BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

He is Jerome A. Gramaje, a 20 years old boy from Caggay,

4.5 X 3.5 cm
Tuguegarao City. He is the eldest among 3 children of Mr. Joel Gramaje. Passport Size
Photo
He graduated at Cagayan National High School (CNHS) and took college

at Cagayan State University (CSU). He is a God-fearing person and

friendly. He loves to play instruments like bass guitar and drums. One of his hobbies is

playing basketball. He is doing his best to study and become a successful engineer

someday. One motto in life is, “If you love something, don’t set it free”.

_____________________________
JEROME AGUSTIN GRAMAJE
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

She is Shariffa Marian T. Jamsuri, a 20 years old girl from Capitol

Site, Penablanca, Cagayan. She is the youngest among 7 children of Mr. 4.5 X 3.5 cm
Passport Size
Piting S. Jamsuri and Mrs. Lourinda T. Jamsuri. She graduated at Cagayan Photo
National Highschool and took college at Cagayan State University-Carig

Campus. One of her hobbies is listening to music. Her motto in life is,

“Sometimes you have to go through the worst in order to get to the best.”

_______________________________________
SHARIFFA MARIAN TAGUIAM JAMSURI
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

He is Laurence Mansibang Pantalunan, 20 years old, a man of

4.5 X 3.5 cm
Passport Size
balance, the youngest child of Mr. & Mrs. Pantalunan. He is serious and
Photo
humorous. He loves to stroll all by himself. He is very strict when it

comes to hygiene and orderliness inside and outside the house. Time and

money management is his expertise.

__________________________________________
LAURENCE MANSIBANG PANTALUNAN
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

He is Nikko Bryan M. Saavedra, a 20 years old Fifth-year Civil 4.5 X 3.5 cm

Passport Size
Engineering student at the Cagayan State University -College of Photo

Engineering from Tuguegarao City. He is the eldest among the 3 children

of Mr. Rolando Saavedra and Cresmila Saavedra. He is a graduate of

Cagayan National High School (CNHS). He is interested in anime movies and series. He

loves to draw, paint, and play guitar. He is now doing the best he can to be a successful

Civil Engineer someday. He's motto in life is, “I don't sleep when I'm tired; I sleep when

I'm done".

___________________________________
NIKKO BRYAN MAGGAY SAAVEDRA
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

4.5 X 3.5 cm
She is Carla Mae Dulin Santiago, a 21 years old girl from Brgy.
Passport Size
Dodan, Peñablanca. He is the fourth child of Mr. Dante Yadan Santiago and Photo

Mrs. Melony Dulin Santiago. She finished her high school at Peñablanca

National High School (PNHS) and she is currently taking her Bachelor of

Science in Civil Engineering at Cagayan State University (CSU)-Carig Campus. She

loves playing volleyball. She believes in the saying, “We are perfectly imperfect, but

uniquely beautiful”.

______________________________
CARLA MAE DULIN SANTIAGO
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, gratitude and praises goes to our Almighty Father, whom we put our faith

and trust in.

We, the 5th year Civil Engineering students, would like to express our sincerest

gratitude to the following people who helped and supported us in fulfilling this project

study.

To our thesis adviser, Dr. Arthur G. Ibañez, ASEAN Engr., thank you for the

motivation and guidance he have shared to us to be able to finish this research.

. To our co-thesis adviser, Engr. Nikki A. Sumer, thank you for the unending

supports and for the knowledge he have imparted to us.

To our lab technician, Mr. Jayson, thank you for the being so patient in lending

the instruments we needed for us to be able to conduct our research.

Also, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to the Barangay Captains of

Dodan, Peñablanca; Caggay, Tuguegarao City; Barancuag, Tuao West, Capissayan,

Gattaran; and Agani, Alcala, Cagayan and their constituents for welcoming us in their

Barangay. We would also like to thank them for giving us shelter, water, security, and

guidance while we were conducting our project study.

To our family, who were always there to remind us not to stop in achieving our

dreams and support us emotionally, financially, physically, and, spiritually. Thank you

very much.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 ABSTRACT

GRAMAJE, JEROME AGUSTIN; JAMSURI, SHARIFFA MARIAN TAGUIAM;

PANTALUNAN, LAURENCE MANSIBANG; SAAVEDRA, NIKKO BRYAN
MAGGAY; and SANTIAGO, CARLA MAE DULIN. College Of Engineering,
Cagayan State University Carig Campus. December 2019. Comparative Study of the
Compressive Strength of Concrete using Natural Aggregates from Five Quarry Sites
in Cagayan.

Major Adviser: Prof. Dr. Arthur G. Ibañez, ASEAN Engr.

Aggregate grading is an important element in concrete mixing and the resultant

compression strength. These materials are readily available and collected from different
river tributaries in selected areas. The aim of the present experiment is to conduct a
comparative study of the compressive strength of concrete with aggregates hauled from
the strategic quarry sites in Brgy. Dodan, Peñablanca, Cagayan; in Brgy. Caggay,
Tuguegarao City; in Brgy. Barancuag, Tuao, Cagayan; in Brgy. Capissayan, Gattaran,
Cagayan; and in Brgy. Agani, Alcala, Cagayan. The experiment had three treatments with
six combinations for coarse aggregates (1”, ¾”, and 1/2”), and fine aggregates (passing
through sieve #4 (4.76mm), #10 (2.00mm), and #16 (1.19mm). A total of eighteen (18)
1
samples for each of the source of aggregates with mixture of Class AA -1:1 :3 (1 bag of
2
Portland Cement-Type I is to 1.5 cubic feet of fine aggregates is to 3 cubic feet of coarse
aggregates) using by weight proportion with a water/cement ratio of 0.6 was used
throughout the experiment. The samples were tested using a Universal Testing Machine
for the compressive strength within 14 and 21 calendar days.

Keywords: Concrete, Aggregate, Quarry Site, Compressive Strength

 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

In the beginning, hard stones (i.e. sandstone, granite and limestone) have been

used for centuries to construct monuments and buildings. The Roman Empire, for

example, built vast network of roads and aqueducts using aggregates, among other

materials these stones were often extracted from quarries far from the sites they were

used. From the 19th century up to date, there is great increase of demand for aggregates.

With the boom in the construction sector, the use of raw materials from stone is growing

[11].

Aggregates can be found anywhere, it is the most mined material on earth due to

its massive volume in nature and it is easy to access. When aggregate is mixed with dry

Portland cement and water, the mixture forms fluid slurry that is easily poured and

moulded into shape. The cement reacts with the water and other ingredients to form a

hard matrix that binds the materials together into a durable stone-like material that has

many uses. The fine and coarse aggregates generally occupy 60% to 75% of the concrete

volume (70% to 80% by mass) according to ACI Education Boliton EI-07 and the strong

influence concrete’s fresh mixture and hardened properties, mixture proportion and

economy [2].

On this study it focuses on the determination of the compressive strength of

concrete that came from five (5) different quarry sites in Cagayan namely: Brgy. Dodan,
Peñablanca (342NW); Brgy. Caggay, Tuguegarao City (189S); Brgy. Barancuag, Tuao

West (232SW); Brgy. Cappissayan, Gattaran, (159SE); and Brgy. Agani, Alcala,

Cagayan (150SE). The aggregates coming from these quarry sites were exposed to

natural environment which is near to a river that causes running action of water. The

source material for aggregates rocks within or along the river basin. Since most rivers

will flow across numerous geologic boundaries, it is suspected that the character of the

aggregate deposits will vary from place along its course. Hence, the choice of aggregates

is important: the quality plays a great role, to be considered in order attain the ultimate

strength of the concrete.

Figure 1. Location Map of the Selected Quarry Sites

After gathering the aggregates from different sources, the researchers observed

differences on their physical appearance (i.e. Shape, texture and colour). Aggregate size

affects the following concrete properties: water demand, cement content, micro cracking

(strength). The influence of dimensional stability creates great changes on the strength of

concrete. Therefore, different sources of aggregates will contribute a different mechanical

property [11].

Concrete is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregates bonded

together with a fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens over time-most frequently in the

past a lime-based cement binder, such as lime putty, but sometimes with other hydraulic

cements, such as a calcium aluminate cement or with Portland Cement to form Portland

Cement Concrete (for its resemblance with Portland Stone). It also a result of a hardened

product of carefully proportioned mixture of water, cement and aggregates. In order to be

useful in construction the product must attain the minimum compressive strength

requirement which is 20.7 Mega Pascal (MPa) as a standard specification based from the

American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM), which is determined through a

mechanical testing using Universal Testing Machine (UTM). In order to check the

performance of concrete by its strength, for which the basis of the concrete samples meet

the ultimate strength to be used for bridges, buildings and other structures [3].

This assessment will provide a summary of specific existing sites that have the

potential to provide quality aggregates for the Northern Luzon. The importance of using

the right type and quality of aggregates cannot be ignored. It is a recognized fact that

aggregates are both strategic and vital resource for the construction in Cagayan.

1.2 Conceptual Framework

As illustrated in figure 2, gathering of raw materials from the five (5) quarry sites and

are going to be sort passing through sieve #4, #10 and #16 for fine aggregates and 1”,

1
3/4” and 1/2". Then, mixture of Class AA -1:1 : 3 (1 bag of Portland Cement-Type I is
2

to 1.5 cubic feet of fine aggregates is to 3 cubic feet of coarse aggregates) with a

water/cement ratio of 0.6. The aggregates used is based on the cements percent by weight

in kg. The concrete mix is being poured into the mold, measuring 4 inches diameter by 8

inches high cylinder and tamped layer by layer with the used of tampering rod. The

specimen formed is being cured with the water. The curing ages are 14 days and 21

calendar days, respectively. After curing for certain days, it will be dry in 4 days. Then, it
 will be subjected for testing on the UTM( Universal Testing Machine) to get its

compressive strength.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

SIZE OF AGGREGATE 

TYPE OF AGGREGATE  COMPARATIVE STUDY

OF THE COMPRESSIVE
SOURCE OF STRENGTH OF
AGGREGATE COMPRESSIVE CONCRETE FROM
STRENGTH TEST  DIFFERENT QUARRY
RATIO OF MIXTURE
SITES IN CAGAYAN
TYPE OF CEMENT 

WATER-CEMENT

Figure 2. Conceptual Franework

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The study aims to compare the compressive strength of concrete using natural

aggregates from different quarry sites in Cagayan.

Specially, it aims to answer the following objectives:

1. To determine the appropriate sizes of natural aggregates that will give the

highest compressive strength.

2. To determine the source of the best aggregate from the different quarry

sites in Cagayan.
 3. To characterize the different natural aggregates in the different quarry sites

in Cagayan.

4. If there is a significant difference in the compressive strength of the

different design mixtures of natural aggregates.

1.4 Hypothesis/Assumption of the Study

Ho: There is no significant difference in the compressive strength of the different design

mixture of natural aggregates.

Ha: There is significant difference in the compressive strength of the different design

mixture of natural aggregates.

1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study is limited only to the natural aggregates obtained from riverbeds of

five different quarry sites namely: Brgy. Dodan, Peñablanca, Brgy. Caggay Tuguegarao

City, Brgy. Barancuag, Tuao West, Cagayan, Brgy. Cappissayan, Gattaran, Cagayan, and

Brgy. Agani, Alcala, Cagayan. There were three sizes for coarse aggregate (1 inch, ¾

inch and ½ inch) and three sizes for fine aggregate (passing through sieve no.4, sieve

no.10, sieve no. 16) for each quarry sites. There were six combinations of sizes of coarse

and fine aggregate (1 inch for coarse aggregate and sieve no.4 for fine aggregate, ¾ inch
of coarse aggregate and sieve no. 10 of fine aggregate, ½ inch of coarse aggregate and

sieve no. 16 of fine aggregate, 1 inch for coarse aggregate and sieve no. 10 of fine

aggregate, ½ inch of coarse aggregate and sieve no. 16 of fine aggregate, and ¾ inch of

coarse aggregate and sieve no.4 for fine aggregate). Sample specimens were brought to

Department of Public Works and Highways Regional Office following safety measures

and tested using Universal Testing Machine (UTM) in their laboratory room where the

compressive strength is tested. This study is limited to what combination of aggregates

and the source of that aggregates from the said five quarry sites in terms of its

compressive strength only.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The result of this study will provide the engineers initial information that will give

them and the contractors to be more selective of the aggregates that will make structures

or projects effective and efficient. This will lessen the engineers work as they are

required to test any materials used in concrete construction to determine if the materials

are of good quality.

In the near future, the construction industry faces conflicts in deciding which will

be more safe and economical to use here in Cagayan. Therefore this experimental

research will aid the different concerns with the mechanical properties specifically

compressive strength of concrete with aggregates coming from selected quarry sites.

In addition, this study will guide the future researchers to relate their topic and

will provide baseline data which can help for better outcome of their study.
 Lastly, this study is not just to compare which combination of aggregates is the

most ideal and which source of aggregates is the best but also to know its impact on the

society.

1.7 Definition of Terms

Coarse aggregates refers to the portion of the concrete which is made up of the larger

stones,

Composite material is a material made from two or more constituent materials with

significantly different physical or chemical properties that, when combined, produce a

material with characteristics different from the individual components.

Compressive strength refers to the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads.

Concrete is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together

with a fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens (cures) over time.

Curing refers to the process of controlling the rate and extent of moisture loss

from concrete during cement hydration.

Fine aggregates are essentially any natural sand particles won from the land through the

mining process.

Micro cracking refers to very small cracks that form in concrete but are not visible to the

naked eye.
Quarry is a type of open-pit mine in which dimension stone, rock, construction

aggregate are found.

Raw material is also known as unprocessed material.

Universal Testing Machine (UTM) is used to test the tensile strength and compressive

strength of materials.

Water–cement ratio refers the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement used

in a concrete mix.

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

2.1 Aggregates

Aggregates constitute about 50 to 60% of the concrete mix depending on the mix

proportion used. The larger the aggregate percentage in concrete mix makes it to

contribute a lot to its strength (Waziri et. al., 2011). Aggregates are the most mined

material in the world. They are a component of composite materials such as concrete

and asphalt concrete. The aggregates are responsible for the unit weight, elastic

modulus and dimensional stability of concrete because these properties depend on the
 physical characteristics (strength and bulk density) of the aggregate (Anonymous,

2012) [1].

Aggregates are used in concrete to; increase its volume, increase strength and

durability, reduce shrinkage, reduce creep, reduce overall cost, imparts sound and

thermal properties, imparts density, increase chemical resistance etc. When aggregate

for concrete is being selected, the chemical inertness, strength, clean, cost, availability

in required size, grading, shape and surface texture are considered [4]. Also,(Anosike,

2011), opined that while selecting aggregate for a particular concrete, the economy of

the mixture, the strength of the hardened mass and durability of the structure must

first be considered [5].

According to (Shetty M. S.) aggregates are important constituents containing

about 70-80 percent of the volume of concrete. It gives body and strength to the

concrete, affects economy and undoubtedly has considerable impact on the properties

of concrete. It is therefore very essential to know more about the aggregates which

constitutes major volume in concrete so as to know more about concrete and its

properties [6].

2.1.1 Types of Aggregates

Aggregates can be classified as natural or artificial depending on their sources.

Natural aggregate are obtained from quarries by processing crushed rocks or from

riverbeds while artificial aggregates are obtained from industrial by-products such as

blast furnace slag. When aggregates or inert materials are bond together into a
conglomerate mass using Portland cement and water, they will be formed into concrete,

mortar or plaster. About seventy-five percent (75%) of the total mass of concrete are

aggregates that would densely pack the materials for a better strength of concrete, water

resistance, and economy of concrete [7].

A study of Abdullahi (2012) [8], three types of coarse aggregates, quartzite, granite,

and river gravel were used to determine the effect of aggregate type on compressive

strength of concrete. Test result show that concrete made from river gravel has the

highest workability followed by crushed quartzite and crushed granite aggregates. Also,

highest compressive strength at all ages was noted with concrete made from quartzite

aggregate followed by river gravel and then granite aggregate. Compressive strength

models were proposed as a function of age at curing. Abdullahi concluded aggregate

made from quartzite is advisable to be used for concrete work.

From the study of Umer Salam (2015) [9] , a comparison of the various properties of

concrete made from machine crushed rock aggregates and natural aggregates (gravel)

was done, it was observed that for the same workability concrete made by using natural

aggregate has higher strength as compared to concrete made by using crushed rock

aggregates.

2.1.2 Classification of Aggregates According to Weight

Structural concrete can be divided in two categories: lightweight and normal weight.

Basically, lightweight structural concrete is still concrete; a cement and water paste is the

binder. Expanded clay, slate, shale, or slag is used as the aggregate instead of gravel. As
the name implies lightweight concrete has a lower unit weight, about 2/3 of that of

normal weight concrete. This reduction in weight when considered in design of buildings

could allow the reduction in sizes of some structural members thereby providing more

usable space. This would result in a more suitable and economical structure.

Unfortunately the reduced unit weight of lightweight concrete is accompanied by its

higher cost and some different structural properties compared to that of normal weight

concrete. On the other hand, normal weight aggregates (e.g. Sand, Gravel, Crushed stone)

are aggregates that produce normal-weight concrete 2200 to 2400 kg/m 3. Thus, in

deciding between lightweight and normal weight concrete, careful consideration should

be given to their price and their physical characteristics [10].

2.1.3 Classification of Aggregates According to Size

The alternatives used in the manufacture of goof quality concrete is to obtain the

aggregate in at least two size groups, the main division being between fine aggregate,

not larger than 4 mm, and course aggregate, which comprises material at least 5mm

size. The division is made at No. 4 ASTM sieve, which is 4.75 mm in size [11].

2.1.3.1 Fine Aggregate

Aggregates passing through 4.75 mm sieve are defined as fine. Alternatively,

UNESCO-NT&VERP (2008), defined fine aggregate as particle's passing 25mm which

are retained on a 600 microns sieve. They may be natural sand' deposited by rivers,
crushed stone sand-obtained by crushing stones and crushed gravel sand. The smallest

size of fine aggregate (sand) is 0.06 mm [12].

Fine aggregates or sand are those that pass the no. 4 sieve and predominantly retained

by a no. 200 (74 micron) sieve. It is also manufactured by large pieces of aggregate by

crushing, grinding or rolling. [13].

The cost of river sand is much due to excessive cost of transportation from its natural

sources. Will (1967) [14] studied that the particles shape of fine aggregate as regards

water requirement for adequate hydration of concrete. It was observed that the shape of

the fine aggregate has a significance effect on water requirement than that of coarse

aggregate.

Temple Nwofor (2016) [14], concluded that highest compressive strength was

obtained from concrete sample mix of cement, grit and gravel. The results indicate that

characteristics of the concrete such as compressive strength, which can be considered a

secondary and dependent property is governed by the packing density of the mixture and

are independent of grading and particle shape of the fine aggregate used for production of

concrete. Lastly, the use of grit in construction is considered more economical since it

offers optimum utilization, noting that it is commonly available but cconsidered an

industrial waste.

2.1.3.2 Coarse Aggregate

Aggregate retained on 4.75 mm sieve is identified as coarse. They are obtained by

natural disintegration or by artificial crushing of rocks. The maximum size of aggregate

can be 80 mm. It ranges between 20mm-10mm. Particles with larger sizes cause
reduction in strength of concrete. The size is governed by the thickness of section,

spacing of reinforcement, clear cover, mixing, handling and placing methods [12].

Coarse aggregate is the portion of aggregates that is retained on no. 4 (4.76 mm)

sieve. These aggregates are the natural gravel deposits, which are formed by water, wind

or glacial action. Sometimes the coarse aggregates are manufactured by crushing rock,

stone, boulder and large cobblestones to attain the desired dimensions of the materials.

The conditions for maximum size of coarse aggregates shall easily fit into the forms and

in between reinforcing bars and it should not be larger than one-fifth (1/5) of the

narrowest dimension of the forms or one-third (1/3) the depth of the slab nor three-

fourths (3/4) of the minimum distance between reinforcing bars [13].

Past study like Kaplan (1959) studied the effects of the properties of 13 coarse

aggregates on the flexural and compressive strength of high-strength and normal-strength

concrete. Kaplan observed, contrary to most results, that concrete with compressive

strengths greater than 69 MPa (10,000 psi) was generally greater than mortar of the same

mix proportions, indicating that at very high strengths, the presence of coarse aggregate

contributed to the ultimate compressive strength of concrete [15].

Walker and Bloem (1960) studied the effects of coarse aggregate size on the

properties of normal-strength concrete. Their work demonstrates that an increase in

aggregate size from I 0 to 64 mm (%to 2Y. in.) results in a decrease in the compressive

strength of concrete, by as much as I0 percent [16].

A study conducted by Ogunoh Peter (2015) [12] aimed at establishing the

qualities of coarse aggregate sourced within Anambra State, and samples for the

laboratory experiment were obtained from quarry sites at Enugwu-ukwu, Aguleri,

Nsugbe, Nikwelle–Ezunaka and Ogbunka. The study observed that the crushing strength

and/or compressive strength of the samples at 7 day are between 20-29N/mm' with

Ogbunka samples having the highest compressive strength of 29.33N/mm2. Thus, at 7th

day, four out of the five samples tested have attained the minimum strength of concrete

(i.e. 21N/mm'). For workability test, the study observed that the percentage of slump for

the samples ranges from 21.5 – 41% with Nsugbe samples having the best slump value of

21.5%, For sieve analysis, the researchers observed that the samples were fairly graded.

The percentage of the grains passaging through 19.05 diameters is between 64.3 – 84.0%.

The study ended with the following recommendations that stones should be properly

graded using machines rather than hand breaking. Also stones should be properly washed

before using them since most of them are coated with impurities and other clayey

substances and muds which may interfere with the process of bonding. Finally, more

research should be carried out using un-wash samples from other quarry sites/towns not

covered by this study.

Ajamu (2005) stated that aggregates take about three quarter of the volume of

concrete with the coarse aggregates taking between 50 and 60% of the concrete mix

depending on the mix proportion used.

Omopariola studies aggregates that are in Ogun State in Nigeria. It has a

landmass of 16980.55 km2. Granite samples were procured from four different quarry

sites spread across three of the four geopolitical zones of the state. The physical

properties considered for laboratory tests are specific gravity, water absorption and

moisture content with accordance to British Standard Institute. The study concluded that
there are variations between the various sizes of aggregates at each quarry site also vary

[17].

The study of A. A. Jimoh (2018) [17] investigates the compliance of the physical and

mechanical properties of granites produced in some parts of Ogun State to relevant codes

and standards. Samples of 9.5mm, 12.5mm, 19mm and 25mm aggregates were collected

from four different quarry sites spread across the state. The Samples were tested for their

Specific Gravities, Water Absorptions, Moisture Contents, Aggregates Impact Value and

Aggregates Crushing Value in accordance to the relevant standards. Test results reveals

that all the samples conform to relevant codes and standards. It was therefore concluded

that although the aggregates do not conform to grading specification but the physical and

mechanical properties of all the aggregates meet the specifications in relevant codes and

standards.

It has been showed many times that coarse aggregates of the same type and

composition but with random angularity indices and aspect ratios have an impact on the

mechanical properties of the concrete [18]. The influence of the shape of coarse

aggregate on the properties of fresh concrete mixes and the strength of high-performance

self-compacting concrete (hPsCC) is an important issue.

In the study of Konrad Oleksik (2018) [19], experimental investigation of the

comparative analysis of the coarse aggregate shapes used to manufacturing high-

performance, self-compacting concrete ,irregular and regular grains were separated from

the basalt, porphyry and granite coarse aggregate. The main conclusion was that The FI

indicator allows the quantitative assessment of regular and irregular coarse aggregate
shapes. With the same crushing technology, the highest percentage of regular coarse

aggregate was achieved for granite and the lowest for basalt.

2.2 CONCRETE

According to Woodford (2016), concrete is a composite material made of

aggregate bonded together by liquid cement which hardens over time. The major

components of concrete are cement, water, and aggregates (fines and coarse aggregate)

with aggregates taking about 50 to 60% of the total volume, depending on the mix

proportion. The amount of concrete used worldwide is twice that of steel, wood, plastics,

and aluminium combined (Rajith, and Amritha, 2015). Moreover, according to Yaqub

and Bukhari (2006) concrete's use in the modern world is exceeded only by that of

naturally occurring water.

Concrete can be used either singular or reinforced with steel in order to achieve

the required strength. Concrete builds durable, long lasting structures that will not rust,

rot, or burn. It is widely used for making architectural structures, foundations, brick

walls, bridges and many other civil engineering works. Concrete is used in large

quantities almost everywhere mankind has a need for infrastructure because of its high

compressive strength and durability (Ajamu and Ige, 2015) [20].

2.2.1 Mechanical (Compressive) Strength of Concrete

The compressive strength of concrete is one of its major properties that structural

engineers take into consideration before erecting any structure (Hollaway, 2010). This
property can be affected by many factors including water to cement ratio, degree of

compaction, aggregate size and shape to name a few [20].

An experiment was conducted by Bruce Roy (2016) [1] to determine the effect of

aggregate size on the compressive strength of concrete. The experiment had three

treatments, which were the aggregate sizes (9.5 mm, 13.2 mm and 19.0 mm) and the

control. A constant mix of 1:2:4 with a water/cement ratio of 0.5 was used throughout the

experiment. Tests that were conducted included the slump and compressive strength tests.

Fresh concrete batches were formulated from each of the coarse aggregate sizes and the

slump test was conducted to test for workability. Three cubes (150 mm × 150 mm) were

cast from each batch and the compressive strength was determined using a concrete load

testing machine (Pro-Ikon cube press) after 7 days curing. The mean compressive

strength for the 9.5 mm, 13.2 mm, and 19 mm were 15.34 N/mm2, 18.61 N/mm2 and

19.48 N/mm2, respectively. The 9.5 mm and 19.0 mm aggregates had compressive

strengths that were significantly different (P<0.05; 0.034), while the 13.2 mm and 19.0

mm aggregate sizes had compressive strengths that were not significantly different

(P>0.05; 0.585). It was concluded that concrete workability (slump) was directly

proportional to aggregate size. The mean concrete compressive strength increased with

increasing aggregates size. 

Compressive strength is the most significant mechanical property of concrete. It is

obtained by measuring concrete specimen after curing for 28days. Some of the factors

that influence the concrete strength include aggregate quality, cement strength, water

content and water/cement ratio (Noorzaei et al., 2007) [21].

 From the study of Ajagbe (2018), compressive strength depends on aggregate

source. Experiments have been performed on 12 mixtures made up of fine aggregate from

four sources and coarse aggregate from three different sources. The study utilize cement

of the same strength (42.5R), coarse aggregate of the same size (10mm), the same

water/cement ratio (0.6), and concrete mix (1:2:4) in order to determine the influence of

aggregate source on concrete strength. Result revealed that only five mixtures had above

the minimum cube compressive strength of 25N/mm2 recommended for the construction

of the reinforced load-bearing building structural members. Three mixtures had above the

cube compressive strength of 20N/mm2 recommended for use in plain concrete

construction while the rest four mixtures had their cube strength between 19.3N/mm2 and

17.9N/mm2. Fine aggregate with higher compressive strength showed the lesser amount

of deleterious materials [21].

The compressive strength of concrete depends on the water to cement ratio,

degree of compaction, ratio of cement to aggregate, bond between mortar and aggregate,

and grading, shape, strength and size of the aggregate (Roccoand Elices, 2009; Elices and

Rocco, 2008) [22].

Based on the results of the conducted study by Mohad Fedder Musa (2017) [22]

on the determination of the effect of concrete strength using coarse aggregate 10mm,

20mm and fine aggregate (sand mining) 3mm, randomly purchased from suppliers,

showed that the compressive strength of concrete depends on several factors such as,

mixing ratio, aggregate size, texture, coarse and fine aggregate, compaction method,

curing period and some parameters have been discussed in literature review. The results
showed the concrete aggregate size of 20mm has a 45.7% higher compressive strength

than the concrete aggregate size of 10mm.

In the local setting, a study entitled “Comparative Study of the Mechanical

Strength of Concrete with Different Aggregates from Different Quarry Sites” [9],

obtained a result of the compressive strength of the cylinder specimens formulated from

aggregate hauled from the strategic quarry sites in Brgy. Ripang, Conner, Apayao; in

Brgy. Calamagui, San Pablo, Isabela; in Brgy. Callao, Peňablanca, Cagayan; in Brgy.

Camasi, Peňablanca and Brgy. Nueva, Roxas, Isabela. There were two samples for each

of the source of aggregates with mixture of class AA-1:1½:3 (1 bag of Portland cement

Type-I is to 1.5 cubic feet of fine aggregates is to 3 cubic feet of coarse aggregates) for

the mechanical tests using the Universal Testing Machine.

The result of compressive strength of each sample was 25.8 MPa (Conner,

Apayao), 20.50 MPa(San Pablo, Isabela), 19.94 MPa(Roxas, Isabela), 23.61 MPa

(Camasi) and 21.98 MPa(Callao) where aggregates from Roxas and San Pablo are under

the minimum [9].

On the other hand, the results of flexural strength of each sample were 4.77

MPa(Conner, Apayao), 4.93 MPa(San Pablo, Isabela), 3.82 MPa(Roxas, Isabela), 4.61

MPa (Camasi) and 4.07 MPa(Callao) and all were above minimum of 3.62 MPa.

Though the results have differences, the data were run in ANOVA and found out

that there is no significant difference in the compressive and flexural strength. Therefore,

there are no differences among the five quarry sites [9].

2.2.1.2 Factors Affecting the Strength of Concrete

 The strength of concrete depends on many parameters, so a deep understanding of

concrete and skills in this much required by designers, manufacturer’s specifications,

contractors and suppliers. Their skills will determine the quality of the concrete structure

to be built. Compressive strength of concrete is influenced by age, type of material, and

the process of curing, water cement ratio, size of aggregate, type of aggregate, and some

other parameters. Emphasis is given to the parameters of the coarse aggregate size and its

impact on the strength and workability of concrete [22].

Kamaruddin (1995) [23], stated that there are many factors that affect the strength

of concrete but only partially discussed in this paper. The hydration of cement tricalcium

silicate and dicalcium silicate hydrate is a major contributor to the strength of hydrated

cement paste. Concrete strength is inversely proportional to the water cement ratio. The

temperature and different water cement ratio influence to the concrete strength. Water

cement ratio significantly influences the gel-space in concrete. Concrete with high

cement water ratio will produce more voids. During the hydration reaction of water and

cement concrete will produce a space. These spaces will be filled by a solid gel during

hydration. Solid gel filling process depends on the type of cement and the concrete age.

Time and temperature are two factors that to determine the process concrete hydration

will achieve. Hydration process occurs more comprehensive in every fine cement

particles and a faster rate because of the larger surface area. If Aggregate-cement ratio

too high it can make concrete mix rough and can cause separation of the coarse

aggregate. This phenomenon will affect concrete compressive strength. The concrete has

hardened more quickly in a short time. Mostly types of cement to reach ultimate strength

at about 70% -80% after the age of 28 days [23].

 The combined aggregate 10mm and 5 mm size can achieve compressive strength

up to 160 Mpa at 28 days [6]. Mineral content in coarse aggregate also influence to the

bond strength of the aggregate-concrete mix. Normal concrete compressive strength at 28

days for the granite aggregate is 30 MPa [12].

Aggregate shape and texture can help to improve the strength of concrete.

Spherical shape suitable for use and easy to compact concrete and also give higher

strength if compare to flat form or flake form, sharp, long, uneven or angular. If too hard

compacted its can affect the workability and reduce the compressive strength. All types

of voids including gel pores, capillary pores and air voids will affect the strength of

concrete for allowing water seepage. Porosity can be defined as a total percentage of pore

voids that contribute to the entire volume of concrete permeability [12].

Curing also contribute to the preservation of concrete strength. Water needed to

maintain the moisture for the hydration process of concrete to achieve maturity of 28

days. It has been proven that the curing is done by soaking the concrete into water and

curing by packing in an impervious bag can produce a comparable level of concrete

strength [7]. Steam curing method and immersed in water has shown that the best method

of curing compared to the soaking in water [12].

The compressive strength of the concrete can be reduced to 30% due to inorganic

compounds [7]. The clay and foreign material in the aggregate can affect the strength of

concrete. Dirt or clay dust will reduce the bond between the surface aggregates.

According to the British Standard coarse aggregate should not contain clay, silt or

fine dust than 1% of the aggregate weight [10].

 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

This research used the exploratory investigation method which is research by design. The

researchers used six (6) combinations of mixture for each quarry sites making three

samples for cylinder.

3.1 Materials

3.1.1 Natural Aggregates

The natural aggregates were obtained from Brgy. Dodan, Peñablanca, Brgy.

Caggay, Tuguegarao City, Brgy. Barancuag, Tuao West, Brgy. Capissayan Sur, Gattaran,

and Brgy. Agani, Alcala.

Figure 3. Gathering of Natural Aggregates at the said five(5) Quary Sites

 (Brgy. Dodan, Peñablanca, Cagayan)

(Brgy. Barancuag, Tuao West, Cagayan)

(
Br
 g
y

Tanza, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan)

(Brgy. Capissayan, Gattaran, Cagayan)

(Brgy. Agani, Alcala, Cagayan)

3.1.2 Water

Water used in the experiment was a clean tap water free from impurities.
3.1.3 Cement

The cement used was Ordinary Type 1 Portland Cement.

3.1.4 Molds

The molds used in the experiment was steel cylindrical mold and improvised

cylindrical mold made using PVC Pipe. The molds had a dimension of 4” in diameter and

8” in height.
 Figure 4.Steel and Improvised PVC Pipe as a

Cylindrical Mold

3.1.5 Aggregates

3.1.5a Coarse Aggregates

There are three sizes of coarse

aggregates that were used in this experiments,

1”, 1/2” and 3/4”.

(1”) (3/4”) (1/2”)

Figure 5.1 Three (3) sizes of coarse aggregates used

3.1.5b Fine Aggregates

Fine aggregates were used in the experiments that were passed through sieve no. 4, sieve
no. 10 and sieve no. 16.

(#4 – 4.76mm)
(#10 – 2.00mm) (#16 – 1.19mm)

Figure 5.2 Three (3) sizes of fine aggregates used

3.2 Mix Design, Casting and Curing

3.2.1 Mix Design

 The design of the concrete mixture involved calculation of various materials

needed to produce a given volume of concrete. In this research, 3 cylinders with a

dimension of 4”x 8” were used to produce a good concrete. A consideration in the design

is therefore necessary in order to come up with the appropriate mixture in accordance

with IS 456-2000 using its M20 Grade concrete mixture design of 1:1.5:3 as a basis for

our design using by weight proportion and a water-cement ratio of 0.60.

See Table 2. (Concrete Mix Design).

Figure 6. Weighing of

cement and aggregates

These are the following batch of concrete cylinder samples:

Batch 1: Aggregates from Brgy. Dodan, Peñablanca

Batch 2: Aggregates from Brgy. Barancuag, Tuao West

Batch 3: Aggregates from Brgy. Agani, Alcala

 Batch 4: Aggregates from Brgy. Capissayan Sur, Gattaran

Batch 5: Aggregates from Brgy. Caggay, Tuguegarao City

Concrete Cylinder Sample Composition Weight

Name of
Water/Cement
Proportion in
Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate
Sample
Ratio
kg

A1 0.6 Type 1P No. 04 (4.76 mm) 1"sieve (25.4 mm) 3:5.1:9.5

B2 0.6 Type 1P No. 10 (2.00 mm) 3/4" (19.0 mm) 3:4.48:9.53

C3 0.6 Type 1P No. 16 (1.19 mm) 1/2" (12.7 mm) 3:3.63:9.95

D4 0.6 Type 1P No. 04 (4.76 mm) 1/2" (12.7 mm) 3:5.1:9.95

E5 0.6 Type 1P No. 10 (2.00 mm) 1" (19.0 mm) 3:4.48:9.5

F6 0.6 Type 1P No. 16 (1.19 mm) 3/4" (25.4 mm) 3:3.63:9.53

(Table-2: Concrete Mix Design)

3.2.2 Casting and Curing

The concrete cylinder samples were made in a two different molds: Standard

Metal and Improvised PVC Pipe molds at a mix design ratio of 1:1.5:3 and with a water-

cement ratio of 0.60. Each batch consists of 6 aggregates combination and 3 concrete

cylinder samples were made for each site. Concrete cylinders are casted by 2 layers. Each

layer was filled approximately 1/2 of the volume of the mold and 25 strokes/layer
penetrating the entire depth of the layer starting from the outer part near the edge of the

mold to the center. The side of each mold were tamped with 10 strokes/layer to avoid

unwanted voids. Same procedure was done until the mold was completely filled and the

surface was scraped-off with a trowel and covered with a damped material to prevent

evaporation.

Figure

7.Preparation of batches of concrete mixtures before mixing

 Figure 8.Mixing of Concrete and Casting it into the molds

After 24-hours the concrete cylinder samples was removed from the molds and

were cured for 14 days and 21 days. After the desired days of curing was reached the

concrete cylinder samples were left to dry for 3 days before the testing.
 Figure 8.Removing of

samples from the molds,

curing, and drying

3.4 Compressive

Strength Test

The concrete cylinder

samples were subjected to

compressive strength test at Department of Public Works and Highways-Region 2, Carig

Sur, Tuguegarao City using the Universal Testing Machine (UTM).

Figure 9 .Testing of cylindrical samples at Department of Public Works and Highways

4. Results and Discussion

The normal-strength concrete test results is to determine the effect of aggregate

size on compressive strength and shows that concrete with a 1” (25.4mm) maximum size

aggregate yields higher compressive strengths than concrete with a No. 16 (1.19mm)

minimum size aggregate, although the difference is not significant. In this study, concrete

containing fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, and Portland cement were tested at 14 days

and 21 days respectively, it shows an increase in compressive strength of concrete with

smaller maximum size aggregate.

The test program consists of casting and testing of 90 concrete cylindrical samples for

each combination of sands and gravel from five selected quarry sites respectively. These

amounts of 90 cylinders tested for 14 and 21 days after curing. The Table: 1.a, 1.b, 1.c,

1.d, 1.e, 2.a, 2.b, 2.c, 2.d and 2.e show the result of the five different quarry sites with 14

and 21 days compressive strength. The compressive strength increased as the number of

days of curing increased.

The 14 days compressive strength ranges from 2.52 MPa to 12.54 MPa while the 21

days compressive strength ranges from 2.97 MPa to 18.33 MPa. According to from the

DPWH Compressive Strength Table @21 MPa that the 14-day strength is normally the

92% of the 28-day strength while the 21-day strength has 96.5% of the 28-day strength

In order to determine the best fine and coarse aggregate combination and the best

source, the average of the compressive strength of concrete at 21 days was used. In

respect of the five quarry site sources. It was observed that among the sites selected for
the study Dodan B2 Sample gave the highest compressive strength of 12.544 MPa with

the and Tuao A1 Sample was 18.33 MPa for 14 and 21 days compressive strength

respectively. As for the lowest compressive strength, Alcala B2 Sample gave 2.53 MPa

for 14 days compressive strength while Caggay F6 Sample gave the lowest strength of

3.07 MPa for 21 days compressive strength.

The 21 days compressive strength which is the measure of strength of concrete is of

utmost interest in this study. As could be observed in the comparative compressive

strength at 21 days shown in Table _. The strength of Tuao A1 is the highest when mixed

with 1” coarse aggregates and No. 04 fine aggregates while that of Caggay who has the

lowest compressive strength was a mixture of ¾” coarse aggregates and No. 16 fine

aggregates. This can be linked to the reason that Tuao A1 Sample has the least amount of

deleterious materials such as materials finer than 75 µm, clay lumps and friable particle

and amount of silt or clay contamination (sand equivalent). For Caggay F6, apart from

having the highest amount of deleterious materials, is also shown an indication of having

organic impurities.

Table 1.a Dodan at 14-day compressive strength

Dodan-14 days
Combination
Load, kN Area, mm^2 Stress in 14 days, MPa
Label Coarse Fine
A1 1" No. 04 95.39 8107.319666 11.7659108
B2 3/4" No. 10 101.7 8107.319666 12.54421981
C3 1/2" No. 16 64.48 8107.319666 7.953306722
D4 1/2" No. 04 83.09 8107.319666 10.24876327
E5 1" No. 10 104.19 8107.319666 12.85134968
F6 3/4" No. 16 52.09 8107.319666 6.425058114
Table 1.b Alcala at 14-day compressive strength

Alcala-14 days
Combination
Load, kN Area, mm^2 Stress in 14 days, MPa
Label Coarse Fine
A1 1" No. 04 48.03 8107.319666 5.924276084
B2 3/4" No. 10 20.51 8107.319666 2.529812669
C3 1/2" No. 16 45.35 8107.319666 5.593710606
D4 1/2" No. 04 60.95 8107.319666 7.517897716
E5 1" No. 10 54.99 8107.319666 6.782759564
F6 3/4" No. 16 46.05 8107.319666 5.680052335

Table 1.c Tuao at 14-day compressive strength

Tuao-14 days
Combination
Load, kN Area, mm^2 Stress in 14 days, MPa
Label Coarse Fine
A1 1" No. 04 68.52 8107.319666 8.451621846
B2 3/4" No. 10 51.1 8107.319666 6.302946239
C3 1/2" No. 16 21.07 8107.319666 2.598886052
D4 1/2" No. 04 37.73 8107.319666 4.65381921
E5 1" No. 10 54.83 8107.319666 6.763024311
F6 3/4" No. 16 20.72 8107.319666 2.555715187

Table 1.d Gattaran at 14-day compressive strength

Gattaran-14 days
Combination
Load, kN Area, mm^2 Stress in 14 days, MPa
Label Coarse Fine
A1 1" No. 04 59.34 8107.319666 7.319311739
B2 3/4" No. 10 65.26 8107.319666 8.049516078
C3 1/2" No. 16 34.05 8107.319666 4.199908404
D4 1/2" No. 04 66.34 8107.319666 8.182729032
E5 1" No. 10 59.69 8107.319666 7.362482603
F6 3/4" No. 16 30.22 8107.319666 3.727495799

Caggay-14 days
Combination
Load, kN Area, mm^2 Stress in 14 days, MPa
Label Coarse Fine
 A1 1" No. 04 71.31 8107.319666 8.79575531
B2 3/4" No. 10 58.62 8107.319666 7.230503103
C3 1/2" No. 16 58.32 8107.319666 7.193499504
D4 1/2" No. 04 53.33 8107.319666 6.57800632
E5 1" No. 10 85.45 8107.319666 10.53985824
F6 3/4" No. 16 49.76 8107.319666 6.1376635
Table 1.e Caggay at 14-day compressive strength

Table 2.a Dodan at 21-day compressive strength

Dodan-21 days
Combination
Load, kN Area, mm^2 Stress in 21 days, MPa
Label Coarse Fine
A1 1" No. 04 90.82 8107.319666 11.20222265
B2 3/4" No. 10 93.63 8107.319666 11.54882302
C3 1/2" No. 16 70.71 8107.319666 8.721748113
D4 1/2" No. 04 85.52 8107.319666 10.54849241
E5 1" No. 10 83.73 8107.319666 10.32770428
F6 3/4" No. 16 83.02 8107.319666 10.2401291

Table 2.b Tuao at 21-day compressive strength

Tuao-21 days
Combination
Load, kN Area, mm^2 Stress in 21 days, MPa
Label Coarse Fine
A1 1" No. 04 148.6 8107.319666 18.32911568
B2 3/4" No. 10 75.3 8107.319666 9.287903167
C3 1/2" No. 16 46.99 8107.319666 5.795996943
D4 1/2" No. 04 82.17 8107.319666 10.13528557
E5 1" No. 10 108.69 8107.319666 13.40640365
F6 3/4" No. 16 75.1 8107.319666 9.263234101

Table 2.c Alcala at 21-day compressive strength

Alcala-21 days
Combination
Load, kN Area, mm^2 Stress in 21 days, MPa
Label Coarse Fine
 A1 1" No. 04 82.82 8107.319666 10.21546003
B2 3/4" No. 10 69.22 8107.319666 8.537963575
C3 1/2" No. 16 50.88 8107.319666 6.275810267
D4 1/2" No. 04 116.59 8107.319666 14.38083174
E5 1" No. 10 63.96 8107.319666 7.889167152
F6 3/4" No. 16 65.1 8107.319666 8.029780825

Table 2.d Gattaran at 21-day compressive strength

Gattaran-21 days
Combination
Load, kN Area, mm^2 Stress in 21 days, MPa
Label Coarse Fine
A1 1" No. 04 43.95 8107.319666 5.421027147
B2 3/4" No. 10 64.16 8107.319666 7.913836218
C3 1/2" No. 16 45.22 8107.319666 5.577675713
D4 1/2" No. 04 77.3 8107.319666 9.534593822
E5 1" No. 10 63.47 8107.319666 7.828727942
F6 3/4" No. 16 28.48 8107.319666 3.512874929

Table 2.e Caggay at 21-day compressive strength

Caggay-21 days
Combination
Load, kN Area, mm^2 Stress in 21 days, MPa
Label Coarse Fine
A1 1" No. 04 105.71 8107.319666 13.03883458
B2 3/4" No. 10 50.45 8107.319666 6.222771776
C3 1/2" No. 16 24.08 8107.319666 2.970155488
D4 1/2" No. 04 57.06 8107.319666 7.038084392
E5 1" No. 10 74.08 8107.319666 9.137421867
F6 3/4" No. 16 24.86 8107.319666 3.066364844

5. Conclusions and Recommendations

5.1 Conclusions
 This study focused on the analysis of the compressive strength of concrete

produced from aggregates of five (5) different quarry sites to avoid the use of substandard

aggregates that might contribute to the failures of structures.

Experiments were performed on six (6) design mixtures of concrete made up of

fine aggregates and coarse aggregates from the (five) 5 different quarry sites. The study

utilizes the use of cement of the same properties, fine aggregates with three different

sizes namely (#4 (4.76mm), #10 (2.00mm), and #16 (1.19mm)), and coarse aggregates of

three different sizes (1”, ¾”, and 1/2”) and with a uniform water-cement ratio of 0.60.

The standard comprehensive evaluation used in this study revealed that the

minimum requirement on compressive strength of concrete with a 21-day curing is

______ according to the Standard of Department of Public Works and Highways was not

achieved.

Furthermore the study has evaluated which among the 5 quarry site sites has the

highest compressive strength using the best ideal sizes of fine and coarse aggregates.

Based from the result of the tests it shows that ……………

5.2 Recommendations
1. This study suggests conducting further and more research on other possible quarry

sites in the Region II that can contribute to the progress in the field of construction.

2. For future study like these, it is recommended to increase production of samples in

order to come up with a more accurate data and result.

3. We recommend conducting further analysis on the properties of aggregates from the

different quarry sites in relation to workability, durability and strength of the concrete.

4. Other researcher must also extend this study with the examination of the water quality

of the quarry sites in order to find out if the chemical properties of the impurities on the

aggregates affect the compressive strength of the concrete mixed with the earth material

such as aggregates.

5. We recommend curing the cylindrical concrete samples to for the following period: 7

days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days in order to have an accurate result for the study.

6. Materials like molds, cement, etc., must be in condition and in standard when used for

this study to avoid errors.

7. We also recommend determining all the design mixture combination, wherein on our

study, we made a 6 design mixture combination instead of making it into a 9 design

mixture combination.
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