COLLOID & INTERFACE ENGINEERING

CHE F 498

JAIDEEP CHATTERJEE
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 PART 1 : COLLOIDS

CHE F 498

JAIDEEP CHATTERJEE
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 COLLOIDS : INTRODUCTION
IMAGES FROM GOOGLE

WHAT IS A COLLOIDAL Colloidal Dispersion Vs Molecular Solution

SYSTEM ?
Colloidal
Colloidal
Suspensions
Suspensions
in Air
in Water

Liquid-Liquid Liquid-Gas
Colloidal Colloidal
suspensions suspensions
= Emulsions = Aerosols

JAIDEEP CHATTERJEE
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 COLLOIDS : INTRODUCTION
IMAGES FROM GOOGLE

Some Colloidal Systems we use Often

Frozen Desserts Pharmaceuticals

Ice-Creams

Milk
Cosmetics
& Beauty
Products

JAIDEEP CHATTERJEE
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 COLLOIDS : INTRODUCTION
IMAGES FROM GOOGLE
Some Colloidal Systems we use Often
Cleaning Personal Care
Agents
Paints Tooth-paste Products

JAIDEEP CHATTERJEE
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 STABILITY OF COLLOIDAL
SUSPENSIONS

1. STABILITY DUE TO
KINETIC PROPERTIES

JAIDEEP CHATTERJEE
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 STABILITY DUE TO KINETIC PROPERTIES
IMAGES FROM NASA

Kinetic Theory Pluto : Surface Temp ~ 33 to 55 K

Average Temp ~ 44 K
What keeps Molecules of AIR Suspended ?

Kinetic Energy
PV Energy of 1 Mole of Gas PV = RT
Molecules = RT Joules / Mole

′
𝑹
𝒌 = 𝑩𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒛𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒏 𝒔 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 =
𝑵𝑨
Kinetic Energy of 1 Colloidal
Entity ~ kT Joules / entity

JAIDEEP CHATTERJEE
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 STABILITY DUE TO KINETIC PROPERTIES
Kinetic Energy Diffusivity
What is the Kinetic Energy of 1 𝒌𝑻
Colloidal Entity ? 𝑫 = 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝟔𝝅𝝁𝒓
𝐽
𝑅 8.314 µ = viscosity of the medium
𝑘= = 𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
𝑁𝐴 6.023 × 1023 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐 r = radius of the colloidal particle
𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 6 𝜋 𝜇 𝑟
−23
𝐽
= 1.38 × 10
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐 𝐾
Estimate of Average Displacement
Kinetic Energy of 1 Colloidal of a Particle due to Diffusion
Entity @ 298 K ~ 4.1 X 10-21 J
𝒙𝑫 ~ 𝟐 × 𝑫 × 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆

JAIDEEP CHATTERJEE
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 STABILITY DUE TO KINETIC PROPERTIES
𝑚 2
Diffusivity of a particle in water @ 20 °C r ~ 1 nm 𝐷 = 2.1 × 10−10
particle: 𝑠
𝒌𝑻 𝜇𝑊 @ 20 ℃ =
𝑫= 𝐾𝑔 r ~ 0.1 mm 𝑚2
𝟔𝝅𝝁𝒓 10−3 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠 = 10−3 𝐷 = 2.1 × 10−15
𝑚.𝑠𝑒𝑐
particle: 𝑠
103 𝑔𝑚 𝑔𝑚
𝜇𝑊 @ 20 ℃ = 10−3
102 𝑐𝑚.𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 10−2
𝑐𝑚.𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 1 𝑐𝑃 Estimate of Avg Displacement of a
Particle due to Diffusion in 1 sec:
𝐾𝑔. 𝑚2
r ~ 1 µm 1.38 × 10−23
2 𝐾 293 𝐾 𝒙𝑫 = 𝟐𝑫𝒕
𝐷= 𝑠
particle: 𝐾𝑔
6 𝜋 × 10−3 10−6 𝑚 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟏 𝒎𝒎 𝒙𝑫 = 4.2 × 10−15 × 1 = 0.0648 µ𝑚
𝑚. 𝑠
𝑚 2 𝑚 2 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝟏 𝝁𝒎 𝒙𝑫 = 4.2 × 10−13 × 1 = 0.648 µ𝑚
𝐷 = 21.45 × 10−23+9 𝐷 = 2.1 × 10−13
𝑠 𝑠 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝟏 𝒏𝒎 𝒙𝑫 = 4.2 × 10−10 × 1 = 20.5 µ𝑚

JAIDEEP CHATTERJEE
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 STABILITY DUE TO KINETIC PROPERTIES
SETTLING OF COLLOIDAL PARTICLES
ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY
Particles ACCELERATES Due to GRAVITY
causing Velocity to Increase
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
= 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 × 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
4 3
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑉𝑃 ∆𝜌 𝑔 = 𝜋𝑟 ∆𝜌𝑔
3
When the Particle Velocity INCREASES to a value
such that the DRAG FORCE on it equals the FORCE
DUE TO GRAVITY, the Particle STOPS ACCELERATING
JAIDEEP CHATTERJEE
RETARDATION DUE TO DRAG
Drag force RETARDING the Particle
increases with Velocity.
𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
= 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐹𝐷 = 6 𝜋 𝜇 𝑟 × 𝑣𝑃
At this point the Particle Velocity
CANNOT increase and is called the
TERMINAL VELOCITY
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 STABILITY DUE TO KINETIC PROPERTIES
TERMINAL VELOCITY 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒

When a particle reaches TERMINAL 4 3 𝟐 𝒓𝟐 ∆𝝆 𝒈

VELOCITY the following is satisfied 𝜋𝑟 ∆𝜌 𝑔 = 6 𝜋 𝜇 𝑟 𝑣𝑃 𝒗𝑻 =
3 𝟗𝝁
Also Known as STOKES equation

Estimate of Displacement of a Particle Due to ~ 1 µm particle,

TERMINAL VELOCITY in WATER in 1 sec: Δρ = 0.1 g/cc:
𝑔 𝑐𝑚
2 𝑟 2 ∆𝜌 𝑔 2 × 10−8 𝑐𝑚2 × 0.1 × 980
𝑣𝑇 = 𝑐𝑚3 𝑠2
𝑣𝑇 = 𝑔
9𝜇 9 × 10−2
𝑐𝑚. 𝑠
2 × 10−4 × 0.98 𝑐𝑚 𝑐𝑚 𝜇𝑚
𝑣𝑇 = = 0.217 × 10 −4 = 0.217 𝒙𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟕 𝝁𝒎
9 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

JAIDEEP CHATTERJEE
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 STABILITY DUE TO KINETIC PROPERTIES
Estimate of Displacement of a Particle Due to ~ 1 nm particle,
TERMINAL VELOCITY in WATER in 1 sec: Δρ = 0.1 g/cc: 𝒙𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝝁𝒎
2 × 10−10 × 0.98 𝑐𝑚 −10
𝑐𝑚 −6
𝜇𝑚
𝑣𝑇 = = 0.217 × 10 = 0.217 × 10
9 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
0.1 mm particle, 𝑐𝑚 𝜇𝑚
Δρ = 0.1 g/cc: 𝑣𝑇 = 0.217 × 10−2 = 21.7 𝒙𝑻 = 𝟐𝟏𝟕𝟖 µ𝒎
𝑠 𝑠

Comparison of Displacements due to DIFFUSION Vs SETTLING

For 0.1 mm Particle: 𝑥𝐷 = 0.0648 µ𝑚 ≪ 𝑥𝑇 = 2178 𝜇𝑚 Will Settle
For 1 µm Particle: 𝑥𝐷 = 0.648 µ𝑚 > 𝑥𝑇 = 0.217 𝜇𝑚 Remains Suspended
For 1 nm Particle: 𝑥𝐷 = 20.5 µ𝑚 ⨠ 𝑥𝑇 = 0.217 × 10−6 𝜇𝑚 Remains Suspended

JAIDEEP CHATTERJEE
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 STABILITY DUE TO KINETIC PROPERTIES

Why Does a Bacterial Cell NOT

settle out in water like a Sand
particle of similar size ?

SIZE BACTERIA SAND

Δρ ~ 0.1 g/cc Δρ ~ 1.5 g/cc
0.1 mm SETTLE SETTLE
1 µm SUSPENDED SETTLE
1 nm SUSPENDED SUSPENDED

JAIDEEP CHATTERJEE
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 STABILITY DUE TO KINETIC PROPERTIES
Diffusivity of a Particle in AIR @ 15 °C r ~ 1 nm 𝑚2
𝐷 = 1.17 × 10−8
𝒌𝑻 𝜇𝐴𝑖𝑟 particle 𝑠
𝑫= 𝜇𝐴𝑖𝑟 @ 15℃ ~ ~ 0.02 𝑐𝑃
𝟔𝝅𝝁𝒓 50
𝐾𝑔 Estimate of Displacement of a Particle
𝜇𝐴𝑖𝑟 @ 15 ℃ = 1.8 × 10−5 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠 = 1.8 × 10−5
𝑚.𝑠𝑒𝑐 due to Diffusion in AIR in 1 sec:

𝑥𝐷 = 𝟐 × 𝑫 × 𝒕
−23 𝐾𝑔. 𝑚2
r ~ 1 µm 288 × 1.38 × 10 2
𝐷= 𝑠 𝑥𝐷 = 2.34 × 10−11 × 1 = 4.84 µ𝑚
particle 𝐾𝑔
6 × 𝜋 × 1.8 × 10−5 × 10−6 𝑚 (1 µm)
𝑚. 𝑠
𝑥𝐷 = 2.34 × 10−8 × 1 = 153 µ𝑚
𝑚 2 𝑚 2
𝐷 = 11.71 × 10−23+11 𝐷 = 1.17 × 10−11 (1 nm)
𝑠 𝑠

JAIDEEP CHATTERJEE
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 STABILITY DUE TO KINETIC PROPERTIES

A 0.2 µm Sand grain in AIR

SETTLES while a 0.2 µm Microbe
REMAINS IN SUSPENSION

SIZE BACTERIA SAND

ρ ~ 1.1 g/cc ρ ~ 2.5 g/cc
1 µm SETTLE SETTLE
0.2 µm SUSPENDED SETTLE
1 nm SUSPENDED SUSPENDED

JAIDEEP CHATTERJEE
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus