
Cerisano Calabria Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce
Citeriore Cosenza
Cortino in Abruzzo Unavailable
Cerva Calabria Unavailable Roseto Ulteriore I°
Ulteriore II°
Cervicati Calabria Napoli Cosenza Calabria Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza Citeriore Cosenza
Cervino Terra di Unavailable Cotrone Calabria Napoli
Lavoro Ulteriore II° Municipality
Cerzeto Calabria Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza
Crognaleto in Abruzzo Unavailable
Cessaniti Calabria Unavailable Roseto Ulteriore I°
Ulteriore II°
Cropalati Calabria Napoli
Chiauci Molise Napoli Citeriore Cosenza
Campobasso
Municipality Crucoli Calabria Napoli
Ulteriore II° Catanzaro
Chieti Abruzzo Napoli
Cuccagna Terra di Unavailable
Citeriore Chieti
Lavoro
Cisternino Terra di Bari Napoli Cursi Terra Napoli
Bari d’Otranto Lecce
Città Ducale Abruzzo Napoli Cutrofiano Terra Napoli
Ulteriore II° Aquila d’Otranto Lecce
Città Reale Abruzzo Napoli Dasà Calabria Unavailable
Ulteriore II° Aquila Ulteriore II°
Civita Molise Napoli Decollatura Calabria Unavailable
Campomaran Campobasso Ulteriore II°
o Municipality
Depressa Terra Napoli
Civitella Abruzzo Napoli d’Otranto Lecce
Roveto Ulteriore II° Aquila Diamante Calabria Napoli
Collecorvino Abruzzo Napoli Citeriore Cosenza
Ulteriore I°
Dinami Calabria Unavailable
Colledimacine Abruzzo Napoli Ulteriore II°
Citeriore Chieti
Dipignano Calabria Napoli
Colledimezzo Abruzzo Unavailable Citeriore Cosenza
Citeriore

27
Diso Terra Napoli Galatone Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce d’Otranto Lecce
Domanico Calabria Napoli Gallipoli Terra Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza d’Otranto Lecce
Donnici Calabria Unavailable Gambatesa Molise Napoli
soprani Citeriore Campobasso
Drapia Calabria Unavailable Municipality
Ulteriore II° Gerocarne Calabria Unavailable
Eboli Principato Napoli Ulteriore II°
Citeriore Salerno Giffone Calabria Unavailable
Erchie Terra Napoli Ulteriore I°
d’Otranto Brindisi Gioia Terra di Bari Napoli
Fagnano Abruzzo Napoli Bari
Ulteriore II° Aquila Giovinazzo Terra di Bari Napoli
Fagnano Calabria Napoli Bari
Citeriore Cosenza Gissi Abruzzo Unavailable
Fasano Terra di Bari Napoli Citeriore
Bari Giugianello Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce
Ferruzzano Calabria Unavailable
Ulteriore I° Giulianuova Abruzzo Napoli
Filandari Calabria Unavailable Ulteriore I° Teramo
Ulteriore II° Giurdignano Terra Napoli
Filignano Terra di Unavailable d’Otranto Lecce
Lavoro Goriano Valli Abruzzo Napoli
Fisciano Principato Unavailable Ulteriore II° Aquila
Citeriore Gravina Terra di Bari Napoli
Foggia Capitanata Napoli Bari
Foggia
Grimaldi Calabria Napoli
Fontecchio Abruzzo Napoli Citeriore Cosenza
Ulteriore II° Aquila Grisolia Calabria Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza
Forchia Terra di Unavailable
Lavoro Grumo Napoli Unavailable
Forio Napoli Unavailable Grumo Terra di Bari Napoli
Fossa Abruzzo Unavailable Bari
Ulteriore I° Guagnano Terra Napoli Taranto
Fragagnano Terra Napoli d’Otranto Lecce
d’Otranto Taranto Guardia Calabria Unavailable
Francavilla Terra Napoli Citeriore
d’Otranto Brindisi Guardiagrele Abruzzo Napoli
Frattamaggior Napoli Unavailable Citeriore Chieti
e Guglionesi Molise Napoli
Frosolone Molise Napoli Campobasso
Campobasso Municipality
Municipality
Iatrinoli Calabria Unavailable
Gagliano Abruzzo Napoli Ulteriore I°
Ulteriore II° Aquila Ielsi Molise Napoli
Campobasso
Municipality
Gagliano Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce Ischia Napoli Unavailable
Galatina Terra Napoli Ischitella Capitanata Unavailable
d’Otranto Lecce
Isernia Molise Unavailable

28
Lacco Napoli Unavailable Magliano Principato Napoli
Laganadi Calabria Napoli vetere Citeriore Salerno
Ulteriore I° Maglie Terra Napoli
Lappano Calabria Napoli d’Otranto Lecce
Citeriore Cosenza Maierà Calabria Unavailable
Larino Molise Napoli Citeriore
Campobasso Malito Calabria Napoli
Municipality Citeriore Cosenza
Latiano Terra Napoli Mandatoriccio Calabria Napoli
d’Otranto Brindisi Citeriore Catanzaro
Lattarica Calabria Napoli Manduria Terra Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza d’Otranto Taranto
Lauriano Principato Napoli Manfredonia Capitanata
Citeriore Salerno Mangone Calabria Napoli
Laurino Principato Napoli Citeriore Cosenza
Citeriore Salerno
Marano Napoli Unavailable
Lavello Basilicata Napoli
Marano Calabria Napoli
Potenza
Marchesato Citeriore Cosenza
Lecce Terra Napoli
Marano Calabria Unavailable
d’Otranto Lecce
Principato Citeriore
Leonessa Abruzzo Napoli Maropati Calabria Unavailable
Ulteriore II° Aquila Ulteriore I°
Lequile Terra Napoli Martano Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce d’Otranto Lecce
Limbadi Calabria Unavailable Martina Terra Napoli
Ulteriore II° d’Otranto Taranto
Limosano Molise Napoli Maruggio Terra Napoli
Campobasso d’Otranto Taranto
Municipality
Marzi Calabria Napoli
Lioni Principato Napoli Citeriore Cosenza
Ulteriore Avellino
Massa Abruzzo Napoli
Lizzano Terra Napoli Ulteriore II° Aquila
d’Otranto Taranto
Massa di Napoli Unavailable
Locorotondo Terra di Bari Napoli Somma
Bari Massafra Terra Napoli
Longobardi Calabria Napoli d’Otranto Taranto
Citeriore Cosenza Matino Terra Napoli
Lucera Capitanata Napoli d’Otranto Lecce
Lucoli Abruzzo Napoli Melendugno Terra Napoli
Ulteriore II° Aquila d’Otranto Lecce
Melfi Basilicata Napoli
Lustra Principato Napoli Potenza
Citeriore Salerno Melicuccà Calabria Napoli
Luzzi Calabria Unavailable Ulteriore I°
Citeriore
Melito Calabria Unavailable
Macchia Val Molise Napoli Ulteriore I°
Fortore Campobasso Melpignano Terra Napoli
Municipality
d’Otranto Lecce
Macchiagode Molise Napoli Mendicino Calabria Napoli
na Municipality Citeriore Cosenza

29
Mercato Principato Napoli Montesano Principato Unavailable
Sanseverino Citeriore Municipality Citeriore
Mesagne Terra Napoli Montesano Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Brindisi d’Otranto Lecce
Meta Napoli Unavailable Montesarchio Principato Napoli ASBN
Ulteriore
Miano Napoli Unavailable
Montesilvano Abruzzo Napoli
Miggiano Terra Napoli
Ulteriore I°
d’Otranto Lecce
Montrone Terra di Bari Napoli
Minervino Terra Napoli Bari
d’Otranto Lecce
Morano Calabria Unavailable
Minervino Terra di Bari Napoli Citeriore
Bari
Morciano Terra Napoli
Minori Principato Napoli d’Otranto Lecce
Citeriore Salerno
Morcone Molise Napoli
Mirabella Principato Napoli Municipality
Ulteriore Avellino
Morino Abruzzo Napoli
Modugno Terra di Bari Napoli Ulteriore II° Aquila
Bari
Molfetta Terra di Bari Napoli
Mottola Terra Napoli
Bari
d’Otranto Taranto
Molise Molise Napoli
Mugnano Napoli Unavailable
Campobasso
Municipality Muro Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce
Molochio Calabria Unavailable
Ulteriore I° Nardò Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce
Monacilioni Molise Napoli
Campobasso Navelli Abruzzo Napoli
Municipality Ulteriore II° Aquila
Nemoli Basilicata Unavailable
Mongrassano Calabria Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza Neviano Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce
Monopoli Terra di Bari Napoli
Bari Noci Terra di Bari Napoli
Bari
Montalto Calabria Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza Nociglia Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce
Montaquila Terra di Napoli
Lavoro Municipality Noia Terra di Bari Napoli
Bari
Montecalvo Principato Napoli
Ulteriore Avellino Novoli Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce
Montecorvino Principato Napoli
Rovella Citeriore Salerno Nusco Principato Napoli
Ulteriore Avellino
Montefalcione Principato Napoli
Ulteriore Avellino Ocre Abruzzo Napoli
Ulteriore II° Aquila
Monteforte Principato Napoli
Ulteriore Avellino
Monteleone Calabria Napoli Ofena Abruzzo Napoli
Ulteriore II° Municipality Ulteriore II° Aquila
Montereale Abruzzo Napoli
Ulteriore II° Aquila Olevano Principato Napoli
Monteroni Terra Napoli Citeriore Salerno
d’Otranto Lecce Oria Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Brindisi

30
Orta Capitanata Unavailable Perano Abruzzo Unavailable
Citeriore
Ortelle Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce Perdifumo Principato Napoli
Citeriore Salerno
Orti Calabria Unavailable
Ulteriore I° Pertosa Principato Unavailable
Citeriore
Otranto Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce Pescasseroli Abruzzo Napoli
Ulteriore II° Aquila
Ovindoli Abruzzo Napoli
Ulteriore II° Aquila Peschici Capitanata Napoli
Foggia
Padula Principato Napoli
Citeriore Salerno Pescorocchian Abruzzo Napoli
o Ulteriore II° Aquila
Palagiano Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Taranto Petrella Molise Napoli
Campobasso
Palo Terra di Bari Napoli Municipality
Bari
Petronà Calabria Unavailable
Panettieri Calabria Unavailable Ulteriore II°
Citeriore
Petruro Principato Napoli
Panicocoli Napoli Unavailable Ulteriore Avellino
Paola Calabria Napoli
Pettorano Abruzzo Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza
Ulteriore II° Aquila
Paolise Terra di Unavailable
Lavoro Piaggine Principato Unavailable
Parabita Terra Napoli sottane Citeriore
d’Otranto Lecce Piana Terra di Unavailable
Paracorio Calabria Unavailable Lavoro
Ulteriore I° Pianella Abruzzo Napoli
Parenti Calabria Napoli Ulteriore I°
Citeriore Cosenza Piedimonte Terra di Napoli
Parghelia Calabria Unavailable d’Alife Lavoro Municipality
Ulteriore II° Pietra Abruzzo Unavailable
Parolise Principato Napoli Ferrazzana Citeriore
Ulteriore Avellino Pietrafitta Calabria Napoli
Paterno Basilicata Unavailable Citeriore Cosenza
Paterno Calabria Napoli Pietragalla Basilicata Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza Potenza
Patu Terra Napoli Pietramala Calabria Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce Citeriore Cosenza
Pazzano Calabria Municipality Pignataro Terra di Municipality
Ulteriore I° Lavoro
Pedace Calabria Napoli Pimonte Napoli Unavailable
Citeriore Cosenza Pizzoferrato Abruzzo Napoli
Pedavoli Calabria Unavailable Citeriore Chieti
Ulteriore I° Platania Calabria Unavailable
Pedivigliano Calabria Unavailable Ulteriore II°
Citeriore Poggiardo Terra Napoli
Pellezzano Principato Unavailable d’Otranto Lecce
Citeriore Poggio Capitanata Unavailable
Penna Abruzzo Napoli Imperiale
Sant’Andrea Ulteriore I° Teramo Poggiomarino Napoli Unavailable
Pentima Abruzzo Napoli Pollena Napoli Unavailable
Ulteriore II° Aquila

31
Pollica Principato Napoli Rocca di Abruzzo Napoli
Citeriore Salerno mezzo Ulteriore II° Aquila
Ponza Terra di Unavailable Rocca Calabria Unavailable
Lavoro Ferdinandea Ulteriore II°
Porcili Principato Napoli Rocca Principato Napoli
Citeriore Salerno Piemonte Citeriore Salerno
Portici Napoli Unavailable Roccacasale Abruzzo Napoli
Positano Principato Napoli Ulteriore II° Aquila
Citeriore Salerno
Postiglione Principato Napoli Roccaforte Calabria Unavailable
Citeriore Municipality Ulteriore I°

Potenza Basilicata Napoli Roccaforzata Terra Unavailable

Potenza d’Otranto
Roccagloriosa Principato Unavailable
Pozzilli Terra di Campobasso
Citeriore
Lavoro Municipality
Roccaimperial Calabria Napoli
Praiano Principato Unavailable e Citeriore Cosenza
Citeriore
Roccamonfina Terra di Napoli
Pratola Abruzzo Napoli
Lavoro Municipality
Ulteriore II° Aquila
Roccamorice Abruzzo Unavailable
Citeriore
Pratola Principato Unavailable
Ulteriore Roccascalegn Abruzzo Napoli
a Citeriore Chieti
Presicce Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce Roccasecca Terra di Napoli
Lavoro Frosinone
Prezza Abruzzo Napoli
Ulteriore II° Aquila Rocchetta Terra di Napoli
Lavoro Campobasso
Pulsano Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Taranto Rodi Capitanata Napoli
Foggia
Puntignano Terra di Bari Napoli
Bari Roggiano Calabria Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza
Racale Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce Rogliano Calabria Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza
Ravello Principato Napoli
Citeriore Salerno
Raviscanina Terra di Unavailable Rombiolo Calabria Unavailable
Lavoro Ulteriore II°

Reggio Calabria Napoli Rose Calabria Napoli

Ulteriore I° Municipality Citeriore Cosenza

Rende Calabria Napoli Rota Calabria Napoli

Citeriore Cosenza Citeriore Cosenza
Rotino Principato Napoli
Resina Napoli Unavailable
Citeriore Salerno
Ricardi Calabria Unavailable
Ulteriore II° Rovito Calabria Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza
Rignano Capitanata Napoli
Foggia Ruffano Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce
Rizziconi Calabria Unavailable
Ulteriore I° Ruoti Basilicata Napoli
Potenza
Rocca Principato Unavailable
d’Aspide Citeriore Rutigliano Terra di Bari Napoli
Rocca di Abruzzo Napoli Salerno Principato Napoli
Cambio Ulteriore II° Aquila Citeriore Salerno

32
Salice Terra Napoli San Massimo Molise Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce Campobasso
Municipality
Salvia Basilicata Unavailable
Salvo Terra Napoli San Michele Principato Unavailable
d’Otranto Lecce Ulteriore
San Basile Calabria Napoli San Michele Terra di Bari Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza Bari

San Benedetto Calabria Napoli San Nicandro Capitanata Napoli

Ullano Citeriore Cosenza Foggia

San Cesario Terra Napoli San Nicandro Terra di Bari Napoli

d’Otranto Lecce Bari

San Demetrio Calabria Napoli San Paolo Terra di Unavailable

Citeriore Cosenza Lavoro

San Donato Terra Napoli San Pietro Calabria Unavailable

d’Otranto Lecce Citeriore
San Pietro Calabria Unavailable
San Capitanata Unavailable
Ulteriore I°
Ferdinando
San Pietro a Calabria Unavailable
San Fili Calabria Napoli
Maida Ulteriore II°
Citeriore Cosenza
San Pietro in Calabria Napoli
San Giorgio Basilicata Unavailable
Guarano Citeriore Cosenza
San Giorgio a Napoli Unavailable
Cremano
San Pietro in Terra Napoli
San Giovanni Principato Unavailable
Lama d’Otranto Lecce
a Piro Citeriore
San Roberto Calabria Unavailable
San Giovanni Calabria Napoli
Ulteriore I°
in Fiore Citeriore Cosenza
San Rufo Principato Napoli
San Giuliano Molise Napoli
Citeriore Salerno
di Sepino Municipality
San Napoli Unavailable
San Giuseppe Calabria Unavailable
Sebastiano
Ulteriore I°
San Severino Basilicata Unavailable
San Gregorio Terra di Napoli
Lavoro Municipality San Severo Capitanata Napoli
Foggia
San Leucio Terra di Unavailable
Lavoro San Valentino Principato Napoli
Citeriore Salerno
San Lorenzo Calabria Napoli
Bellizzi Citeriore Cosenza San Vincenzo Abruzzo Napoli
Ulteriore II° Aquila
San Lorenzo Calabria Unavailable
del Vallo Citeriore San Vincenzo Calabria Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza
San Mango Calabria Unavailable
Ulteriore II° San Vito Terra Napoli
San Marco Calabria Napoli d’Otranto Brindisi
Citeriore Cosenza Sant’Agata Calabria Napoli
San Marco in Capitanata Napoli Citeriore Cosenza
Lamis Foggia Sant’Agata Capitanata Napoli
San Marco la Capitanata Napoli Foggia
Catola Foggia Sant’Angelo Basilicata Unavailable
San Martino Calabria Napoli le Fratte
Citeriore Cosenza Sant’Angelo Molise Napoli
San Marzano Principato Napoli Limosano Campobasso
Municipality
Citeriore Salerno
Sant’Egidio Principato Napoli
Citeriore Salerno

33
Sant’Eramo Terra di Bari Napoli Sora Terra di Napoli
Sant’ Eufemia Abruzzo Unavailable Lavoro Frosinone
Citeriore Soveria Calabria Unavailable
Sant’Eusanio Abruzzo Napoli Mannelli Ulteriore II°
Ulteriore II° Aquila Specchia de’ Terra Napoli
Preti d’Otranto Lecce
Santa Caterina Calabria Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza Sperlonga Terra di Unavailable
Lavoro
Santa Caterina Calabria Unavailable
Ulteriore II° Sperone Terra di Unavailable
Lavoro
Santa Calabria Napoli
Domenica Citeriore Cosenza Spezzano Calabria Unavailable
Albanese Citeriore
Sante Marie Abruzzo Napoli
Ulteriore II° Aquila Spezzano Calabria Napoli
grande Citeriore Cosenza
Santi Cosmo e Terra di Unavailable
Damiano Lavoro Spezzano Calabria Napoli
piccolo Citeriore Cosenza
Santo Stefano Abruzzo Napoli
Ulteriore II° Aquila Spilinga Calabria Unavailable
Ulteriore II°
Santo Stefano Calabria Napoli
Spinazzola Terra di Bari Napoli
Citeriore Cosenza
Bari
Spongano Terra Napoli
Saponara Basilicata Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce
Potenza
Squinzano Terra Napoli
Sassano Principato Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce
Citeriore Salerno
Stornarella Capitanata Unavailable
Sasso Terra di Unavailable
Lavoro Sturno Principato Unavailable
Ulteriore
Scafati Principato Napoli
Citeriore Salerno Surano Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce
Schiavi di Terra di Unavailable
Formicola Lavoro Surbo Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce
Scido Calabria Unavailable
Ulteriore I° Taranto Terra Napoli
Scigliano Calabria Napoli d’Otranto Taranto
Citeriore Cosenza Taurisano Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce
Scoppito Abruzzo Napoli
Ulteriore II° Aquila Taviano Terra Napoli
Scorrano Terra Napoli d’Otranto Lecce
d’Otranto Lecce Teano Terra di Napoli
Secinaro Abruzzo Napoli Lavoro Municipality
Ulteriore II° Aquila Teramo Abruzzo Napoli
Ulteriore I° Teramo
Secli Terra Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce Terlizzi Terra di Bari Napoli
Senise Basilicata Napoli Bari
Potenza Termoli Molise Napoli
Serrara Napoli Unavailable Municipality

Serrata Calabria Unavailable Terrati Calabria Napoli

Ulteriore I° Citeriore Cosenza
Siano Principato Napoli Tiggiano Terra Napoli
Citeriore Salerno d’Otranto Lecce

Sirignano Terra di Unavailable Tocco Abruzzo Napoli

Lavoro Citeriore Chieti

34
Tocco Principato Unavailable Uggiano la Terra Napoli
Ulteriore Chiesa d’Otranto Lecce
Tolve Basilicata Napoli Vaccarizzo Calabria Unavailable
Potenza Citeriore
Torchiara Principato Napoli Vairano Terra di Napoli
Citeriore Salerno Lavoro Municipality
Torella Molise Napoli Valle Terra di Unavailable
Campobasso Lavoro
Tornimparte Abruzzo Napoli Varanopodio Calabria Unavailable
Ulteriore II° Aquila Ulteriore I°
Toro Molise Napoli Vasto Abruzzo Napoli
Municipality Citeriore Chieti
Torre Principato Unavailable Veglie Terra Napoli
Citeriore d’Otranto Lecce
Torre Napoli Unavailable Venafro Terra di Napoli
Annunziata Lavoro Campobasso
Municipality
Torre del Napoli Unavailable
Greco Ventotene Napoli Unavailable
Torre Santa Terra Napoli Vernole Terra Napoli
Susanna d’Otranto Brindisi d’Otranto Lecce
Torre Capitanata Napoli Vibonati Principato Napoli
Maggiore Foggia Citeriore Salerno
Tortorella Principato Napoli Vico Capitanata Napoli
Citeriore Salerno Foggia
Tossicia Abruzzo Napoli Vieste Capitanata Napoli
Ulteriore I° Municipality
Vietri di Principato Unavailable
Trani Terra di Bari Napoli Salerno Citeriore
Bari
Viggiano Basilicata Unavailable
Trenta Calabria Unavailable Villa San Calabria Unavailable
Citeriore Giovanni Ulteriore I°
Trentinara Principato Napoli Villa Sant’ Abruzzo Napoli
Citeriore Salerno Angelo Ulteriore II° Aquila
Treppuzze Terra Napoli Viticuso Terra di Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce Lavoro Frosinone
Tricase Terra Napoli Vittorito Abruzzo Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce Ulteriore II° Aquila
Triggiano Terra di Bari Napoli Zambrone Calabria Unavailable
Bari Ulteriore.II
Tufo Principato Napoli Zollino Terra Napoli
Ulteriore Municipality d’Otranto Lecce
Tuglie Terra Napoli Zumparo Calabria Napoli
d’Otranto Lecce Citeriore Cosenza
Turi Terra di Bari Napoli Zungoli Principato Napoli
Ugento Terra Napoli Ulteriore Avellino
d’Otranto Lecce Zungri Calabria Unavailable
Ulteriore II°

35
Next is the data relative to the families of Cicciano. It contains all the people living in the
city at the creation of the census, including families with no adult males or those made only
of clergymen. The data has been recorded from the copy stored in the Naples State Archives
by Domenico Capoluongo, Luca de Riggi and Francesco Petillo.

FAMILY NUMBER SALARY FAMILY CREDIT DEBTS TOTAL ONCE

NAME OF (ONCE) GOODS GOODS PRO
PEOPLE CAPITA
ONCE TARI ONCE TARI ONCE TARI ONCE TARI

Vacchiano 4 12 38 10 50 10 12,5
De Rosa 4 12 12 3
Esposito 2 12 12 6
Pizza 5 26 15 -13 -10 27 20 5,4
De Riggi 6 24 1 15 25 15 4,17
Di Stefano 8 44 21 15 11 -19 -10 57 5 7,125
Cafariello 3 12 7 15 19 15 6,34
Ferraro 5 14 90 20 -25 -10 65 10 13
Martiniello 6 12 7 10 19 10 3,17
Vacchiano 7 12 2 15 14 15 2
Foresta 4 12 8 10 20 10 5
Sugliano 5 18 1 15 19 15 3,8
Palumbo 8 42 61 10 -23 80 10 10
Capoluongo 1 12 30 -25 17 17
Di Stefano 4 12 20 15 -3 -10 29 5 7,25
Fasolino 2 0 0 0
Cafariello 5 12 12 2,4
Zuozo 7 12 16 27,5 28 27,5 4
Arvonio 4 12 1 15 13 15 3,25
Majetta 5 38 11 -5 -10 40 20 8
Di Luca 7 12 25 12 25 1,71
Sanseverino 5 7 7 1,4
Passariello 5 12 12 2,4
Mormile 3 12 12 4
Passariello 10 43 95 27,5 -17 121 27,5 12,1
Di Luca 4 26 26 6,5
D'Avanzo 6 24 2 26 4,33
Capoluongo 4 12 12 3
Vitale 6 85 85 14,17
Sanseverino 4 28 33 10 61 10 15,25
Caccavale 7 0 0 0
Di Luca 7 36 7 43 6,14

36
Sanseverino 9 36 36 4
Passarello 8 24 117 9,5 -74 -20 66 19,5 8,25
Imparato 2 12 16 10 28 10 14
Grimaldi 6 7 7 1,17
Martiniello 5 1 15 1 15 0,2
Sica 7 14 12 15 5 -8 23 15 3,28
Martiniello 5 18 5 15 -3 20 15 4
Della Cava 6 12 4 7,5 16 7,5 2,67
Ruotolo 2 12 23 1,5 -7 28 1,5 14
Vacchiano 5 26 16 20 42 20 8,4
Capoluongo 8 28 45 5 59 10 -24 108 15 13,5
Crispo 8 18 4 22,5 22 22,5 2,75
Arvonio 6 48 48 10 -21 -10 75 12,5
Pizza 3 14 71 -32 53 17,67
Foresta 5 14 25 5 20 -56 -20 -12 -2,4
Iavarone 3 24 6 15 30 15 10
Capoluongo 2 12 36 25 44 25 22
Ferraro 3 12 2 14 4,67
Formichella 2 12 1 20 13 20 6,5
Ferraro 5 28 47 5 -8 -20 66 15 13,2
Galluccio 3 12 12 4
Martinello 4 12 6 18 4,5
Di Luca 4 12 38 22,5 -27 -20 23 2,5 5,75
Vacchiano 4 14 5 25 19 25 4,75
Martinello 8 12 8 20 2,5
Altariello 3 0 0 0
Marrone 3 12 6 15 18 15 6
Ferraro 3 12 21 6,5 33 6,5 11
Cavezza 3 24 12 10 36 10 12
Capoluongo 4 14 10 24 6
Sanseverino 8 18 5 26,25 23 26,25 2,875
Miele 8 28 51 2,5 103 10 -18 -10 164 2,5 20,5
Di Luca 3 18 1 20 8 27 20 9
Conte 6 18 3 20,25 21 20,25 3,5
Niespolo 6 48 60 -8 100 16,67
Marrone 8 8 63 25 -36 -5 35 20 4,375
D'Avronio 5 0 0 0
Menechino 6 12 10 22 3,67
Di Luca 10 14 281 20 249 -40 504 20 50,4
Passariello 3 12 1 15 13 15 4,33
Di Luca 5 12 1 20 33 10 47 9,4
Capoluongo 4 12 2 15 6 20 21 5 5,25
Di Stefano 5 14 14 2,8

37
Crispo 4 12 4 20 16 20 4
Ruotolo 3 12 3 10 15 10 5
Caccavale 2 14 14 7
Baglivo 7 14 15 72 101 14,43
Ferraro 5 12 23 10 35 10 7
Taliento 9 56 56 6,22
Martiniello 8 12 2 15 14 15 1,75
Esposito 4 12 13 13 -5 -10 33 20 8,25
Tranghese 10 18 10 27,5 -4 24 27,5 2,4
Di Rosa 3 12 12 4
Di Stefano 7 18 7 15 25 15 3,57
D'Agnone 8 18 6 17,5 24 17,5 3
Cafariello 1 4 4 4
Autariello 4 12 12 3
Riggi 2 12 9 -5 -10 15 20 7,5
D'Avanzio 3 12 19 13,5 31 13,5 10,33
Mancaniello 8 36 4 40 5
Fasulino 3 12 4 20 16 20 5,33
Arvonio 3 12 4 16 5,33
Di Luca 7 36 28 10 64 10 9,14
D'Avronio 3 6 6 2
Menechino 5 14 14 2,8
Di Luca 7 24 24 3,43
Covone 2 12 18 2,5 -20 29 12,5 14,5
De Riggi 5 12 1 7,5 13 7,5 2,6
Di Luca 7 14 17 15 31 15 4,43
Di Luca 4 24 55 9 5 84 9 21
Vitale 2 14 37 27,5 -8 -10 43 17,5 21,5
Di Luca 7 18 115 15 -27 -20 105 25 15
Ferraro 3 12 6 20 18 20 6
Paulino 4 30 10 20 40 20 10
Rispolo 7 42 20 62 8,86
Di Luca 4 14 7 10 46 20 68 17
Pecoraro 2 12 1 15 13 15 6,5
Ferraro 2 12 12 6
Piciullo 3 0 0 0
Niola 7 12 11 7,5 53 20 76 27,5 10,86
Casoria 9 42 25 15 57 25 6,33
Foresta 2 12 12 6
Ciccone 7 30 37 15 -8 59 15 8,43
Imparato 2 12 1 15 13 15 6,5
Fasulo 4 24 24 6
Napolitano 1 0 0 0

38
Forino 5 24 16 20 -6 -20 34 6,8
Di Luca 8 5 5 0,625
Capoluongo 8 24 24 3
Di Palma 3 12 5 17 5,67
Vacchiano 4 12 1 10 13 10 3,25
Basile 3 12 33 10 -25 20 10 6,67
Ruotolo 9 24 52 10 -13 -10 63 7
Russo 7 14 25 7 39 7 5,57
Di Stefano 6 24 1 7,5 25 7,5 4,17
Cafariello 5 12 16 5 28 5 5,6
Iavarone 7 42 25 42 25 6
Fasolino 6 0 0 0
Di Luca 2 12 12 6
Esposito 4 12 25 12 25 3
Esposito 2 12 12 6
Pizza 3 0 0 0
Martiniello 3 12 12 4
Biondo 3 24 1 7,5 25 7,5 8,33
Grasso 6 24 2 15 5 10 31 25 5,17
Napolitano 4 14 6 20 20 20 5
Passariello 5 12 4 20 16 20 3,2
Palumbo 5 12 9 17,5 21 17,5 4,2
Fasulino 5 12 61 15 10 -30 -15 53 10,6
Ferraro 9 38 3 21,5 41 21,5 4,55
D'Avanzio 7 24 36 7,5 2 20 -9 -15 41 12,5 5,86
Sanseverino 4 12 12 3
Di Stefano 4 12 127 10 139 10 34,75
Foresta 6 14 -4 -20 9 10 1,5
Covone 2 12 10 10 -1 -10 21 10,5
Crispo 7 18 53 5 -11 -8 59 17 8,43
Cafariello 4 12 25 4 16 25 4
Capoluongo 9 12 20 -7 25 2,78
Ieso 9 50 24 22,5 5 -21 -10 58 12,5 6,44
Formichella 7 14 16 20 16 20 47 10 6,71
Stefanile 6 12 35 20 -2 -20 45 7,5
Sanseverino 5 12 1 15 13 15 2,6
Esposito 7 40 41 10 -13 -20 68 20 9,71
Casoria 4 12 13 5 25 5 6,25
Majetta 3 24 15 10 39 10 13
Capoluongo 6 12 4 17 16 17 2,67
D'Avronio 8 12 12 1,5
Passariello 3 12 5 15 -12 17 3 5,67
Sossolani 5 48 10 48 10 9,6

39
Capoluongo 2 0 0 0
Niola 5 12 15 25 8 10 -12 24 5 4,8
Capoluongo 6 28 2 2,5 38 10 68 12,5 11,33
Vacchiano 5 12 12 2,4
Di Luca 5 12 4 16 3,2
Martiniello 8 30 12 15 42 15 5,25
Ferraro 6 12 1 20 13 20 2,17
Napolitano 1 0 0 0
Vacchiano 5 12 12 2,4
Menechino 2 12 1 15 13 15 6,5
Capoluongo 1 0 0 0
Martiniello 5 12 4 25 16 25 3,2
Vitale 2 14 71 5 85 5 42,5
Di Luca 5 30 15 25 -6 -20 39 5 7,8
D'Avronio 4 14 16 20 30 20 7,5
Esposito 2 12 6 15 4 -6 -20 15 25 7,5
Miele 5 12 1 15 13 15 2,6
Esposito 8 36 3 12 39 12 4,875
Ciccone 1 0 0 0
Di Luca 8 24 1 7,5 25 7,5 3,125
D'Avronio 4 12 12 3
Fasulo 5 36 1 15 37 15 7,4
Esposito 5 6 13 13,5 -8 11 13,5 2,2
Di Stefano 6 30 17 22,5 47 22,5 7,83
Crispo 7 18 37 10 -8 47 10 6,71
Marrone 3 26 25 51 17
Perrotta 4 12 12 24 6
Russo 5 14 34 20,5 48 20,5 9,6
Ruotolo 5 12 12 2,4
Miele 6 12 1 15 18 22,5 -17 -20 24 17,5 4
Martinello 4 12 26 20 4 -6 36 20 9
Di Stefano 12 50 29 7,5 -30 -22 48 15,5 4
Cafariello 3 12 11 7,5 23 7,5 7,67
Palumbo 6 12 3 10 7 22 10 3,67
Di Riggi 5 12 8 20 4
Stefanile 5 12 33 28 45 28 9
Foresta 4 3 10 3 10 0,75
Martinello 7 36 36 5,14
Caccavale 6 24 2 20 26 20 4,33
Galluccio 6 12 1 15 13 15 2,17
Capoluongo 7 36 22 19 58 19 8,28
Coppola 6 24 2 22,5 26 22,5 4,33
Di Luca 3 12 34 25 -13 -10 33 15 11

40
Vacchiano 4 12 1 20 5 18 20 4,5
D'Avanzio 3 12 12 4
Imparato 5 50 35 22,5 -22 -23 63 12,6
Vitale 4 12 12 3
Cafariello 6 12 14 27,5 -6 20 27,5 3,33
Ruotolo 9 14 16 7,5 13 10 43 17,5 4,78
Casoria 4 12 1 7,5 13 7,5 3,25
Di Palma 7 42 2 44 6,28
Capoluongo 2 14 14 7
Stefanile 3 12 26 19,5 -2 -20 35 29,5 11,67
Vacchiano 3 12 12 4
D'Avanzio 8 12 100 1,5 7 -27 -14 91 -7,5 11,375
Santorelli 5 856 18,5 45 -23 878 18,5 175,6
Zuozo 3 24 4 7,5 28 7,5 9,33
Capoluongo 3 12 12 4
Napolitano 2 12 12 6
Ruotolo 5 24 7 25 31 25 6,2
Vacchiano 6 18 18 3
Siciliano 4 12 10 -8 14 3,5
Di Riggi 3 28 34 3 62 3 20,67
Russo 5 12 12 2,4
D'Avanzio 5 30 178 21 -70 -15 138 6 27,6
Di Stefano 4 6 9 10 15 10 3,75
Formichella 5 12 1 15 13 15 2,6
Di Luca 3 12 3 10 20 35 15 11,67
Di Luca 2 14 14 7
Crispo 2 12 93 -45 60 30
Majetta 2 0 0 0
Miele 5 14 11 10 16 20 -5 37 10 7,4
Velleca 12 38 88 5 20 -16 -20 129 5 10,75
Covone 3 12 12 4
Imparato 4 12 12 3
Cafariello 3 14 19 -5 -20 27 20 9
Vacchiano 5 12 13 10 25 10 5
Foresta 3 24 1 15 25 15 8,33
Crispo 6 12 44 5 -27 -25 28 10 4,67
Miele 6 14 30 12,5 -16 -10 28 2,5 4,67
Rossiello 5 18 3 12 21 12 4,2
Fasolino 4 24 24 6
Di Stefano 2 12 6 22,5 18 22,5 9
Paulino 6 12 12 2
Napolitano 4 0 0 0
Caccavale 2 12 12 6

41
Angone 2 12 12 6
Esposito 7 18 18 2,57
Di Stefano 4 14 13 5 13 5 3,25
Palumbo 6 12 8 10 20 10 3,33
Fasulo 3 12 0
Rossiello 4 36 7 15 -5 38 15 9,5
Conte 7 24 1 7,5 25 7,5 3,57
Santorelli 3 12 17 20 29 20 9,67
Passariello 5 12 25 12 25 2,4
Fasulo 5 24 24 4,8
Sica 6 12 2 15 14 15 2,33
Menechino 10 18 1 7,5 19 7,5 1,9
Esposito 4 12 12 3
Di Luca 3 26 6 20 32 20 10,67
Di Luca 3 14 185 23,5 158 10 360 3,5 120
Covone 10 66 45 -18 -20 82 10 8,2
Martinello 6 36 1 15 37 15 6,17
Crispo 5 12 26 10 -8 30 10 6
Ruotolo 11 42 6 25 48 25 4,36
Di Nardo 9 36 4 40 4,44
D'Avronio 4 20 12 22,5 32 22,5 8
Capoluongo 9 25 25 25 25 2,78
Di Luca 6 24 188 212 35,33
Cafariello 4 28 60 2,5 60 148 2,5 37
Palumbo 7 26 49 20 6 20 82 10 11,71
Sanseverino 14 28 37 20 20 -20 65 20 4,64
Cafariello 7 30 8 27,5 38 27,5 5,43
Sica 5 14 9 23 4,6
Del Campo 7 208 10 -25 -25 182 15 26
Giampaulino 3 6 24 30 10
De Riggi 6 18 12 15 -13 17 15 2,83
Capoluongo 8 24 24 3
Passariello 3 12 3 1 20 -13,5 16 6,5 5,33
Majetta 4 38 21 15 -6 -20 52 25 13
Capoluongo 3 12 13 10 25 10 8,33
Di Nuccia 7 40 168 10 -63 -10 145 20,71
Fasulo 6 18 18 3
Napolitano 7 12 12 1,71
Fasolino 5 12 2 14 2,8
Crispo 8 12 53 10 -25 -10 40 5
Mazzocca 3 12 1 15 13 15 4,33
Vacchiano 7 60 24 20 -20 -28 63 22 9
Conte 5 30 30 6

42
Iavarone 2 12 12 6
D'Avronio 2 12 12 6
Foresta 3 6 10 16 5,33
Avronio 5 12 1 7,5 13 7,5 2,6
Grasso 6 12 10 12 10 2
D'Avronio 4 12 3 15 3,75
Sanseverino 9 14 12 26 2,89
Taliento 3 12 21 25 33 25 11
D'Agnone 6 14 6 -2 -20 17 10 2,83
Foresta 6 32 32 5,33
Vacchiano 6 20 1 15 50 71 15 11,83
Sanseverino 4 12 12 3
Imparato 8 24 37 27,5 -26 -15,5 35 15 4,375
Baglivo 8 14 91 27,5 12 10 -27 -10 81 27,5 10,125
Di Nardo 3 28 61 15 -27 -15 62 20,67
Di Stefano 8 40 121 20 -74 -25 86 25 10,75
Pizza 9 42 130 25 20 -20 172 25 19,11
Capoluongo 2 5 8 13 6,5
Napolitano 2 7 7 3,5
Testa 2 0 0 0
Pizza 2 11 20 -20 -8 -10 -4
Miele 2 23 10 -18 5 10 2,5
Cavezza 1 60 60 60
Palumbo 1 4 20 4 20 4
Fasulo 1 0 0 0
Piciullo 1 0 0 0
Milano 2 0 0 0
Miele 1 0 0 0
Esposito 5 2 10 2 10 0,4
Ferraro 2 0 0 0
Fasolino 2 0 0 0
Testa 2 0 0 0
Russo 1 0 0 0
Buglione 3 4 20 4 20 1,33
Esposito 3 5 5 1,67
Testa 4 8 10 -4 4 10 1
Esposito 1 0 0 0
Di Luca 1 33 10 33 10 33
Ravelli 1 12 15 12 15 12
Di Nuccia 1 16 20 16 20 16
Miele 1 2 6,5 2 6,5 2
Capoluongo 1 27 2,5 27 2,5 27
Sanseverino 1 0 0 0

43
Vitale 1 0 0 0
Foresta 1 220 166 20 386 20 386
Di Nuccia 1 13 10 13 10 13
Di Luca 1 0 0 0
Della Cava 1 0 0 0
Sanseverino 1 0 0 0
Sossolani 1 0 0 0
Mormile 1 8 32 40 40
Sanseverino 1 76 10 -61 -20 14 20 14
Foresta 1 0 0 0

44
GENERAL THANKS

I would like to take this space to thank some of the people who have been fundamental
during my academic career in Tor Vergata.

First of all, I would like to thank Professor Vecchi and Professor Chianese, without which I
could not have realized this thesis. They have helped me time and time again, showing me a
true passion for the subject. They have thought me the wealth of details that can be
discovered in a subject such as Economic History, which many of my peers shun as not
interesting, or too unrelated to the fields of finance and business administration.

Next, I would like to thank my family for the support they will never cease to give me. I owe
them everything, the good and the bad. The fact that I will always have their support is
everything to me, and I love them like nobody else.

Last, but not least, I would like to thank those that have stood by my side during this three
academic years, mainly Francesca and Carlo Felice. We have shared study sessions,
struggles, and we have made memories together, which I hope will last for our whole life.
Each of us is embarking on his separate journey, but I know that no matter what, our bond
will remain the one that we share today.

45