8/5/2015

BIOENGINEERING

Sonia H. Contreras Ortiz, PhD.

scontreras@unitecnologica.edu.co
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Outline
1. Definition
2. Fields
a. Biomechanics
b. Biomaterials
c. Tissue engineering
d. Bioinstrumentation
e. Biomedical imaging
f. Clinical engineering
g. Bioinformatics
3. History
4. Recent developments
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Definition
• Bioengineering is the engineering of biological processes
and systems in general. It includes:
• Biomedical engineering
• Agricultural engineering
• Food engineering
• Biotechnology
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Definition
• Biomedical engineering is an interdisciplinary field. It
combines expertise in engineering with expertise in
medicine and human biology to develop technologies and
techniques for healthcare.
• Fields:
• Electrical, electronic, mechanical,
chemical, industrial engineering,
and computer science.
• Medicine, odontology, biology,
and physics
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Fields
• Biomechanics
• Biomaterials
• Tissue engineering
• Bioinstrumentation
• Biosignal processing
• Biomedical devices
• Biomedical imaging
• Clinical engineering
• Bioinformatics
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Biomechanics
• Biomechanics uses the
principles of mechanics to
investigate the effects of
energy and forces on
biological systems in order
to model and predict the
mechanical behavior of a
living system.
• It includes the study of
motion, material
deformation, and fluid flow.
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Biomaterials
• Biomaterials concern the
development and
selection of appropriate
materials to place inside
the human body.
• Requirements
• They must cause no
harmful effects
• The body must not damage
the materials of the implant.
• The materials must be
chemically inactive and
durable
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Tissue engineering
• Tissue engineering is the
study of tissue dynamics
that coordinate tissue
repair, replacement, and
reconstruction.
• Regenerative medicine is
the "process of replacing or
regenerating human cells,
tissues or organs to restore
or establish normal
function"
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Bioinstrumentation
• It is the use of
electronics, measurement
techniques, and
innovative biosensors to
develop devices for
monitoring, diagnosing,
and treating diseases.
• Biosignal processing is
used to detect, classify,
and analyze signals
produced by the body.
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Medical imaging
• Biomedical imaging involves
the use of technology to
image biological molecules,
cells, tissues, organs, body
parts, and/or the entire
human body.
• It is commonly used in the
detection and
characterization of existing
and/or developing
pathologies.
• Examples: ultrasound,
radiography, CT, MRI, PET,
and optical methods.
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Clinical engineering
• It is the application of
engineering methods and
technology to the delivery of
health care.
• Common tasks:
• Designing, modifying and repairing
medical instruments
• Evaluating new medical equipment
for purchase
• Testing the safety of equipment
• Asset management
• Instructing clinicians (physicians &
nurses) in the proper use of
medical equipment.
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Bioinformatics
• It is about the development
and use of computer tools
to collect, storage, and
analyze data related to
medicine and biology.
• It may deal with the
analysis of information
stored in the genetic code,
so it requires sophisticated
techniques to manage and
search databases of gene
sequences that contain
many millions of entries.
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History
• In 2000, German archeologists uncovered a 3,000-year-
old mummy from Thebes with a wooden prosthetic tied to
its foot to serve as a big toe. Researchers said it could be
the oldest known limb prosthesis.
• In the 1780s Luigi Galvani, studying what was called
“animal electricity,” initiated a line of research known as
electrophysiology. By 1900 it had established the
electrical nature of the nerve impulse and its velocity and
revealed much about electrolytic conduction in animal
tissues.
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History
• In 1888 Augustus Desiré Waller showed that, with a
capillary electrometer, one could record the changing
heart voltages from the body surface.
• In 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays which has
had an enormous impact on medicine.
• In the 1920s and the 1930s, the electrocardiograph and
the electroencephalograph came into clinical use.
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History
• The 1950s the increasing prosperity allowed much greater
expenditures on health care and biomedical research.
• In 1952 the pacemaker was developed.
• In 1955 the first human transthoracic defibrillations were performed.
• In 1953 the heart-lung machine was used to provide a mechanical
substitute during cardiac surgery for heart and lungs and thus
made open-heart surgery a possibility
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History
• In the 1960s computers were first used in biomedical
engineering to assist in research and health care.
• In the 1970s several medical imaging technologies were
developed: Ultrasound, CT, MRI
• In the 1980s endoscopy was developed and lasers were
used in surgery,
• In the 1990s the human genome project started.
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History
• Some recent developments…