Chopper PDF

Course material(Lecture notes)
UNIT III
DC Choppers
www.studentsfocus.com
EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3
Introduction
• Chopper is a static device.
• A variable dc voltage is obtained from a
constant dc voltage source.
• Also known as dc-to-dc converter.
• Widely used for motor control.
• Also used in regenerative braking.
• Thyristor converter offers greater
efficiency, faster response, lower
maintenance, smaller size and smooth
control.
Choppers are of Two Types

Step-down choppers.
Step-up choppers.
In step down chopper output voltage is
less than input voltage.
In step up chopper output voltage is
more than input voltage.

Sri Vidya College Of Engineering & Technology,Virudhunagar Course material(Lecture notes)






Principle Of
Step-down Chopper
Chopper
i0
+
V R V0
• A step-down chopper with resistive load.

• The thyristor in the circuit acts as a switch.
• When thyristor is ON, supply voltage
appears across the load
• When thyristor is OFF, the voltage across
the load will be zero.

v0
V
Vdc
t
tON tOFF
i0
V/R
Idc
t
T
Vdc Average value of output or load voltage.

I dc Average value of output or load current.
tON Time interval for which SCR conducts.
tOFF Time interval for which SCR is OFF.
T tON tOFF Period of switching or chopping period.
1
f Freq. of chopper switching or chopping freq.
T

Average Output Voltage

tON
Vdc V
tON tOFF
tON
Vdc V V .d
T
tON
but d duty cycle
t
Average Output Current

Vdc
I dc
R
V tON V
I dc d
R T R
RMS value of output voltage
tON
1 2
VO v dt
o
T 0
But during tON , vo V

Therefore RMS output voltage
tON
1 2
VO V dt
T 0
2
V tON
VO tON .V
T T
VO d .V
Output power PO VO I O
VO
But IO
R
Output power
2
V O
PO
R
2
dV
PO
R
Effective input resistance of chopper

V
Ri
I dc
R
Ri
d
The output voltage can be varied by
varying the duty cycle.
Methods Of Control
• The output dc voltage can be varied by the
following methods.
– Pulse width modulation control or
constant frequency operation.
– Variable frequency control.

Pulse Width Modulation

• tON is varied keeping chopping frequency
‘f’ & chopping period ‘T’ constant.
• Output voltage is varied by varying the ON
time tON

V0
V
tON tOFF
t
T
V0
t
tON tOFF
Variable Frequency Control

• Chopping frequency ‘f’ is varied keeping
either tON or tOFF constant.
• To obtain full output voltage range,
frequency has to be varied over a wide
range.
• This method produces harmonics in the
output and for large tOFF load current may
become discontinuous

v0
V
tON tOFF
t
T
v0
tON tOFF
t
T
Step-down Chopper
With R-L Load
Chopper
i0
+
R
V V0
FWD L
• When chopper is ON, supply is connected

across load.
• Current flows from supply to load.
• When chopper is OFF, load current
continues to flow in the same direction
through FWD due to energy stored in
inductor ‘L’.
• Load current can be continuous or

discontinuous depending on the values of
‘L’ and duty cycle ‘d’
• For a continuous current operation, load
current varies between two limits Imax and
Imin
• When current becomes equal to Imax the
chopper is turned-off and it is turned-on
when current reduces to Imin.

v0 Output
voltage
V
tON tOFF
t
T
i0 Output
Imax current
Continuous
Imin current
t Output
i0 current
Discontinuous
current
t
Expressions For
Load Current
iO For Continuous Current
Operation When
Chopper Is ON (0 t tON)
i0
+
R
V V0
L
E
-

diO
V iO R L E
dt
Taking Laplace Transform
V E
RI O S L S.I O S iO 0
S S
At t 0, initial current iO 0 I min
V E I min
IO S
R R
LS S S
L L
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform

R R
V E L
t
L
t
iO t 1 e I min e
R
This expression is valid for 0 t tON ,
i.e., during the period chopper is ON.
At the instant the chopper is turned off,
load current is iO tON I max
When Chopper is OFF
i0
When Chopper is OFF 0 t tOFF

diO
0 RiO L E
dt
Talking Laplace transform
E
0 RI O S L SI O S iO 0
S
Redefining time origin we have at t 0,
initial current iO 0 I max
I max E
IO S
R R
LS S S
L L
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform
R R
t E t
iO t I max e L
1 e L
R

The expression is valid for 0 t tOFF ,

i.e., during the period chopper is OFF
At the instant the chopper is turned ON or at

the end of the off period, the load current is
iO tOFF I min

To Find I max & I min

From equation
R R
V E L
t
L
t
iO t 1 e I mine
R
At t tON dT, iO t I max
dRT dRT
V E
I max 1 e L
I mine L
R

From equation
R R
t E t
iO t I max e L
1 e L
R
At t tOFF T tON , iO t I min
t tOFF 1 d T

1 d RT 1 d RT
E
I min I max e L
1 e L
R
Substituting for I min in equation
dRT dRT
V E
I max 1 e L I min e L
R
we get,
dRT
V 1 e L
E
I max RT
R R
1 e L
Substituting for I max in equation

1 d RT 1 d RT
E
I min I max e L
1 e L
R
we get,
dRT
L
V e 1 E
I min RT
R R
eL 1
I max I min is known as the steady state ripple.

Therefore peak-to-peak ripple current

I I max I min
Average output voltage
Vdc d.V
Average output current
I max I min
I dc approx
2
Assuming load current varies linearly

from I min to I max instantaneous
load current is given by
I .t
iO I min for 0 t tON dT
dT
I max I min
iO I min t
dT

RMS value of load current

dT
1
I O RMS i02 dt
dT 0
dT 2
1 I max I min t
I I min dt
O RMS
dT 0
dT
dT 2
1 2 I max I min 2 2I min I max I min t
I O RMS I min t dt
dT 0
dT dT

RMS value of output current

1
2 2
I I
I O RMS I min I max
I min 3 I min
2 max min
RMS chopper current

dT
1 2
I CH i dt0
T 0
dT 2
1 I max I min
I I t dt

CH
T min
0
dT

1
2 2
2 I max I min
I d I I
I I
min
3
CH min max min
I CH d I O RMS
Effective input resistance is
V
Ri
IS

Where
IS Average source current
IS dI dc
V
Ri
dI dc

Principle Of Step-up Chopper
I L D
+
+
L
C O VO
V A
D
Chopper

• Step-up chopper is used to obtain a load

voltage higher than the input voltage V.
• The values of L and C are chosen
depending upon the requirement of output
voltage and current.
• When the chopper is ON, the inductor L is
connected across the supply.
• The inductor current ‘I’ rises and the
inductor stores energy during the ON time
of the chopper, tON.

• When the chopper is off, the inductor

current I is forced to flow through the diode
D and load for a period, tOFF.
• The current tends to decrease resulting in
reversing the polarity of induced EMF in L.
• Therefore voltage across load is given by
dI
VO V L i.e., VO V
dt

• A large capacitor ‘C’ connected across the

load, will provide a continuous output
voltage .
• Diode D prevents any current flow from
capacitor to the source.
• Step up choppers are used for
regenerative braking of dc motors.

Expression For Output Voltage

Assume the average inductor current to be
I during ON and OFF time of Chopper.
When Chopper is ON
Voltage across inductor L V
Therefore energy stored in inductor
= V .I.tON
Where tON ON period of chopper.
When Chopper is OFF

(energy is supplied by inductor to load)
Voltage across L VO V
Energy supplied by inductor L VO V ItOFF
where tOFF OFF period of Chopper.
Neglecting losses, energy stored in inductor
L = energy supplied by inductor L

VItON VO V ItOFF
V tON tOFF
VO
tOFF
T
VO V
T tON
Where
T = Chopping period or period
of switching.
T tON tOFF
1
VO V
tON
1
T
1
VO V
1 d
tON
Where d duty cyle
T
For variation of duty cycle ' d ' in the

range of 0 d 1 the output voltage VO
will vary in the range V VO

Performance Parameters
• The thyristor requires a certain minimum time to
turn ON and turn OFF.
• Duty cycle d can be varied only between a min.
& max. value, limiting the min. and max. value
of the output voltage.
• Ripple in the load current depends inversely on
the chopping frequency, f.
• To reduce the load ripple current, frequency
should be as high as possible.

Problem
• A Chopper circuit is operating on TRC at a
frequency of 2 kHz on a 460 V supply. If
the load voltage is 350 volts, calculate the
conduction period of the thyristor in each
cycle.

V 460 V, Vdc = 350 V, f = 2 kHz

1
Chopping period T
f
1
T 3
0.5 m sec
2 10
tON
Output voltage Vdc V
T

Conduction period of thyristor

T Vdc
tON
V
3
0.5 10 350
tON
460
tON 0.38 msec
Problem
• Input to the step up chopper is 200 V. The
output required is 600 V. If the conducting
time of thyristor is 200 sec. Compute
– Chopping frequency,
– If the pulse width is halved for constant
frequency of operation, find the new
output voltage.

V 200 V , tON 200 s, Vdc 600V

T
Vdc V
T tON
T
600 200 6
T 200 10
Solving for T
T 300 s
Chopping frequency
1
f
T
1
f 6
3.33KHz
300 10
Pulse width is halved
6
200 10
tON 100 s
2
Frequency is constant
f 3.33KHz
1
T 300 s
f
T
Output voltage = V
T tON
300 10 6
200 6
300 Volts
300 100 10

Problem
• A dc chopper has a resistive load of 20

and input voltage VS = 220V. When
chopper is ON, its voltage drop is 1.5 volts
and chopping frequency is 10 kHz. If the
duty cycle is 80%, determine the average
output voltage and the chopper on time.

VS 220V , R 20 , f 10 kHz
tON
d 0.80
T
Vch = Voltage drop across chopper = 1.5 volts
tON
Vdc VS Vch
T
Vdc 0.80 220 1.5 174.8 Volts
Chopper ON time, tON dT

1
Chopping period, T
f
1 3
T 3
0.1 10 secs 100 µsecs
10 10
Chopper ON time,
tON dT
3
tON 0.80 0.1 10
3
tON 0.08 10 80 µsecs

Problem
• In a dc chopper, the average load current
is 30 Amps, chopping frequency is 250
Hz, supply voltage is 110 volts. Calculate
the ON and OFF periods of the chopper if
the load resistance is 2 ohms.

I dc 30 Amps, f 250 Hz, V 110 V , R 2

1 1 3
Chopping period, T 4 10 4 msecs
f 250
Vdc
I dc & Vdc dV
R
I dc dV
R
Idc R 30 2
d 0.545
V 110

Chopper ON period,
3
tON dT 0.545 4 10 2.18 msecs
Chopper OFF period,
tOFF T tON
3 3
tOFF 4 10 2.18 10
3
tOFF 1.82 10 1.82 msec

• A dc chopper in figure has a resistive load

of R = 10 and input voltage of V = 200
V. When chopper is ON, its voltage drop is
2 V and the chopping frequency is 1 kHz. If
the duty cycle is 60%, determine
– Average output voltage
– RMS value of output voltage
– Effective input resistance of chopper
– Chopper efficiency.

Chopper
i0
+
V R v0
V 200 V , R 10 , Chopper voltage drop Vch 2V

d 0.60, f 1 kHz.


Vdc d V Vch
Vdc 0.60 200 2 118.8 Volts
RMS value of output voltage
VO d V Vch
VO 0.6 200 2 153.37 Volts

Effective input resistance of chopper is

V V
Ri
I S I dc
Vdc 118.8
I dc 11.88 Amps
R 10
V V 200
Ri 16.83
I S I dc 11.88
Output power is
dT 2 dT 2
1 v 0 1 V Vch
PO dt dt
T 0 R T 0 R
2
d V Vch
PO
R
2
0.6 200 2
PO 2352.24 watts
10
Input power,
dT
1
Pi ViO dt
T 0
dT
1 V V Vch
PO dt
T 0
R
dV V Vch
PO
R
0.6 200 200 2
PO 2376 watts
10
Chopper efficiency,
PO
100
Pi
2352.24
100 99%
2376

Problem
• A chopper is supplying an inductive load with a
free-wheeling diode. The load inductance is 5 H
and resistance is 10 .. The input voltage to the
chopper is 200 volts and the chopper is operating
at a frequency of 1000 Hz. If the ON/OFF time
ratio is 2:3. Calculate
– Maximum and minimum values of load current
in one cycle of chopper operation.
– Average load current

L 5 H , R 10 , f 1000 Hz,
V 200 V , tON : tOFF 2:3
Chopping period,
1 1
T 1 msecs
f 1000
tON 2
tOFF 3
2
tON tOFF
3
T tON tOFF
2
T tOFF tOFF
3
5
T tOFF
3
3
tOFF T
5
3 3
T 1 10 0.6 msec
5
tON T tOFF
3
tON 1 0.6 10 0.4 msec
Duty cycle,
3
tON 0.4 10
d 3
0.4
T 1 10
Maximum value of load current is given by
dRT
V 1 e L
E
I max RT
R R
1 e L

Since there is no voltage source in

the load circuit, E = 0
dRT
V 1 e L
I max RT
R
1 e L
3
0.4 10 1 10
200 1 e 5
I max 10 1 10 3
10 5
1 e
3
0.8 10
1 e
I max 20 2 10 3
1 e
I max 8.0047A
Minimum value of load current with E = 0
is given by
dRT
V e L
1
I min
R RTL
e 1
3
0.4 10 1 10
200 e 5
1
I min 3
7.995 A
10 10 1 10
e 5
1
Average load current
I max I min
I dc
2
8.0047 7.995
I dc 8A
2

Problem
• A chopper feeding on RL load is shown in figure,
with V = 200 V, R = 5 , L = 5 mH, f=1
kHz, d = 0.5 and E = 0 V. Calculate
– Maximum and minimum values of load
current.
– Average value of load current.
– RMS load current.
– Effective input resistance as seen by source.
– RMS chopper current.

V = 200 V, R = 5 , L = 5 mH,
f = 1kHz, d = 0.5, E = 0
Chopping period is
1 1
T 1 10 3 secs
f 1 103 Chopper
i0
+
R
v0
FWD L
Maximum value of load current is given by

dRT
V 1 e L
E
I max RT
R R
1 e L
0.5 5 1 103
3
200 1 e 5 10
I max 5 1 10 3 0
5
3
1 e 5 10
0.5
1 e
I max 40 1
24.9 A
1 e
Minimum value of load current is given by

dRT
V e L
1 E
I min
R RTL R
e 1
3
0.5 5 1 10
3
200 e 5 10
1
I min 5 1 10 3
0
5 3
e 5 10
1
e0.5 1
I min 40 15.1 A
e1 1
Average value of load current is

I1 I 2
I dc
2
for linear variation of currents
24.9 15.1
I dc 20 A
2
RMS load current is given by
1
2 2
I I
I O RMS I min I max
I min 3 I min
2 max min


1
2 2
2 24.9 15.1
I O RMS 15.1 15.1 24.9 15.1
3
1
96.04 2
I O RMS 228.01 147.98 20.2 A
3
RMS chopper current is given by
I ch d I O RMS 0.5 20.2 14.28 A

Effective input resistance is

V
Ri
IS
I S = Average source current
IS dI dc
IS 0.5 20 10 A
Therefore effective input resistance is
V 200
Ri 20
IS 10
Classification Of Choppers
• Choppers are classified as
– Class A Chopper
– Class B Chopper
– Class C Chopper
– Class D Chopper
– Class E Chopper

Class A Chopper
i0 v0
+
Chopper
L
O v0 V
V A
FWD D
i0

• When chopper is ON, supply voltage V is

connected across the load.
• When chopper is OFF, vO = 0 and the load
current continues to flow in the same
direction through the FWD.
• The average values of output voltage and
current are always positive.
• Class A Chopper is a first quadrant
chopper .

• Class A Chopper is a step-down chopper

in which power always flows form source
to load.
• It is used to control the speed of dc motor.
• The output current equations obtained in
step down chopper with R-L load can be
used to study the performance of Class A
Chopper.

ig Thyristor
gate pulse
t
i0
Output current
CH ON
t
v0 FWD Conducts
Output voltage
t
tON
T

Class B Chopper
D
i0 v0
+
R
V L v0
Chopper
E i0

• When chopper is ON, E drives a current

through L and R in a direction opposite to
that shown in figure.
• During the ON period of the chopper, the
inductance L stores energy.
• When Chopper is OFF, diode D conducts,
and part of the energy stored in inductor L
is returned to the supply.

• Average output voltage is positive.

• Average output current is negative.
• Therefore Class B Chopper operates in
second quadrant.
• In this chopper, power flows from load to
source.
• Class B Chopper is used for regenerative
braking of dc motor.
• Class B Chopper is a step-up chopper.

ig
Thyristor
gate pulse
t
i0 tOFF tON
T
t
Output current
Imax
Imin
D
conducts Chopper
conducts
v0 Output voltage
Expression for Output Current
During the interval diode 'D' conducts

voltage equation is given by
LdiO
V RiO E
dt
For the initial condition i.e.,
iO t I min at t 0
The solution of the above equation is obtained
along similar lines as in step-down chopper
with R-L load

R R
V E t t
iO t 1 e L I mine L 0 t tOFF
R
At t tOFF iO t I max
R R
V E tOFF tOFF
I max 1 e L
I mine L
R
During the interval chopper is ON voltage
equation is given by
LdiO
0 RiO E
dt

Redefining the time origin, at t 0 iO t I max

The solution for the stated initial condition is
R R
t E t
iO t I max e L
1 e L
0 t tON
R
At t tON iO t I min
R R
tON E tON
I I e e
L
min max 1 L
R

Class C Chopper
CH1 D1
i0 v0
+
V R
CH2 D2 L v0
Chopper
i0
E

• Class C Chopper is a combination of Class A

and Class B Choppers.
• For first quadrant operation, CH1 is ON or D2
conducts.
• For second quadrant operation, CH2 is ON or D1
conducts.
• When CH1 is ON, the load current is positive.
• The output voltage is equal to ‘V’ & the load
receives power from the source.
• When CH1 is turned OFF, energy stored in
inductance L forces current to flow through the
diode D2 and the output voltage is zero.

• Current continues to flow in positive direction.

• When CH2 is triggered, the voltage E forces
current to flow in opposite direction through L
and CH2 .
• The output voltage is zero.
• On turning OFF CH2 , the energy stored in the
inductance drives current through diode D1 and
the supply
• Output voltage is V, the input current becomes
negative and power flows from load to source.

• Average output voltage is positive

• Average output current can take both
positive and negative values.
• Choppers CH1 & CH2 should not be turned
ON simultaneously as it would result in
short circuiting the supply.
• Class C Chopper can be used both for dc
motor control and regenerative braking of
dc motor.
• Class C Chopper can be used as a step-up
or step-down chopper.

ig1
Gate pulse
of CH1
t
ig2 Gate pulse
of CH2
t
i0
Output current
D1 CH1 D2 CH2 D1 CH1 D2 CH2

ON ON ON ON
V0 Output voltage

Class D Chopper
v0
CH1 D2
R i0 L E
V
+ v0 i0
D1 CH2

• Class D is a two quadrant chopper.

• When both CH1 and CH2 are triggered
simultaneously, the output voltage vO = V
and output current flows through the load.
• When CH1 and CH2 are turned OFF, the
load current continues to flow in the same
direction through load, D1 and D2 , due to
the energy stored in the inductor L.
• Output voltage vO = - V .

• Average load voltage is positive if chopper

ON time is more than the OFF time
• Average output voltage becomes negative
if tON < tOFF .
• Hence the direction of load current is
always positive but load voltage can be
positive or negative.

ig1
Gate pulse
of CH1
ig2 Gate pulse

of CH2
t
i0
Output current
CH1,CH2 D1,D2 Conducting

ON
v0
Output voltage
V
Average v0
t
ig1
Gate pulse
of CH1
t
ig2 Gate pulse
of CH2
t
i0
Output current
CH1
CH2
t
D1, D2
v0
Output voltage
V
t
Average v0

Class E Chopper
CH1 D1 CH3 D3
i0 R L E
V
+
CH2 D2 CH4 D4

Four Quadrant Operation

v0
CH2 - D4 Conducts CH1 - CH4 ON
D1 - D4 Conducts CH4 - D2 Conducts
i0
CH3 - CH2 ON D2 - D3 Conducts

CH2 - D4 Conducts CH4 - D2 Conducts
• Class E is a four quadrant chopper

• When CH1 and CH4 are triggered, output
current iO flows in positive direction
through CH1 and CH4, and with output
voltage vO = V.
• This gives the first quadrant operation.
• When both CH1 and CH4 are OFF, the
energy stored in the inductor L drives iO
through D2 and D3 in the same direction,
but output voltage vO = -V.

• Therefore the chopper operates in the

fourth quadrant.
• When CH2 and CH3 are triggered, the load
current iO flows in opposite direction &
output voltage vO = -V.
• Since both iO and vO are negative, the
chopper operates in third quadrant.

• When both CH2 and CH3 are OFF, the

load current iO continues to flow in the
same direction D1 and D4 and the output
voltage vO = V.
• Therefore the chopper operates in second
quadrant as vO is positive but iO is
negative.

Problem
• For the first quadrant chopper shown in figure,
express the following variables as functions of V,
R and duty cycle ‘d’ in case load is resistive.
– Average output voltage and current
– Output current at the instant of commutation
– Average and RMS free wheeling diode current.
– RMS value of output voltage
– RMS and average thyristor currents.

i0
+
Chopper
L
O v0
V FWD A
D
tON
Average output voltage, Vdc V dV
T
Vdc dV
Average output current, I dc
R R
The thyristor is commutated at the instant t tON
V
output current at the instant of commutation is
R
since V is the output voltage at that instant.

Free wheeling diode (FWD) will never

conduct in a resistive load.
Average & RMS free wheeling diode
currents are zero.
tON
1 2
VO RMS v dt
0
T 0
But vO V during tON

tON
1 2
VO RMS V dt
T 0
2 tON
VO RMS V
T
VO RMS dV
tON
Where duty cycle, d
T
RMS value of thyristor current

= RMS value of load current
VO RMS
R
dV
R
Average value of thyristor current
= Average value of load current
dV
R
Simple DC-DC Converter Topologies
Buck Converter or
Step Down Converter
Boost Converter or
Step Up converter
Buck-Boost
Converter
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
SMPS benefits
– Very wide input voltage range.

• For example: most personal computer power supplies are
SMPSs - accepting AC input 90V to 250V.
– Lower Quiescent Current than linear regulators
– Less heat than an equivalent linear regulator.
• Much Lower Green House Gas emissions
– Overall Smaller geometry components are used
– Lighter Weight
– Lower running cost - Lower total cost of ownership (TCO).
– Battery operated devices - longer lifetime.
SMPS disadvantages
– Significant Output Ripple

• May need a post filter to decrease ripple
• May need a secondary linear low drop out
regulator to ensure damaging voltage transients
keep away from voltage sensitive elements -
electronics.
• An SMPS May add too much cost.
– How much is too much?

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Course material(Lecture notes)

Choppers are of Two Types

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

• A step-down chopper with resistive load.

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

Vdc Average value of output or load voltage.

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

Average Output Voltage

Average Output Current

But during tON , vo V

Effective input resistance of chopper

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

Pulse Width Modulation

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

Variable Frequency Control

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

• When chopper is ON, supply is connected

• Load current can be continuous or

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

Taking Inverse Laplace Transform

When Chopper is OFF

When Chopper is OFF 0 t tOFF

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

The expression is valid for 0 t tOFF ,

At the instant the chopper is turned ON or at

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

To Find I max & I min

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

Substituting for I max in equation

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

Therefore peak-to-peak ripple current

Assuming load current varies linearly

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

RMS value of load current

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

RMS value of output current

RMS chopper current

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

Principle Of Step-up Chopper

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

• Step-up chopper is used to obtain a load

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

• When the chopper is off, the inductor

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

• A large capacitor ‘C’ connected across the

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

Expression For Output Voltage

When Chopper is OFF

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3

For variation of duty cycle ' d ' in the

EE6403-Power Electronics Unit 3