08 Production System Analysis

TẬP ĐOÀN DẦU KHÍ VIỆT NAM
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DẦU KHÍ VIỆT NAM
CHAPTER 8
PRODUCTION SYSTEM
ANALYSIS
Lecturer : MSc Luong Hai Linh

Email : linhlh@pvu.edu.vn
Tel : +84 1234 081 666
Contents
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Stability
8.3 System analysis approach
8.4 Skin effect
8.5 Nodal analysis
MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 2

8.1 Introduction
❖ Individual components analysis is adequate when

components don’t interact with each other
❖ In two phase flow, pressure drop is function not only of
flowrates but also of pressure level at the component
❖ This creates an interdependence between each
component
❖ Individual component analysis is no longer applicable
❖ A new tool is necessary- Nodal analysis

8.1 Introduction
Fig 8.1 Nodal analysis

8.1 Introduction
Fig 8.2 Nodal analysis – inflow section
𝑖
𝑃𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑞 = 𝑃𝑟 − σ𝐼𝑆 ∆𝑃𝑐 𝑞, 𝑃 (8.1)
❖ The inflow pressure at the node represents the pressure

the inflow section can deliver the flowrate q at the node

8.1 Introduction
Fig 8.3 Nodal analysis – outflow section

𝑂
𝑃𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑞 = 𝑃𝑠 + σ𝑂𝑆 ∆𝑃𝑐 (𝑞, 𝑃) (8.2)
❖ The outflow pressure at the node represents the pressure

the outflow section requires to produce the flowrate q up to
the separator.

8.1 Introduction
❖ The equilibrium point is the point at which the inflow section

is capable of delivering the flowrate at a pressure enough
for the outflow section to flow the fluids up to the separator
𝑖 𝑜
𝑃𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑞 = 𝑃𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑞 (8.3)
Fig 8.4 Simple producing system

8.1 Introduction
Fig 8.5 Nodal analysis – Node = perforations

8.1 Introduction

8.1 Introduction

8.1 Introduction

8.1 Introduction

8.1 Introduction

8.1 Introduction

8.1 Introduction

8.1 Introduction

8.1 Introduction

8.1 Introduction
Fig 8.15 IPR & OPR – Node = perforations

8.1 Introduction
Fig 8.16 Nodal analysis – Node = wellhead

8.1 Introduction
Fig 8.17 IPR & OPR – Node = wellhead

8.1 Introduction
Fig 8.18 Nodal analysis – Node = separator

8.1 Introduction
Fig 8.19 IPR & OPR – Node = separator

8.1 Introduction
Fig 8.20 Nodal analysis – Node = reservoir boundary

8.1 Introduction
Fig 8.21 IPR & OPR – Node = reservoir boundary

8.1 Introduction
❖ Example:
Perform a Nodal analysis for the following well:
- IPR: Vogel with 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5000𝑠𝑡𝑏/𝑑 and 𝑃𝑟 = 4500𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔
- Separator pressure = 450 psig
- The pressure drop at the flowline, and production string
is given in the following table

8.1 Introduction
Tab 8.1 The pressure drop at the flowline, and production

string
8.1 Introduction
Tab 8.2 The calculation summary

8.1 Introduction
Fig 8.22 IPR & OPR with various node selection

8.2 Stability
❖ If the system is disturbed from the equilibrium point, it will

readjust itself to restore equilibrium
❖ If an unstable system is disturbed, it will readjust itself to
be a stable point
❖ This is a transient problem and the steady state nodal
analysis tool is very limited for explaining this phenomena

8.2 Stability
Fig 8.23 Stability analysis

8.2 Stability

8.2 Stability

8.2 Stability

8.2 Stability

8.2 Stability
❖ As a consequence, for the situation illustrated, the

transient coupling between the tubing and the reservoir
will generate the driving force to promote equilibrium
❖ For any small disturbances in the system, the reservoir
and tubing will interact to bring the production back to
equilibrium point

8.2 Stability
Fig 8.28 Stability analysis- equilibrium point

8.2 Stability
Fig 8.29 Stability analysis- two equilibrium points

8.2 Stability
Fig 8.30 Stability analysis- stable and unstable conditions

8.2 Stability

8.2 Stability

8.2 Stability
❖ Point B is an unstable operating point

❖ If the flowrate is decreased from the equilibrium point,
the well is going to die
❖ If the flowrate is increased from the equilibrium point,
the well is going to produce the next stable flowrate
value
❖ This is a very important and common phenomenon in
the field

8.2 Stability
❖ A well with this IPR~OPR behavior can not produce

the stable flowrate without some help
❖ Point B represents a barrier that the well needs to
overcome in order to produce under stable conditions.
This is usually accomplished by inducing flow in the
well
❖ If this well dies it can not be put into production simply
by opening the choke or valves

8.2 Stability
❖ If the well has an artificial lift installed it can be put into
production by using the lift system to help the well
overcome the unstable point B. After that if artificial lift
is not required you can leave the well under natural
flow
❖ If we don’t have an artificial lift system installed we can:
rock the well, nitrogen injection, swab, etc

8.2 Stability
Fig 8.33 Stability analysis- unstable equilibrium point

8.2 Stability
Fig 8.34 Stability analysis- stable and unstable point

8.2 Stability

8.2 Stability

8.2 Stability

8.2 Stability

8.3 Systems analysis approach
Fundamentals of the NA method

• Always consider a component in the relationships with
the others
• Pressure and Pressure Losses across different
components of the system are of primary interests
• The performance of a system can be analyzed via one or
more NODEs

• Inflow to the node:

𝒑𝑹 − ∆𝒑 𝒖𝒑𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 = 𝒑𝒏𝒐𝒅𝒆 (2.1)
• Outflow from the node
𝒑𝒔𝒆𝒑 + ∆𝒑 𝒅𝒐𝒘𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 = 𝒑𝒏𝒐𝒅𝒆 (2.2)
• At any point in time t during the production process,

the average reservoir pressure and the separator
pressure are given as constants.

The Two Essential Principles

• There is ONLY ONE value of pressure at a node
(physical point);
• The flow rate coming into a node is equal to the flow

rate going out of that node (mass conservation).

Locations of various nodes
3 2 1A
1
4
1B
Node Location Remarks
1 Separator
2 Surface Choke Functional
3 Wellhead
4 Safety Valve Functional
5 5 Restriction Functional
6 Pwf
7 Pwfs
8 Pr
1A Gas Sales
1B Stock Tank
6 7 8
Figure 8.39 Locations of various nodes

Graphical Representation of NA
Figure 8.40 Graphical Representation of NA

Typical nodes for system analysis
Figure 8.41 Typical nodes for system analysis

8.4 Applications
8.4.1 Effect of tubing size on flow capacity
Node = wellhead
Figure 8.42 Effect of tubing size on flow capacity

8.4 Applications
8.4.1 Effect of tubing size on flow capacity
Node = BHP
Figure 8.43 Effect of tubing size on flow capacity

8.4 Applications
8.4.2 Effect of flowline size on flow capacity
Node = wellhead
Figure 8.44 Effect of flowline size on flow capacity

8.4 Applications
8.4.3 Well restricted by piping system
Figure 8.45 Well restricted by piping system

8.4 Applications
8.4.4 Well restricted by inflow
Figure 8.46 Well restricted by inflow

8.4 Applications
8.4.5 Effect of tubing size on outflow
Figure 8.47 Effect of tubing size on outflow

8.4 Applications
8.4.5 Effect of tubing size on outflow
Figure 8.48 Effect of tubing size on outflow

8.4 Applications
8.4.6 Effect of gas rate on outflow
Figure 8.49 Effect of gas rate on outflow

8.4 Applications
8.4.7 Effect of gas injection rate on liquid rate
Figure 8.50 Effect of gas injection rate on liquid rate

8.4 Applications
8.4.8 Effect of perforating density on inflow
Figure 8.51 Effect of perforating density on inflow

8.4 Applications
8.4.9 Effect of perforating density on rate
Figure 8.52 Effect of perforating density on rate

8.4 Applications
8.4.10 Procedure for applying Nodal analysis
❖ Determine which component in the system can be

changed
❖ Select one component to be optimized
❖ Select the node location that will best emphasize the
effect of the change in the selected component
❖ Develop expressions for the inflow and outflow

8.4 Applications
8.4.10 Procedure for applying Nodal analysis
❖ Obtain required data to calculate pressure drop versus

rate for all the components
❖ Determine the effect of changing the characteristics of
the selected component by plotting inflow versus outflow
and reading the intersection
❖ Repeat the procedure for each component that is to be
optimized

8.4 Applications
❖ Selecting tubing size

❖ Selecting flowline size
❖ Gravel pack design
❖ Surface choke sizing
❖ Subsurface safety valve sizing
❖ Analyzing an existing system for abnormal flow restrictions
❖ Artificial lift design
❖ Well stimulation evaluation

8.4 Applications
❖ Determining the effect of compression on gas well

performance
❖ Analyzing effects of perforating density
❖ Predicting the effect of depletion on producing capacity
❖ Allocating injection gas among gas lift wells
❖ Analyzing a multiwell producing system
❖ Relating field performance to time

Summary
❖ The nodal systems analysis – flexible method to improve

the performance of many well systems
❖ It is necessary to be able to calculate the pressure drop
that will occur in all the system components

References
1. Production optimization using nodal analysis. Dale

Beggs. Tulsa, Oklahoma. 2003
2. Production systems optimization methods for
petroleum fields. Cheng Seong Khor, Ali Elkamel,
2014

Summary
❖ Nodal analysis is a very important tool to design

production systems for steady state conditions
❖ It can also help stability problems in wells

END OF CHAPTER 8

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TẬP ĐOÀN DẦU KHÍ VIỆT NAM

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DẦU KHÍ VIỆT NAM

Lecturer : MSc Luong Hai Linh

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 2

❖ Individual components analysis is adequate when

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 3

Fig 8.1 Nodal analysis

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 4

Fig 8.2 Nodal analysis – inflow section

❖ The inflow pressure at the node represents the pressure

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 5

Fig 8.3 Nodal analysis – outflow section

❖ The outflow pressure at the node represents the pressure

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 6

❖ The equilibrium point is the point at which the inflow section

Fig 8.4 Simple producing system

Fig 8.5 Nodal analysis – Node = perforations

Fig 8.6 Nodal analysis – Node = perforations

Fig 8.7 Nodal analysis – Node = perforations

Fig 8.8 Nodal analysis – Node = perforations

Fig 8.9 Nodal analysis – Node = perforations

Fig 8.10 Nodal analysis – Node = perforations

Fig 8.11 Nodal analysis – Node = perforations

Fig 8.12 Nodal analysis – Node = perforations

Fig 8.13 Nodal analysis – Node = perforations

Fig 8.14 Nodal analysis – Node = perforations

Fig 8.15 IPR & OPR – Node = perforations

Fig 8.16 Nodal analysis – Node = wellhead

Fig 8.17 IPR & OPR – Node = wellhead

Fig 8.18 Nodal analysis – Node = separator

Fig 8.19 IPR & OPR – Node = separator

Fig 8.20 Nodal analysis – Node = reservoir boundary

Fig 8.21 IPR & OPR – Node = reservoir boundary

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 25

Tab 8.1 The pressure drop at the flowline, and production

Tab 8.2 The calculation summary

Fig 8.22 IPR & OPR with various node selection

❖ If the system is disturbed from the equilibrium point, it will

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 29

Fig 8.23 Stability analysis

Fig 8.24 Stability analysis

Fig 8.25 Stability analysis

Fig 8.26 Stability analysis

Fig 8.27 Stability analysis

❖ As a consequence, for the situation illustrated, the

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 35

Fig 8.28 Stability analysis- equilibrium point

Fig 8.29 Stability analysis- two equilibrium points

Fig 8.30 Stability analysis- stable and unstable conditions

Fig 8.31 Stability analysis- stable and unstable conditions

Fig 8.32 Stability analysis- stable and unstable conditions

❖ Point B is an unstable operating point

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 41

❖ A well with this IPR~OPR behavior can not produce

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 42

MSc Luong Hai Linh Production engineering 43

Fig 8.33 Stability analysis- unstable equilibrium point

Fig 8.34 Stability analysis- stable and unstable point

Fig 8.35 Stability analysis- unstable equilibrium point

Fig 8.36 Stability analysis- stable and unstable conditions

Fig 8.37 Stability analysis- stable and unstable conditions

Fig 8.38 Stability analysis- unstable equilibrium point