Signals & Systems - Chapter 3

1S. Continuous-time periodic signal x(t) is real valued and has a fundamental period T=8. The nonzero
Fourier series coefficients for x(t) are
a1 = a-1 =2, a3 = a-3* =4j.
Express x(t) in the form
∞
x(t) = ∑A
k =0
k cos( wk t + φ k ).
Solution:

∞
x(t ) = ∑a e
k = −∞
k
jkw0t
= 2e − jw0t + 2e jw0t − 4 je − j 3 w0t + 4 je j 3w0t

Apply Eulers
x(t ) = 2(2 cos w0 t ) + 4 j (2 j sin 3w0 t ) = 4 cos w0 t − 8 sin 3w0 t
w0 = 2π / T = 2π / 8 = π / 4
x(t ) = 4 cos πt / 4 − 8 cos(3πt / 4 − π / 2)

1U. Continuous-time periodic signal x(t) is real valued and has a fundamental period T=12. The nonzero
Fourier series coefficients for x(t) are
a0 = 4, a2 = a-2* =j, a3 = a-3* =-4j.
Express x(t) in the form
∞
x(t) = ∑A
k =0
k cos( wk t + φ k ).
Solution:

2S. A discrete-time periodic signal x[n] is real valued and has a fundamental period N=5. The nonzero
Fourier series coefficient for x[n] are
jπ/4 jπ/3
a0 = 1, a2 = a-2* =e π , a4 = a-4* = 2e π
Express x[n] in the form
∞
x[n] = Ao + ∑A
k =1
k sin( wk n + φ k ).
Solution:

Note : a ( k + rN ) where is any integer → a1 = a(1−5) = a −4 = 2e − jπ / 3 & a −1 = a ( −1+5) = a 4 = 2e jπ / 3

2
x[n] = ∑a e
k = −2
k
jkw0t
= a0 + a −1e − jw0 n + a1e jw0 n + a − 2 e − j 2 w0 n + a 2 e j 2 w0 n

x[n] = 1 + 2e − jπ / 3 e − jw0 n + 2e + jπ / 3 e jw0 n + e − jπ / 4 e − j 2 w0 n + e jπ / 4 e j 2 w0 n

x[n] = 1 + 2{e − j (π / 3+ w0 n ) + e j (π / 3+ w0 n ) } + {e − j (π / 4+ j 2 w0 n ) + e j (π / 4+ j 2 w0 n ) }
Apply Eulers
x[n] = 1 + 4 cos( w0 n + π / 3) + 2 cos( w0 n + π / 4)
w0 = 2π / N = 2π / 5
x[n] = 1 + 4 sin( w0 n + 5π / 6) + 2 sin( w0 n + 3π / 4)

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2U. A discrete-time periodic signal x[n] is real valued and has a fundamental period N=9. The nonzero
Fourier series coefficient for x[n] are
jπ/2 -jπ/4
a0 = 2, a3 = a-3* =3e π , a4 = a-4* = 2e π
Express x[n] in the form
∞
x[n] = Ao + ∑A
k =1
k sin( wk n + φ k ).
Solution:

3S. For the continuous-time period signal

2π 5π
x (t ) = 2 + cos( t ) + 4 sin( t )
3 3
determine the fundamental frequency wo and the Fourier series coefficients ak such that
∞
x (t ) = ∑a e
k = −∞
k
jkwo t

Solution:
Apply Eulers to the x(t)
1  +j   + j 53π t −j t 
2π 2π 5π
t −j t
x(t ) = 2 + e 3
+e 3
 − 2 j  e − e 3

2   
2π 2π 2π 2π
1 + j 2( 6 )t 1 − j 2( 6 )t + j 5( )t − j 5( )t
x(t ) = 2 + e + e − 2 je 6
+ 2 je 6
2 2
2π
w0 = Fundamental Frequency
6
*
a0=2; a2= a-2=1/2; a5= a-5 =-2j;

3U. For the continuous-time period signal

4π 3π
x (t ) = 3 + 4 cos( t ) + 2 sin( t )
7 5
determine the fundamental frequency wo and the Fourier series coefficients ak.

Solution:

4S. Use the Fourier series analysis equation to calculate the coefficients ak for the continuous-time
periodic signal
1 .5 for 0 ≤ t <1
x(t) =
− 1 .5 for 1 ≤ t < 2
with fundamental frequency wo = π.

Solution: Continuous-time system, we have:

∞ ∞
x(t ) = ∑a e
k =−∞
k
jkwot
= ∑a e
k =−∞
k
jk ( 2π / T )t
Fourier Series Synthesis Equation

1 1
∫ ∫ x(t )e − jk ( 2π / T )t dt Fourier Series Analysis Equation
− jkwot
ak = x(t )e dt =
T T T T

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 w0 = π → πT = 2π → T = 2
2 1 2
1 1 1
ak =
20∫ x(t )e − jkwot dt = ∫ 1.5e − jkwot dt − ∫ 1.5e − jkwot dt
20 21
for k = 0 → a 0 = 0
for k ≠ 0
1 .5 1 .5 1 .5
ak = (e − jkwo − 1 − e − j 2 kwo + e − jkwo ) = (2e − jkπ − 1 − e − j 2 kπ ) = (2e − jkπ − 2)
2 jkw0 − 2 jkπ − 2 jkπ
for even k → a k = 0
1 .5 3
for odd k → a k = (2 cos kπ − j 2 sin kπ − 2) =
− 2 jkπ jkπ
4U. Use the Fourier series analysis equation to calculate the coefficients ak for the continuous-time
periodic signal

+1 for 0 ≤ t < 0.5 m sec

x(t) =
−1 for 0.5 m sec ≤ t < 1 m sec

with fundamental frequency wo = 2000π

π.

Solution:

5S. Consider three continuous-time periodic signals whose Fourier series representations are as
follows:
100 2π
1 jk ( ) t
x1 (t ) = ∑ ( ) k e 50
k =0 2
100 2π
jk ( )t
x 2 (t ) = ∑ cos(kπ )e
k = −100
50

2π
100
kπ jk ( 50 ) t
x3 (t ) = ∑
k = −100
j sin(
2
)e
Use Fourier series properties to help answer the following questions:
a) Which of the three signals is/are real valued?
b) Which of the three signals is/are even?

Solution:

*
a) if a k = a − k Then the signal x(t) is real otherwise it is not.
Note: conjugate means that (A+jB)* = (A-jB)
K
x1(t) Fourier series coefficients are ak = (1/2) for 0≤k≤100 otherwise ak=0
K -K
We know that {ak=(1/2) } ≠ {a-k*=(1/2) } therefore x1(t) is not Real

x2(t) Fourier series coefficients are ak = cos(kπ) for-100≤k≤100 otherwise ak=0

We know that {ak= cos(kπ)} = {a-k*= cos(-kπ)} therefore x2(t) is Real

x3(t) Fourier series coefficients are ak = jsin(kπ/2) for-100≤k≤100 otherwise ak=0

We know that {ak= jsin(kπ/2)} = {a-k*= -jsin(-kπ/2)} therefore x2(t) is Real

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 b) For a signal x(t) to be even its Fourier Series Coefficient ak must be even
In other words the relationship “x(t)=x(-t) ak = a-k” is true
Which means only x2(t) is even since only for this function ak = a-k

5U. Consider three continuous-time periodic signals whose Fourier series representations are as
follows:

x1 (t ) = sin(2000kπt ) where k is an integer

x 2 (t ) = 10 cos(15.294kπt ) + 10 where k is real
x3 (t ) = sin(2000kπt ) + j15 where k is an integer

Use Fourier series properties to help answer the following questions:

a) Which of the three signals is/are real valued?
b) Which of the three signals is/are even?

Solution:

6S. Use the analysis equation to evaluate the numerical values of one period of the Fourier series
coefficients of the periodic signal
∞
x[ n] = ∑ {4δ [n − 4m] + 8δ [n − 1 − 4m]}.
m = −∞

Solution: For Discrete-time system, we have

x[n] = ∑a e
k =< N >
k
jkwo n
= ∑a e
k =< N >
k
jk ( 2π / N ) n
Fourier Series Synthesis Equation

1 1
ak =
N
∑ x[n]e
n =< N >
− jkwo n
=
N
∑ x[n]e
n =< N >
− jk ( 2π / N ) n
Fourier Series Analysis Equation
a)
∞
first understand the signal x[ n] = ∑ {4δ [n − 4m] + 8δ [n − 1 − 4m]}
m = −∞
using the definition of impulse function we can write:
x[n] = 4 for n=4m
8 for n=4m+1
0 otherwise
We see that the signal is periodic with a fundamental period of N=4.
[If you don’t see it, just find value for x[0] = 4, x[1] = 8, x[2] = 0, x[3] = 0, x[4] = 4, x[5] = 8, … which repeats
every four terms]
1 1 3 1
ak =
N
∑ x[n]e − jk ( 2π / N )n = ∑
4 n =0
[ ]
x[n]e − jk ( 2π / 4) n = 4e 0 + 8e − jk ( 2π / 4 ) = 1 + 2e − jk (π / 2)
4
n =< N >
Therefore:
a0 = 3, a1 = 1 - 2j, a2 = -1, a3 = 1 + 2j

6U. Use the analysis equation to evaluate the numerical values of one period of the Fourier series
coefficients of the periodic signal
∞
x[ n] = ∑{3δ [n − 5m] + 2δ [n − 2 − 5m]}.
m = −∞

Solution:

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7S. Let x[n] be a real and odd periodic signal with period N=7 and Fourier coefficient ak. Given that
a15 = j, a16 = 2j, a17 = 3j.
Determine the values of a0, a-1, a-2 and a-3.

Solution:

Using the properties of Fourier Series we could state:

1) Period with period N=7 ak = ak+7n
a1 = a1+2*7 = a15 = j
a2 = a2+2*7 = a16 = 2j
a3 = a3+2*7 = a17 = 3j

2) real and odd x(t) ak is purely imaginary and odd (ak=-a-k)

a0 = 0
a-2 = -a2 = -2j
a-3 = -a3 = -3j

7U. Let x[n] be a real and odd periodic signal with period N=9 and Fourier coefficient ak. Given that

a15 = 2j, a16 = 3j a17 = -4j.

Determine the values of a0, a-1, a-2 and a-3.

Solution:

8S. Determine the Fourier series representations for the following signals:
a) Each x(t) illustrated in the following figure

x(t)

t
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

-1

b) Each x(t) illustrated in the following figure

x(t)
1

t
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

c) Each x(t) illustrated in the following figure

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 x(t)
2

t
-5 -3 -2 1 3 4 6 7 9

d) Each x(t) illustrated in the following figure

x(t)

t
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6

-2

e) x(t) is a periodic signal with period 2 and

-t
x(t) = e for -1 < t < 1

Solution:

a)
T = 2 → w0 = 2π / T = π
x(t ) = t
1
1 1
a k = ∫ x(t )e − jkw0t dt = ∫ te − jkw0t dt
TT 2 −1
a0 = 0
Integration by part → ∫ udv = uv − ∫ vdu
j (−1) k
ak = for k ≠ 0
kπ

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 b)
T = 6 → w0 = 2π / T = π / 3
x(t ) = t + 2 for − 2 < t < −1
1 for − 1 < t < +1
2−t for + 1 < t < +2
1
ak =
TT∫ x(t )e − jkw0t dt

1 
−1 1 2

∫ ∫ ∫
− jkw0t − jkw0t
ak = (t + 2 ) e dt + e dt + (2 − t )e − jkw0t dt 
6 − 2 −1 1 
a0 = 1 / 2
ak = 0 for even k
6 πk πk
= 2 2
sin( ) sin( ) for odd k
π k 2 6
c)
T = 3 → w0 = 2π / T = 2π / 3
x(t ) = t + 2 for − 2 < t < 0
2 − 2t for 0 < t < +1
1
ak =
TT∫ x(t )e − jkw0t dt

1 
0 1
a k =  ∫ (t + 2)e − jkw0 t
dt + ∫ (2 − 2t )e − jkw0t dt 
3 −2 0 
a0 = 1

ak =
3j
2 2
2π k
ej [
k 2π / 3
sin(k 2π / 3) + 2e j
kπ / 3
sin(kπ / 3) ] for k ≠ 0

d)
T = 2 → w0 = 2π / T = π
x(t ) = 1 for t = 0
− 2 for t = 1
1
a k = ∫ x(t )e − jkw0t dt
TT
a0 = −1 / 2
1
ak = − (−1) k for k ≠ 0
2

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 e)
T = 2 → w0 = 2π / T = π
x(t ) = e −t for −1 < t < 1
1
1
−1 e (1+ jkπ ) − e −(1+ jkπ )
(e − (1+ jkπ )t
1
a k = ∫ x(t )e − jkw0t dt = ∫ e −t e − jk π t
dt = = for all k
TT 1 + jkπ
−1 1+ jkπ −1

8U. Determine the Fourier Series representation for the signal shown in the following figure:

x(t)
2

-2 -1 1 2 t
Solution:

9S. A discrete-time periodic signal x[n] is real valued and has fundamental period N=5. The nonzero
Fourier series coefficients for x[n] are
jπ/6 * jπ/3
a0 = 2, a2 = a-2* = 2e π , a4 = a-4 = e π
Express x[n] in the form
∞
x[n] = Ao + ∑A
k =1
k sin( wk n + φ k ).

Solution:
w0 = 2π / N = 2π / 5
4
x[n] = ∑ a k e jkw0 n = a 0 + a −2 e − j 2( 2π / 5) n + a 2 e j 2( 2π / 5) n + a −4 e − j 4 ( 2π / 5) n + a 4 e j 4( 2π / 5) n
k =0

x[n] = 2 + 2e − jπ / 6 e − j ( 4π / 5) n + 2e jπ / 6 e j ( 4π / 5) n + e − jπ / 3 e − j (8π / 5) n + e jπ / 3 e j (8π / 5) n =

x[n] = 2 + 4 cos[(4π / 5)n + π / 6] + 4 cos[(8π / 5)n + π / 3]
add π / 2
x[n] = 2 + 4 cos[(4π / 5)n + 2π / 3] + 4 cos[(8π / 5)n + 5π / 6]

9U. A discrete-time periodic signal x[n] is real valued and has fundamental period N=7. The nonzero
Fourier series coefficients for x[n] are
jπ/3 * jπ
a0 = 2, a1 = a-1* = e π , a3 = a-3 = 3e π
Express x[n] in the form
∞
x[n] = Ao + ∑A
k =1
k sin( wk n + φ k ).

Solution:

10S. Determine the Fourier series coefficients for the following discrete-time periodic signal. Plot the
magnitude and phase of each set of coefficients ak.

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 x[n] = sin(2π
πn/3)cos(π
πn/2)

Solution:
first term w0 = 2π / N = 2π / 3 ⇒ N 1 = 3
sec ond term w0 = 2π / N = π / 2 ⇒ N 2 = 4
Therefore periond for X [n] ⇒ N = 12
11
1 1 11
ak =
N
∑ x[n]e − jkw0n =
n =0
∑
12 n= 0
sin(2πn / 3) cos(πn / 2)e − jkw0 n

10U. Determine the Fourier series coefficients for the following discrete-time periodic signal. Plot the
magnitude and phase of each set of coefficients ak.
(jπ
πn/10)
x[n] = sin(6π
πn/7)e

Solution:

11S. The signal represented by the following Fourier series coefficients is a periodic with period 8.
Determine the signal x[n].

ak
2
1
... 1/2 ...
1/4
k
-8 0 8

Solution:
w0 = 2π / 8 = π / 4
3
1 j (π / 2 ) n 1 − j (π / 2 ) n 1 j (3π / 4 ) n 1 − j ( 3π / 4 ) n
x[n] = ∑a e
k = −4
k
jkw0 n
= 2 +e j (π / 4 ) n + e − j (π / 4 ) n +
2
e + e
2
+ e
4
+ e
4
+0

x[n] = 2 + 2 cos(πn / 4) + cos(πn / 2) + (1 / 2) cos(3πn / 4)

11U. The signal represented by the following Fourier series coefficients is a periodic with period 7.
Determine the signal x[n].

3 3 ak 3
1 1 1
... 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 ...
1/4
1/4 1/4
k
0

Solution:

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