Table of Contents

Horizontal Separators...................................................................................................................... 1
Selection Considerations ................................................................................................................. 3
Horizontal Separator Sizing ............................................................................................................ 4
Gas Capacity Constraint .............................................................................................................. 4
Retention Time Constraint .......................................................................................................... 4
Settling Water Droplets from Oil Phase ...................................................................................... 4
Example .......................................................................................................................................... 5

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Horizontal Separators
A gas-liquid separator is a vessel into which a liquid and gas mixture is fed and wherein the liquid
is separated by gravity, falls to the bottom of the vessel, and is withdrawn. The gas travels upward
at a design velocity which minimizes the entrainment of any liquid droplets in the gas as it exits
the top of the vessel. The gas liquid feed mixture can be under pressure at the inlet of the separator.
In ideal case gas liquid separator should give the maximum liquid recovery and should have low
pressure of feed stream to atmospheric pressure at the discharge from the separator. This may not
be accomplished in a single stage and may need number of stages. Usually from economic point
of view, number of stages can be 3 to 4. As far as possible the gas and liquid should flow without
any application of motive power. While designing it is assumed that gas and liquid phase are in
thermodynamic equilibrium with each other.
This forces the inlet mixture of oil and water to mix with the water continuous phase in the bottom
of the vessel and rise through the oil–water interface. This process is called water washing, and it
promotes the coalescence of water droplets, which are entrained in the oil continuous phase

Figure 1 Horizontal Separators

The liquid collecting section of the vessel provides sufficient time so that the oil and emulsion
form a layer, or oil pad, on top of the free water. The free water settles to the bottom is a cutaway
view of a typical horizontal three-phase separator with an interface level controller and weir. The
weir maintains the oil level, and the level controller maintains the water level. The oil is skimmed
over the weir. The level of the oil downstream of the weir is controlled by a level controller that
operates the oil dump valve. The produced water flows from a nozzle in the vessel located
upstream of the oil weir. An interface level controller senses the height of the oil–water interface.
The controller sends a signal to the water dump valve, thus allowing the correct amount of water
to leave the vessel so that the oil–water interface is maintained at the design height.
.

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Selection Considerations
The geometry and physical and operating characteristics give each separator type advantages and
disadvantages. Gravity separation is more efficient in horizontal vessels than in vertical vessels.
In the gravity settling section of a horizontal vessel, the settling velocity and flow velocity are
perpendicular rather than countercurrent in a vertical vessel. Horizontal separators have greater
interface areas, which enhances phase equilibrium. This is especially true if foam or emulsion
collect at the gas–oil interface. Thus, from a process perspective, horizontal vessels are preferred.
However, they do have several drawbacks, which could lead to a preference for a vertical vessel
in certain situations:
➢ Horizontal separators are not as good as vertical separators in handling solids. The liquid
dump valve of a vertical separator can be placed at the center of the bottom head so that
solids will not build up in the separator, but continue to the next vessel in the process. As
an alternative, a drain could be placed at this location so that solids could be disposed of
periodically while liquid leaves the vessel at a slightly higher elevation. In a horizontal
vessel, it is necessary to place several drains along the length of the vessel. Since the solids
will have an angle of repose of 45 to 60, the drains must be spaced at very close intervals
[usually no farther than 5 ft (1.5 m) apart]. Attempts to lengthen the distance between
drains, by providing sand jets in the vicinity of each drain to fluidize the solids while the
drains are in the operation, are expensive and have been only marginally successful in field
operations.
➢ Horizontal vessels require more plan area to perform the same separation as vertical
vessels. While this may not be of importance at a land location, it could be very important
offshore. If several separators are used, however, this disadvantage may be overcome by
stacking horizontal separators on top of each other.
➢ Small-diameter horizontal vessels [3-ft (1.5-m) diameter and smaller] have less liquid
surge capacity than vertical vessels sized for the same steady-state flow rate. For a given
change in liquid surface elevation, there is typically a larger increase in liquid volume for
a horizontal separator than for a vertical separator sized for the same flow rate. However,
the geometry of a small horizontal vessel causes any high-level shutdown device to be
located close to the normal operating level. In very large diameter [greater than 6 ft (1.8
m)] horizontal vessels and in vertical vessels, the shutdown could be placed much higher,
allowing the level controller and dump valve more time to react to the surge. In addition,
surges in horizontal vessels could create internal waves, which could activate a high-level
sensor prematurely.
➢ Care should be exercised when selecting small-diameter [5 ft (1.5 m)] horizontal
separators. The level controller and level switch elevations must be considered. The vessel
must have a sufficiently large diameter so that the level switches may be spaced far enough
apart, vertically, so as to avoid operating problems. This is important if surges in the flow
of slugs of liquids are expected to enter the separator.

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Horizontal Separator Sizing
For sizing a horizontal three-phase separator it is necessary to specify a vessel diameter and a
seam-to-seam vessel length. The gas capacity and retention time considerations establish certain
acceptable combinations of diameter and length. The need to settle 500-mm water droplets from
the oil and 200-mm oil droplets from the water establishes a maximum diameter corresponding to
the given liquid retention time
Gas Capacity Constraint
By setting the gas retention time equal to the time required for a drop to settle to the liquid interface,
the following equations may be derived:

Retention Time Constraint

Liquid retention time constraints can be used to develop the following equation, which may be
used to determine acceptable combinations of d and Leff

Settling Water Droplets from Oil Phase

The velocity of water droplets settling through oil can be calculated using Stokes’ law. From this
velocity and the specified oil phase retention time, the distance that a water droplet can settle
may be determined. This settling distance establishes a maximum oil pad thickness given by the
following formula:

➢ Compute (ho)max- Use 500-mm droplet if no other information is available.

➢ Calculate the fraction of the vessel cross-sectional area occupied by the water phase. This
is given by

➢ Calculate dmax from

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 Figure 2Coefficient “b” for a cylinder half filled with liquid.

Example
The gas capacity constraint is determined from

The residence time of the gas (tg) has to be equal to the time required for the droplet to fall to the
gas–liquid interface tr:

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If F = 0.564, then h/D = 0.45, where h = 0.45D and td = 0.55D/Vt. If Lss = Leff + D for gas
capacity, then

From the above constraint for given D, Leff could be calculated, but gas capacity does not govern.

Compute slenderness (Lss/D) = 3.8 and 1.96, respectively = 2 ft. (24 in.) is a proper size.
Assume retention time tr = 1 min and D = 2 ft.
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As you can see, the liquid level has significant meaning for separator length. Usually, the
fraction of the total area F available for gas flow is equal to 0.5. The liquid level control
placement of a horizontal separator is more critical than in a vertical separator and the surge
space is somewhat limited.

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