CHAPTER 7

OBSERVATION AND IDENTIFICATION

QUESTIONS

1. Although the eye is the most fruitful source of a. attends to c. understands

information, it is often unreliable because observers: b. communicates d. reports

a. have no control of their eyesight. 8. In the third stage of observation, called ________,
b. tend to fill in the gaps left by inadequate observation. the observer becomes aware of the significance of a
c. tend to concentrate on their eyesight to the neglect fact and identifies it.
of the other senses.
d. tend to imagine that they see things that are not a. understanding c. identification
there. b. communication d. report

2. Approximately 85 percent of our sensual knowledge 9. The first important classification system for physical
comes from sight while 13 percent comes from: identification of people in custody was based on:

a. smell. c. taste a. fingerprints. c. verbal descriptions.

b. touch. d. hearing. b. body measurements. d. age and weight.

3. For investigative purposes, all of the following are 10. Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914) was connected with
stages in the process of observation except: the introduction of all of the following except:

a. perception. c. imagination. a. anthropometry. c. Paris Bureau of Identification.

b. attention. d. report. b. portrait parlé. d. modus operandi files.

4. In the first stage of observation, called ________, the 11. The system of measuring physical features for
observer becomes aware of a phenomenon or of being identification is called:
in the presence of a fact.
a. anthropometry or bertillonage. c. portrait parlé.
a. perception c. understanding b. physical description. d. modus operandi.
b. attention d. report
12. The systematic procedure for verbal description is
5. Recognition of the significance of a fact is termed: called:

a. perception. c. intelligence. a. anthropometry or bertillonage. c. portrait parlé.

b. attention. d. recognition. b. physical description. d. modus operandi.

6. All of the following are important contributory factors 13. In order to fully identify a person by name, the
in understanding a fact to which attention has been investigator should obtain:
drawn except:
a. full name only.
a. intelligence. c. experience and occupation. b. full name and aliases
b. educational background. d. enthusiasm. c. full name and nicknames.
d. all names, aliases, and nick- names.
7. In the second stage of observation, called perception,
the observer not only apprehends a phenomenon but
also ________ it.
14. All of the following numbers are important for b. bomb threats. d. extortion.
identifying persons except the: 21. Voice identification uses the electronic recording of
the energy output of the subject’s voice in producing a
a. Social Security number. specific word. The result is properly called:
b. military serial number.
c. fingerprint classification number. a. a voicegraph. c. sound spectrogram.
d. insurance identification number. b. a voiceprint. d. a voice pattern.

15. In describing the physical features, often an 22. Voice identification is successful because it confines
exceptionally useful item is: itself to those characteristics of voice that are:

a. religious background. c. military record. a. easily changed. c. not easily changed.

b. national origin. d. occupational background. b. under conscious control. d. not under conscious
control.
16. In identifying a person, a description of all of the
following physical habits are very important except: 23. U.S. state appeals courts have found that voiceprint
analysis is a(n) ________ means of personal
a. the manner of walk. c. the manner of working. identification.
b. the sound of the voice. d. speech characteristics.
a. infallible c. unreliable
17. In characterizing an individual, the most important b. reliable d. worthless
personal habit usu ally is:
24. An important means of recovering stolen property
a. standard of dress. c. the establishments frequented. is:
b. sports activities. d. hobbies and entertainments.
a. criminal profiles. c. modus operandi files.
18. In a verbal description, all of the following b. expert systems. d. lost and stolen property files.
characteristics are very helpful in creating a description
except: 25. Stolen property tends to circulate in the local area in
the possession of new buyers and second-hand dealers
a. personality type. because the thieves tend to ________ stolen property.
b. apparent social status.
c. a comparison with a celebrity. a. abandon c. resort to haphazard sales of
d. a comparison with a personal friend. b. return d. give away

19. The principle belief underlying voice identification is 26. Lost and stolen property records may be filed
that: together because:

a. all voices have a similarity that can be demonstrated.
b. people have the ability to consciously alter their
voice.
c. each individual can be uniquely associated by voice.
d. loudness and rapidity of speech distinguishes each
voice.
20. Voice identification will often be important evidence
in all of the following types of cases except:
a. burglaries. c. kidnappings.
a. there are not enough cases of each to justify separate
files.
b. stolen property is, in a sense, lost property.
c. it is always more convenient in searching for a
missing object.
d. it is often not known whether an article has been lost
or stolen.
27. Property is primarily filed according to the ________
of article, in other words, what the article is.
a. kind c. material investigator may do all of these preliminary steps
b. physical appearance d. brand name except:
28. The most important element for identifying
expensive manufactured products is the: a. separate the witnesses so that they cannot confer
with each other.
a. physical description. c. model number. b. obtain a written description from each witness.
b. brand name. d. serial number. c. from the written descriptions, attempt to establish a
common denominator for each of the features of the
29. In describing lost or stolen jewelry, besides the kind, unknown criminal.
number, and size of the stones, it is also important to d. confront the witnesses when there are discrepancies
provide the: in their descriptions.

a. probable value. 34. When drawing a composite picture of the face of

b. year it was bought
c. shape and cut of the stones.
d. name of the jeweler who sold it.
30. An excellent means of facilitating the recovery of
stolen valuables is to have these items engraved
beforehand with the ________ and registered with the
police.
a. owner’s name and address.
b. owner’s phone number.
c. serial number of the product.
d. owner’s driver’s license number.
31. All of the following are methods recommended for
identifying an unknown criminal from the observation
of an eyewitness except:
the suspect from the witnesses’ description of each
individual feature, the artist should:
a. make only a final sketch, ignoring any differences of
opinion.
b. make several preliminary sketches which can be
examined, selected, and corrected by each individual
witness.
c. consider only written descriptions by the witnesses.
d. give equal weight to each witness description.
35. ________ consists of a variety of facial features that
can be systematically composed into a single face in
response to the direction of the wit ness.
a. Miracode c. An identification kit
b. Videotape identification d. A computer sketch

a. the portrait parle’ or written description.
b. the use of the photographic files of known criminals
or Rogues Gallery.
c. the automated fingerprint identification system
(AFIS).
d. the use of an artist.
32. The selection of photographs from the Known
Criminals File for viewing by a witness would be
suggested primarily by the ________of the crime.
a. modus operandi c. recent occurrence
b. seriousness d. motive
33. When using an artist to portray the composite
features of a face described by eyewitnesses, the
36. All of the following are advantages of computer
generated sketches, except:
a. The operator needs no artistic ability.
b. Redrawing or correcting the sketch can be done in
seconds.
c. Witnesses need not be accurate in remembering
details.
d. Multiple copies can be printed quickly for circulation.
37. An eyewitness identification will often be of critical
importance to a criminal investigation where:
a. there are a number of suspects.
b. there is an absence of suspects.
c. there is plenty of other evidence.
d. there is an absence of other evidence.
 44. To conduct a lineup, a group of at least
38. The three important methods of eyewitness ________persons, including the suspect, should be
identification include all of the following except: assembled.

a. lineup. c. computer sketch. a. four c. eight

b. show-up. d. photographic identification. b. six d. ten

39. A________, or single suspect confrontation, is used
in emergency situations such as when the victim is
dying.
a. lineup c. computer sketch
b. show-up d. photographic identification
40. A ________is the customary means of police
identification in which the suspect of a crime is
exhibited with a number of other participants so that a
witness can identify him or her.
45. All of the following statements concerning the
conduct of a lineup are true except:
a. The persons participating in the lineup should have
the same general appearance.
b. A two-way mirror which would permit the witnesses
to view the line up unobserved is desirable.
c. The witness should announce out loud, clearly and
distinctly, when an identification has been made.
d. The suspect should be permitted to select his own
position in the line up.

a. lineup c. computer sketch 46. All of the following statements concerning the
b. show-up d. photographic identification conduct of a lineup are true except:

41. A ________is often employed when a suspect is not a. If there is more than one witness, they should make
in custody. their identification separately without conferring with
each other.
a. lineup c. computer sketch b. The suspect has the right to refuse to participate in a
b. show-up d. photographic identification lineup.
c. A suspect’s request for legal counsel should be
42. In order to eliminate the power of suggestion as a honored even though it is not necessary to do so.
factor in identification, a lineup is made of participants d. Color photographs of the front and the profile of
of ________appearance. lineup participants should be taken.

a. similar c. unusual 47. In 1967, the Supreme Court in ________ruled that a

b. dissimilar d. distinctive suspect is entitled to a lawyer at a lineup because it is a
critical stage of the prosecution.
43. A lineup may be dispensed with in all of the
following situations except: a. Miranda v. Arizona c. Kirby v. Illinois
b. U.S. v. Wade d. Schmerber v. California 48.
a. when there is other incriminating evidence and the
eyewitness recollection is weak. 48. In 1972, the Supreme Court in ________ruled that
b. when there is very little other evidence and the only a suspect who has been indicted is entitled to have
eyewitness recollection is strong. a lawyer present at a lineup.
c. when the witness knows the suspect and recognizes
him during the offense. a. Miranda v. Arizona c. Kirby v. Illinois
d. when the witness does not know the suspect and the b. U.S. v. Wade d. Schmerber v. California
eyewitness recollection is weak.

49. All of the following are situations in which a show-
up, or a single suspect confrontation, may be necessary
except:
a. There are not enough similar-looking people to form
a lineup.
b. There are a number of suspects and only one person
committed the crime.
c. The victim is dying.
d. The suspect decides he prefers a show-up to
participating in a lineup.
50. Unless there is a state law to the contrary, a suspect
________the right to legal representation at a show-up.
a. does have c. may waive
b. does not have d. may not waive
51. All of the following are recommended procedures
for a show-up except:
a. If possible the suspect should appear in handcuffs.
b. When confronting the suspect, the witness should be
asked “Is this the person?”
c. The investigator should not comment on the
identification in the presence of the suspect or witness.
d. A written report of the procedure should be made.
52. All of the following are circumstances in which a
photographic identification is commonly used except:
a. when a suspect is not in custody.
b. where there is a surveillance photograph of the
suspect but no knowledge of who he is.
c. where the witness lives at too great a distance from
where the suspect is being held.
d. when the witness has failed to pick the suspect out of
a lineup.
53. For a photographic identification, at least
________photographs, including that of the suspect,
should be used.
a. four c. eight
b. six d. ten
54. Each photograph should resemble the general
appearance of the suspect and should be someone who
is:
a. of known identity. c. a known suspect.
b. of unknown identity. d. an unknown suspect.
55. All of the following are proper procedures for
conducting a photo graphic identification except:
a. If the witness recognizes the suspect, he should initial
the back of the photograph.
b. If the witness fails to identify the suspect in the first
set of pictures, the suspect’s photograph should be
placed in a second group of pictures and the
identification process repeated.
c. The suspect need not be informed that the
identification is taking place.
d. The investigator should not inform the witness
whether or not the suspect’s photograph is actually
among the pictures displayed.
56. The suspect ________the right to have a lawyer
present at the photo graphic identification.
a. does have c. may waive
b. does not have d. may not waive
57. The ________Amendment guarantees that: “No
person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be
a witness against himself.”
a. First c. Fifth
b. Fourth d. Sixth
58. No one is required to give testimonial evidence
against him or herself. Testimonial evidence involves:
a. writing for identification.
b. speaking for identification.
c. blood or breath samples.
d. conscious communication.
59. All of the following are examples of testimonial
evidence except:
a. admissions. c. handwriting exemplar requests.
b. confessions. d. sworn statements.
60. In ________, the Supreme Court held that the taking
of a blood sample, for chemical analysis to show
intoxication, did not violate the defendant’s right
against self-incrimination.

a. Schmerber v. California c. U.S. v. Wade

b. Gilbert v. California d. Kirby v. Illinois

61. In ________-the Supreme Court ruled that the

taking of handwriting exemplars from suspects and
their use against them does not violate the privilege
against self-incrimination.

a. Schmerber v. California c. U.S. v. Wade

b. Gilbert v. California d. Kirby v. Illinois

62. All of the following evidence is considered to be

nontestimonial evidence that a suspect may be
compelled to give except:

a. fingerprints and blood samples.

b. handwriting and voice exemplars.
c. lineup and show-up participation.
d. admissions and confessions.

63. Suspects _____________ constitutional right to

refuse nontestimonial evidence.

a. do have a
b. do not have a
c. in felony cases, have a
d. in misdemeanor cases, have a