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INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA RAIPUR

CHATTISGARH
(Session 2019-2020)

Assignment On - Water Pollution and their couses, prevention.

Course tittle - DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Course no. - PGS-506
Credit hourse- 1+1

Guided by:
Mr.Jawahar Chaudhary Submitted by:
Scientist,Course teacher. Shubham Tiwari
Of Disaster management. M.sc.previous
IGKV Raipur. Agrometeorology
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Index

Topics Page no.

1. Water-pollution, 03-04
definition,types,
catogaries.
2.water pollution couses. 04-05
3.water pollution effects. 05-06
4.prevention. 07
5.conclusion 08
6.Reference 09
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Water pollution

Water covers almost 70% of the world's surface. Of that, only 2.5% is fresh, and just 1% of
that is available for use.1 Water is used for agriculture, drinking water (potable), recreation,
and fishing. Water quality of streams, lakes, and rivers depends on the sources that feed them.
Unfortunately, water pollution is created when fertilizer, animal and human waste, and toxic
industrial chemicals enters these sources. It costs the economy by impacting public health,
fishing, tourism, and the environment. Governments try to control the damage by setting
water quality standards to regulate usage.
It can be defined as the contamination of a stream, river, lake, ocean or any other stretch of
water bodies, depleting water quality and making it toxic for the environment and humans.

There are two types of water pollution:

1.Organic pollution due to microorganisms - bacteria and viruses - present in the water,
generated by excrement, animal and vegetable waste.

2.Chemical pollution- generated by the nitrates and phosphates of pesticides, human and
animal drugs, household products, heavy metals, acids and hydrocarbons used in industries.

Categories of water pollution :

• Surface water : Nutrient pollution, which includes nitrates and phosphates, is the leading
type of contamination in these freshwater sources. While plants and animals need these
nutrients to grow, they have become a major pollutant due to farm waste and fertilizer runoff.

• Ground water: It get polluted when contaminants—from pesticides and fertilizers, to

waste leached from landfills and septic systems—make their way into an aquifer, rendering
it unsafe for human use. Once polluted, an aquifer may be unusable for decades, or even
thousands of years.
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• Ocean water : Contaminants such as chemicals, nutrients, and heavy metals are carried from
farms, factories, and cities by streams and rivers into our bays and estuaries; from there they
travel out to sea. The ocean absorbs as much as a quarter of man-made carbon emissions.

Non-point source
contamination derived from diffuse sources.
Include agricultural, storm-water runoff or debris blown into waterways from land.
Point source
contamination originates from a single source.
discharged legally or illegally by a manufacturer, oil refinery, wastewater treatment
facility,contamination from leaking septic systems, chemical and oil spills, and illegal
dumping.

Water pollution causes:

• Sewage and wastewater : Inadequate sewage collection and treatment are sources of water
pollution. According to the United Nations, more than 80% of the worldwide wastewater
goes back in the environment without being treated or reused.

• Agriculture has an impact on water pollution due to the use of chemicals such as fertilizers,
pesticides, fungicides, herbicides or insecticides running off in the water, as well as livestock
excrement, manure and methane (greenhouse effect).

•Industries : Industries produce a lot of waste containing toxic chemicals and pollutants.
Another source of water pollution is the burning of fossil fuels, causing air pollution like acid
rain which then flows to streams, lakes, and other stretches of water.

• Marine dumping: Everyday, garbage such as plastic, paper, aluminium, food, glass, or
rubber are deposited into the sea. These items take weeks to hundreds of years to decompose,
and thus they are a major cause for water pollution.
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• Radioactive waste : Generated - among others - by power plants and uranium mining,
radioactive waste can linger in the environment for thousands of years. When these
substances are released accidentally or disposed improperly, they threaten groundwater,
surface water, as well as marine resources.

Water pollution effects:

• On human health
Water pollution has very negative effects on public health. A lot of diseases result from
drinking or being in contact with contaminated water, such as diarrhea, cholera, typhoid,
dysentery or skin infections. In zones where there is no available drinking water, the main
risk is dehydration obviously.

• On the environment
Water pollution truly harms biodiversity and aquatic ecosystems. The toxic chemicals can
change the color of water and increase the amount of minerals - also known as eutrophication
- which has a bad impact on life in water. Thermal pollution, defined by a rise in the
temperature of water bodies, contributes to global warming and causes serious hazard to
water organisms.When water pollution causes an algal bloom in a lake or marine
environment, the proliferation of newly introduced nutrients stimulates plant and algae
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growth, which in turn reduces oxygen levels in the water. This dearth of oxygen, known as
eutrophication, suffocates plants and animals and can create “dead zones,” where waters are
essentially devoid of life. In certain cases, these harmful algal blooms can also produce
neurotoxins that affect wildlife, from whales to sea turtles.

• Chemicals and heavy metals from industrial and municipal wastewater contaminate
waterways as well. These contaminants are toxic to aquatic life—most often reducing an
organism’s life span and ability to reproduce—and make their way up the food chain as
predator eats prey. That’s how tuna and other big fish accumulate high quantities of
toxins, such as mercury.

Each color of skittle represents a different kind of pollutant.

PURPLE = Sediment
RED = Pesticides
GREEN = Fertilizers
YELLOW = Oil and Gas
ORANGE = Toxic Waste
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Prevention :

• Wastewater treatment
It consists of removing pollutants from wastewater through a physical, chemical or biological
process. The more efficient these processes are, the cleaner the water becomes.Green
agriculture / organic agriculture Globally, agriculture accounts for 70% of water resources, so
it is essential to have
climate-friendly crops, efficient irrigation that reduces the need for water and energy-efficient
food production. Green agriculture is also crucial to limit the chemicals that enter the water.

• Stormwater management
“Stormwater management is the effort to reduce runoff of rainwater or melted snow into
streets, lawns and other sites and the improvement of water quality” according to the US
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It is important to avoid pollutants from
contaminating the water and helps to use water more efficiently.

• Air pollution prevention

It has a direct impact on water contamination as 25% of human induced CO2 emissions are
absorbed by oceans. This pollution causes a rapid acidification of our oceans, and threatens
marine life and corals. Preventing air pollution is the best way to prevent this from
happening.

• waste reduction
80% of plastic in our oceans is from land sources. In order to reduce the amount of plastic
entering our ocean, we need to both reduce our use of plastic globally, and to improve plastic
waste management.

• Water conservation Without water conservation, we won’t go very far. It is central in

making sure the world has better access to clean water. It means being aware that water is a
scarce resource, taking care of it accordingly, and managing it responsibly.

Conclusion :

1. We cannot always completely insure plants being protected from climatic hazards.
2. To prevent large scale catastrophe we must devise appropriate systems to foresee as well as
remedy the respective, weather and climatic hazards.
3. The systems must be upgraded time and again with the help of technological advances.
4. The human society must be sensitised towards the volume and scale of the purported
damage it has been causing and its effects towards the nature, resources and itself, due to
unchecked consumption of resources.
5. Awareness towards these pressing matters can bring about a radical change and minimise
the destruction / casualties in future.
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6. Adopting an austere approach towards consumption of natural resources.

7. Working towards a better future by adopting new techniques of securing resources vis-à-
vis the population.
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Reference

1. https://www.elainevickers.com/blog/exploration-and-observation-graphing-water-
pollution
2. https://www.thebalance.com/water-pollution-effects-causes-and-solutions-4775830.
3. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/10/water-pollution-in-india-data-tech-
solution/.
4. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/water-pollution-everything-you-need-know.