‫جامعة كربالء‬

‫كلية العلوم الصرفة‬

‫قسم الرياضيات‬

‫الطالبة صفاء سوادي راضي الخفاجي‬

‫‪Safaa Sawadi Radi Al-Khafaji Student‬‬
Continuous Time Fourier Transform (CTFT)

purpose

Non - periodic signals can be represented with the help of Fourier transform.

Fourier transform provides effective reversible link between frequency domain and time
domain representation of the signal,

For non - periodic signals T 0 → ∞ Hence ω 0=0Therefore spacing between them, spectral
components become infinitesimal and hence the spectrum appears to be continuous

Linearity

If x t FT
↔
X (ω ) and y t FT Y (ω )
↔

Then,

z (t )=¿

ax ( t ) +by ( y ) FT Z (ω)=aX ( ω ) +bY (ω)

↔

Meaning:

The fourier transform of linear combination of the signals is equal to linear combination of
their fourier transform. It is also called superposition

Proof:
∞
Z ( ω )=∫ z( t)e− jωt dt
−∞

∞
¿ ∫ [ax (t ) +by (t)]e− jωt dt
−∞

∞ ∞
dt + ∫ y (t)e− jωt dt
− jωt
¿ a ∫ x( t)e
−∞ −∞
¿ aX ( ω )+ bY (ω)

If x ( t ) FT
↔
X (ω), then

y ( t ) =x ( t−t 0 ) FT Y ( ω )=e− jωt 0 X ( ω)

↔

Meaning: A shift of 't0' in time domain is equivalent to introducing a phase shift of −ω t 0 .But
amplitude remains same

Proof
∞
Y ( ω ) =∫ y (t) e− jωt dt
−∞

∞
¿ ∫ y ( t−t 0 ) e− jωt dt
−∞

Put t-t0 =τ then t=τ+ t 0

∴ dt =dτ and integration limits will remain same

∞
Y ( ω ) =∫ y ( τ ) e− jω(τ +t ) dτ0

−∞

∞
¿ ∫ y (τ ) e− jωτ . e− jω t dτ
0

−∞

∞
− jωt0
¿e ∫ y ( τ ) e− jωτ dτ
−∞

Frequency Shift

If x ( t ) FT
↔
X ( ω ) , then
Y ( t ) =e jβt x ( t ) FT Y ( ω )= X ( ω−β )
↔

Meaning:

It states that by shifting the frequency by ' β ' in frequency domain is equivalent to multiplying
the time domain signal by e jβt

Proof
∞
Y ( ω ) =∫ y (t) e− jωt dt
−∞

∞
¿ ∫ e−iβt x (t)e− jωt dt
−∞

∞
¿ ∫ x(t) e− j(ω− β)t dt
−∞

¿ X ( ω− β)

Time Scaling

If x ( t ) FT
↔
X ( ω ) , then

1
y ( t ) =x ( at ) FT Y ( ω )=
↔
¿ a∨¿ X ( ωa ) ¿
Meaning

Compression of a signal in time domain is equivalent to expansion in frequency domain and

vice-versa. This time as well as frequency.

Proof
∞
Y ( ω ) =∫ y (t) e− jωt dt
−∞
 ∞
¿ ∫ x ( at ) at e− jωt dt
−∞

τ
Put at=τ , then t= a

1
dt= dτ and limits will remain same
a

∞ τ
− jω
a .1
Y ( ω ) =∫ x ( τ ) e dτ
−∞ a

∞ ω
− j( ) τ
1
¿ ∫ x ( τ ) e a dτ
a −∞

1 ω
¿
a
X
a ( )

Frequency-Differentiation

If x ( t ) FT
↔
X ( ω ) ,then

d
− jt x (t) FT X (ω)
↔ dω

Meaning:

Differentiation the frequency spectrum is equivalent to multiplying the time domain signal
by complex number − jt

Proof
∞
X ( ω )=∫ x(t) e− jωt dt
−∞

∞
d d − jωt
X ( ω )= ∫ x (t) [e ]dt
dω −∞ dω

∞
¿ ∫ x ( t )(− jt ) e− jωt dt
−∞

∞
¿− jt ∫ x ( t ) e−iωt dt
−∞

¿− jt X (ω)
Time Differentiation

If x ( t ) FT
↔
X ( ω ) ,then

d x (t )
FT jωX ( ω )
dt ↔

Meaning: Differentiation in time domain corresponds to multiplying by jω in frequency

domain. It accentuates high frequency components of signal.

Proof
∞
1
x ( t )= ∫ X ( ω ) e− jωt dω
2 π −∞

∞
dx ( t ) 1 d jωt
dt
= ∫
2 π −∞
X ( ω)
dt [
e dω ]
∞
1
¿ ∫ X (ω) jωe− jωt
2 π −∞

∞
1
¿ ∫ [ jωX ( ω ) ] e jωt dω
2 π −∞

Thus, Fourier transform is multiplied by ' jω '

If x ( t ) FT
↔
X ( ω ) and y ( t ) FT Y (ω)
↔

Then,

z ( t )=x ( t )∗y (t ) FT Z ( ω )=x ( ω ) . y ( ω )

↔

Meaning

A convolution operation is transformed to modulation in frequency domain

Proof:
∞
z ( ω )= ∫ z ( t ) e− jωt dt
−∞
 ∞
¿ ∫ [ x ( t )∗y ( t ) ] e− jωt dt
−∞

∞ ∞
¿∫
−∞ −∞
[∫ x ( τ ) y ( t−τ ) dτ e
] − jωt
dt

∞ ∞
¿ ∫ x (τ )
−∞
[∫
−∞
y ( t−τ ) dτ e
] − jωt
dt

Put t−τ=α then t=τ+ α

dt=dα , limits of integration will remain same.

∞ ∞
∴ z ( ω ) =∫ x ( τ )
−∞
[∫
−∞
]
y ( α ) e− jω (τ +α ) dα dτ

∞ ∞
¿ ∫ x (τ )
−∞
[∫
−∞
− jωτ
y (t ) e .e
− jωα
dα dτ
]
∞ ∞
− jωτ
¿ ∫ x (τ ) e dt ∫ y ( α ) e− jωα dα
−∞ −∞

¿ X ( ω ) . Y (ω)

Integration

If x ( t ) FT
↔
X ( ω ) ,then

t
1
¿ ∫ x ( τ ) dτ FT πX ( 0 ) δ ( ω ) + X (ω)
−∞ ↔ jω

Meaning

Integration in time represents smoothing in time domain. This smoothing in time

corresponds to de-emphasizing the high frequency components of high signal

Proof

Consider convolution of x ( t )∧u (t) .i.e

∞
x ( t )∗u ( t )= ∫ x ( τ ) u ( t−τ ) dτ
−∞
Since u ( t−τ ) =1 for τ ≤ t ,

t
x ( t )∗u ( t )= ∫ x (τ )dτ
−∞

t
∴F
[∫ ]
−∞
x ( τ ) dτ =F [x ( t )∗u(t)]

Using convolution property for right hand side of above equation,

t
F
[∫ ]
−∞
x ( τ ) dτ = X ( ω ) U (ω)

It will be further shown that

1
F [ u ( t ) ] =U ( ω ) =πδ ( ω ) + Then above equation becomes,
jω

t
¿F
[∫ ] [
−∞
x ( τ ) dτ = X ( ω ) πδ +
1
jω ]
1
¿ πX ( ω ) δ ( ω )+ X ( ω)
jω

Since X ( ω ) δ ( ω )= X ( 0 ) δ ( ω ) above equation becomes,

t
1
∫ x ( τ ) dτ FT
↔
πX ( 0 ) δ ( ω )+
jω
X ( ω)
−∞

Modulation

If x ( t ) FT
↔
X ( ω ) and y ( t ) FT Y (ω) then,
↔

1
x ( t )=x ( t ) y ( t ) FT Z ( ω )= [ X ( ω )∗Y ( ω)]
↔ 2π

Meaning

Modulation in time domain corresponds to convolution of spectrums in frequency domain

Proof
 ∞
Z ( ω )=∫ z( t)e− jωt dω
−∞

∞
¿ ∫ x ( t ) y ( t ) e− jωt dω
−∞

Inverse Fourier transform states that,

∞
1
x ( t )= ∫ x ( λ ) e j λt dλ
2 π −∞

Putting for x(t) in equation 3.4.12

∞ ∞
Z ( ω )= ∫
−∞
[ 1
∫
2 π −∞
hλt
]
X ( λ ) e dλ y ( t ) e
− jωt
dω

∞ ∞
1
¿ ∫ X ( λ) ∫ y ( t ) e− j (ω− λ)t dt dλ
2 π −∞ −∞

∞
1
¿ ∫ X ( λ ) Y ( ω−λ ) dλ
2 π −∞

1
¿ [ X ( ω )∗Y (ω)]
2π

Duality

If x ( t ) FT
↔
X ( ω ) ,then

X ( t ) FT 2 π x (−ω )
↔

Proof

Inverse Fourier transform is given as

∞
1
x ( t )= ∫ X ( ω ) e jωt dω
2 π −∞

Interchanging t by ω we get
∞
1
x ( ω )= ∫ X ( t ) e jωt dt
2 π −∞
Interchanging ω by −ω we get
∞
1
x (−ω )= ∫ X (t ) e− jωt dt
2 π −∞

i.e. 2 π x (−ω ) =∫ X ( t ) e− jωt dt

−∞

right hand side of above equation is Fourier transform of X (t) i.e.,

X ( t ) FT 2 π x (−ω)
↔

Symmetry

Let x (t ) be real signal and

X ( ω )=X R ( ω ) + j X I ( ω)

Then

x e ( t ) FT X R ( ω)
↔

And

x o ( t ) FT j X I (ω)
↔

Here x e ( t)and x o (t)are even and odd parts of x (t )

Proof

We have

x ( t ) FT X R ( ω )+ j X I ( ω )
↔

Since x (t ) is real, x (−t ) FT X ¿ ( ω )=X R ( ω ) − j X I ( ω )

↔

Even part is given as,

1
x e = [ x ( t ) + x (−t)]
2
 1
∴ xe ( t ) FT [ X ( ω) + X ¿ ( ω) ]
↔ 2

1
FT [ X R ( ω ) + j X I ( ω ) + X R ( ω )− j X I ( ω ) ]
↔ 2

FT X R
↔

Odd part is given as,

1
x o= [ x ( t ) −x(−t)]
2

1
x o FT [ X ( ω )− X ¿ (ω )]
↔ 2

FT j X I (ω)
↔