02 Theoretical Basis

TẬP ĐOÀN DẦU KHÍ VIỆT NAM
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DẦU KHÍ VIỆT NAM
THEORETICAL BASIS
Lecturer : MSc Luong Hai Linh

Email : linhlh@pvu.edu.vn
Tel : +84 1234 081 666
Contents
 Darcy’s law
 Flow regimes
 Skin effect
 Nodal analysis
 Inflow performance relationship (IPR)
MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 2

DARCY’S LAW

Darcy’s law
 What is Darcy’s law?
Figure 1.1. Darcy’s experimental

apparatus
In 1856 Darcy
performed
experiments for the
design of sand
filters for water
purification in
France.

Darcy’s law
Figure 1.2. Darcy’s experiment
After several experiments Darcy concluded that:

𝒌𝑨 𝒅𝑷
𝒒=
𝝁 𝒅𝒙

Darcy’s law
• q- liquid flow rate

• A- cross sectional area
• µ- Liquid viscosity
• dP/dx- pressure gradient
 The definition of 1 Darcy is the permeability of a porous

media that will allow the flow of 1 𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠 of a fluid with 1 cp
viscosity when the pressure gradient is 1 atm/cm and the
flow area is 1 𝑐𝑚2 .

Darcy’s law
Application condition:
 Laminar (viscous) flow
 No reaction between rock and fluid
 Only singe phase present at 100% pore space
saturation

Darcy’s law
 The unit of k can be obtained by:
𝒒𝝁 𝒅𝒙
𝒌=
𝑨 𝒅𝑷
𝑳𝟑 𝑴𝑳𝒕 𝟏 𝒕𝟐 𝑳𝟐 𝟐
𝒌 = 𝑳 = 𝑳
𝒕 𝒕𝟐 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝟐 𝑴𝑳
 The permeability k has the unit of area

Darcy’s law
 The value of 1 Darcy by definition is then:
1𝐷 = 9,869 ∗ 10;13 𝑚2
 How big is 1 Darcy?
 Human hair thickness is about 60𝜇𝑚 = 6 ∗ 10;5 𝑚. It cross
sectional area is
𝜋𝑑2 𝜋 6 ∗ 10;5 2
𝐴𝑕𝑎𝑖𝑟 = = = 28,27 ∗ 10;10 𝑚2
4 4
= 2865 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦

Darcy’s law

FLOW REGIMES
Reservoir flow
Wellbore performance

Reservoir flow
Pressure at the edge of the reservoir, 𝑟𝑒 , is constant

and equal to 𝑃𝑒

Reservoir flow
 With 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑕, we have:
2𝜋𝑘𝑕 𝑑𝑃
𝑞= 𝑟
𝜇 𝑑𝑟
 This is an ordinary differential equation that can be solved
to obtain pressure as a function of the radial distance
 To properly solve this ODE we must impose a boundary
condition

Reservoir flow
 For incompressible, single phase flow:
𝑑𝑟 2𝜋𝑘𝑕
= 𝑑𝑃
𝑟 𝑞𝜇
2𝜋𝑘𝑕
ln 𝑟 = 𝑃+𝐶 (1)
𝑞𝜇
 The constant of integration C can be determined using the
boundary condition
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑤𝑓 at r = 𝑟𝑤
2𝜋𝑘𝑕
C = ln 𝑟𝑤 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 (2)
𝑞𝜇
Reservoir flow
 From (1) and (2), the final pressure profile inside the porous
media is obtained as:
𝑟 2𝜋𝑘𝑕
ln = 𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑟𝑤 𝑞𝜇
bpd cp
141,2𝑞𝜇 𝑟
𝑃 𝑟 = 𝑃𝑤𝑓 + ln
𝑘𝑕 𝑟𝑤
psig mD ft

Reservoir flow
 For reservoir with constant boundary pressure:
141,2𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒
𝑃 𝑟 = 𝑃𝑒 − ln
𝑘𝑕 𝑟
 The radial pressure gradient in the porous media is:
𝑑𝑃 141,2𝑞𝜇 1
=
𝑑𝑟 𝑘𝑕 𝑟

Parameter study

Parameter study… Pressure profile

Parameter study
 Pressure change near wellbore

Parameter study …flowrate

Parameter study…reservoir pressure

Parameter study…fluid viscosity

Parameter study…permeability

Parameter study…reservoir thickness

Parameter study…radius

Reservoir flow
Regime 1
• Transient
Regime 2
• Steady-state
Regime 3
• Psedosteady-state

Transient flow
 “Transient flow” is defined as a flow regime where/when the

radius of pressure wave propagation from wellbore has not
reached any boundaries of the reservoir.
 Textbook of Dake (1978):
162,6𝑞𝐵0 𝜇0 𝑘
𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 𝑝𝑖 − log 𝑡 + log 2
− 3,23 + 0,87𝑆
𝑘𝑕 ∅𝜇0 𝑐𝑡 𝑟
S- skin factor
𝑐𝑡 : total compressibility
t: flow time

Transient flow
 Earlougher(1977):
𝑘𝑕(𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 )
𝑞=
𝑘
162,6𝐵0 𝜇0 (log 𝑡 + log − 3,23 + 0,87𝑆)
∅𝜇0 𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2
This equation indicates that oil rate decreases with flow time.

Steady-state flow
 Steady-state flow is defined as a flow regime where the

pressure at any point in the reservoir remains constant over
time.
 For steady-state flow, reservoir volumetric average pressure
is located at about 61% of the drainage radius, 𝑟𝑒
141,2𝑞𝜇 0,61𝑟𝑒
𝑃 𝑟 = 0,61𝑟𝑒 = 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑃𝑤𝑓 + 𝑙𝑛
𝑘𝑕 𝑟𝑤
𝑘𝑕(𝑃𝑅 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 ) 𝑘𝑕(𝑃𝑅 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 )

𝑞= =
0,61𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒
141,2𝜇𝑙𝑛 141,2𝜇 𝑙𝑛 − 0,5
𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑤

Pseudosteady-state flow
 Pseudosteady-state flow is defined as a flow regime where

the pressure at any point in the reservoir declines at the
same constant rate over time.
 For pseudosteady-state flow, reservoir volumetric average
pressure is located at about 47,2% of the drainage radius,
𝑟𝑒
141,2𝑞𝜇 0,472𝑟𝑒
𝑃 𝑟 = 0,472𝑟𝑒 = 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑃𝑤𝑓 + 𝑙𝑛
𝑘𝑕 𝑟𝑤
𝑘𝑕(𝑃𝑅 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 ) 𝑘𝑕(𝑃𝑅 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 )

𝑞= =
0,472𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒
141,2𝜇𝑙𝑛 141,2𝜇 𝑙𝑛 − 0,75
𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑤
Wellbore performance
 Wellbore performance analysis involves establishing a

relationship between tubular size, wellhead and bottom-hole
pressure, fluid properties, and fluid production rate
 Oil can be produced through tubing, casing, or both in an oil
well depending on which flow path has better performance.
 Focus on determination of tubing performance relationship
and pressure traverse along the well string.
 Both single-phase and multiphase fluids are considered.

Single-phase liquid flow
 Single-phase liquid flow exists in an oil well only when the

wellhead pressure is above the bubble-point pressure of the
oil, which is usually not reality
Figure 2.1 Flow

along a tubing
string

 The first law of thermodynamics yields the following

equation for pressure drop:
𝑔 𝜌 2𝑓 𝜌𝑢 2𝐿
𝐹
∆𝑃 = 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝜌∆𝑧 + ∆𝑢2 +
𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐 𝐷
g- gravitational acceleration
𝑔𝑐 - unit conversion factor
∆𝑧- elevation increase
u- fluid velocity
𝑓𝐹 - Fanning friction factor

 The Fanning friction factor can be valuated based on

Reynolds number and relative roughness
𝐷𝑢𝜌 1,48𝑞𝜌
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇 𝑑𝜇
16
 For laminar flow where 𝑁𝑅𝑒 < 2000: 𝑓𝐹 =
𝑁𝑅𝑒
 For turbulent flow where 𝑁𝑅𝑒 > 2100:
0,8981
1 𝜀 5,0452 𝜀 1,1098 7,149
= −4 log − log +
𝑓𝐹 3,7065 𝑁𝑅𝑒 2,8257 𝑁𝑅𝑒

 The Fanning friction factor can also be obtained based on

Darcy-Wiesbach friction factor show in Fig. 2.2
 Example: Suppose that 1000bbl/day of 40° API, 1,2cp oil is
being produced through 2 7 8-in, 8,6-lbm/ft tubing in a well
that is 15 degrees from vertical. If the tubing wall relative
roughness is 0,001; calculate the pressure drop over 1000ft
of tubing.

Figure 2.2 Darcy-Wiesbach friction factor diagram

Multiphase liquid flow

Fig. 2.3 Flow

regimes in
gas-liquid
flow

Figure 2.4 The

evolution of the
steam/water flow in a
vertical boiler tube
Liquid holdup:
𝑉𝐿
𝛾𝐿 =
𝑉

Figure 2.4 Photographs of air/water flow in a 10,2 cm

diameter vertical pipe. Left: 1% air, middle: 4,5% air,
right: >15% air.
Single-phase gas flow
 The first law of thermodynamics:
𝑑𝑃 𝑔 𝑓𝑀 𝑣 2 𝑑𝐿
+ 𝑑𝑍 + =0
𝜌 𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐 𝐷𝑖
29𝛾𝑔 𝑃 4𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑧𝑃𝑠𝑐 𝑇
𝑑𝑍 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝐿, 𝜌= , 𝑣=
𝑍𝑅𝑇 𝜋𝐷𝑖2 𝑇𝑠𝑐 𝑃
2 𝑃2 2
𝑧𝑅𝑇 𝑑𝑃 𝑔 8𝑓𝑀 𝑄𝑠𝑐 𝑠𝑐 𝑧𝑇
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 2 𝑑𝐿 = 0
29𝛾𝑔 𝑃 𝑔𝑐 𝜋 𝑔𝑐 𝐷𝑖5 𝑇𝑠𝑐
2 𝑃

SKIN EFFECT

Skin effect
 The IPR equations (single-phase, two phase saturated and

two-phase undersaturated reservoirs) are valid for a well
without damage.
 However, all wells are susceptible to formation damage to
some degree.
 Contact with a foreign fluid is the basic cause of formation
damage.

Skin effect
Basic causes of formation damage:
 Solids in drilling fluid

 Precipitated scale
 Drilled solids
 Precipitated paraffin
 Cement particles
 Asphaltene
 Perforation charge debris
 Fluid filtrate
 Rust and mill scale
 Pipe dope
 Undissolved salt
 Gravel pack or frac sand fines

Skin effect
 The damage area is usually of very small radius

 The permeability is reduced
 This causes an extra pressure drop
 The pressure profile near wellbore alters from that without
damage
 On the other hand, stimulation can increase permeability
near wellbore
 Since the damage region has a very small radius, the
reduction or increase in pressure is called skin effect.

Skin effect
 We can use Darcy’s law for single phase flow to illustrate

the problem:
𝜇𝑞 𝑟𝑒
𝑃 𝑟 = 𝑃𝑒 − ln( )
2𝜋𝑘𝑕 𝑟

Skin effect
 The pressure at the edge of the affected zone can be

obtained by:
𝜇𝑞 𝑟𝑒
𝑃𝑑 = 𝑃𝑒 − 𝑙𝑛
2𝜋𝑘𝑕 𝑟𝑑
 The bottom-hole flowing pressure can be obtained by:
𝜇𝑞 𝑟𝑑
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑑 − 𝑙𝑛
2𝜋𝑘𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛 𝑕 𝑟𝑤𝑓
 We have:
𝜇𝑞 𝑟𝑒 𝜇𝑞 𝑟𝑑
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑒 − 𝑙𝑛 − 𝑙𝑛
2𝜋𝑘𝑕 𝑟𝑑 2𝜋𝑘𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛 𝑕 𝑟𝑤𝑓

Skin effect
 The bottomhole flowing pressure if there is no skin effect:
𝑛𝑜;𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛
𝜇𝑞 𝑟𝑒
𝑃 𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑒 − 𝑙𝑛
2𝜋𝑘𝑕 𝑟𝑑
 Defining the skin pressure drop as the difference between
the real bottomhole flowing pressure and the bottomhole
flowing pressure without skin:
∆𝑃𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑤𝑓 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓

Skin effect
 The skin pressure drop becomes:
𝜇𝑞 𝑟𝑒 𝜇𝑞 1 𝑟𝑒 1 𝑟𝑑
∆𝑃𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑒 − 𝑙𝑛 − 𝑃𝑒 + 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑙𝑛
2𝜋𝑘𝑕 𝑟𝑤 2𝜋𝑕 𝑘 𝑟𝑑 𝑘𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑤
𝜇𝑞 𝑟𝑑 1 1
∆𝑃𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛 −
2𝜋𝑕 𝑟𝑤 𝑘𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛 𝑘
𝜇𝑞 𝑟𝑑 𝑘 − 𝑘𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛
∆𝑃𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛
2𝜋𝑘𝑕 𝑟𝑤 𝑘𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛

Skin effect
 The skin effect is usually determined with a pressure build

up test. Usually it is related to a skin factor S which is a
parameter determined by the build up test analysis:
𝑟𝑑 𝑘 − 𝑘𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛
𝑆 = 𝑙𝑛
𝑟𝑤 𝑘𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛
 Skin factor S:
- Positive S indicates a damage
- Zero indicates no skin
- Negative indicates stimulation

Skin effect
 The bottom-hole flowing pressure:
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑤𝑓 − ∆𝑃𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛
141,2𝜇𝑞 𝑟𝑒 141,2𝜇𝑞
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑒 − 𝑙𝑛 −𝑆
𝑘𝑕 𝑟𝑤 𝑘𝑕
141,2𝜇𝑞 𝑟𝑒
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑒 − (𝑙𝑛 + 𝑆)
𝑘𝑕 𝑟𝑤
 Skin effect is in a very small area. For pseudo-
steady state flow:
141,2𝜇𝑞 𝑟𝑒
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑅 − (𝑙𝑛 − 0,75 + 𝑆)
𝑘𝑕 𝑟𝑤
Skin effect

INFLOW PERFORMANCE
RELATIONSHIP

Single phase IPR
𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑃𝑒 − ∆𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 𝑞 = 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑤
 This relationship between q and 𝑃𝑤𝑓 called Inflow
Performance Relationship - IPR
 The IPR represents the pressure available at the bottom of
the well for the fluids to flow inside the porous media at a
certain flowrate

Single phase IPR
 Relationship between pressure drop across reservoir and

produced flow rate:
𝑘𝑕 𝑖
𝑞= 𝑃𝑅 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑟𝑒
141,2𝜇 𝑙𝑛 − 0,75
𝑟𝑤
 The IPR can be written as:
𝑖
𝑞 = 𝐽(𝑃𝑅 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 )
𝑘𝑕
𝐽= 𝑟𝑒 : productivity index
141,2𝜇 𝑙𝑛 𝑟𝑤
;0,75

Single phase IPR

Single phase IPR
 The incompressible single phase or straight line IPR is valid

when the fluids flowing inside the reservoir are in single
phase incompressible conditions
- 𝑃𝑤𝑓 above saturation pressure
- High water cut
- Very low GOR
 The single phase productivity index J can be calculated
from:
- Reservoir and fluid properties
- Well test data

Single phase IPR
 Is the linear IPR concept valid for all conditions?
 Do we generally produce fluids in single phase flow?

Multiphase IPR
 Not all of the production wells are in conditions where the

linear IPR is valid
 Usually inside the reservoir there is a mixture of fluids that
will become multiphase when the pressure is lower than the
bubble point.
 The fluids are not incompressible, their properties change
with pressure
 The relative permeability of the reservoir to a specific fluid is
function of the fluid saturation.

Multiphase IPR

Multiphase IPR

Multiphase IPR

Multiphase IPR
 The relative permeability is defined as the ratio of the

permeability to a fluid over the rock absolute permeability
𝑘𝑓
𝑘𝑟𝑓 =
𝑘
𝑘𝑓 𝐴 𝑑𝑃 𝑘𝑟𝑓 𝑑𝑃
𝑞= = 𝑘𝐴
𝜇 𝑑𝑥 𝜇 𝑑𝑥

Multiphase IPR
 The pressure distribution inside the reservoir is a function of

the radial position
 Fluid saturation is also a function of the radial position
 The relative permeability to a specific fluid is function of the
saturation distribution or radial position
 The rock permeability can also be a function of position
𝑃 = 𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧, 𝑡 𝑆𝑓 = 𝑆𝑓 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧, 𝑡 𝑘𝑓 = 𝑘𝑓 𝑆𝑓 , 𝑘
𝑘 = 𝑘 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧 𝑘𝑟𝑓 = 𝑘𝑟𝑓 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧, 𝑡

Multiphase IPR
 Also for a real fluid, the fluid properties (compressibility,

viscosity) are function of pressure
 Since the fluid is compressible, the flowrate is not the same
that is measured at surface conditions.
 Therefore, IPR needs to be related to the liquid flowrate at
specific surface or standard conditions
 This is done by use of the fluid formation volume factor.
𝑞 = 𝐵0 𝑞𝑠𝑐

Multiphase IPR
𝑞 𝑘𝑓 𝑑𝑃
𝑞𝑠𝑐 = =𝐴
𝐵0 𝐵0 𝜇𝑓 𝑑𝑥
 For radial flow: 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑕
2𝜋𝑟𝑘𝑓 𝑕 𝑑𝑃
𝑞=
𝐵0 𝜇𝑓 𝑑𝑟
 Saturation or relative permeability is function of position:
𝑑𝑃
𝑑𝑟 2𝜋𝑕 𝑑𝑃 𝐵0 𝜇𝑓
= 𝑠𝑐 𝑞𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 2𝜋𝑕
𝑘𝑓 𝑟 𝑞𝑓 𝐵0 𝜇𝑓 𝑑𝑟
𝑘𝑓 𝑟

Multiphase IPR
Single phase and multiphase IPRs

Vogel IPR

Vogel IPR

Vogel IPR
 Vogel tried a quadratic form:
2
𝑞 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑃𝑤𝑓
=𝑎+𝑏 +𝑐
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑃𝑅 𝑃𝑅
 The following conditions must be met by this expression:
𝑞 = 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 for 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 0
𝑞=0 for 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑅
 From these conditions we can get:
𝑎=1 𝑐 =− 1+𝑏
2
𝑞 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑃𝑤𝑓
=1+𝑏 − (1 + 𝑏) (*)
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑃𝑅 𝑃𝑅

Vogel IPR

Vogel IPR

Vogel IPR

Vogel IPR

Vogel IPR

Multiphase PI
𝑑𝑞
𝐽=−
𝑑𝑃𝑤𝑓
 From (*): for saturated reservoir we have:
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝐽= 2 1+𝑏 −𝑏
𝑃𝑅 𝑃𝑅
(2:𝑏)𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥
At 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑅 : 𝐽∗ =
𝑃𝑅
;𝑏𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥
At 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 0: 𝐽0 =
𝑃𝑅

PI for saturated IPR

Conclusion?
Can we estimate the IPR for undersaturated

reservoir?

IPR for undersaturated reservoir
Single phase reservoir
Saturated reservoir

Undersaturated reservoir

Undersaturated
reservoir


Single phase reservoir

Saturated reservoir







IPR from well test
 The set of equation defining the IPR for the undersaturated

case depend on 5 parameters: 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑞𝑏 , 𝑃𝑏 , 𝑃𝑅 , 𝐽
 The bubble pressure can be obtained from a fluid sample
 The remaining 4 parameters are not independent, since the
IPR should be continuous and smooth at the bubble point.

IPR from well test
Continuity at bubble point- equal values

IPR from well test
Smoothness at bubble point- equal derivatives

IPR from well test
 As a consequence, if the bubble point is known, the

undersaturated IPR depends only on 2 of the 4 parameters:
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑞𝑏 , 𝑃𝑅 , 𝐽
 The remaining 2 parameters can be calculated by the
auxiliary equations for continuity and smoothness
 We can then obtain the undersaturated IPR if 2 production
tests are known.

IPR from well test
 4 cases are possible depending on the location of well test

data on the 𝑃𝑤𝑓 ~𝑞 plot:
- Both test are above the bubble point
- One test above and one test below the bubble point
- Two test below the bubble point and the reservoir is
undersaturated
- Two tests below the bubble point and the reservoir is
saturated

IPR from well test

02 Theoretical Basis

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TẬP ĐOÀN DẦU KHÍ VIỆT NAM

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DẦU KHÍ VIỆT NAM

Lecturer : MSc Luong Hai Linh

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 2

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 3

 What is Darcy’s law?

Figure 1.1. Darcy’s experimental

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 4

After several experiments Darcy concluded that:

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 5

• q- liquid flow rate

 The definition of 1 Darcy is the permeability of a porous

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 6

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 7

 The unit of k can be obtained by:

 The permeability k has the unit of area

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 8

 The value of 1 Darcy by definition is then:

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 9

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 10

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 11

Pressure at the edge of the reservoir, 𝑟𝑒 , is constant

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 12

 With 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑕, we have:

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 13

 For incompressible, single phase flow:

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 15

 For reservoir with constant boundary pressure:

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 16

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 17

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 18

 Pressure change near wellbore

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 19

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 20

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 21

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 22

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 23

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 24

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 25

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 26

 “Transient flow” is defined as a flow regime where/when the

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 27

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 28

 Steady-state flow is defined as a flow regime where the

𝑘𝑕(𝑃𝑅 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 ) 𝑘𝑕(𝑃𝑅 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 )

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 29

 Pseudosteady-state flow is defined as a flow regime where

𝑘𝑕(𝑃𝑅 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 ) 𝑘𝑕(𝑃𝑅 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 )

 Wellbore performance analysis involves establishing a

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 31

 Single-phase liquid flow exists in an oil well only when the

Figure 2.1 Flow

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 32

 The first law of thermodynamics yields the following

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 33

 The Fanning friction factor can be valuated based on

 For turbulent flow where 𝑁𝑅𝑒 > 2100: