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5123 PDF
5123 PDF
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Engineering Materials and their Properties
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אא 123 א
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אאאאWElasticity אK1
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א אאאאאWResilience אK9
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-5-
אא 123 א
אאאא אאא
-6-
אא 123 א
אאאא אאא
Wאא:6.1
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The American Society for Testing and Materials: A.S.T.M. اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻤﻮاد9
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Kg א ( m )א
s ( t )א
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( SI )א אא EאFאא
m2 ( A )א
m3 ( V )א
m/s ( s )אא
rad/s ( ω )אאא
m/s2 ( γ )אא
rad/s2 ( θFאאא
N ( F )א
2
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Wאא
Wאאאאא א11.1א1.1א
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א
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אא 123 א
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- 10 -
אא 123 א
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Elasticityא–
Plasticityא–
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Elasticityא–
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Brittlenessא–
17.000 cmא5 cmאא W12.1א
WאK16.981 cmאEF15 T
אא K1
א אK2
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Young's ModulusE K5
- 11 -
אאא
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Tensile Test
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אא 123 א
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א ( Universal Machine Testing ) א א
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אK( loading ) אאאא ( balancing )
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אא 123 א
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2.2K אאאאא
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KאW2.2
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א
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אא 123 א
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σ = E 1.2F
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[N/m2][Pa]،אWσ
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[m2]،אאWAo
- 15 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
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Km = 350 Kga = 2.5 cmאא
KPaא
Wא
Wא
Ao = a2 = (2.5 × 10-2)2 = 6.25 × 10-4 m2 = 0.000625 m2
WFא، g ≈ 10 m/s2אא
F = m × g = 350 × 10 = 3500 N
Wא
F 3500
σ = = = × = ×
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56 10 N / m 56 10 Pa
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Lo = 160 mmאאאאא
KאאK∆L = 50 mm
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∆L 50
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Lo 160
- 17 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
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אאאאא ε = ln f (5.2)אא
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ε = ln(e + 1) E 8.2F
- 18 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
W3.2
WK102 mmאאא100 mmא
KאאE
KאאE
Wא
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אא א א،אאא
WE 2.2FאHomogenous deformationאאאא
F A0
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- 19 -
אא 123 א
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WYoung's ModulusE:6.2
אאEא אאאא
KPaEPaאאK
- 20 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
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אא 123 א
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KWEF،אאWEF،WEF،WEF
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א J10א J9،א J8،אא J7،א J6
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אא 123 א
אא אאא
KאאאאאW5.2
KאאאאW6.2
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- 23 -
אא 123 א
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Wאאאא:1.8.2
Kאאאאאאאא
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אא 123 א
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KאאW7.2
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אא אEInitial tangent modulusFאא
KEF–8.2אאא
- 25 -
אא 123 א
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- 26 -
אא 123 א
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אאאWElastic Limitא K2
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KσE
- 27 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
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אאLא=א
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אאאאאא
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Kσproof
- 28 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
KאW10.2
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אאא
אאא
Kאא
אWUltimate Tensile StrengthEאאF K1
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אאא σUTS
א
א א א ( D )א אאKאאאא
Kאאאא
- 29 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
אאWFracture Strengthא K2
KσF ( E )אא
אאא
אW אK3
W( % El )אא
∆L Lf − L0
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א
∆A Af − A 0
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אא 123 א
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אאאאא
אאאאK אא
KEאFאאאא
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Eאא×אאאF1/2=א
1
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2
- 31 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
Kאאאאאאא
אאאאUrא
Wא
1 ∆LP 1 FP ∆LP 1
Ur = × FP × = × × = × σP × eP
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1
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א12.2Eא×אF1/2א
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E = ⇒ eP = WE 17.2Fא
eP E
σPאEאאE 23.2F
- 32 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
1 σP 1 σP 2
Ur = × σP × = × E 24.2F
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א א E Hyper-elastic resilience F א א
אאאאאאאא
א א E Recoverable energy F א
אאאאאאאא
אאא13.2אא
Kאאאאאא
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- 33 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
WToughnessא:2.9.2
אKאאאאא
אא א א א
K אא
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KאW14.2
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אE
אאFא
אאאKE
אאF א
Kאא15.2Kאאא
- 34 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
FאWEFWאאאW15.2
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KEFאWEF،EFא
- 35 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
אאא=א
אא×Eאא+אF1/2=אE 25.2F
אLאאא=Tא
אL[אא×Eאא+אF1/2]=TאE 26.2F
WHysteresisא:3.9.2
אאאא
אKאא
אא
אאאאאא
אאאא
אKאאEF–16.2
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אאאK אאאא
KEF–16.2אאאאא
EFEF
- 36 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
KEFEFאאאW16.2
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Wאאאאא
אאאאW אK1
Kאא
אאאאאW א K2
Kאאא
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Wאאאא
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אאK אאאא
Kאאאא
אא
Kאאא
אאאאאW K2
אאאאא
אK אא
Kאא
- 37 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
K18.217.2א
אאאW17.2
KEFEFEF
- 38 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
KאאאאאאאW18.2
Wאאאאא:11.2
Wאא:1.11.2
אאאא אW אא K1
אאK אאאאא
Kא
אאאאאא אW אא אK2
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- 39 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
KאאאאאאW19.2
אאא
אW א אK3
אאאא
א
EאK אאא
K20.2א
- 40 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
אאאאאW20.2
Kאאא
Wאא:2.11.2
א אאאאWא K1
אאא21.2
Kאאאא אא
- 41 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
KאאאאאW21.2
- 42 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
אאאאא אW
אא K2
WאאKא
W
א 9
א 9
א 9
א9
W
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א 9
אאאK22.2
אאאאאאאאE Fא
K200 GPaאאאא
- 43 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
KאאאאאאW22.2
- 44 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
אאא
W אא אK3
אאE F א
אאאאK אאא
WאאאKא
אאאאW א9
Kאאאא
אאאW א9
אאאאאאא
Kאא
- 45 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
30 21 52 35 א
20 20 55 35
34 20 83 51 א א
30 19 35 21 א
16 7 17 15 א
35 33 66 57
50 9 34 15
28 15 38 14
45 76 13 8
30 11 24 33
40 21 14 21
KאאאאאאW1.2
- 46 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
Wאא
K51.7 mmא50 mmאאW1.2
Wא
Kאא J1
Kאא J2
Wא
Weאא،E 3.2Fא J1
Lo = 50.0 mm Lf = 51.7 mm
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e = = = = 0.034 = 3.4%
Lo Lo 50.0
Wεאא،E 5.2Fא J2
Lf 51.7
ε = ln = ln = 0.0334 = 3.34%
L0 50.0
WE 8.2Fא
ε = ln(e + 1) = ln(0.034 + 1) = 0.0334 = 3.34%
אאאאW2.2
TאאאKDo = 20 mmאLo = 100 mm
Wmmאא
10.0 11.5 12.5 12.0 11.0 8.5 7.5 7.5 3.75 TEFא
32 29 24 18 12 4.0 1.4 0.12 0.06 mmEFא
- 47 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
Wאאא
א J
א J
א א J
א J
א J
א J
Wא
Wאא
WAoאאאאא
π × D 2 π × 20 2
A0 = = = 314 mm 2
4 4
- 48 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
1
Ur = × σP × eP WUrא،E 23.2Fא J
2
WאאאאePאσP
1 1 7500 0.12
Ur = × σP × eP = × × = 0.0143 Kg.mm / mm 3 = 143 × 10 -6 J / mm 3
2 2 314 100
،E 26.2Fא J
אL[אא×Eאא+אF1/2]=WTא
- 49 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
1
× ( 7500 + 12500 ) × 32
T = 2 = 10.1911 Kg.mm / mm3 = 101911 × 10 -6 J / mm 3
314 x 100
K5 cm
א1 cm אאאW3.2
אmmאאKgאאאא
W
1150 1100 1000 900 800 600 400 200 0 KgEFא
0.270 0.160 0.105 0.083 0.072 0.054 0.036 0.018 0.000 mmEFא
Wאאא
0.2% J
א J
א J
WאאWא
- 50 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
LאEאFWEא،E 15.2Fא J
σ F Lo 200 50
E = = × = × = 7077 Kg / mm 2
e Ao ∆L 78.5 0.018
WE 23.2Fא J
אL[Eאא×אאאF1/2]=Ur א
1
× 800 × 0.072
Ur = 2 = 0.00734 Kg / mm 2
78.5 × 50
- 51 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
Wאא
Wאאאאא א8.21.2
WאאאEσ−eFEא−אFW1.2
א J
א J
א J
א J
Wא،אאEא−אFW2.2
א J
א J
EFא J
א J
WYoung's ModulusEW3.2
א J
א J
א J
א J
WאאאאHook's LawW4.2
א J
א J
א J
EFא J
- 52 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
WEeאאאσאאW5.2
E = σ / e J
Ε = σ × e J
Ε = σ + e J
Ε = σ − e J
א،אאEσ−eFEא−אFW6.2
Resilienceא
אאאאאאא J
אאאאאאא J
אא× J
אאLא J
אא،אאEσ−eFEא−אFW7.2
Toughness
אאאאאאא J
אאאאאאא J
אא× J
אאLא J
WאאאW8.2
Eא J
Eא J
Eא J
אאא J
- 53 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
א5 cmאאאW9.2
אmmאאTא25 cm
W
13.750 13.500 12.500 11.250 10.000 7.500 5.000 2.500 EFא
0.8750 0.6875 0.4375 0.3125 0.2500 0.1875 0.125 0.625 EFא
Wאאא
א 0.2% J
א J
א J
א J
- 54 -
אאא
אא
אא
3
אא 123 א
אא אאא
Wאא
אא
Compression Test
Wאא
Kאא
Wאא
Wאאאא
Kאאאאא •
Fא אאא •
KE
אא אאא אאאאא •
Kא
Wאאא
K100%אאא
Wאא
K
Wאא
Kאא
- 55 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
Wאאאאא:1.3
א אאאCompression testאא
אאאאאאאאK1.3
אאאאאאאאא
Kאאאאאאאא
KאאאW1.3
אאאאא אאא
אאא אא
W
- 56 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
Kאאאא K1
Kאאא K2
אאאא אא אK3
Kאאאא
אאאאאא אK4
א אאא
אאאאאא
Kא
Wאאא
א 9
א 9
א 9
Kאא
Wאא:2.3
אאא
אאאאא
אאאK א אא
א אא
K2.3
- 57 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
KאאאאאW2.3
Wאא:3.3
אאאאא
WאA0אא Fא
F
σ = E 1.3F
Ao
[N/m2][Pa]،אWσ
[N]،אאWF
K[m2]،אאאWAo
Wאאא
אאאאאWE
אאF K1
Kאאא
- 58 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
אאאWE א
אF K2
אאאאא50
K אא
Kσmaxאאא
F max
σ max = E 2.3F
Ao
K[N/m2][Pa]،אאWσmax
K[N]،אאWFmax
K[m2]،אאאWAo
K
KאאאאאאW3.3
אאאאאאאאא
Wא
- 59 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
F
σ = WE 1.3Fאאאא
Ao
∆L
e = WE 3.3FWאאא
Lo
K[N]،אאWF
K[m2]،אאאWAo
K[mm]،אW∆L
K[mm]،אאWLo
E4.3 אFאאאאא
W
F
σ tr = WE 3.3FWאאא
Ai
∆A
ε = ln WE 4.3FWאאא
A0
K[N]،אאWF
K[m2]אאא:Ao
K[m2]א WAi
- 60 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
KאאאאאאW4.3
- 61 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
Wאאא:4.3
Wאאאא :1.4.3
Wאאאא
Wא אK1
אא108 א9
Kאאאא 9
Wא אK2
אא3 א9
Kא 9
Wא אK3
אא0.9 א9
אאE אאFא 9
Kא5.3Kא
- 62 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
KאאאW5.3
אאאאא:2.4.3
Wאאאא
א א א א א K1
Kאאא
אאאא 10אאא K2
Kאאאא
א א א K3
K א
Wאאאאא:5.3
Wאאאאא
א K1
אK2
א אK3
אK4
- 63 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
W
אאא W א K1
אאאאא
Kא
KאאאאאW6.3
- 64 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
- 65 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
אאאאW אK4
א א א א אא
אאא
א א
א??אKא
א E 8.3 א F א א
אאאאאאאאאא
Kאאאאאא
EαFאאא
אאEאאא αFא
א אא א א אא
Kאאא
KאאאאW8.3
- 66 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
Wאא
b = 3 cm אאW1.3
12.5 Kg / mm2אאאאאK15 T EF
؟א
Wא
15 T = 15000 Kg=אWFא
12.5 Kg / mm2=אWσ
3 cm = 30 mm=אWb
Wאא
Ao = a × b
Waאא
F F F 15 000
σ = = ⇒a= = = 40 mm = 4 cm
Ao a × b σ × b 12.5 × 30
K27 T EFאאW2.3
K500 Kg / cm2א15 cmאאאאא
WאWא
[N/m2][Pa]،אWσ
[N]،אאWF
K[m2]،אאאWAo
- 67 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
F F 4×F
σ = = =
Ao D2 d2 π × D2 − π × d2
π× −
4 4
4×F 4 × 27000
⇒ d= D2 − = 15 2 − = 11.44 cm
π×σ π × 500
א10 cm2אאאW3.3
WאאאאK200 mm
27000 20250 12500 10100 2750 2700 0 KgEFא
0.700 0.450 0.275 0.205 0.138 0.055 0 mmEFא
אאאאא K1
א אK2
Wא
Wאאאאא K1
F
σ = Wא( 1.3 )א
Ao
אWF
10 cm2אאWAo
∆L
e = Wא( 3.3 )א
Lo
אW∆L
200 mmאאאWLo
- 68 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
2700 2025 1250 1010 275 270 0 Kg/cm2א
0.00350 0.00225 0.00137 0.001025 0.00069 0.000275 0 mm/mmא
Fmax 27000
σCB = = = 2700 Kg/cm 2 Wא K2
Ao 10
- 69 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
Wאא
אK80 T EFאאW1.3
e = 10 mm / mmאא2800 Kg / mm2א
Kאא
0.5 אאאאאאW2.3
Young’s אK0.001אאאאKm2
؟אאא 200 GPaא Modulus
25 cm20 cmאאאW3.3
Wאאאאאא
14400 12600 9000 5400 1800 0 EFא
8.30 6.60 4.00 2.05 0.66 0 EL 1/100Fא
27000 26000 25200 23400 21500 18000 EFא
א 47.00 40.00 29.70 23.40 15.40 EL 1/100Fא
Wא
אא K1
א אK2
אא אK3
- 70 -
א אא
א
אאא
אאא
4
אאא 123 א
אאא אאא
Wאאא
אאא
Torsion Test
Wאא
Kאאאאאא
Wאא
Wאאא
אאאFאאא אאאא •
EKKא
Kאא •
KKאאאאאאאא• א
Wאאא
K100%אאא
Wאא
K 3
Wאא
Kאא
- 71 -
אאא 123 א
אאא אאא
אאאאאאW :1.4
אאEאFMtאא
eאאPאא
אאאאאא
K1.4א1.4
KאאאאW1.4
Mt = P × eE 1.4F
אאא אאאאא
אאMotor drive shaftאאאא
אאאאאאאKKKAirplane propellers
אאאאא
KPure shearאאא
- 72 -
אאא 123 א
אאא אאא
Wאאא :2.4
،אאאאא
אאא،אאאא
،אאאאK אאא
אאאאאאאאא
K2.4
KאאאW2.4
- 73 -
אאא 123 א
אאא אאא
Wא :3.4
אאאאאא
אאא
אאא א
אK אאא
K3.4אא
KאאאW3.4
Wאאאאא א:4.4
אאאאאאאאא
،אאאא،אאא
ΘאאאאאאMtאאא
אאאאK אאא
K4.4EMt،ΘFאאאאא
- 74 -
אאא 123 א
אאא אאא
אאאאאאאאאW4.4
- 75 -
אאא 123 א
אאא אאא
אאאאאא
Wאאאאאא
Wא אK1
:אאא: qe
16 × Mte
qe = E 2.4F
π×d 3
א:d
Mte = M14.4אאא:Mte
Wאא א9
14 × Mt 14 × M3
q max = 3
= 3
E 4.4F
π×d π×d
- 76 -
אאא 123 א
אאא אאא
WModulus of rigidityGא K3
אא،אGא
GK אאאLא=Gאא
Wאא
Θ × G Mt Mt × L
= ⇒ G= E 5.4F
L J Θ×J
אΘאאאJL
Kאאא
WDuctility אK4
Θmaxאאאאאאאא
אאFאאאאאאא
K אאאאאאאאאEא
W Resilience in torsion אא אK5
––אאאאאאא
Kאאאא
Wא
Resilience =ΣMt × Θ = א E 6.4F
Resilience =1/2 ×Mt × Θ = א E 7.4F
- 77 -
אאא 123 א
אאא אאא
- 78 -
אאא 123 א
אאא אאא
EF،EFאאאW5.4
Kאא EF
א אאאאW
אאאKKKאא אא
Kאאאא1.4א
K
- 79 -
אאא 123 א
אאא אאא
KאאאאאאאאאW1.4
- 80 -
אאא 123 א
אאא אאא
Wאאא
אא،אאאאאאW1.4
אKL = 30 cmאאאd =1 cmאאאD = 2 cm
Wאאא
53 50 45 40 35 30 25.8 20 10 0 Kg.mאא
1250 1120 750 350 100 30 3.6 2.78 1.39 0 o
אאא
אא1 cm אKאאאאאאאא
אאK100oאאא1 cm5 Kg.m
W14.7 cm4אאJ
Kאא K1
K3אאאא K2
Kאא K3
Kאאא K4
Wא
Wאאאאאא6.4
- 81 -
אאא 123 א
אאא אאא
KאאאאאW6.4
Mte = 25.8 Kg.mWMteא אא
- 82 -
אאא 123 א
אאא אאא
Wqeאא K1
W1.4
אLqeאא = qmWqmאא K2
qe 1750
qm = = = 583.3 Kg / cm 2
3 3
WGאא K3
WE 5.4Fא
Mte × L 25.8 × 100 × 30
G = = = 870000 Kg / cm 2 = 870 Ton / cm 2
Θe × J 0.0628 × 14.7
Wאאא K4
Modulus of Resilience =1/2Mt × Θ L א=אE 9.4Fא
1 1
× Θe × Mte × 0.0628 × 100 × 25.8
Ur = 2 = 2 = 0.115 Kg.cm / cm 3
V 70.8
- 83 -
אאא 123 א
אאא אאא
Wאאא
אאא150 cmאW1.3
K0.3 × 104 Kg / mm2א 4.83 Ton . mאאא
Wאאאא
K9 Kg / mm2 אאא K1
Kאא1oאאאאא K2
- 84 -
אאא
אא
אא
5
אא 123 א
אא אאא
Wאא
אא
Impact Test
Wאא
Kאאאאאא
Wאא
Wאאא
EאFאאאאא •
Kאאאא •
Kאאאא •
Kא •
א אא אאאא •
Kאאא
Kאא •
Wאאא
K100%אאא
Wאא
K4
Wאא
Kאא
- 85 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
אאImpact testאאW:1.5
אא
Kאא
אK אאאאאאא
אאאאK אא
אא אאאא
K
א،אאאאאא
Kאאאאאאא
Wאאאא:2.5
KאאW1.5
- 86 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
אאא
אאאאאאאK
K אאאאK א
1.5K אאאאאאא
Kאא
א
אאאא
K2.5א
KאאW2.5
Wאאאא:3.5
W،אאאא
WCharpyא:1.3.5
אאKאא
Kא K30 Kg m
א אא
4.5
אאK אא
אK אא
K אאאא
- 87 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
KאW3.5
KאאW4.5
- 88 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
WIzodא:2.3.5
K 175 Kg.mא
אא א
אאאK א
Kאאאאא
א 75 × 10 × 10 mmאאאא
אאK5.52 mm45oאV
K6.5
KאW5.5
KאאW6.5
- 89 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
Wא:4.5
אאאאאאאא
Kא
אאאWE1 א
EאFאאWE2
אאWW
Wאא
E1 = E2 + W ⇒ W = E1 − E2E1.5F
[ Kg ]אWm א
g = 9.81 m/s2אאW g
[ m ]EאאאFאאWHo
[ m ]EאFאאWH
Wאא
W = m × g × Ho − m × g × H = m × g × ( Ho − H )E2.5F
1 Kg.m = 9.81 J J ( joule ) = N.m Kg.m אא
Wאאאא:5.5
אא אא א
אאאK
Wאאאא Kא
- 90 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
א א9
א 9
א 9
אא 9
Wאא:1.5.5
אאא
אאאא
אאאאK אא
Wאאא
EאFאאא א9
אאאא 9
Kאאא 9
Wא:2.5.5
אאאאאא
K אאא
FאאאK אאא
אKEאFאאEא
Kאא
Wא:3.5.5
אאאK אא
אא
אאא1/4אא
אאאאאאאK
א
א אאK אא3
אאEאאF60oאאא
אK1.545oאאאאא
- 91 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
K
אא2.5א
אאא
Kאא
[ J ] א [ o ]אא
30.0 0
33.1 30
31.3 60
35.1 90
56.7 120
89.8 150
85.6 180
אאאאאW1.5
K0.67 mmא5 mmא
[ J ] [ mm ]א
5.4
9.5 0.17
11.3 0.34
18.6 0.68
אאאאאW2.5
K0.67 mmא5 mmא
- 92 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
Wאא:4.5.5
Fאאאאאאאא
Eאאאאאאאאאא
א 7.5K אאא אא
אK אאאאאאא
אאK אאאא،א
אאאאא
אאאאאאK
א
K
אאאאאאW7.5
- 93 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
Wא:6.5
אא،א
אא
אאאאK
אא
אאאאא
K8.5א
KאאאW8.5
- 94 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
Wאא
א1K אאW1.5
WאKא
m = 30 Kg،אWm
g = 9.81 m/s2،אאWg
α = 75o،אאאWα
β = 40o،אאאאWβ
R = 1.40m،OאאאאאWR
אאאWHo
אאWH
KRβ،α،g،mWאאאא K1
KWאא אK2
אאW1
- 95 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
Wא
W2אאאא K1
אאW2
OC = R × cos αWOCAאא
CE = HoOE = R
H = R − R × cos β = ODBאא
W = m × g × ( Ho − H ) WWE2.5Fא
= m × g× ( R×cos β − R×cos α )
- 96 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
WWאא אK2
אאאאא W2.5
K135 JאאאאK0.7 mא1.2 mא
Wא
W = m × g × ( Ho − H ) WWE2.5Fא
W 135
m = = = 27.52 Kg Wא
g × (Ho − H) 9.81 × ( 1.2 - 0.7 )
- 97 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
Wאא
Wאאאאאא، 3.51.5
Wא،ToughnessאאאאW1.5א
אאא J
אאאאא J
א
אאאאאאאא J
אאאאא J
WאאאW2.5א
Stiffnessא–
Resilienceא–
Toughnessא–
Hardnessא–
אאאאא W3.5א
Wא
Stiffnessא–
Resilienceא–
Toughnessא–
Hardnessא–
- 98 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
WאאאאאאW4.5א
m = 35 Kg،אWm
g = 9.81 m/s2،אאWg
α = 80o،אאאWα
β = 55o،אאאאWβ
R = 1.20m،Oאאאאא WR
א0.22%אאאאW5.5א
100 Jאא0.75 m אאא−20 oCאא
KאאאK30 Kgא
- 99 -
אאא
אא
אא
6
אא 123 א
אא אאא
Wאא
אא
Hardness Test
Wאא
Kאא،א
Wאא
Wאאאא
Kאא،א •
KEאאאFאאאא •
Kאאאאאאא •
Kאאאאאאא• א
Kאאאאאאא• א
Wאאא
K100%אאא
Wאא
K5
Wאא
Kאא
- 100 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
אאHardness testאאWW1.6
Kאאאאאא
Wאאאא
אIndentation Hardness Wא K1
K
KאאאאאאאWאא
אאאRebound HardnessWאא K2
אאאאאאא
Kא
KאאאאאWאא
KאScratch HardnessWא K3
אאאW אא
Kא
אאWear HardnessWא K4
K
אא אאאא W אא
Kאאא
אMachinability HardnessWא K5
KKKאאאא
KאאאWאא
- 101 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
WאאW2.6
אאאאאא
אאאK אאא
Wאאא
אאאא K1
Kא
Kאאא אK2
א אא K3
K
אא K4
Kא
א אאאאאא K5
K
Kאאאאאאאא K6
Kאא
WאW3.6
אאאK א אאאאאא
EFאאא
אK 3015אאK אאא
- 102 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
K אאא
אאא K אאא
WאאאאKא
Brinell א9
Vickers א9
Rockwell א9
WאאW4.6
KאאW1.6
- 103 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
אאאא א
אE אאאאF
K א 0.5% אא0.5%א
אאאא
אאK
K1.6
WBrinellאW5.6
WאאW1.5.6
2.6אאאאאאא
אאאאאאKא אא
K1.6א
אאאEFא،אאWאW2.6
KEFא
- 104 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
10 5 2 1 E mm )א
KאאאW1.6
WאW2.5.6
P ( Kg )D ( mm )אא
אאאאאאאd ( mm )א
K3.6
KאאW3.6
Wאאא
( mm2 )אאL( Kg )א=
- 105 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
E1.6FWא
P
Brinell Hardness Number = B.H.N. =
π× D× h
P
=
π × D × D/2 − ( ( D/2 ) 2 − ( d/2 ) 2 )
P
B.H.N. =
π×
D
2
× D− ( D2 − d2 )
[ mm ] אWh
[ mm ] WD
[ mm ]אWd
[ Kg ]אWP
Wאאאא
Kאא ( d )א 9
0.01 mmא 9
אאא 9
K4.6אאא
א0.50.25אאא 9
d d
= 0.375 = 0.25 - 0.5 E2.6F
D D
Kאאאאא
- 106 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
KאאאW4.6
אאאאא
d / D = 0.5-0.25א
אאאKאאא
KE5.6FאאאאEGeometrically similarF
KאאאW5.6
- 107 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
אאאא
Wאאאא
P
א= f = =אאE3.6F
π × d 2 /4
d2 P P d2 d
2 × 2 2 2 E 3.6F
D d d D D
Wאא
P
אLEF2= =E4.6F
D 2
K2.6אאאא
א P
א
D2
160 אא 30
20 א–א 1
P
Kאא אW2.6
D2
Wא W3.5.6
D = 10 mmאאא
؟אא
- 108 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
P
WPא30 א2.6
D 2
P P
= 30 ⇒ 2 = 30 ⇒ P = 3000 Kg
D 2
(10)
Wאאאא3.6
( Kg )Pא
P WD
א
D2 ( mm )
30 10 5 1
30 10 5 1 1
120 40 20 4 2
750 250 125 25 5
3000 1000 500 100 10
KאאאאW3.6
WאW4.5.6
Wאאאא
אאא W א 9
Wא
P
h = E5.6F
π × D × ( B.H.N. )
[ mm ]אW h
[ mm ]WD
[ Kg ]אWP
WB.H.N.
- 109 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
אאאאאא
Kאאא
א W א 9
K0.01 mm
אאW 9
א،א
Kאא
Wאא:5.5.6
אאאא K1
אאא
אא K2
אאאא K3
2.6Fאא
אאא
EP3.6
15אאא K4
אא K5
אאאאאא K6
WE1.6Fאא
- 110 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
P
B.H.N. =
π×
D
2
× D− ( D2 − d 2 )
אאאא
10 mmאB.H.N. ( 10 / 3000 )
אאאאאא3000 Kg
Kא
Wאא:6.5.6
Wאאאאא
אאאא 9
Kאא
אאאאאא 9
Kאאא
אאא 9
אאאאא
Kא
WVickersא:6.6
Wאא:1.6.6
אאאאאאא
K6.6136oθאא
- 111 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
KאאW6.6
Wא:2.6.6
אאאאאא
K7.6( d )אאאאא
KאאWאW7.6
- 112 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
W
( mm2 )אאL( Kg )א=
θ
2 × P × sin
Vickers Hardness Number = V.H.N. = 2
d 2
אא 9
Kאאא 9
אאאאא
אאאאאאא
K8.6
- 113 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
KאאאאאאW8.6
Wא:4.6.6
אאאאא
K0.01 mmK
Wאאא:5.6.6
Kא 9
Kאאאא א9
Kאאאאאאא 9
Fאאאאאא 9
KEאאא
- 114 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
Wאא:6.6.6
Kאאאאאאא
אא،אאW
א אאEFאא
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d = E7.6F
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Wאא:1.7.6
א1.5875 mmאאא
K9.6( Brale )א120oא
EFEF
WאW9.6
KEFאEFאאא
- 115 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
Wאא:2.7.6
150 Kg100, 60 אא K1
Kא
K–10.6אאא K3
100,
אאאF1(Major load) אאאא K4
–K11.6– 10.6אא150 Kg60
Kאאא+אאא=אאE8.6FW
10 Kgאאאאאאאא K5
אאFא
אאאאא 10 KgK
אא
K–11.6Eאא
KEFאאEFאאאWKאW10.6
- 116 -
אא 123 א
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א א
אאאאאא
Kאא11.6אא
K
EFאאאWKאW11.6
KEFאאאEFאאאאא
W:3.7.6
Kאאא
אאאאאא
Wאא4.6אאאאא
A 9
B 9
C 9
- 117 -
אא 123 א
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אאא א אאא
( Kg ) EאאF
אאאאא
60
אאאאא ( Brale ) A
אא
אאאא 100 B
אאאאא 1.5888 mm
אאאאא 150 C
100 ( Brale )
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h
Rockwell B Hardness Number = 130 −
0.002
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h
Rockwell C Hardness Number = 100 −
0.002
B = 100אC
KאA
- 118 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
WאאאWא:4.7.6
Kאאא 9
Kא 9
Kאאא 9
Wא:5.7.6
אא 9
Kאא
Kאאאאא 9
Kאאאאא 9
אאא 9
Kא
אאאא א 9
K12.6א
WאאW12.6
KאW( B )אאW( A )
- 119 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
Wאאא:8.6
אא אאא
Wאאאא
Kאא א9
Kא א9
Kאאאא 9
Kא 9
13.6אאאא
K5.614.6
- 120 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
KאאאW13.6
WאW14.6
60 Kg1.5875 mmB:( a )
K100 Kg1.5875 mmB:( b )
- 121 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
EאאFאאא
K15.6א
אאאW15.6
Kאא
א אאאא
Wאאא
σUTS ( Kg / mm ) = Brinell Hardness Number × 0.36
2
E10.6F
σUTS ( Ton / in. ) = Brinell Hardness Number × 0.22
2
אWσUTS
WTon
Win
WIbm
- 123 -
אא 123 א
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Wאא
אK5 mmאאאW1.6
Wא2 mmא
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Wא
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d = 2 mm אWd
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D2 א2.6אאא אK1
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WB.H.N.E1.6Fא
P 750
B.H.N. = = = 235
D
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2
( D − d
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WE10.6FאWσUTSאא K2
30 KgאאאW2.6
WאK0.654 mmאא
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K0.5 mmאאאאא אK2
Wא
P = 30 KgאWP
D = 0.654 mmאWD
WE 6.6 Fא K1
P 30
V.H.N. = 1.854 × = 1. 854 × = 130
d2 0.654 2
W1אאאאE 6.6 Fא K2
P d2 0.52
V.H.N. = 1.854 × 2 ⇒ P = V.H.N. × = 130 × = 17.5 Kg
d 1.854 1.854
- 125 -
אא 123 א
אא אאא
Wאא
Wאאאאא א3.61.6
Wא،HardnessאאאאW1.6
Kאאא J
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אאא אאאאא J
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Wאאא אאאאאW2.6
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Resilienceא–
Toughnessא–
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Wא אאאאW3.6
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Resilienceא–
Toughnessא–
Hardnessא–
5 mmא אאאW4.6
KאאאאאK150
100 KgאאאאW5.6
K0.93 mmאאאא
- 126 -
אאא
אאא
אאא
7
אא 123 א
אאא אאא
Wאא
אאא
Nondestructive Testing
Wאא
אאא
Wאא
Wאאא
אאאא •
אאאאאאא •
KKKאאאאא
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Wאאא
K100%אאא
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K6
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- 127 -
אא 123 א
אאא אאא
W:1.7
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אא א א ،א אא א א א
א א א א א א אא א
Kא
{אאאאא אאא
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Wאאאאאא،א
אאא،א،אאא K1
Kאא
Kאאאאאאאא K2
Kאא،אא K3
א אא א א א א א K4
Kאאאא،א
Wאאא:2.7
אאאאאאאא
א א א א א ،א אא
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Kאאא،
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- 128 -
אא 123 א
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א א א א אא אא א א א א
،אא،אא،א EMicro FlowsF
، אא א א א אא ،אא אא
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אKEMacro FlowsFאאאא
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א א EHeat treatmentF אא א אא אא
KECold workingF
אאאאאאאא
א אKאא
אאאאאא אא
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אא 123 א
אאא אאא
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Kאאאאאאא
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אאאא،אאאאא
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، א א
אאאא،אאאאאא
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Wאאאא:3.7
Wאאאאאאא
- 130 -
אא 123 א
אאא אאא
Porosity אK2
Tears אK3
Lack of bondאאEF K4
Inclusionsאאא אK5
א א א ،Segregation א אK6
Kאא
Kאאאאאאא אK8
Fatigue Defectsאא K9
- 131 -
אא 123 א
אאא אאא
א א ،Blow Holes א K10
Kא
FlakesKאאאאאא K11
Pittingא K12
Lapsאא K13
אאאאא1.7א
- 132 -
אא 123 א
אאא אאא
א
א
אאאאאאא
א
אאאאאאאא
א
אא
א
אא
KאאאאאW1.7
- 133 -
אא 123 א
אאא אאא
WVisual Inspectionאא:5.7
אאאאאא
،אאאא،
Wאאא
Kאא،אא 9
KSurface porosityא א9
.Unfilled crater 9
Kאאאאאאאא 9
KSharp notchאא 9
אאאאאאאא
אא –،E Shot blasting Fא ،E Sand blastingF
אא،אאא،א
،E Phototubes Fא،E Photocells Fאאא
K א א א
.1.7אאאא
KאW1.7
- 134 -
אא 123 א
אאא אאא
אאאאאאאאאא
א א אא א ،א א א א
אא Kאאא
Kא א א א
אאא،אאאאאאא
א ،אא א א א א א א
Kאאא
Wא :1.6.7
אאאאאא
אאאאKKאא
אא KE Acid etching Fא E Vapor degreasing F
KאאE Sand blasting Fא
Wא:2.6.7
،אאאאא
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אא،אEאFא
אא KKאא
Wאא
- 135 -
אא 123 א
אאא אאא
א ،א א א
א ، א א ،א א א
אאא،EאF
K2.7אא،
Kא אW2.7
،אאאאאאא
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WDye methodא:4.6.7
Wאא
א،אא ??א K1
Kאא
،א،אאא K2
Kאאא
- 136 -
אא 123 א
אאא אאא
Kאאאאא K3
אE א Fא K4
KE talc Fא
א א א א א א א א K5
Kא،א
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א ،א א E Fluorescent F א א
א א ، א א א
KE Ultraviolet light Fאא
EFאא א
5 J15
30
30
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30
60
60
10 אא
30 אא
15 אא
אאW2.7
אאא،אאאאאא
אאאאאKא،
אE Zyglo pentrexFאאא
- 137 -
אא 123 א
אאא אאא
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Kאאאאא2.7
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،אאאאאאא
אא א א א ،אא א א
א א א אא א א א Kא
Kא
Wאאאאא א:7.6.7
Wאאאאא
ELow flash pointF ،EVolatile Fא K1
Kאא،אאא
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Kאאא
KאEאאFאא K3
Kאא K4
א אא א אא א א א א K5
Kאא
אאאאאא
אKאאאאא
- 138 -
אא 123 א
אאא אאא
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Kאאא
Wאאא :1.7.7
Wאאא
KאאEParamagnetic Fאא 9
KאאEFerromagnetic Fא 9
אאאאאא
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א א א א א
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Wאאאא :2.7.7
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אאאא
K4.7אאאאא
- 139 -
אא 123 א
אאא אאא
KW3.7
KאאאאאאW4.7
- 140 -
אא 123 א
אאא אאא
Wאאא א:3.7.7
Wא
K אאאאאאא א9
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Kאאאאאאאאא 9
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אאאאKCircular Field
KLongitudinal Field
- 141 -
אא 123 א
אאא אאא
Wאא
؟אאאאW1.7
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؟אאאאאW3.7
؟אאW4.7
- 142 -
123 א
אא
אאא
אא
1- Harmer E. Davis, George Earl Troxell and George F. W. Hauck "The Testing of
Engineering Materials", Mc Graw-Hill, Inc., Fourth Edition, 1982.
א?א–אא?א،אK אK-3
K،א،א،א
א?א–אא?א،אK אK-4
K،א،א،א
א،?
אאא،אאא?،K אK-5
K،،אאא
123 א
א
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א
א א
12 .KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאWאא
13 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.2
13 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:2.2
1 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאWאא
2 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא:1.1
2 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא:2.1
3 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא:3.1
5 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא:4.1
6 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא:5.1
7 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:6.1
7 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא:1.6.1
7 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:2.6.1
8 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:7.1
9 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWאא
14 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:3.2
15 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:4.2
15 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.4.2
16 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKσאא:2.4.2
16 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKσtrאא:3.4.2
17 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:5.2
17 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.5.2
18 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKe אא:2.5.2
18 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKε אא:3.5.2
20 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE :6.2
21 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:7.2
22 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאא:8.2
123 א
א
אאא
24 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא:1.8.2
29 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא:2.8.2
30 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא:3.8.2
31 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:9.2
31 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא:1.9.2
34 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא:2.9.2
36 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא:3.9.2
37 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:10.2
39 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאא:11.2
39 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:1.11.2
40 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:2.11.2
46 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWאא
51 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWאא
54 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאWאא
55 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאא:1.3
56 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:2.3
57 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:3.3
61 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא:4.3
61 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא:1.4.3
62 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא:2.4.3
62 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאא:5.3
66 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWאא
69 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWאא
70 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאWאאא
71 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.4
72 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא:2.4
73 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא:3.4
73 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאאא:4.4
77 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:5.4
123 א
א
אאא
80 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWאאא
83 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWאאא
84 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאWאא
85 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.5
85 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא:2.5
86 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא:3.5
86 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKCharpy א:1.3.5
88 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKIzod א:2.3.5
89 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא:4.5
89 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא:5.5
90 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:1.5.5
90 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא:2.5.5
90 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא:3.5.5
92 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:4.5.5
93 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא:6.5
94 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWאא
97 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWאא
99 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאWאא
100 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.6
101 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:2.6
101 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא:3.6
102 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:4.6
103 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKBrinellא:5.6
103 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:1.5.6
104 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא:2.5.6
107 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא:3.5.6
108 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא:4.5.6
109 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:5.5.6
110 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:6.5.6
110 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKVickersא:6.6
123 א
א
אאא
110 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:1.6.6
111 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא:2.6.6
112 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא:3.6.6
113 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא:4.6.6
113 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא:5.6.6
114 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKRockwellא:7.6
114 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:1.7.6
115 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:2.7.6
116 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:3.7.6
118 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא:4.7.6
118 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא:5.7.6
119 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא:8.6
123 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWאא
125 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWאא
126 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאWאא
127 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.7
127 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא:2.7
129 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא:3.7
129 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:4.7
133 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא:5.7
134 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאאא:6.7
134 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא:1.6.7
134 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא:2.6.7
135 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:3.6.7
135 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא:4.6.7
136 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא:5.6.7
137 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא:6.6.7
137 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאא:7.6.7
137 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא:7.7
138 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא:1.7.7
123 א
א
אאא
138 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא:2.7.7
139 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא:3.7.7
141 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWאא
142 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא