‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻓﺼﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻳﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺥ ﻣـﯽ ﺩﻫـﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﯽ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺗﺮﻣﻮ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮑﯽ‬
‫ﺩﺭﮎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩﯼ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻟﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧـﺴﺘﻦ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﻧﮕـﺮﺵ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨـﺪﯼ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮﺍﺗﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪ :١-١‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ‪Pressure‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺭﺍﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻳـﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ ﺑـﺎ ‪ F‬ﺑـﺮ ﺳـﻄﺤﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ A‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ P‬ﺑﺮﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٢-١‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫)‪(١-١‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪ :٢-١‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﻮ‬
‫ﻛﺮﻩ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﻮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ٨٠‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣـﻲﺭﺳـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺟﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺟـﺴﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﻮ )ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ( ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﻮ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪) ١٤,٦٩٦ psia‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ‪ (١٤,٧ psia‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ٧٦‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺟﻴﻮﻩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﻮ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪.(١-١‬‬
‫‪ :١-٢-١‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻭﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﻨﺠﺸﻲ )ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ( ‪Gauge Pressure‬‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ )ﻛﻠﻲ( ﺩﺭﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﻨﺞ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻼ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﺩﺭﻳـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﻨﺠﺸﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻭﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﻮ‪ .‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ‪ (a)١bar‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﻨﺠﺸﻲ ‪ ±‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﻮ = ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫)‪(٢-١‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :٣-١‬ﻛﺎﺭ ‪WORK‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮﻧﻴﺮﻭﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ F‬ﺑﺮ ﺟﺴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ L‬ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ W‬ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪W= F× L‬‬ ‫)‪(٣-١‬‬
‫‪ :٤-١‬ﺗﻮﺍﻥ )ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ( ‪POWER‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﻫﻤـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﺮﻑ ﺍﻧـﺮﮊﻱ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫)‪(٤-١‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ )‪(KINETIC ENERGY‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ )ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ( ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ ‪((K.E‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ )‪(POTENTIAL ENERGY‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻨﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ‬
‫‪ :٥-١‬ﺩﻣﺎ )ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ( ‪TEMPERATURE‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻳﻜـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺧـﻮﺍﺹ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜـﻲ ﻣـﺎﺩﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻛـﻪ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺶ ﮔﺮﻣـﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻜـﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻟﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺻـﻨﻌﺖ ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ) ‪ ( o C‬ﻭﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﻳـﺖ ) ‪( o F‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪F = ١,٨ o C + ٣٢‬‬ ‫)‪(٥-١‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪۵ o‬‬
‫=‪C‬‬ ‫)‪( F - ٣٢‬‬ ‫)‪(٦-١‬‬
‫‪٩‬‬
‫‪ :١-٥-١‬ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ - ٢٧٣‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ )ﻳﺎ ‪ - ٤٦٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺭﺍﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻣـﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨـﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﻠـﻖ ﺍﺟـﺴﺎﻡ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ )‪ (K‬ﻭﻳﺎ ﺭﺍﻧﻜﻴﻦ ) ‪ ( O R‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﻠـﻖ ﺍﺟـﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﺳـﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺭﺍﺑـﺎ ‪ T‬ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪K = ٢٧٣ + o C‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪R = ٤٦٠ + o F‬‬

‫‪ :٦-١‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻣﻲﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣـﺎ ﻭﺣﺠـﻢ‬
‫ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺁﻝ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﭼﺎﺭﻟﺰ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﮔﺮﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﮔﺎﺯﻫـﺎ ﺣﺠـﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻭﺑﺎﺳـﺮﺩ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺣﺠـﻢ ﺁﻥ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪T١‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪)P = ( ١ )P‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‪(٧-١‬‬
‫‪T٢‬‬ ‫‪V٢‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ‪ P‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‪ T ،‬ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻭ ‪ V‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ" ﺗـﻚ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫)‪ (Isobar‬ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺲ ‪ p‬ﺩﺭﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﭘﺮﺍﻧﺘﺰ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ )ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ( ﺣﺠـﻢ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﻭﺑﺎﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ)ﺍﻧﺒـﺴﺎﻁ( ﺣﺠـﻢ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻚ ﺩﻣﺎ )‪ (Isothermal‬ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪P١‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫(‬ ‫‪)T = ( ٢ )T‬‬ ‫)‪(٨-١‬‬
‫‪P٢‬‬ ‫‪V١‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺝ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﺘﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﻭﺑﺎﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪P١‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫(‬ ‫‪)v = ( ١ )v‬‬ ‫)‪(١٠-١‬‬
‫‪P٢‬‬ ‫‪T٢‬‬
‫‪ :٧-١‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﻠﻲ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺁﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭﺣﺠﻢ ﮔﺎﺯﻫـﺎ ﺭﺍﺩﺭ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٢-١٣‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪P١V١ P٢ V٢‬‬
‫=‬ ‫)‪(١١-١‬‬
‫‪T١‬‬ ‫‪T٢‬‬
‫‪ :٨-١‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻳﻚ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٢-١٤‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV = MRT‬‬ ‫)‪(١٢-١‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ‪ P‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‪ V ،‬ﺣﺠﻢ‪ M ،‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﮔﺎﺯ‪ R ،‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﻭ ‪ T‬ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﻠـﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ R‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (٢-١‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : ٩-١‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ‪Specific Heat :‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﺀ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ‪ Kcal‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ﮔﺮﻣـﺎﻱ ﻭﻳـﮋﻩ ‪mol. o C Kcal /‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺭﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴـﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺮﻣـﺎﻱ ﻭﻳـﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ) ‪( C P‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﮔﺮﺩﺭﺣﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ) ‪ ( C v‬ﻣـﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄـﻪ ) ‪( C P‬‬
‫ﻭ ) ‪ ( C v‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪Cp − Cv = R‬‬ ‫‪KJ‬‬
‫‪Kg. mol. K‬‬ ‫)‪(١٣-١‬‬
‫‪CP‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ" ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﻧﻤـﺎﺋﻲ ﺩﺭﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴـﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
‫‪CV‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ ﻭﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ )‪ (K‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪CP‬‬
‫=‪K‬‬ ‫)‪(١٤-١‬‬
‫‪CV‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‪ K‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (١-١‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪ :١٠-١‬ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ‪ADIABATIC PROCESS‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧـﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟـﻪ ﻧﻨﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤـﻮﻝ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴـﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ‪ ∆Q = ٠‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧـﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ :(١-١‬ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ :(٢-١‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬

‫‪ :١١-١‬ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺗﻚ ﺩﻣﺎ ‪ISOTHERMAL PROCESS‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺗﻚ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﻲ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻫﻤـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﮕﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻛﻪ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺗﻚ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺷﺪﻥ ﮔﺎﺯ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ ﺍﺯﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻼ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﻌـﻲ ﺍﻣﻜـﺎﻥ ﭘـﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﻤـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺗﺤـﻮﻝ ﺗـﻚ ﺩﻣـﺎ ‪∆T = ٠‬‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﻋﻤـ ﹰ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٧‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪ :١٢-١‬ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ ‪Polytropic‬‬

‫ﻗﺒﻼ" ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺗﻚ ﺩﻣـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﻩ ﻭﺩﺭﺗﺤـﻮﻝ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ‪،‬ﮔـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻦ ﺁﺑﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭﺳﻌﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﮔـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻤﻼ" ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﻬﻨﮕـﺎﻡ ﺧـﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭ ﮔﺮﻣﺘـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﮔـﺎﺯﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺩﺭﻗـﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺶ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗـﻚ ﺩﻣـﺎ ﻭﻧـﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﺮﺍﻛﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻦ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻓﻮﻕ )ﺗﻚ ﺩﻣﺎ ‪ -‬ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴـﻚ( ﺩﺍﻧـﺴﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺁﻧـﺮﺍ ﺗﺤـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺫﻛﺮﺷـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﺑـﺎﻻ ﻭﻗـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﮔﺎﺯﻫـﺎ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺣﺠﻢ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺭﺍﻛﻼ" ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV γ = C‬‬ ‫)‪(١٥-١‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ‪ P‬ﻭ ‪ V‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺣﺠﻢ ﮔﺎﺯﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ‪ C‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴـﻚ) ‪( γ‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺯﻳﺮﺭﺍ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪γ =٠‬‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫⇒ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ = ‪PV٠‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ = ‪P‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫‪γ =١‬‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫⇒ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ = ‪PV‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ = ‪T‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺗﻚ ﺩﻣﺎ‬
‫⇒ ‪γ = k‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ = ‪PV k‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬
‫‪١‬‬

‫⇒ ‪γ = ±∞ ⇒ P ⋅ V = C‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ = ‪V‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ )‪(Isochor‬‬
‫‪γ = γ ⇒ PV γ = C‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ ) ‪ ( γ‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪K〉 γ 〉١ :‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺎﺳ ﹰﺎ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ γ‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺣﺠﻢ ﮔﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑـﺎ ﺷـﺪﺕ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ‪ P-V‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻣـﺼﺮﻑ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﮔـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ )ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ( ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺗﻚ ﺩﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٣-١‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺤﻮﻝﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺗﻚ ﺩﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﺗ ﹰﺎ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻓﺮﺿﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺧﻨﻚﻛـﺎﺭﻱ ﮔـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻱ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﺑﻤﺎﻧـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲﺗﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ )ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻲﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨـﺪ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻠﺤﺎﻅ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﻼ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺩ ﻧﻤﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٢-١‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻭ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﻋﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺗﻚ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ )ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ( ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺯﻳـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ‪ P- V‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪P٢‬‬
‫‪W = mRTLn‬‬ ‫)‪(١٦-١‬‬
‫‪P١‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(١-١‬ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ ‪ P- V‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺗﻚ ﺩﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‪ m‬ﺩﺑﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‪ R ،‬ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﮔـﺎﺯ‪ T ،‬ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﮔـﺎﺯ )ﻣﻄﻠـﻖ(‪ P١ ،‬ﻭ ‪ P٢‬ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻭ ‪ Ln‬ﻟﮕﺎﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﭙﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ١٢ :‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ ﻫﻮﺍﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺩﺭﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ٤٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﻚ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ‪ ٥‬ﺑﺎﺭ)ﻣﻄﻠﻖ( ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ٢٨٧ J‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ ،(٢-٢‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ R‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺩﺭﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ SI‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬
‫‪Kg.o K‬‬
‫‪۵‬‬
‫‪W = ١٢ × ٢٨٧ × (۴٠ + ٢٧٣) Ln = ١٧٣۴٩٣٠w = ١٧٣۵kw‬‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺻﺮﻑ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ‪ PV k‬ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪K‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٢-١‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺗﺤـﻮﻝ ﺗـﻚ ﺩﻣـﺎ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﻲ )'‪ (١-٢‬ﻭ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﻲ )‪ (٢-١‬ﻧـﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﻣـﺼﺮﻑ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻲ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ‬
‫ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٩‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫⎡‬ ‫‪K −١‬‬

‫⎤‬
‫) ‪P٢V٢ − P١V١ mR (T٢ − T١‬‬ ‫‪K ⎢⎛ P٢ ⎞ K‬‬
‫=‪W‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= mRT١‬‬ ‫⎟ ⎜‬ ‫⎥‪− ١‬‬ ‫)‪(١٧-١‬‬
‫‪K −١‬‬ ‫‪K −١‬‬ ‫⎢‬
‫⎠ ‪K − ١ ⎝ P١‬‬ ‫⎥‬
‫⎣⎢‬ ‫⎦⎥‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (١٧-١‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜـﻪ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ )‪ (١‬ﺑﻪ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ )‪ (٢‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪K −١‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛P‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬
‫⎟ ‪T٢ = T١ ⎜ ٢‬‬ ‫)‪(١٨-١‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P١‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(٢-١‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺗﻚ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬

‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ‪:‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﺠﺎﻱ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺑﻲ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻭﺗﻚ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺍﺑـﻂ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫⎡‬ ‫‪K −١‬‬
‫⎤‬
‫‪K ⎢⎛ P٢ ⎞ K‬‬
‫‪Wad = P١ Q١‬‬ ‫⎟ ⎜‬ ‫⎥‪− ١‬‬ ‫)‪(١٩-١‬‬
‫⎢‬
‫⎠ ‪K − ١ ⎝ P١‬‬ ‫⎥‬
‫⎣⎢‬ ‫⎦⎥‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪Wiso = P١ Q١ Ln ٢‬‬ ‫)‪( ٢٠-١‬‬
‫‪P١‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ P١‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻜﺶ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎﻝ ) ‪ ( ١bar = ١٠۵ Pa‬ﻭ ‪ Q١‬ﺩﺑﻲ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﻜـﺶ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻭ ‪ W‬ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻭﺍﺕ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪ (١-١‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﻓﺮﺽ ‪ K = ١,٤‬ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺭﺍﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﺮﺍﺳـﺎﺱ ﺭﺍﺑﻄـﻪ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪١.۴ − ١‬‬
‫‪١۴‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪۵‬‬
‫‪W = ١٢ × ٠.٢٨٧‬‬ ‫) ([‬ ‫‪١.۴‬‬
‫‪− ١] = ٢٢٠٢.٧kw‬‬ ‫)‪( ٢١-١‬‬
‫‪. −١ ١‬‬
‫‪١۴‬‬
‫‪ ٢٢٠٢,٦٩ - ١٧٣٤,٩٣ = ٤٦٧,٧٦ kw‬ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪.‬ﺑـﻪ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻚ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ٢١,٢‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪Polytropic Compression‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺒﻞ )ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻭﺗـﻚ ﺩﻣـﺎ( ﻋﻤـﻼ" ﺩﺭﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭﻫﺎﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻧﻤـﻲ ﺍﻓﺘﻨـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ )ﻳﺎﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ(ﻭ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﻫﻮﺍﻳﺎ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩﺗﺎﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﻃﻲ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ )ﺁﺏ‬
‫ﻳﺎﻫﻮﺍ( ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﻳﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺪﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻼ" ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ) ‪ ( ∆Q = ٠‬ﺩﺍﻧـﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﮔـﺮﻡ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺩﺭﻃـﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣـﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭼﺸﻤﭙﻮﺷﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺩﺭﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻚ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴـﺖ ﺍﻣـﺮ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨـﺪ ﻭﺍﻗﻌـﻲ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﺑﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﻣﻲﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻭﺗﻚ ﺩﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺩﺭﭼﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﻓﺎﺻﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭﻗﺮﺍﺭﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪،‬ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﺯﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴـﻚ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻤﺖ ﺗـﻚ‬
‫ﺩﻣﺎﻣﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍ ﻣﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ )ﻭﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﺗﻚ ﺩﻣﺎ( ﻧﻴﺎﺯﺑـﻪ ﺑﻜـﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫـﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﭽﻴـﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳـــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯﺧﻨـــﻚ ﻛـــﻦ ﺑـــﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـــﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭﺑﻬـــﺮﻩ ﮔﻴـــﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـــﺐ ﺧﻨـــﻚ ﻛـــﺮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻫﺮﻣﺮﺣﻠــﻪ)ﻣــﺜﻼﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯﮊﺍﻛــﺖﻫــﺎﻱ ﺧﻨــﻚ ﻛــﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺟــﺪﺍﺭﻩ ﺳــﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭﺑﺎ ﺁﺏ(ﻭ‪...‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻳــﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ‪،‬ﮔﺮﺍﻧﻲ‪،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬ﻟـﺬﺍﺩﺭﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ)ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ(ﺭﺍﻫﺮﭼﻨـﺪﻏﻴﺮﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻭﻟـﻲ ﻧﺰﺩﻳـﻚ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪(٢٠-١‬‬
‫ﺑﺠﺎﻱ ‪ γ ،K‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪γ −١‬‬
‫⎡‬ ‫⎤‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫⎢‬ ‫⎛‬ ‫⎞‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫⎥‪− ١‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪Wad = P١Q١‬‬ ‫⎟ ⎜‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫)‪(٢٢-١‬‬
‫⎠ ‪γ − ١ ⎢⎝ P١‬‬ ‫⎥‬
‫⎢⎣‬ ‫⎦⎥‬
‫ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﺩﺭﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺩﻫﺶ ﺭﺍﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪(٢٠-١‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪γ −١‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫) ‪T٢ = T١ ( ٢‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٣-١‬‬
‫‪P١‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ ) ‪ ( ηp‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪γ −١‬‬
‫= ‪ηp‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٤-١‬‬
‫‪k‬‬
‫‪k −١‬‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٢١-١‬ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﮔـﺎﺯﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻦ ﺁﺑﻲ ﺩﺭﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭﻫﺎ) ‪ (Jacket Cooling‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٤ -١‬ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ )ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳـﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ( ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻠﺤﺎﻅ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻣﺎﺋﻲ )ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻭ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻟﻘﻲﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻧـﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣـﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻼ ﺩﺳﺖﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻳـﻚ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﻴـﺴﺮ ﻧﺒـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺍﻥﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ( ﻋﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﮔﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ )ﻳـﺎ ﻣﺮﺍﺣـﻞ( ﺑﻌـﺪﻱ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨـﺪ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨـﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣ ﹰﺎ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﻱ )‪ (Multistage‬ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﭼﻨﺪﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺑﻬﺒـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍﻧـﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮔﺮﺍﻥﺷﺪﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﺍﻭﻟﻴـﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﭼﺸﻤﮕﻴﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﺮ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺑﻬـﺮﻩﺑـﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻨﺪﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺠﺎﻱ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻳـﻚﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺧﻨﻚﻛﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺳﻌﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺧﻨﻚ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳـﻪ ﻫﻤـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺻـﺎﺩﻕ ﻧﺒـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣــﻞ ﺗﻌﻴــﻴﻦﻛﻨﻨــﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨــﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨــﻪﻫــﺎﻱ ﺧﻨــﻚﻛــﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗــﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑــﺮ ﺭﺍﻧــﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳــﻮﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﺋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻴﻌـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣـﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٣-١‬ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺩﻭﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(٣-١‬ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻨﻚﻛﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﻱ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ‪ AEB‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ‪ AFH‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺗﻚ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ E‬ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺧﻨﻚﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻨﻚﻛﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺧﻨﻚ ﺷﺪﻥ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻦ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺁﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ )ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ (F‬ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ )ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﻲ‬
‫‪ .(FG‬ﺩﻭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢﻫﺎﺷﻮﺭ ﺯﺩﻩ )ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ (EFGB‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﺍﻳـﺪﻩﺍﻝ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓـﺖ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻨﻚﻛﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٤-١‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ‪ P- V‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻜـﺎﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١٣‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(٤-١‬ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ ‪ P- V‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﭼﻨﺪﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻨﻚﻛﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﻱ‬

‫ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺑﺴﻤﺖ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﺗـﻚ ﺩﻣـﺎ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳـﻞ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ )ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ( ﺑﻠﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺻـﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ )ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ( ﺩﺭ ﺧﻨﻚﻛﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ …‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﻊﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻧﻬـﺎﺋﻲ ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺣـﻞ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﻭ ﺟـﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻨﺪﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪﺍﻱ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲ‬
‫ﻼ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﻱ( ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑـﺎ ﺟﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﭼﻨﺪﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﻱ )ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺣـﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﻣﻴﺮﺳـﺪ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ‪ W‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﻱ) ‪ ( Pi‬ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻـﻔﺮ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺎﺱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺩﻭﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻭ ﺩﻫﺶ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ‪ Pi , P٢ , P١‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻜﺶ‪ ،‬ﺩﻫﺶ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺩﻭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻳﺎ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪γ −١‬‬ ‫‪γ −١‬‬

‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪W = PV‬‬ ‫) ‪[( i‬‬ ‫‪− ١] + PV‬‬ ‫) ‪[( ٢‬‬ ‫]‪− ١‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٥-١‬‬
‫‪γ − ١ P١‬‬ ‫‪γ − ١ Pi‬‬
‫‪١ ١‬‬ ‫‪i i‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪١ ١ = Pi Vi‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٦-١‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪γ −١‬‬ ‫‪γ −١‬‬
‫‪γ ⎡ Pi γ‬‬ ‫‪P٢ γ‬‬ ‫⎤‬
‫‪W = PV‬‬ ‫⎢‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫⎥‪− ٢‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٧-١‬‬
‫‪γ − ١ ⎢⎣ P١‬‬
‫‪١ ١‬‬
‫‪Pi‬‬ ‫⎦⎥‬
‫‪γ −١‬‬ ‫‪dW‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻓﺮﺽ ‪= a‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻲ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪= ٠‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪dPi‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٢٤-١‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pi٢ = P١P٢‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٨-١‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Pi = Pi P٢‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٩-١‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪ Pi‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪N‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻫﺮﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪P٢‬‬
‫‪( r ) stg = N‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٠-١‬‬
‫‪P١‬‬
‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺁﻝ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺣـﺎﻝ ﺁﻧﻜـﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﻴﻠـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ‪ Z ≠ ١, C p‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﻌـﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻐـﺎﻳﺮﺕﻫـﺎﻱ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ‬
‫ﭼﺸﻢ ﭘﻮﺷﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ )ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺒﺮﻳـﺪ( ﺑﻬﺘﺮﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳـﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺮ )‪ (Mollier‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻨ ﹰﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻨـﻚﻛـﻦ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫‪١-١٤-١‬ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﯽ‬
‫ﻼ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ﹰ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﻱ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﹰﻻ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﻂ ﺩﻫﺶ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻴـﺮﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻨﺮ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻮﭘﺎﭖ ﺩﻫﺶ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ )ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ( ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔـﺮ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫ﺩﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻱ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻓﻨـﺮ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻮﭘﺎﭖ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﻮﭘﺎﭖ ﺩﻫﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻼ ﻣﻨﺘﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ( ﺳـﻴﻜﻞ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﻓﺮﺽ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻋﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ ‪) P-V‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‪-‬ﺣﺠﻢ( ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٥-١‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﭘﺎﭘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻭ ﺩﻫﺶ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻌـﻲ ﺁﻥ )‪ (Scale‬ﻧـﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٥-١‬ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ ‪ P-V‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ ﻓﻮﻕ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺩﻫﺶ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻮﭘﺎﭘﻬﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻓﻨﺮ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﭘﺎﭖ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺑـﻲ ﺟﺮﻣـﻲ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﮔـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﮔﺎﺯ ﭘﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘ ﹰﺎ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺟـﺮﻡ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ )ﺑﻠﺤﺎﻅ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﺶ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻜﺶ( ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﻣـﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﺨـﺼﻮﺹ )‪ (Specific Power‬ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺟﺮﻡ )ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺣﺠـﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ(ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻧـﺮﮊﻱ ﻣـﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺨﻮﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎ )ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ( ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺳﻮﭘﺎﭖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﭘﺎﭘﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﭘﺎﭘﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭﻫﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻜﺶ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١٦‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻜﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻜـﺶ ﺑـﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٥-١‬ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻠﺤـﺎﻅ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ )ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﺗﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻭ‪ (...‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﮔﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﺳـﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕـﺎﻡ ﺑﻬـﺮﻩ ﺑـﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ ﻣـﺮﮒ ﻓﻮﻗـﺎﻧﻲ) ‪ Top Dead Center‬ﻳـﺎ ﺑﺎﺧﺘـﺼﺎﺭ ‪ (TDC‬ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺮﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﺍﻧﺒـﺴﺎﻁ ﻃـﻮﻟﻲ ﻗﻄﻌـﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮﺍﺑﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺳﺮﻭﺻﺪﺍ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺮﺯﺵ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﺋﻲ ﺭﻳﻨﮕﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺮﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭﻧﻴﺰ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺳﻮﭘﺎﭘﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻛــﻪ ﻗــﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﻭ ﻳــﺎ ﺳــﺮ ﺳــﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺧــﺎﻟﻲ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﻛــﻪ ﺧــﻮﺩ ﻣﻘــﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻓــﻀﺎﻱ ﺧــﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﺠــﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻣـــﻲﻛﻨـــﺪﺭﺍﻫﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﺒـــﻮﺭ ﮔﺎﺯﺩﺭﺳـــﻮﭘﺎﭘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣـــﺪ ﻓﺎﺻـــﻞ ﺑـــﻴﻦ ﻣﺤـــﻞ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻨـــﺪﯼ‬
‫)‪ (Valve Seat‬ﺗﺎ ﻟﺒﻪ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺳﻮﭘﺎﭖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﻓـﻀﺎﻱ ﻣـﺮﺩﻩ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺣـﺎﻭﻱ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٦-١‬ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ‪ P-V‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١٧‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪c-a‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ‪ c-b‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺧـﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻕ ﻛﻪ ‪ b-a‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺭﻭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺻﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﮔﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﮔـﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜـﺶ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻌﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﺪ ﻓـﻀﺎﻱ ﻣـﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭﻫـﺎ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲﺩﻫـﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺳـﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﻛﻢ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺳﺮ ﻭ ﺻﺪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬
‫‪ ١٦-١‬ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨﻨـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﻲ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺑﻬـﺮﻩ ﺑـﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣـﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺣﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻔـﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺪﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻨﻪ ﺍﻱ )ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪ (Trunk‬ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑـﺎ ﺷـﺎﻓﺖﻫـﺎﺩﻱ )‪(Cross head‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ )‪ (Singl Acting‬ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻓـﻪ‬
‫)‪ (Doble Acting‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﻀﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻋـﺪﻡ ﺣـﻀﻮﺭ ﺭﻭﻏـﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻔﻈـﻪ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺭﻭﻏﻨﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ )‪ (Lubricated‬ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﺭﻭﻏـﻦ )‪ (Oil Free‬ﺗﻘـﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ”‪ “W” ,“V” , “L‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﻚ ﻳﺎﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻨﻪ ﺍﻱ )ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ(‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪١٧-١‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﯽ ﻳﮏ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ )‪ (Single Acting‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨـﺪ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻳـﻚ ﻃـﺮﻑ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪) .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(٧-١‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١٨‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٧-١‬ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ‬

‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ )ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺎﺭﻭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥﻫﺎ( ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪D٢‬‬
‫‪Qt = π‬‬ ‫‪×S×N×n‬‬ ‫)‪(٣١-١‬‬
‫‪۴‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ = ‪Qt‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ=‪D‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺭﺱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ =‪S‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ =‪N‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ =‪n‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻨﻪ ﺍﻱ )ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ( ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٨-١‬ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷـﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻴـﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﺁﺏ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃـﺮﺡ ﺍﺟﺒـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺗـﺎ ﺷـﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻴـﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻨﺪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٧-١‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﭘﺎﭘﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺭﺍﻫﮕﺎﻫﻬـﺎﻱ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﮔـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺶ ﻭ ﺩﻫﺶ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻗـﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺘـﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﻴـﺴﺘﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ )ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻣﻜﺶ( ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷﻮﺩ )ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺩﻫﺶ(‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١٩‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٧-١‬ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺎﺭﻭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣـﻲﻳﺎﺑـﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼـﺮﺍ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻤﺖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺩﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻛﻮﺭﺱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺎﺭﻭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺯﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺣﺒﺲ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﺯﻳـﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺎﺭﻭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ‪+‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺎﺭﻭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺯﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ = ‪VS‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫= ‪VS‬‬ ‫‪(D٢ − d ٢ ) × S +‬‬ ‫= ‪D٢ × S‬‬ ‫‪( ٢D ٢ − d ٢ ) × S‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٢-١‬‬
‫‪۴‬‬ ‫‪۴‬‬ ‫‪۴‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺎﺭﻭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻛﻮﺭﺱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ = ‪VS‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ =‪d‬‬
‫‪Qt = VS × N × n‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٣-١‬‬

‫‪١٩-١‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﻭ ﻛﻮﺭﺱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻼ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺎﺭﻭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻫـﺮ ﺩﻭﺭ ﭼـﺮﺧﺶ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ﹰ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﻭ ﻛﻮﺭﺱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ‪ n‬ﺳـﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ D١‬ﻭ ﻛﻮﺭﺱ ‪ S١‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ‪ N‬ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻇﺮﻓﻴـﺖ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪πD١٢‬‬
‫= ‪Qt‬‬ ‫‪× S١ × N × n‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٤-١‬‬
‫‪۴‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﻪ ‪ D٢ = ٢D١‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻮﺽ ﻛـﻮﺭﺱ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫‪ S٢‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺎﺭﻭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻴـﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﺑﻤﺎﻧـﺪ ﺩ ﺭﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪D٢٢‬‬ ‫‪πD ٢١‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫= ‪× S٢ × N × n‬‬ ‫‪× S١ × N × n‬‬
‫‪۴‬‬ ‫‪۴‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪D٢ = ٢D١ ⇒ S ٢ = S ١ ۴‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٥-١‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻮﺭﺱ ﭘﻴـﺴﺘﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻼ ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺳﻮﭘﺎﭘﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ ٤‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ﹰ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻮﭘﺎﭘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺮ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺟﺎﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧـﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕـﺎﻡ ﻋﺒـﻮﺭ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻮﭘﺎﭖﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺤﺚ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺻﺎﺩﻕ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺋﻤ ﹰﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﻴـﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘـﺎﻁ ﻣـﺮﮒ ﻓﻮﻗـﺎﻧﻲ) ‪ (TDC‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﻲ )‪ (BDC‬ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻮﺽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﻮﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﻞ ﻟﻨﮓ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺑـﺎ ﺯﻣـﻴﻦ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(٨-١‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪v max = ٢ π r N‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٦-١‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٨-١‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻴﻞ ﻟﻨﮓ‬

 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٢١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄـﻪ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﻜﻞ )‪ (٤-١٧‬ﻧـﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠـﺎﺋﻲ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤ ﹰﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫× ‪VM = ٢ × S‬‬ ‫)‪( ٣٦-١‬‬
‫‪۶٠‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ V M‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٩-١‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ‪ ٢‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻫـﺮ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺑـﺎﺭ ﻛـﻮﺭﺱ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ‪((S‬‬
‫ﻃﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ ﭘﻴـﺴﺘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫـﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻥ )ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻧﺸﺪﻥ( ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺭﻳﻨﮕﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﺭﻭﻏـﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻳﻨﮕﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻔﻠﻦ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﺣـﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ ﻣﺠـﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ‪ ٣-٣,٤‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭﻏﻨﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٤‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣـﻲﺭﺳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺳﻌﻲ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺐ ﻣﻄﻠـﻮﺑﻲ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﻛـﻮﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄـﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺣـﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻛـﺎﺭﺁﺋﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺭﺱ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻇﺮﻓﻴـﺖ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٣١-١‬ﺑﺎ ‪ S × D ٢‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺧﻄـﻲ ﭘﻴـﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ‪ S × D þ‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻛﻮﺭﺱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻛﻮﺭﺱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺍﺑﻌـﺎﺩ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺳـﻌﻲ ﺑـﺮ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٢٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣـﻪ ﺑﺤـﺚ‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﻭ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﻭﻟـﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﻴـﺴﺘﻮﻥ ‪٩٠‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺣـﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﻣـﻲﺭﺳـﺪ‬
‫)ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﻮﺭﺱ( ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻮﺽ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣـﺮﮒ ﻓﻮﻗـﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺘـﺎﻧﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺣـﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺧـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (١٠-١‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(١٠-١‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻴـﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﻓـﺮﺽ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧـﻲ ﻭ ﻛـﻮﺭﺱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻛﻮﺭﺱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧـﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﻛـﻮﺭﺱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺁﻥ ‪ ٤‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻛـﻮﺭﺱ ﻭ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫـﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺑـﺮﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ )ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﺗﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻭ‪(...‬‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﻄﻌـﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃـﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﻤﻠـﻪ ﻣﻴـﻞ ﻟﻨـﮓ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﮔﺎﺯﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳـﻮﭘﺎﭖ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺳـﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﺍﺻـﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻮﺽ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺎﺭﻭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ )ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﻡ( ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘـﻪ ﺫﻛـﺮ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧﻜﺘـﻪ ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺁﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺑـﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺑـﺮ ﻳﺎﻃﺎﻗﺎﻧﻬـﺎ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٢٣‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﺍﻣـﺮ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﺭﻳﻨﮓ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻨﺎﺭﻩ ﺭﻳﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺳﻌﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻮﺭﺱ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻗﻄﺮﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﮊﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺒﻚ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻭﺯﻥ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻫﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﻠـﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٠-١‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺭﺱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺭﻭﺍﺑـﻂ )‪ ٣١-١‬ﺗـﺎ ‪(٣٣-١‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺑﺎﻣﻴﻞ ﺷﺎﺗﻮﻥ‪:‬‬

‫× ‪Qt = S × N‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪٢π D ٢ − d ٢‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫)‪(٣٧-١‬‬
‫‪۴‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٤-٨‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪⎡⎛ Z ١ ⎞ ⎛ P٢ ⎞ ١‬‬ ‫⎤‬
‫⎜⎢ ‪η v = ١ −‬‬ ‫‪⎟ ⎜ ⎟ γ − ١⎥C‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٨- ١‬‬
‫‪⎢⎣⎝ Z ٢ ⎠ ⎝ P١ ⎠ i‬‬ ‫⎦⎥‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ‪:‬‬
‫= ‪Z١ , Z٢‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻭﺩﻫﺶ‬
‫= ‪P٢‬‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺩﻫﺶ‬
‫= ‪P١‬‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻜﺶ‬
‫=‪C‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫= ‪γ‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺩ ﺭﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ" ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ γ =١,٣-١,٣٥‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺲ )‪ (i‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٣٨-١‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺰﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺮﺑـﻮﻁ ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻛـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣــﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠــﻒ ﺗــﺎ ﺣــﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﻣﺘﻔــﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴــﺎﺕ ﺑــﻪ ﺩﺳــﺖ ﺁﻣــﺪﻩ ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻤــﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺣﺘـﺴﺎﺏ ﺭﺍﻧـﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻤـﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺳـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٣٨-١‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ ﺭﺍﻧـﺪﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻳﺎﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﭘﻴـﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٣٨-١‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٢٤‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣـﺮﺩﻩ )‪ (C=٠‬ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻧـﺪﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ ١‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ‪ ١‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻋﻤﻼ" ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ٠,٩٧‬ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﺮﻭﺯﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ) ‪ (Wire Drawing‬ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪ ﻓﺎﺻـﻞ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜـﺶ ﺗـﺎ ﺩﻫﺎﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻮﭘﺎﭖ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻨﺎﺭﻩ ﺭﻳﻨﮕﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄـﻪ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮﺭ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ L‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻥ )ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻥ( ﺳـﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺑـﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ L‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪L = ٠,٠٥ - ٠,٠٦‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫‪L = ٠,٠٩ - ٠,١‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺫﻛﺮﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٤-٨‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫⎡‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫⎤‬
‫⎛‬ ‫⎞‬ ‫⎛‬ ‫⎞‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪µ v = ٠.٩٧ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ − ١⎥C − L‬‬
‫⎢‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬‫‪٢‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎢⎝ Z ٢ ⎠ ⎝ P١‬‬ ‫⎥‬
‫)‪(٣٩-١‬‬
‫⎣⎢‬ ‫⎦⎥‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ Z ٢ çZ ١‬ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻭ ﺩﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺁﻝ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺘ ﹰﺎ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ‪ Z ٢ çZ ١‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫⎡‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫⎤‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ P٢‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫⎢‬
‫‪µ v = ٠.٩٧ − ⎜ ⎟ − ١⎥C − L‬‬ ‫)‪(٤٠-١‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎢⎝ P١‬‬ ‫⎥‬
‫⎣⎢‬ ‫⎦⎥‬
‫ﻭﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ" ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q = ηv . Pd‬‬ ‫)‪(٤١-١‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻓـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺭﻭﻏـﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ‪:‬‬
‫= ﻗﻄﺮ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﭻ ‪٦‬‬ ‫‪= ٠/١٥٢٤ m‬‬
‫‪ = ٠,٣٠٤٨ m‬ﺍﻳﻨﭻ ‪ = ١٢‬ﻛﻮﺭﺱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺩﺭﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ‪ = ٣٠٠‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ‬
‫= ﺍﻳﻨﭻ ‪ = ٢,٥‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪٠,٠٦٣٥ m‬‬
‫‪C = %١٢‬‬
‫‪ = co ٢‬ﮔﺎﺯ‬
‫= ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪١٧٢٠‬‬ ‫‪psia‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭ ‪= ١١٧‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٢٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫= ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﺶ‬ ‫‪٣٤٤٠‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭ ‪psia = ٢٣٤‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ‪ = ٤٦/١‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ‪ = ١١٥‬ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ‬
‫‪γ Co = ١/٣‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ‪ :‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫= ‪Pd‬‬
‫‪٠.٣٠۴٨ × ٣٠٠ × ٣١۴‬‬ ‫[‬
‫‪. × ٢ × (٠١۵٢۴‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪) − (٠.٠۶٣۵‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪] × ۶٠ = ١٨٢.٧‬‬
‫‪۴‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻣﻘـﺎﺩﻳﺮ ‪ Z١ , Z٢‬ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ ﺑـﺎ ‪ ٠,٥٧٥‬ﻭ ‪ ٠,٣١٢‬ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫⎡‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫⎤‬
‫‪٠‬‬‫‪.‬‬‫‪٣١٢‬‬ ‫⎛‬ ‫‪٢٣۴‬‬ ‫⎞‬ ‫‪١.٣‬‬
‫⎢ ‪η v = ٠.٩٧ −‬‬ ‫⎜×‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬‫‪⎥ × ٠١٢‬‬
‫‪. − ٠.٠۵ = ٠.٩٣‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎢ ٠.۵٧۵ ⎝ ١١٧‬‬ ‫⎥‬
‫⎣‬ ‫⎦‬
‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q = Pd × ηv = ١٨٢. ٧ × ٠. ٩٣ = ١۶٩.٩‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ‪ /‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺯﻳـﺮ ﺑـﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﮔﺎﺯ )‪ (Z‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻭ ﺩﻫﺶ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﺪ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ :‬ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻮﭘﺎﭘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺱ‪ :‬ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻨﺎﺭﻩ ﺭﻳﻨﮕﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﻏﻨﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﻳـﺎ ﻧـﺸﺪﻥ ﺳـﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ‪،‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺳـﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺭﻳﻨﮕﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺭﻳﻨﮕﻬﺎ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺵ‪ :‬ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﮔﺎﺯ )ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭ ﭘﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﮔﺎﺯ(‬
‫ﺹ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺷﺪﻥ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪ ﻓﺎﺻﻞ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻜﺶ ﺗﺎ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺳﻮﭘﺎﭖ ﻣﻜﺶ‬
‫ﻫـ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻ )‪ ،(٦-١٥‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻤـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﭘﺎﭘﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ )‪ (٣-٦‬ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ﹰﺎ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣـﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺑـﺎﻻ ﺧـﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻢ )ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ (٣‬ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﭘﺎﭘﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﺮﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٢٦‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪٢١-١‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﯽ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻲ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺭﻭﺗـﻮﺭ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧـﻲ )‪ (Helical‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ ﺩﺭﻫـﻢ ﺭﻓﺘﮕـﻲ )‪ (Inter Meshing‬ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﭘـﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ" ﺑﺪﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺮﻱ )‪ (Male‬ﻭﻣﺎﺩﮔﻲ )‪ (Female‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ ﻧـﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﮔﻮﺷﻮﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (Lobe‬ﻣﺤﺪﺏ ﻭﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻘﻌﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪..‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻣﻜﺶ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﻌﺮ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﭘـﺮ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﺤﺪﺏ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ ﻧﺮﻱ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺗﻘﻌﺮﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﺭﺍﭘﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺣﺠﻢ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺟﻤـﻊ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺍﻧـﺪﻛﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺧـﻂ ﺩﻫـﺶ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺯﻣﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺳـﻤﺖ ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ ﺩﻫـﺶ ﺭﺍﻧـﺪﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭﻋﻤـﻞ ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﻃـﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧـﻲﻫﺎﺷـﻜﻞ ﭘﻴﻮﺳـﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺭﺍﺑـﻪ ﺧـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ ﻧﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ﹰﺎ ‪ ٤‬ﮔﻮﺷﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻭﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣـﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ‪ ٦‬ﻣﺤﻔﻈـﻪ ﻣﻘﻌـﺮ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺧﺸﻚ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﺩﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﻧﻘـﺶ ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭﻫـﺎ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻬﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ) ‪ (Timming Gear‬ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﻫﺮﺩﻭﺭﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ ﻣـﺎﺩﻩ ‪٦‬‬
‫ﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﻭﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﺀ ﻫﺮﺩﻭﺭﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ ﻧﺮﻱ ‪ ٤‬ﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺭﻭﺗـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ ﻧﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺯﺍﻭﻳـﻪ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧـﻲ ﻭﻧـﺴﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺍﺯﻧﻈـﺮ ﺍﺑﻌـﺎﺩﻱ ﻃـﻮﺭﻱ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﺰﻳـﺖ ﻳﻜـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﺑﺮﺗﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻮﺷﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺩﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻟﻘﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ ﺗﺎﺣﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (١١-١‬ﭼﻬﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٢٧‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(١١-١‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻛﻢ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ )‪ (A‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻤﻲ ﻛﻢ ﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ )‪(B‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻤﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ )‪ (C‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻛﻢ ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻛﺎﺭﺳـﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ )‪ (D‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻛﺎﺭﺳـﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯﺁﻧﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﮔﺎﺯﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﮔـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺯﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺩﻫﺶ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﺯﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ) ‪ (D‬ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻱ ﺭﺍﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺩﺭﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺗﺎﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﻫﺶ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺍﺿـﺎﻓﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺻﺮﻑ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﺯﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٢٨‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﻭ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ) ‪ ( Vi‬ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ) ‪ ( rp‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ) ‪ ( Vi‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺣﺠﻢ ﮔﺎﺯ ﮔﻴﺮﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺮﻭﻉ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺑـﻪ ﺣﺠـﻢ‬
‫ﮔﺎﺯﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﮔﺎﺯﺩﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﻜﺶ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ Vi‬ﻭ ‪ rp‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪rp = Vi‬‬
‫‪k‬‬
‫)‪(٤٢-١‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ‪:‬‬
‫= ‪rp‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫= ‪k‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﺁﻳﺰﻧﺘﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ‬
‫= ‪Vi‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫‪ ٢٢-١‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ‪Displacement‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻓـﻀﺎﻱ ﺧـﺎﻟﻲ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺭﻭﺗـﻮﺭﻫـﺎ ﻭﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ )‪ ،(Profile‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﻭﻃﻮﻝ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٤٣-١‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪d ٣(L‬‬
‫= ‪Qc‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬ ‫)‪(٤٣-١‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ‪:‬‬
‫= ‪Qr‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﺩﻭﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬
‫= ‪d‬‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ‬
‫= ‪L‬‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ‬
‫= ‪c‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ ‪ ٤+٦‬ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ٢,٢٣١‬ﻭﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ٢,٠٥٥‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪Qd = Q r × N‬‬ ‫)‪(٤٤-١‬‬
‫‪Qi = Qd × E v‬‬ ‫)‪(٤٥-١‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ = ‪Q d‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ = ‪N‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ = ‪E v‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٢٩‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ = ‪Q i‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻐﺰﺵ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧـﺸﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ" ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ = ‪Q d‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ = ‪N‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ = ‪E v‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ = ‪Q i‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻐﺰﺵ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ" ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٣ -١‬ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺸﻚ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻟﺒﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﻟﺒـﻪ ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪u = Rω = R.٢πN = πdN‬‬ ‫)‪(٤٦-١‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ٣‬ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻟﺒﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪٠,٢٥M‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ)‪ ١ M‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺥ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻟﺒﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ) ﺷﮑﻞ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ (‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ : (١٢-١‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻟﺒﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ‬

‫ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻤـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺭﺍﻧـﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴـﻚ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (١٣-١‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳـﺴﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻟﺒﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٣٠‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ )‪ (١٤-١‬ﻭ )‪ (١٥-١‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺎﺳ ﹰﺎ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ )ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ : (١٣-١‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻟﺒﻪ ﺍﻱ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ) ‪ : (١٤-١‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺳﺮﺍﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ )‪ ( M=٢‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ٣‬ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ‪ M=٥٦‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ٣‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻣـﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﮔـﺮ ﺭﺍﻧـﺪﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﻮﺍ ‪ ٧٨‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻫﻴـﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺭﺍﻧـﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪ ‪٧٥‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٣١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪K −١‬‬
‫‪WA = P١ Q١‬‬ ‫)‪(rP K − ١‬‬ ‫)‪(٤٧-١‬‬
‫)‪η a (K − ١‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫=‪Wa‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬
‫= ‪P١‬‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ‬
‫= ‪Q١‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ‬
‫= ‪ηa‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪: (١٥-١‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ‬

‫ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪K −١‬‬
‫‪T١ (rP‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫)‪− ١‬‬
‫‪T٢ = t١ +‬‬ ‫‪× ηt‬‬ ‫)‪(٤٨-١‬‬
‫‪ηa‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٣٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ T١‬ﻭ ‪ t١‬ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ )ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ(‪ η öa ،‬ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ ‪ η t‬ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﻌﻼﻭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪WS = Wat + Wmach‬‬ ‫)‪(٤٩-١‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ٧‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪d = ١٠۵‬‬
‫)‪. in (٠.٢۶۶٧m‬‬
‫‪L = ١۵‬‬
‫‪d .‬‬
‫‪M . W = ٢٨.٩۵‬‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪Q١ = ٢۵٠٠ acfm(١١٨‬‬‫)‪. m s‬‬
‫) ‪t١ = ١٠٠oF (٣٧.٨ oC‬‬
‫‪P١ = ١۴.۵ Psia = ١bar (a ) = ١٠١ Pa‬‬
‫‪P٢ = ۴٣۵‬‬
‫‪. Psia = ٣ bar (a ) = ٣٠٣ Pa‬‬
‫‪rP = ٣‬‬
‫‪K = ١٣٩۵‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪W = ١٧۴.٧١bs / min (١٣٢‬‬
‫)‪. Kg / s‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪d٣‬‬
‫‪( L / d ) ٠.٢۶۶٧ ٣ (١۵‬‬
‫)‪.‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫= ‪Qr‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= ٠.٠١٢٧۵ M rev‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪٢.٢٣١‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (١٤-١‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ‪E v = ٨٩٪ ، ٣‬‬
‫‪Qd = ١١٨‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪١٣٢۶‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪m٣‬‬
‫‪٠.٨٩‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪١٣٢۶‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫= ‪N= d‬‬ ‫‪= ١٠۴ RPS = ۶٢۴٠ RPM‬‬
‫‪Qr ٠.٠١٢٧۵‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫=‪a‬‬ ‫‪KMgT = ١٣٩۵‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪× ٢٨.٩۵ × ٩.٨١(٢٧٣١‬‬
‫‪. + ٣٧.٨) = ٣۵١ m / s‬‬
‫‪πd RPM‬‬ ‫‪. × ٠.٢۶۶٧ × ۶٢۴٠‬‬
‫‪٣١۴‬‬
‫=‪u‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= ٨٧١‬‬ ‫‪. m/ s‬‬
‫‪۶٠‬‬ ‫‪۶٠‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ) ‪ ، (١٣-١‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ ‪ ، ٣‬ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﻟﺒـﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻬﻴﻨـﻪ ﺭﻭﺗـﻮﺭ )‪ (u٠‬ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺻﻮﺕ ‪ u ٠ a = ٠.٢۵‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻟﺒﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٣٣‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪u ٠ = ٠.٢۵ × ٣۵١ = ٨٧.٧۵ m / s‬‬

‫‪u = ٨٧.١ = ٠.٩٩٢۶‬‬
‫‪u٠ ٨٧.٧۵‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺎﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳـﺰ ﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛـﺰ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﺭﭘﻴﭽﻲ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻭ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻨﺪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺧﺶ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢٤-١‬ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ‬

‫‪١-٢٤-١‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎ ‪Compressor Sizing‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ ﻭﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺩﺭ ﺩﺳـﺖ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٥٠-١‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪γ −١‬‬
‫‪H p = ZMT١‬‬ ‫‪(rp‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫)‪− ١‬‬ ‫)‪(٥٠-١‬‬
‫‪γ −١‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ)‪(١٦-١‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺗﻴﻐﻪﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺩﺭﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪) γ‬ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ( ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ‪γ‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٣٤‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪P٢‬‬
‫‪Ln‬‬
‫‪P١‬‬
‫= ‪γ‬‬ ‫)‪(٥١-١‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪Ln ٢ − Ln ٢‬‬
‫‪P١‬‬ ‫‪T١‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(١٧-١‬ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻘﺐ‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﮔﺎﺯ )‪ (T,P‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻭﺩﻫﺶ ﺩﺭﺩﺳﺖ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺳﻌﻲ ﻭﺧﻄـﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﻜﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ‪ K‬ﺭﺍﺩﺭ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺶ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﭘـﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴـﻚ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ‪ % ٧٥‬ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﮕـﺎﻩ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻚ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٥١-١‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ‪ γ‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﺑﺎﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﺳـﺖ ﺁﻣـﺪﻩ ﺍﺯﺭﺍﺑﻄـﻪ )‪(٥٢-١‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ ηp‬ﺭﺍﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﻳـﻦ ﻛـﺎﺭﺭﺍ ﺁﻧﻘـﺪﺭ ﺗﻜـﺮﺍﺭ ﻛـﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺗﺎﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ‪ γ‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪γ −١‬‬
‫= ‪ηp‬‬ ‫)‪(٥٢-١‬‬
‫‪k‬‬
‫‪k −١‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺩﺭﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭﻓﺸﺎﺭﻣﻜﺶ ﻭﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﭘـﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﻭﻓـﺸﺎﺭﺩﻫﺶ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ‪ T٢‬ﺍﺯﺭﺍﺑﻄـﻪ )‪(٥٣-١‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪n −١‬‬
‫‪T٢ = T١rp‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫)‪(٥٣-١‬‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﭘﻴﭽـﻚ ﻳـﻚ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗـﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ‪ ٣٠٠٠‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﻮﻟﻜـﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ ٢٨‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٣٠‬ﻧﻈﻴﺮ )ﺍﺯﺕ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﺍ( ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺄﺋﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘـﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻓـﻮﻕ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺳﺮﺍﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﺀ ﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‪ ٣٠‬ﻣﺘﺮﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﻋﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﺀ ﻫـﺮ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ٦٠‬ﻣﺘﺮﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﻲ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﻫـﺎﻱ ﺑـﺎ ﺟـﺮﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ‪ ٢‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٧٠‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌـﺪﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺩﺳـﺖ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ ﻛﻠـﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻫﺮﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﺭﺍﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺸﻲ ﮔﺮﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٠,٢‬ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﺎﻫﺸﻲ ﮔﺮﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪﺍﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻦ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﺯ ﺩﺳـﺖ ﺭﻓـﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺟـﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧـﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺭﺍﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺟﻨﺒـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻧﻜﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺘﻲ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻧﮕﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﺠـﺎﺯ ﺩﻫـﺶ ‪٢٥٠ o C‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٨‬ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑـﺎ ﺩﻗـﺖ ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪µ p u ٢٢‬‬
‫= ‪Hp‬‬ ‫)‪(٥٤-١‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪g‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ‪:‬‬
‫= ‪Hp‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫= ‪µp‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤٨‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ‬
‫= ‪u٢‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺒﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺛﻘﻞ = ‪g‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ u ٢‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٦-١٥‬ﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺧﻂ ﻣﻮﺭﺏ ﺣﺪ ﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﻄﺮ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٥٥-١‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‬
‫‪۶٠u ٢‬‬
‫=‪N‬‬ ‫)‪(٥٥-١‬‬
‫‪πd ٢‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ‪:‬‬
‫=‪N‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﺭﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٣٦‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺩﺭﻟﺒﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ = ‪u ٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬

‫= ‪d٢‬‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ)‪ :(١٨-١‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗـﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺑـﻲ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻫﺮﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻟﺒﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻭﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻨﺠـﺎ ﻫﻨـﻮﺯ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﮕﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﺁﻥ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ ﺭﺍﻧـﺪﻣﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﺋﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔـﺮ ‪ Q in‬ﺩﺑـﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜﺶ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺑﻲ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺩﻫﺶ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪Qin‬‬
‫= ‪Qd‬‬ ‫‪z −١‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫)‪(٥٦-١‬‬
‫‪(r‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬
‫‪z‬‬
‫‪)γ‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ‪ rp‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻭ ‪ Z‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺩﺑﻲ) ‪ ( δ‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪δ = ٠.۴٠۵‬‬ ‫)‪(٥٧-١‬‬
‫‪Nd ٢٣‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ‪:‬‬
‫=‪Q‬‬ ‫ﺩﺑﻲ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫=‪N‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺩﺭﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫= ‪d٢‬‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٣٧‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ δ‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٠,١‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳـﺴﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٠,٠٢‬ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ δ‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﻜﻞ )‪ (١٨-١‬ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ‪.‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑـﻪ ﺫﻛـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻧﺰﺩﻳـﻚ ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﻂ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤـﺎ ‪ ((Guide Line‬ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ‪ δ‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭﺁﺧﺮ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(١٩-١‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ)‪ :(١٩-١‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺩﺑﻲ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻓﻮﻕ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﺳﺖ‪،‬ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪ δ‬ﺣﺪﻭ‬
‫‪ ٠,٠٧‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ‪ η‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗـﺎ ﺻـﺤﺖ ﻣﻘـﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻓـﺮﺽ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ η‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣـﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭ ﺭﺍﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٥٨-١‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪wH p‬‬
‫= ‪Wp‬‬ ‫‪+ Mech. Losses‬‬ ‫)‪(٥٨-١‬‬
‫‪ηp‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺯﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺭﺍﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ‪ % ١‬ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺎ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻳﺎﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻻﺯﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (٤-١‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻓـﺖ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺩﺭ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ‪ ∆P‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﻨـﻚ ﻛـﻦ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٣٨‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﺶ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ‪ % ٢‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻦ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻛﻢ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻌـﺎﺩﻝ ‪ %٢‬ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﻗﺒـﻮﻝ ﻧﺒـﻮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ (٠,١٥ bar) ٢ psi‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﺟـﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ‪-‬‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻣـﺎﻳﻲ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ٦ oC‬ﺭﺍﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪Q١ = ١٧٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬
‫‪Wm = ٣‬‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫= ‪M‬‬ ‫‪٢٨,٤٦‬‬
‫= ‪P١‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺭ )ﻣﻄﻠﻖ(‬
‫= ‪t١‬‬ ‫‪٣٠‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ ‪ = ٣٠٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫= ‪K‬‬ ‫‪١,٣٩٥‬‬
‫= ‪P٢‬‬ ‫‪٢,٧٢‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭ )ﻣﻄﻠﻖ(‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺣﻞ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ‪ ηp = ٧۵%‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ‬
‫‪γ − ١ k − ١ ١ ١٣٩۵‬‬‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪−١‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫=‬ ‫×‬ ‫=‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪⇒ γ = ١۶٠٨‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪ηp‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪١٣٩۵‬‬ ‫‪٠.٧۵‬‬
‫‪P٢ ٢.٧٢‬‬
‫= ‪rp‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= ٢.٧٢‬‬
‫‪P١‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٣٩‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪:(٤-١‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻗﺪﻡ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ‪ Zavg = ١‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪١۶٠٨‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫⎡‬ ‫(‬
‫‪١.۶٠٨−١‬‬
‫)‬ ‫⎤‬
‫(‪H p = ١ × ٢٨.۴۶ × ٣٠۵‬‬ ‫‪) ⎢(٢.٧٢) ١.۶٠٨ − ١⎥ = ١١٠٧۶ m‬‬
‫‪١۶٠٨‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫⎣ ‪−١‬‬ ‫⎦‬
‫ﻗﺪﻡ ﺳﻮﻡ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‪ ٣٠٤٨‬ﻣﺘﺮ)ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ (١٠٠٠٠ ft. lb lb‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪١١٠٧۶‬‬
‫=‪Z‬‬ ‫‪= ٣.۶٣ ≅ ۴‬‬
‫‪٣٠۴٨‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪١١٠٧۶‬‬
‫= ‪Hp‬‬ ‫‪= ٢٧۶٩‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫‪۴‬‬
‫ﻗﺪﻡ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ µ = ٠. ۴٨‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬

‫‪Hp × g‬‬ ‫‪٢٧۶٩ × ٩.٨١ ٠.۵‬‬
‫( = ‪u٢‬‬ ‫( = ‪) ٠.۵‬‬ ‫‪) = ٢٣٨ m s‬‬
‫‪µ‬‬ ‫‪٠.۴٨‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺩﺭﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ‪ ،Q‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (١٨-١‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ ﻣـﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﻓـﻮﻕ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪) ١٧,٣in‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ٠,٤٤‬ﻣﺘﺮ( ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪۶٠ × ٢٣٨‬‬
‫=‪N‬‬ ‫‪= ١٠٣۴٩ RPM‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫‪π × ٠.۴۴‬‬
‫ﻗﺪﻡ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ‬
‫‪١٧۵‬‬
‫= ‪Q۴‬‬ ‫‪۴ −١‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫‪= ١٠٩.۵‬‬ ‫‪m٣ / min‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬
‫‪(٢.٧٢‬‬ ‫‪۴‬‬
‫)‬ ‫‪١.۶٠٨‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬

‫)‪δ ١ = (٠.۴٠۵ × ١٧۵‬‬ ‫‪= ٠.٠٨ ⇒ η p = ٠.٧٩‬‬
‫) ‪(١٠٣۴٩ × ٠.۴۴ ٣‬‬
‫)‪δ ۴ = (٠.۴٠۵ × ١٠٩.۵‬‬ ‫‪= ٠.٠۵ ⇒ η p = ٠.٧٩‬‬
‫) ‪(١٠٣۴٩ × ٠.۴۴ ٣‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪ ηp = ٠. ٧٩‬ﺩﺭﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺪﻡ ﺷﺸﻢ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ‬
‫‪γ − ١ ١٣٩۵‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪−١‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫=‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪= ٠.٣۵٩ ⇒ γ = ٢.٧٨٧‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪١٣٩۵‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪٠.٧٩‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪﺍﺯﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ‪ γ‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪T٢ = ٣٠۵(٢.٧٢) ٠.٣۵٩ = ۴٣٧K = ١۶۴ o C‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺍﺣﺘﺴﺎﺏ ‪ ٠,٠١‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺯﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪. × ٩.٨١ × ٣.٣ × ١١٠٧۶‬‬
‫‪١٠١‬‬
‫= ‪Wp‬‬ ‫‪= ۴۵٨.۴‬‬ ‫‪KW‬‬
‫‪١٠٠٠ × ٠.٧٩‬‬
‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﭘـﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴـﻚ ﻣﺠـﺪﺩﺍ" ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ ﻧﮕﺮﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﺮﺍﻛـﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ‪ ٠,٠١‬ﺧﻄﺎ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٢٥-١‬ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻮﺟﺪﺍﺭﺷﺪﻥ ‪Surging‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺝ ‪ Surge‬ﭼﻴﺴﺖ ؟‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٢٠-١‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻳﮏ ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻟـﯽ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻓﻮﻕ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ Q = ٠‬ﺭﺳﻢ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻭﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻳﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﺍﻳـﻦ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ‪Surge‬‬
‫‪ Limit‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ ﺑـﺎ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣ ﹰﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺪﺍﺭﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﻩ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٤١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻭﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﺮﻭ ﺻـﺪﺍﻱ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺃﻡ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(٢٠-١‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍ ﻩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺳﺮﺝ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﺶ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣـﻲﻳﺎﺑـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻟﺤـﺎﻅ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ" ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺑﻪ ﺟﻠﻮ ﻭﻋﻘـﺐ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﺍﻣـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﺎﻃﺎﻗﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ )‪ (Thrust Bearing‬ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺣـﺴﺐ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻳﺎﻃﺎﻗﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻮﺟﺪﺍﺭﺷـﺪﻥ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪١٠٠ - ٢٠٠٠‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﺮﺍﺑﻲ ﻳﺎﻃﺎﻗﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻛﻢ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻮﺝ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭﻫـﺎﺋﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٣٠٠٠‬ﺩﻭﺭﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ" ﺍﻳﻤﻦ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﻳـﻦ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧـﻲ ‪ ١٠٠٠٠‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪﺍ" ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻮﺝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻮﺝ )‪ (Surge‬ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘـﻪ ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻧﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ ﺛـﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛـﻪ ﺗـﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﻪﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺑﻲ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺍﻣـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﺀ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﺶ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺭﺍﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pd − Ps‬‬
‫= ‪Hp‬‬ ‫)‪(٥٩-١‬‬
‫‪ρ‬‬
‫= ‪Pd‬‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ‪:‬‬
‫= ‪Ps‬‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻜﺶ‬
‫= ‪ρ‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٤٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫= ‪Hp‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﺶ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﮔﺮ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭ ﻧﺎﭼﺎﺭﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﺶ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ ﺭﺍﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ ﺣﺮﻛـﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﻭﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﻮﺝ‪ .‬ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﻭﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺝ ‪ Surge‬ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻣﻲﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪﺩ ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺣﺘـﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﻭﻗـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻧﭙﻴﻮﻧﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺍﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﺧﺮﺍﺑﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻣـﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ )ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ ﻭﻳﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ( ﺑﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﻧﻤﻲ ﭘﻴﻮﻧـﺪﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤـﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻼ" ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﺑﺎ ﻋﺒـﻮﺭ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧـﻲ )‪ (Voulte‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧـﺮﮊﻱ ﺟﻨﺒـﺸﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻧـﺮﮊﻱ ﭘﺘﺎﻧـﺴﻴﻞ )ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ( ﺗﺒـﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ" ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺠﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻫﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺁﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫـﺶ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺣـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﻂ ﺩﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﺯﺍﺩ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪﺭﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﺶ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﻋﻜﺲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺩﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻮﺟﺪﺍﺭﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﮔﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺑـﺎ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻱ )ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨـﺼﻮﺹ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ( ﭘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄـﻪ‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫= ‪ E c‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻌـﺎ" ﺍﻧـﺮﮊﻱ ﭘﺘﺎﻧـﺴﻴﻞ )ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ(‬
‫‪V١ρv ٢‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭﺑﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﺶ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳـﻮﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﺩﻫـﺶ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑـﺎ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨـﺼﻮﺹ ﻛـﻢ ﭘﺮﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺫﻛﺮﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍ" ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﻩ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻭﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺍﺛﺮﺁﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻟﺮﺯﺵ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻭﺻـﺪﺍ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻨﺶ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﺍﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ" ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٤٣‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﻡ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﭘﻤﭗ‬
‫ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٤٤‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻓﺼﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٤٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪١-٢‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ‬
‫‪1-1-2‬ﻫﺪف از ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ‬
‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻧﺎﭘـﺬﻳﺮ ‪(Incompressible‬‬
‫)‪ Fluids‬ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ )‪ (Pumping‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﭘﺘﺎﻧـﺴﻴﻞ‬
‫)ﻓﺸﺎﺭ( ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ .‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨـﺪ ﭘﻤﭙـﺎﮊ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺪﻻﻳﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ )ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺏ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﻱ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ )ﻓﺸﺎﺭ( ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ )ﭘﻤﭗ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺩﻳﮓ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ :‬ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ )ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ( ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ )ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺁﺏ(‬
‫ﺩ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ )ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻚ(‬
‫‪2-2‬دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ‬
‫ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ‪Positive Displacement Pumps‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻻﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﮔﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺳـﭙﺲ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ )ﻳﺎ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ( ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻘﻲ)‪ (Clearance‬ﺑـﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﻌـﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺤـﺮﻙ )‪ (Pumping Elements‬ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺳــﺘﻪ )‪ (Casing‬ﺑــﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻧــﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﺑــﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻟــﺬﺍ ﺟﺎﺑﺠــﺎﺋﻲ ﻣــﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬــﺖ ﺭﻭ ﺑﺠﻠــﻮ ﺻــﻮ ﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪.‬ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺧﻮﺩﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪Reciprocating‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ‬
‫‪Rotary‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻭﻳﺴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺘﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯﭘﻤﭙﻬـﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻠـﻲ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻧـﺪﻙ ﺩﺑـﻲ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٤٦‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻧـﺴﺒﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤـ ﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ‪Centrifugal Pumps‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ‪% ٦٠‬ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻧﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ )‪(Kinetic‬ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺍ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ )‪ (Impeller‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ )ﺳﺮﻋﺖ( ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻋﻤـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻧـﺮﮊﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ )ﻓﺸﺎﺭ( ﺁﻥ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﻋﻈﻤﻲﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺠﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺸﺎﺩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻲ )‪ (Volute‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺩﺑـﻲ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﻲ ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﻪ ﺁﻥ ) ‪Pump Characteristic‬‬
‫‪ (Curve‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺖ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺩﺭ ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﻳـﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ)‪(Head‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(١-٢‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(١-٢‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻓﻮﻕ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺑـﻲ ﭘﻤﭙﻬـﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳـﺰ ﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑـﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺸﺪﺕ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺩﺑﻲ )ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ( ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـ ﹰﺎ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻫـﺮ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻮﺽ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻓـﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ ﺑﺎ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ﹰﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩﺑﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﻧﻜﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻤﭙﻬـﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠـﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ )ﺑـﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﭘﻤﭙﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺎﻓﺮﺍﮔﻤﻲ( ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٤٧‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯﻧﻈـﺮ ﻣﻜـﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﺷـﻴﻨﻲ ﺳـﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯﻧﻈـﺮ ﻫﻴـﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﺷـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻗـﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ )‪ (Impeller‬ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻪ ﻳـﺎ ﭘﻴﭽـﻚ(‬
‫‪ Volute‬ﻳــﺎ ‪ (Casing‬ﻣــﻲﭼﺮﺧــﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴــﺴﺘﻢ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻨــﺪ ﻛﻨﻨــﺪﻩ )‪ ،(Sealing System‬ﻳﺎﻃﺎﻗﺎﻧﻬــﺎ‬
‫)‪ (Bearings‬ﻭ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ)‪ (Shaft‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻴﻐﻪﻫﺎﻱ )‪ (Vanes‬ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻜـﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﭘﻤﭙﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻧﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻻﺯﻡﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ )ﺳﺮﻋﺖ( ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧـﺮﮊﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ )ﻓﺸﺎﺭ( ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺠﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺸﺎﺩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻲ )‪ (Volute‬ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪.‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٢-٢‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻄﻠـﻖ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭﻣـﺴﻴﺮﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺯﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻪ ﭘﻤـﭗ )ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻜﺶ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ( ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻛﻢ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻣﻜﺶ )ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ"ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺟـﻮ( ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺤﻮﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﻟﺒـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻐﻪﻫﺎ )‪ (Vanes Tip‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻭ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣـﻲﻳﺎﺑـﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺭﺍﻧـﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﭘﻤﭙﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻴﺐ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻲﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ )ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ( ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺿﺮﺑﺎﻥ )‪(Pulse‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧـﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺿﺮﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٢-٢‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ‪ ٨٠‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﭼﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﭼﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ‬
‫ﺩﺑﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ‪ ،‬ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﭘﻴـﺪﺍ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩﻩﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﺑـﺎ ﺩﺑـﻲ‬
‫‪ ٤١٧٦٠٠‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ ٣٨٧‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ‪ ٤١٠‬ﻣﮕﺎﻭﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ‪Bath County‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٤٨‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﺗﻞ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻳـﻚ ﭘﻤـﭗ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺑـﻲ ‪ ٣٤٠٠‬ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌـﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻋﺖ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ ‪ ٥٦٧٠٠‬ﻣﺘـﺮ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺗـﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺳـﻮﺧﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ‪ ٣٧٠٠٠‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘـﻪ ﻭ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﻣـﺼﺮﻓﻲ‬
‫‪ ٥٢‬ﻣﮕﺎﻭﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭙﻬـﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳـﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺳـﻴﻊ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻭﻟـﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪.‬ﺩﺭﻳـﻚ ﺟﻤـﻊ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﻛﻠـﻲ ﭘﻤﭙﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻢ ﺗﺎﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻭﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠـﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺑـﻲ ﻛـﻢ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ‬
‫)ﻓﺸﺎﺭ( ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 3-2‬دﺑﻲ )ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ( ‪Capacity or Flow Rate‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺠﻤﻲﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺑﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻇﺮﻓﻴـﺖ‬
‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺑﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ﹰﺎ ﺑﺎ ‪ Q‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ) ‪ ، ( m hr‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻴـﻪ ) ‪ ، ( m s‬ﻟﻴﺘـﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻴــﻪ ) ‪ ( l s‬ﻭ ﮔــﺎﻟﻦ ﺩﺭﺩﻗﻴﻘــﻪ )‪ .(GPM‬ﺩﺭ ﺟــﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (١-٢‬ﺗﺒــﺪﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﺣــﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻇﺮﻓﻴــﺖ ﺑــﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ)‪ (١-٢‬ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٣-٢‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﻜـﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺎﻟﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
‫‪٤/٤٠٣٣‬‬ ‫‪٠/٢٧٧٨‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺩﺭﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
‫‪٠/٠٦٣١‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪٣١٦‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪١٥/٨٢‬‬ ‫‪٠/٢٢٧١‬‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻟﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ :(١-٢‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ :4-2‬ارﺗﻔﺎع )‪(Head‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻋﻼﻗﻤﻨﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﻬﻴـﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ )ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ( ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺑﺠﺎﻱﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺎﻡ ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ )‪(Head‬ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻧـﺮﮊﻱ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﻲ ‪H-Q‬‬
‫)ﺩﺑﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ( ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺏ ﺳـﺮﺩ )ﺑـﺎ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨـﺼﻮﺹ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ(‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ١٠/٢‬ﻣﺘـﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٤٩‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨـﺼﻮﺹ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﻣـﻲﻳﺎﺑـﺪ )ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻋﻜﺲ( ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ‪ SG‬ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪(١-٢‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫)ﻣﺘﺮ( ‪H‬‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﺭ( ‪١٠.٢ P‬‬ ‫)‪( ١-٢‬‬

‫=‬
‫‪SG‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٣-٢‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺫﻛﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ )ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ‪ (H-Q‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ﹰﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺏ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﻲ ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﻪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑـﺮﺍ ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻭﻳﺴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺘﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺘﻪ ﺁﺏ ﺻـﺎﺩﻕ ﻧﺒـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ ‪(Shut Off Q=٠‬‬
‫)‪Point‬ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺎﻟﺖﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺩﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﺤﺎﻅ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺕ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻛـﺎﺭﺁﺋﻲ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨــﻲ ﻣﺸﺨــﺼﻪ ‪ H-Q‬ﻫــﺮ ﭘﻤــﭗ ﮔﺮﻳــﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛــﺰ ﺑــﺎ ﻗﻄــﺮ ﻭ ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧـﻲ ﺛﺎﺑــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪-٢‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺕ ﻭﻳﺴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ ﺑﺎ ﻭﻳﺴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺘﻪ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺰﻭﻟﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ )ﺩﺭ ‪ ، Q ≠ ٠‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﺀ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﻤـﭗ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻌـﺎﺕ ﺑـﺎ ﻭﻳـﺴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺘﻪ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻤﭙﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ ٦/٩‬ﺑﺎﺭ)‪ (١٠٠psi‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺩﻫﺶ ﺍﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺧﺮﻭﺟـﻲ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﻣﻌـﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ٧٠/٤‬ﻣﺘـﺮ )‪ ٢٦١‬ﻓـﻮﺕ( ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٥٠‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺁﺏ ﻧﻤﻚ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ‪ ،١/٢‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ ﺳـﺘﻮﻥ ﺑـﻪ ‪٥٨/٨‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮ )‪ ١٩٣‬ﻓﻮﺕ( ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﻮﺽ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ ‪ ٩٦‬ﻣﺘـﺮ )‪ ٣٠٨‬ﻓـﻮﺕ(‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻔﺖ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ )ﺑﺎ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ‪ (٠/٧٥‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٤-٢‬ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨـﺼﻮﺹ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ ﻧﻤﻚ ﻭ ﻧﻔﺖ ﺳـﻔﻴﺪ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٤-٢‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪:5-2‬ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪System Head‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ‪ -٢‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻭ ﺩﻫﺶ ‪ -٣‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﺻـﻄﻜﺎﻛﻲ ‪-٤‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ‪ -٥‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻲ‬
‫‪:1-5-2‬ارﺗﻔﺎعاﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ‪Static Head‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭﺩﻭﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻭﺩﻫـﺶ ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﻤﭙـﺎﮊ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫)ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(٥-٢‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٥-٢‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺩﻫﺶ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻜﺶ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻜﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ )‪ (Reference Line‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٥١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻜﺶ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣ ﹰﺎ ‪ Lift‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﮔـﺮ ﺑـﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣ ﹰﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ‪ Head‬ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪H st = H sd ± H ss‬‬ ‫)‪(٢-٢‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻞ = ‪H st‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺩﻫﺶ = ‪H sd‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻜﺶ = ‪H ss‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪ Lift‬ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪ Head‬ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٦-٢‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﺤـﻮﻩ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﮔـﺬﺍﺭﻱ ‪hs‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ hs‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺳـﻴﻔﻮﻥ‬
‫)‪ (Siphon‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺑـﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻌﻴـﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﺣﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ hs ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﻩ ﺳـﻴﻔﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ hs‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲﺍﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺑـﻲ ﭘﻤـﭗ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻟـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﺪﺕ ﻛﻮﺗـﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻠﺤﺎﻅ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٥٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٦-٢‬ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺳﻴﻔﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬

‫‪:2-5-2‬ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از اﺧﺘﻼف ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻜﺶ و دﻫﺶ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻜﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ ‪ Ps‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺩﻫﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ ‪ Pd‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺧـﺘﻼﻑ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻭﺩﻫﺶ ) ‪ ( H p‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٣-٢‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪١٠.٢( Pd ± Ps‬‬
‫= ‪Hp‬‬ ‫)‪(٣-٢‬‬
‫‪SG‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻨﺒـﻊ ﻣﻜـﺶ ﻭ ﺩﻫـﺶ ﻫـﺮﺩﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪١٠.٢( Pd ± Ps‬‬
‫‪H st = ( H sd ± H ss ) +‬‬ ‫)‪(٤-٢‬‬
‫‪SG‬‬
‫‪:3-5-2‬ارﺗﻔﺎع اﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻲ ‪Friction Head‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻏﻠﺒـﻪ ﺑـﺮ ﺍﺻـﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺗـﺼﺎﻻﺕ )ﺷـﻴﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺯﺍﻧﻮﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻪ ﺭﺍﻫﻲ ﻭ‪ (...‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻋﻼﻣـﺖ ‪ H d‬ﻧـﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ‪ H d‬ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺩﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‪،‬ﻭﻳﺴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ‪ H d‬ﺑﺎ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪H d = KQ n‬‬ ‫)‪(٥-٢‬‬

 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٥٣‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ K‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑـﺎﻻ )ﺑﺠﺰﺩﺑـﻲ( ﺑـﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪n .‬ﺗـﺎﺑﻌﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯﺭﮊﻳﻢ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪n =١‬‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺁﺭﺍﻡ‬ ‫‪n=١/٨٥-٢‬‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺁﺷﻔﺘﻪ‬
‫‪:4-5-2‬از دﺳﺖ رﻓﺖ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ورود و ﺧﺮوج ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺑﺠﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻜﺶ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧـﺮﮊﻱ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﻛـﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ )‪ (Entrance Loss‬ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺁﻥ )ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻧﮕﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﻱ( ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺩﻫﺶ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻫـﺪﺭ ﺭﻓﺘـﻪ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ )‪ (Exit Loss‬ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﺧﺮﻭﺟـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳـﺮﻋﺘﻲ‬
‫‪V٢‬‬
‫( ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﺪﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺭﻓـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌـﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺍﺟـﻊ ﺗـﺮﺟﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ V‬ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑـﺎ ﺁﻥ )‬
‫‪٢g‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳـﺖ ﺭﻓـﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﻭﺧﺮﻭﺟـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺟـﺰﺀ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳـﺖ ﺭﻓـﺖ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯﺍﺻـﻄﻜﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺮﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺳﻌﻲ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻲ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﻋﻈﻤﻲﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪:5-5-2‬ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻲ‪Velocity Head‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﮊﻭﻝ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ )ﻳـﺎ ﻣﺘـﺮ(‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ‪ V‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﭘﺮﺗﺎﺏ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ HV‬ﺑـﺎﻻ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ‬
‫ﺭﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ‪ HV‬ﺑﺎ ‪ V‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪V٢‬‬
‫= ‪HV‬‬ ‫)‪(٦-٢‬‬
‫‪٢g‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺫﻛﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ )ﻓﺸﺎﺭ( ﻭ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ )ﺳﺮﻋﺖ( ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻲ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻢ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻲ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪:6-2‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪System Characteristic Curve‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲﺩﻫـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺟﺒﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ )ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ‪(٧-٢‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٥٤‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪H t = H d ± H st‬‬ ‫)‪(٧-٢‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻜـﺶ‬
‫ﻭﺩﻫﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ H st‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﺣـﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻭ ﺣـﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻓـﻮﻕ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ‪ H st‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ‪.(٨-٢‬‬

‫‪a: H st = ٠‬‬ ‫‪b: H st 〉٠‬‬ ‫‪c: H st 〈٠‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٧-٢‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻛـﺎﺭ ‪(Operating or Duty‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(٨-٢‬ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜـﺶ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﻣﺮﺑـﻮﻁ‬ ‫)‪Point‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻭ ﻧﺼﺐ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜـﺶ ﭘﻤـﭗ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺤﻮﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ ﻧـﺸﻮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺷـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻛﺎﻣـﻞ ﺩﺭﺑﺨـﺶ‬
‫ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :7-2‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ ‪Pumps Characteristic Curve‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ ﻣﻌـﺮﻑ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬـﺎﻱ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ )ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ(‪ ،‬ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﻣـﺼﺮﻓﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ‪ NPSHR‬ﺑﺮ ﺣـﺴﺐ ﺩﺑـﻲ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺕ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛـﺰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺩﺑﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ )ﻓﺸﺎﺭ( ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺩﺑﻲ‪ -‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺧﺎﺻـﻲ ﺑﺮﺧـﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑـﻮﻁ ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻧـﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ‬
‫‪ NPSHR‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :8-2‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎي ﮔﺮﻳﺰازﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺑﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯﺻﻔﺮﺗﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﮐﻨﺪ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٥٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٨-٢‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑـﺎﺩﺑﻲ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘـﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـ ﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺳـﺮﻋﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻱ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٩-٢‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﻪ ﻳـﻚ ﭘﻤـﭗ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻳـﻚ ﭘﻤـﭗ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﻫﻢ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﺕ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺏ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈـﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﻲ ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻤﭗﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎﻱ )‪ (١٠-٢‬ﻭ )‪ (١١-٢‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭙﻬـﺎﻱ ‪ Etanorm‬ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ ﺷـﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫‪ KSB‬ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﭘﻤﭙﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫‪١٤٥٠‬ﻭ ‪ ٢٩٠٠‬ﺩﻭﺭﺩﺭﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺫﻛﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﻲﻫـﺎ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺑﻲ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺑﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺩﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :9-2‬دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎي ﮔﺮﻳﺰازﻣﺮﻛﺰ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ )ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺩﺑﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ( ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺳـﺘﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻌﻮﺩﻱ ‪.(Rising‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺻﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪،‬ﺩﺑﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﻄﻮﺭﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻴﻴﺎﺑـﺪ )ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫‪.(١٢-٢a‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺰﻭﻟﻲ )‪(Drooping‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٥٦‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻧﺰﻭﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ Q=٠‬ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ ﻧﺒـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ‪ Looping‬ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(١٢-٢ b‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻴﺰ )‪.(Steep‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻴﺰ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺻﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺷـﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ)‪(Q=٠‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﺧﺎﺻـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺗﺎ ‪ ٥٠‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺩﺑﻲ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫)ﺷﻜﻞ‪.(١٢-٢c‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﺖ)‪.(Flat‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﻲﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﺰﻭﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺻﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺰﻭﻟﻲ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ﹰﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺨﺖ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪) .‬ﺷﻜﻞ‪(١٢-٢d‬‬
‫ﻫـ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ )‪(Stable‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻤـﭗ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٥٧‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٩-٢‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻤﭗ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻜﺶ )‪(Double Suction‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ )ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ( ﺭﺳﻢ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﻲ ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﻪ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺎﺳﺎﹰﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺻﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎﻱ ‪١٢-٢a‬ﻭ‪-٢c‬‬
‫‪.(١٢‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ )‪(Unstable‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻳـﻚ ﺩﺑـﻲ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﻛﻨـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎﺑﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﮔﺮﺧﻄﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺭﺍﺩﺭ ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻳـﻚ ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ )ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎﻱ ‪ ١٢-٢b‬ﻭ ‪ .(١٢-٢e‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻧﺎﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﻣﻨـﻪ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺻﺎﺩﻕ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٥٨‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(١٠-٢‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﻝ ‪ Etanorm‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ‪ ٢٩٠٠‬ﺩﻭﺭﺩﺭﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬

‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٥٩‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(١١-٢‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﻝ ‪ Etanorm‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ‪ ١٤٥٠‬ﺩﻭﺭﺩﺭﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬

 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٦٠‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫)‪(a‬‬ ‫)‪(b‬‬

‫)‪(c‬‬ ‫)‪(d‬‬ ‫)‪(e‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(١٢-٢‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫‪ :10-2‬دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎي ﺗﻮان ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺑﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻢ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺳـﻴﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ )‪ (BEP‬ﻣﺠﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺰﻭﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺩ ﺑﮕﻴـﺮﺩ ﺍﺻـﻄﻼﺣ ﹰﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﺑـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ )‪ (No overloading‬ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺑـﻲ ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ )‪ (overloading‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‬
‫)ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(١٣-٢‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺍﺭﺟﺤﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻮﺗـﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺏ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :11-2‬ﺗﻮان ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺟـﺪﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﻲ ‪ P-Q‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﻱ ﺷـﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ) ‪(٨-٢‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪SG. Q. H t‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫)‪( ٨-٢‬‬
‫‪٣۶٨η‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‪:‬‬
‫=‪Q‬‬ ‫ﺩﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺩﺭﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
‫= ‪Ht‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫=‪η‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٦١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫=‪SG‬‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(١٤-٢‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(١٣-٢‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﻢ ﺩﺭ ‪Q=٠‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ‪Q=٠‬‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺫﻛﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄـﻪ ﻓـﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺮﻣـﺰﻱ )‪ (Brake Power‬ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﻻﺯﻡﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭﻻ" ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣـﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﺩﺑﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﻨﺎ" ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪٠-٧,٥‬‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪%٢٠‬‬
‫‪٧,٥-٤٠‬‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪%١٥‬‬
‫‪> ٤٠‬‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪%١٠‬‬
‫‪ :12-2‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ‪،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻨﺤـﻮﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﺩﻫـﺶ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜﺶ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ﹰﺎ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺠـﻢ ﺟـﺎﺭﻭ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬
‫)‪ (Swept Volume‬ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ﹰﺎ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﺩﺑﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧـﻲ‬
‫ﻼ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻛﻮﺭﺱ( ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﺧـﺎﻃﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺠﻢ ﻫﺮﻭﺍﺣﺪﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ )ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ﹰﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ )‪ (Fixed Volume‬ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺑـﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺑﻌـﺎﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﺑﻌﻠـﺖ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻧـﺸﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ ،(١٥-٢‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻧـﺸﺘﻲ )‪ (Leakage‬ﻭﻳـﺎ ﻟﻐـﺰﺵ)‪(Slip‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٦٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻲﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ )ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳﻚ( ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ٥٠‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٩٨‬ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ﹰﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ‪٨٥‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٩٥‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻛﺎﺭﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ )ﻟﻘﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ(‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻫﺶ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳـﺴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺘﻪ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧـﻲ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺑـﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺭﺍﻧـﺪﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻤﻲﺁﻥ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺤﻮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻲﭘﻤﭗ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻋـﻮﺽ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻭﻳﺴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻧـﺸﺘﻲ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ )ﺭﺍﻧـﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻤـﻲﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ(‬
‫ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(١٥-٢‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬

‫ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻫﻴﺪﻭﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﻘﻒ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪،‬ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ )ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ( ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻠـﺖ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺗﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺎﺳـﻲ ﺑـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻴـﺎﻥ ﻛـﺮﺩ‪ ُُ.‬ﺍﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺍﻧـﺮﮊﻱ ﺟﻬـﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ )ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ( ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﻋﻈﻤﻲﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺟﻨﺒـﺸﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻧـﺮﮊﻱ ﭘﺘﺎﻧـﺴﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺗـﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ ﻗﻄـﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻤﭗ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺎﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣـﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ )ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ( ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻤﻲﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻠﻪ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺯﻣـﺎﻧﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪُُ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ )ﺭﻓﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ(‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (١٦-٢‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٦٣‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(١٦-٢‬ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺗﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺧـﺎﻃﺮ ﺩﺭﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﺨـﺶ‬
‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :1-12-2‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎي دوراﻧﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ‪ ٥‬ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﻧـﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ )‪،(Gear Pump‬ﻣـﺎﺭﭘﻴﭻ)‪،(Screw Pump‬ﮔﻮﺷـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﻱ)‪،(Lobe Type‬ﺗﻴﻐـﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪(Vane‬‬
‫)‪ Pump‬ﻭﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭﻫـــﺎﻱ ﻣـــﺎﺭﭘﻴﭽﻲ ﺧـــﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛـــﺰ)‪ (Eccentric Helical Rotor‬ﺗﻘـــﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬ﺩﺭﺷﻜﻞ)‪(١٧-٢‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﭼﺸﻤﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺧﻄـﻲ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻣـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﺤـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﻲ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﺧﻄـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ )ﻧﺰﻭﻟﻲ( ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٦٤‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(١٧-٢‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ ،(١٨-٢‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﭘﻤﭙﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﻭﻳـﺴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺘﻪ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﻤﭙـﺎﮊ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻭﺍﺑـﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ﹰ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٦٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻭﻳﺴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﺧـﺎﻃﺮ ﺩﺑـﻲ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻋﻮﺽ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺭﺍﻧـﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﻴـﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺛـﺮ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﻧـﺸﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﺤـﺎﻅ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(٢٠-٢‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(١٨-٢‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪:(١٩-٢‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻭﻳﺴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ :2-12-2‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎي ﺗﻨﺎوﺑﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ )‪ (Plunger‬ﻭ ﺩﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﮔﺮﺍﻣﻲﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻠـﺖ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺹ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺿﺮﺑﺎﻥ )‪ (Pulsation‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ )ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ( ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻗﻄﻌـﻪ‬
‫ﻼ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ( ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﺭﺍ ﻳـﻚ ﻃﺮﻓـﻪ )‪(Single Acting‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ )ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ ﻣﺎﻳﻊﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﭘﻤـﭗ ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻓﻪ )‪ (Double Acting‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٢٠-٢ a‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻳـﻚ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﻳـﻚ ﭘﻴـﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﻳـﻚ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ ﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺷـﻜﻞ )‪(٢٠-٢b‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺩﻭ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٢-٢٠c‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﻲ ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﻪ ﺳـﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺑﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ ﻳـﻚ ﭘﻤـﭗ‬
‫ﻼ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ( ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻫﺮﻳـﻚ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭙﻬـﺎ ﺑﺮﺣـﺴﺐ ﻧـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ )ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﺑﻲ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻘـﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟـﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫)‪ (٢-٢‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٢٠-٢c‬ﺷﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔـﺮ ﺷـﺘﺎﺏ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﭘﻤﭗ )‪ (a‬ﻭ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺁﻥ ‪ m‬ﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺩﻫـﺶ ‪ A‬ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﺿـﺮﺑﺎﻥ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ) ‪( Pp‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪m. a‬‬
‫= ‪Pp‬‬ ‫)‪(٩-٢‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٦٦‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٩-٢‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺿﺮﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺷﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺗﺮ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ ﺳـﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻣﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (٢-٢‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺿﺮﺑﺎﻥ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ‪ ٥ ،٤ ،٣‬ﻭ‪ ٦‬ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺳﻪ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ ‪ ٢٣‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲﺩﻫـﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻤـﭗ ﺑـﺎ ‪ ٤‬ﭘﻴـﺴﺘﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ‪ ٣٢/٥‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺗﺮ ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻛﻠـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺿﺮﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺳـﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭﻫـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳـﺴﻪ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺯﻭﺝ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﺰﻳﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺿﺮﺑﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﭘﻤﭗ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮﺩﺑﻲ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺍﻱ‬
‫‪١٦٠‬‬ ‫‪١٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٠‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ‪ -‬ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ‬
‫‪٤٥/٦‬‬ ‫‪١٢٤/١‬‬ ‫‪٧٨/ ٥‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ‪ -‬ﺩﻭﻃﺮﻓﻪ‬
‫‪٣٢/٥‬‬ ‫‪١١١‬‬ ‫‪٧٨/٥‬‬ ‫‪٤‬ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ‪ -‬ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ‬
‫‪٢٣‬‬ ‫‪١٠٦/١‬‬ ‫‪٨٣/١‬‬ ‫‪٣‬ﭘﺴﻴﺘﻮﻧﻲ‪ -‬ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ‬
‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫‪١٠٤/٨‬‬ ‫‪٩٠/٢‬‬ ‫‪٦‬ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ‪ -‬ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ‬
‫‪٧‬‬ ‫‪١٠١/٨‬‬ ‫‪٩٤/٨‬‬ ‫‪ ٥‬ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ‪ -‬ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ :(٢-٢‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﺩﺑﻲ )ﺿﺮﺑﺎﻥ(‬
‫ﺭﻭﺷـﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺒـﻊ ﺫﺧﻴـﺮﻩ)‪ ،(Accumulator‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘـﺮ ﺁﻛﻮﺳـﺘﻴﻚ ‪(Acoustic‬‬
‫)‪ Filter‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺿﺮﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊﻭﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﮔـﺎﺯ )ﺩﺭﺗﻤـﺎﺱ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ(ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﺑﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺿﺮﺑﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻞ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻫـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٢١-٢‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺿﺮﺑﺎﻥ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺿﺮﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﭘﺪﻳــﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳــﻴﻮﻥ )‪ ،(Capitation‬ﺿــﺮﺑﻪ ﻗــﻮﭺ )‪ (Water hammer‬ﻭ ﻛــﺎﻫﺶ ﻣــﻮﺝ ﻓــﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫)‪ (Pressure Surge‬ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺜ ﹸ‬
‫ﻼ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻜﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﻛـﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﺿﺮﺑﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﺁﻛﻮﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﺯﺩﻭﻣﺨـﺰﻥ ﻛـﻪ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻟﻮﻟـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛـﻮﭼﻜﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻳﻜـﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘـﺼﻞ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ)ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(٢٢-٢‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٦٧‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫)‪(a‬‬ ‫)‪(b‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ)‪(٢٠-٢‬‬

‫)‪(c‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٢٠-٢‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٦٨‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٢١-٢‬ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺿﺮﺑﺎﻥ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٢٢-٢‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺁﻛﻮﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺿﺮﺑﺎﻥ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ‬

 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٦٩‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪١٣-٢‬ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ )‪ (H-Q‬ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺳـﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺌﻮﻧـﺎﺭﺩ ﺍﻭﻟـﺮ)‪(Leonard Euler‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪ ﻭﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻲﺳﻮﺋﻴﺴﻲ )‪(١٧٠٧-١٧٨٣‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻪ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﻓـﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻱﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﻭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺻـﻔﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻌﺎﻉ ‪ r‬ﻭﻋـﺮﺽ ‪ ،b‬ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﺯﺍﻭﻳـﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪) ω‬ﺭﺍﺩﻳـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ(ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﭘﻤﭙﻲ ﺑﭽﺮﺧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﺒﻪ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ‪ β ٢‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ)ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ،(٢٣-٢‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﺩﺳـﺘﺮﺱ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪r ٢ω ٢‬‬ ‫‪Qω‬‬ ‫‪BQ‬‬
‫=‪H‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪= A−‬‬ ‫)‪(١٠-٢‬‬
‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪٢πbg tan β ٢‬‬ ‫‪tan β ٢‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ)‪ :(٢٤-٢‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٢٣-٢‬ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺒﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ‪ g‬ﺷـﺘﺎﺏ ﺛﻘـﻞ ﺯﻣـﻴﻦ‪ A ،‬ﻭ‪ B‬ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ‪ ، β ٢ 〈٩٠o‬ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ ﺭﺍﺍﺻـﻄ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺑﻌﻘﺐ)‪ (Backward‬ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ ، β ٢ 〉 ٩٠o‬ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻠﻮ )‪ (Forward‬ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺯﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (١٠-٢‬ﭘﻴﺪﺍﺳﺖ‪ H ،‬ﻭ‪ Q‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪ β ٢‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺰﻭﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺻﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﻭﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٢٤-٢‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ β ٢‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ١٥‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٣٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـ ﹰﺎ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺑـﻴﻦ ‪ ٢٠‬ﺗـﺎ‬
‫‪ ٢٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ ) ‪ ( β ١‬ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـ ﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ١٥‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٥٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧـﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺑـﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄـﻪ ﺯﻳـﺮ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪K٢ Q٢‬‬
‫‪WHP = K ١ Q −‬‬ ‫)‪(١١-٢‬‬
‫‪tan β ٢‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٧٠‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ = ‪WHP‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺐ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ‬
‫= ‪K١ , K ٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬
‫= ‪Q‬‬ ‫ﺑﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ β ٢ = ٩٠o‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺑﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻳﻚ ﺧـﻂ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ ، β ٢ 〉 ٩٠o‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻬﻤﻲﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻤـﺎﺱ ﺑـﺮﺧﻂ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻕ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ β ٢ 〈٩٠o‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﻣـﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺳـﻬﻤﻲﺷـﻜﻞ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺮﺧﻂ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺯﻳﺮﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪.(٢-٢٥‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (١٠-٢‬ﭘﻴﺪﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻤﭗ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑـﻪ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨـﺼﻮﺹ ﺑـﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﻫـﻮﺍﮔﻴﺮﻱ )‪(Priming‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺏ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫ﺩﻫﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٢٥-٢‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ‪β ٢‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٧١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪١٤-٢‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻤـﭗ ﮔﺮﻳـﺰ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻝ ﻓﺮﺽ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ )ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ( ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈـﺮ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ )ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ( ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﺸﻜﻞﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺑﻬـﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ‪ H-Q‬ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭﺯﻳﺮﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﭘﻤـﭗ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰﺩﺭﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺍﺻـﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ ﻭ ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﻭ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻣﻔﻴـﺪ ﻭﺍﻗـﻊ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻄـﻮﺭﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻣـﺮﻭﺯﻩ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٩٠‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻴﺪﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻤـﺪﻩﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺯﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ‪Friction Loss‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﯽ ﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﺠـﺎﺭﻱ )ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻤﭗ( ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ)‪ (١٢-٢‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪H f = KQ n‬‬ ‫)‪(١٢-٢‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ n‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ )ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ﹰﺎ ‪ n=٢‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ( ﻭ ‪ K‬ﺗـﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ )ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﺗـﺮ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﺁﻥ(‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﻭ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻭ ﺿـﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﺻـﻄﻜﺎﻙ )ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﻣـﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺯﺑﺮﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻭ‪ (...‬ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﺑﻲ)‪(Turbulence‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺗـﺎ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﺁﺭﺍﻡ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻏﺘﺸﺎﺵ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﻴﻐـﻪﻫـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫـﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﺑﻨﺤـﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺘﺮﻱ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳـﺖ ﺭﻓـﺖ ﺍﻧـﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﺍﺑﻲ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺩﺷﻲ)‪ (Circulation‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻌـﺪﹰﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺷـﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﻟﺒﻪ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺴﺰﺍﺋﻲ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺗﻴﻐﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺑﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ُُ ﺩﺑـﻲ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲُُ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﺑﻌـﺎﺩﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ ﻭﺩﺭﺳـﺎﺧﺖ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺑﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺑﻲ ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ ﻣﻐـﺎﻳﺮﺕ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٧٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻤﭗ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛـﻪ ﻋـﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﺼﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﺍﺯﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻬﻢ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﻭﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﺑﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(٢٦-٢‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺷﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻤﺖ ‪ BEP‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭼﺸﻢ ﭘﻮﺷﻲ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻟـﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫‪ BEP‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺎﺳﺎﹰﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻭﺍﻳـﺎﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟـﻲ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎﻱ ‪ β ١ , β ٢‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﺑﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣ ﹰﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺷﻮﻛﻲ )‪ (Shock Loss‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :١٥-٢‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺷﻲ )‪(Circulatory Flow‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﻟﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﻴﻐﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﻴﻐﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ ﺑـﻴﻦ ‪ ٣‬ﺗـﺎ ‪) ١٠‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣـ ﹰﺎ ‪ ٥‬ﺗـﺎ‬
‫‪(٧‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﻴﻐﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﺗـﺎ ﺯﺍﻭﻳـﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﻌـﻲ ﺑـﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ‪ β ′٢‬ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺷﺪﻩ ‪ β ٢‬ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺒﻪ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ )ﺷـﻜﻞ ‪ (٢٧-٢‬ﻭ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﺯﺧـﺮﻭﺝ‬
‫ﺍﺯﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜﺶ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﻣﻴﻴﺎﺑﺪ)ﺷﻜﻞ‪.(٢٨-٢‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٢٦-٢‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٢٨-٢‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺷﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻜﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٢٧-٢‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٧٣‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘـ ﹰﺎ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻝ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺑﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻢ ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻭ ﺩﻫﺶ ﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻘﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺷﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺑﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﺍﺳـﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :١٦-٢‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ‪Best Efficiency Point‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻝ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﺣـﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺧـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺭﺳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ ﺭﺍُُ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ُُ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ‪ BEP‬ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻـﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺎﺳـﻲ ﻋﻠـﻮﻡ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳـﻲُُ‬
‫ﻫﺮﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﺷـﻮﺩُُ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ‪ BEP‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ )‪ (Design Point‬ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻠﺤـﺎﻅ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺷﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﺯﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ ﻣﺮﺑـﻮﻁ ﺑـﻪ ﻫﺮﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﺍﺯﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ ‪ BEP‬ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻠﺤﺎﻅ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﺍﺯﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ ‪ BEP‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺭﺳـﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ :17-2‬راﻧﺪﻣﺎن ﭘﻤﭗ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩﻛﻪ ﺍﺯﻛﻞ ﺩﺑﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ ) ‪ ، (Qt‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯﺁﻥ ) ‪ (Q/‬ﺑﻠﺤﺎﻅ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻘﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﺒﻪ ﻧﺎﻓﻲ ﭼـﺸﻤﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ )‪ (Impeller Eye Hub‬ﻭﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﺯﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺿـﻌﻴﻒ)ﭼـﺸﻤﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫) ‪(Q P‬‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ( ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺑﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ‬
‫‪Q p = Qt − Ql‬‬ ‫)‪(١٣-٢‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻲﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﺑﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺑﻲ ﻛﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪Qp‬‬ ‫‪Qp‬‬
‫= ‪Ev‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪(١٤-٢‬‬
‫‪Qt‬‬ ‫‪Q p + Ql‬‬
‫ﻼ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺕﻫـﺎﺋﻲ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﻬـﺮﻩ ﺑـﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ﹰ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺘﺮ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺕ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻓﺮﺿﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻟـﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻗﻌـﻲ ﭘﻤـﭗ ) ‪ (h p‬ﺍﺯﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳﻚ ) ‪ (ht‬ﺁﻥ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎﺭﺍ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪hp‬‬
‫= ‪Eh‬‬ ‫)‪( ١٥-٢‬‬
‫‪ht‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٧٤‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪BHP − FHP‬‬
‫= ‪Em‬‬ ‫)‪( ١٦-٢‬‬
‫‪BHP‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ FHP‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻـﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﺩﺭ ﻳﺎﻃﺎﻗﺎﻧﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ ﺁﺏﺑﻨـﺪﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﺩﻳﺴﻜﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﻠﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﻤﭙـﺎﮊ )‪ (WHP‬ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻤﭗ )‪ (BHP‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻀﺮﺏ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﺠﻤـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴـﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪WHP‬‬
‫= ‪Ep‬‬ ‫‪= Ev . Eh . Em‬‬ ‫)‪(١٧-٢‬‬
‫‪BHP‬‬
‫‪١٨-٢‬ﮐﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ 1- 18-2‬ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺨﺎر ‪Vapor Pressure‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﮔـﺎﺯ )ﻭ ﺑـﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ( ﺗﺒـﺪﻳﻞ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﺍﺷـﺒﺎﻉ ‪(Saturation‬‬
‫)‪ Temprature‬ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣـﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ )‪ ١/٠١٣٣‬ﺑﺎﺭ( ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺠﻮﺵ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﻩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ‪ ١/٠١٣٣‬ﺑﺎﺭ‪ ١٠٠ ،‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ‪ ١/٠١٣٣‬ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (٣-٢‬ﭘﻴﺪﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﺍﺷـﺒﺎﻉ ﺁﺏ ﺑـﺎ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﻣـﻲﻳﺎﺑـﺪ )ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ( ﻭﻳﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ )ﻭ ﺑـﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ(‪ .‬ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨـﺎﺭ ﺟـﺰﺀ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲﺑﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﻣﻲﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺸﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‪) ،‬ﻭﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ( ﺍﺯ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨـﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(٢٩-٢‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٢٩-٢a‬ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﭼﺸﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﺗﻴﻐﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻱﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻓﺎﺭﻍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺍﺩﺍﻣـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫـﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﻜﻞ )‪ (٢٩-٢b‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜـﺶ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﭼـﺸﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ ﻭ ﺣﺘـﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﺗﻴﻐﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨـﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﺍﻣـﺮ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻫﺮﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻧﺨـﺴﺖ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜﺶ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺑـﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٧٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﻤﭗ)ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ( ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :2-18-2‬ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺜﺒﺖ در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜﺶ ‪NPSH‬‬
‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲﺑﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﻣﻲﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺧـﺎﻟﺺ ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩﻩﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭙﻬـﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﻻﺯﻡﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻫـﻢ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ )ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ( ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻬـﺖ‬
‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻮﻕ ‪ NPSH‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ )‪(NPSHA‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ )‪(NPSHR‬‬
‫‪ NPSHA‬ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩﻱ ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺟـﻮ‪ ،‬ﺧـﻮﺍﺹ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ )ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳـﺴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻭ‪ ،(. ...‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ )ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ( ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻜﺶ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﭼﺸﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜﺶ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻜﺶ‪ ،‬ﺩﺑﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﺑﺴﻨﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻌﻬﺪﻩ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ NPSHR‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺑﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑـﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻭ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺳﻬﻤﻲﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺻﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﻄﺮﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﺑـﻲ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﺗﻬﻴـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ . (٣٠-٢‬ﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ‪ NPSHR‬ﺑﺎ ‪ NPSHA‬ﻭﺍﺑـﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻫـﺮ ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺎﻟﻲ ﻛـﻪ ‪ NPSHR‬ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺑـﻲ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ NPSHA ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺑﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺕ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺘـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭙﻬـﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﺑـﺎﻻ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ﺩﺑـﻲ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٧٦‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ :(٣- ٢‬ﺧﻮﺍﺹﺗﺮﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺁﺏ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٧٧‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٢٩-٢‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫‪ :19-2‬ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ )‪(NPSHR‬‬
‫‪ NPSHR‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ )ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ( ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﺎﺯﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ)ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ( ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛـﺮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻣﻜـﺎﻥ ﺑﻬـﺮﻩ ﺑـﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤـﭗ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﻣﻲﺳـﺎﺯﺩ‪ NPSHR .‬ﺟـﺰﺀ ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺭﻓﺘـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻤﭗ )ﻳﺎﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ( ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـ ﹰﺎ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺩﺑﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﭼﺸﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻜﺶ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﻴﻐﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓـﻀﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻴﻐﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﻧـﺎﻓﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺨـﺼﻮﺹ ﭘﻤـﭗ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ ﻣﺠـﺎﺭﻱ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜﺶ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ‪ NPSHR‬ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ‪ NPSHR‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺗﺎ ﻟﺒﻪ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔـﺮ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪ NPSHA‬ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺒﺨﻴـﺮ )‪ (Flashing‬ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﻗـﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪﺗﺮﻛﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 20 -2‬ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺷﺮوع ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﻛﺎوﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮن در ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ NPSHA‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﻣـﺼﻮﻥ ﻧﮕﻬـﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﮕـﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻳـﺎ ﺑﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ‪ NPSHA‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(٣٠-٢‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٧٨‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٣٠-٢‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ‪NPSHA‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ‪ NPSHA‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻞ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﻛـﺮﺩ ﻭﻟـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ‬
‫‪ ،NPSHi‬ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺣﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﺗـﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺻـﻄﻼﺣ ﹰﺎ ﺁﻥﺭﺍًًﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻲً)‪ (Incipient Cavitation‬ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﺒـﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﻲ ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋ ‪‬‬
‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﻧﻤـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎﺍﺳـﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ‪ ،NPSHA‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺿـﻌﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ) ‪ ( NPSH o‬ﺑﻠﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺣﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ NPSHA‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻱ ﻧﺰﻭﻝ ﻳﺎﺑـﺪ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻞ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ‪ ٣‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﺑـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ‪ NPSH‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻭﺿـﻌﻴﺖ ﺭﺍ‬
‫‪) NPSHR‬ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ‪ ٣‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﺪ( ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ‪ NPSH ٣‬ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :21-2‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﺮوز ﻛﺎوﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮن در ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎي ﮔﺮﻳﺰازﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﺮ ﻋﺎﺭﺿﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻋﻼﺋﻤﻲﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺮﺍﺳـﺎﺱ ﺩﺳـﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞﻫـﺎﺋﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٧٩‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٣١-٢‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﮊﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻼ ﮔﻔﺘـﻪ ﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷـﺮﻭﻉ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﻫﻨﮕـﺎﻣﻲﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻗـﺒ ﹰ‬
‫‪ ،NPSHA‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ‪ ٣‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴـﺖ ﺍﻣـﺮﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪﺍﺳـﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻧﺒـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﮔـﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻭﻗـﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑـﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـ ﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﮕـﺎﻣﻲﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭﻫـﺎ ﻭﻳـﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮﻛـﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﻭﻗـﻮﻉ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ ﭘﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﭼﺎﺭﺧـﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﺒـﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺎﭘـﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪﻩﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻨﺤـﻮﻱ ﺑﺎﭘﻤﭙﻬـﺎ ﺳـﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﻪ ﺑﺮﻭﺯﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻳﻚ ﺳـﺮﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﺻـﻼﺣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺯﭘﻴـﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻭﺑﺮﻭﺯﺻﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺩﺭﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺁﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﭘﻤﭙﻬـﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺗـﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﺒـﺎﺏ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻭﺻﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻟﺮﺯﺵ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻭ ﺩﺑﻲ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫـﺶ‪ ،‬ﻟـﺮﺯﺵ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻭ ﺩﻫﺶ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﺍﺑﻲ ﺯﻭﺩﺭﺱ ﻳﺎﻃﺎﻗﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻭ‪. ...‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﺒﺎﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ﹰ‬
‫ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﻣﻨﻈــﻮﺭ ﻣــﻲﺗــﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺗــﻲ ﻛــﻪ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺑــﻪ ﻧــﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺷــﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺩﺍﺧﻠــﻲ ﭘﻤــﭗ‬
‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‪ Endoscope‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﺳﺮﻭﺻﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﺶ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺳﺮﻭﺻﺪﺍﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋـﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫)ﺻﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﺳﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ( ﺗﻮﺃﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﺮﻭﺻﺪﺍ )ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺁﻥ( ﻻﺯﻡ ﻧﺒـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻠﻜـﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ )‪ (Level‬ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٨٠‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﺸﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺻـﻮﺗﻲ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗـﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﻭﺿــﻌﻴﺖ ﻫــﺸﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻗــﻒ ﻭ ﻳــﺎ ﻛﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﭘــﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨــﻲ ﻛــﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺟﻬــﺖ ﻛﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﺷــﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻳﻬــﺮﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ :‬ﻟﺮﺯﺵ‬
‫ﻟﺮﺯﺷﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ :١‬ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩﺭ ﺗﻴﻐﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟـﻪ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤـﺎﻣﻲﺗﻴﻐـﻪﻫـﺎ ﻳﻜـﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺗﻴﻐﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﺎﺑﺎﻻﻧـﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﻟﺮﺯﺵ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :٢‬ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤ ﹰﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﻓﺮﻛـﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪:٣‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟـﻪ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺣـﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ ﭼـﺸﻢ ﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﭘﺨـﺶ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ)ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ(‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﻣﺠﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﭘﺨﺶ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻳﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻠﻮﺋﻲ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻪ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﻣـﻲﺭﺳـﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺳـﺎﻥ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻟﺮﺯﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺿـﺮﺑﺪﺭ ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﻴﻐـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﺑـﺎ ﺗـﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻘـﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺟﺰﺋـﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺣﺒـﺎﺏ ﭘـﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺷـﺪ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣ ﹰﺎ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ُُﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﺋﻲُُ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺒﺎﺑﻬـﺎﻱ ﮔـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﭘﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻟﺮﺯﺵ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯﺗﺮﻛﺶ ﺣﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ )ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ( ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﺮﺯﺵ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺑﺎﻻﻧـﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺗـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﻠـﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻟﺮﺯﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻬﺒـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ )ﺭﻓﻊ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ( ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺗﺄﺋﻴـﺪﻱ ﺑـﺮ ﭘﻴـﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ :‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺑﻲ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﭘﻤﭗ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ‪ NPSHA‬ﺩﺭﺣﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﮕﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﭘﻤـﭗ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤـﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬
‫ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺑﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﻘـﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﻪ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﺩﭼـﺎﺭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٨١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﻲ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻋـﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﺍﻣـﺮ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺑﻲ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(٣٢-٢‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٣٢-٢‬ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ)ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻭ ﻛﻠﻲ )ﺏ(‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٣٢-٢‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﻣﺤـﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺴﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ )ﺩﺑﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ( ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ ﻛـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﺩﺑﻲ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛـﻪ ‪ NPSHA‬ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺪ ﻛـﺎﻓﻲ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻠﻤﻲﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺗﺤـﺖ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﮕﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮ ‪ Q‬ﻭ‪ H‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺨﺮﺝ ﻛـﺴﺮ ﻧﺒﺎﻳـﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻈـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫـﺮ ﺣـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ‪ H ، Q‬ﻭ ‪ η‬ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻈـﺮ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫـ‪ :‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﺶ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ)‪ (١-٢‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪١٠.٢ P‬‬ ‫‪H . SG‬‬
‫=‪H‬‬ ‫=‪⇒P‬‬ ‫)‪(١٨-٢‬‬
‫‪SG‬‬ ‫‪١٠.٢‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﺒﺎﺑﻬـﺎﻱ ﺑﺨـﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺯﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ :‬ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻭ ﺩﻫﺶ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﭼﺎﺭﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧـﺖ ﻭﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺷـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺎﻫﮕﻨﻲ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻭ ﺩﻫـﺶ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺼﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻭﺩﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥﺭﺍﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٨٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٣٣-٢‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭗ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬

‫ﺯ‪ :‬ﺧﺮﺍﺑﻲ ﺯﻭﺩﺭﺱ ﻳﺎﻃﺎﻗﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـ ﹰﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭﻧـﻮﻉ ﻳﺎﻃﺎﻗـﺎﻥ )‪ (Bearing‬ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻳﻜـﻲ ﺍﺯﺁﻧﻬـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺭﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ )‪ (Radial Load‬ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﺭﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ )‪ (Axial Load‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﻭﺯ‬
‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﺭﻫـﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﻳﺎﻃﺎﻗﺎﻧﻬـﺎ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﻭﻫﻤـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﻳﺎﻃﺎﻗﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ" ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻋﻤﺮﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻭﺧﺮﺍﺑﻲ ﺯﻭﺩﺭﺱ ﻳﺎﻃﺎﻗﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺹ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺻﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﺮﺍﺑﻲ ﺩﺭﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻭﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻤﭗ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺩﺭﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ" ﺩﺭﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭﺿﻌﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻣﻲﺭﺳـﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺷﺪﻥ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐﺗﺮﻛﻴﺪﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪﺷﺪ‪.‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺪﻥ ﺣﺒﺎﺑﻬـﺎ ﻫﻤـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﺎﺁﺯﺍﺩﺷـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺗﻮﺃﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﻥ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺗﺒﺨﻴـﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺳـﻄﻮﺣﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺣﺒﺎﺑﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻣـﻲﺗﺮﻛﻨـﺪﻧﻴﺮﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﻨـﺪﻩ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺯﺑﺪﻧـﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ ﻭﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻪ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻨـﺪﻩ ﺷـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺯﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺭﺍﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ" ﺁﺑﻠﻪ ﮔﻮﻥ ﺷﺪﻥ )‪ (Pitting‬ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(٣٤-٢‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٣٤-٢‬ﺁﺑﻠﻪ ﮔﻮﻥ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬

 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٨٣‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻓــﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺣﺒﺎﺑﻬــﺎ ﻣــﻲﺗﺮﻛﻨــﺪ ﺑﻮﻗــﻮﻉ ﻣــﻲﭘﻴﻮﻧــﺪﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔــﺮﺗــﺮﻛﺶ ﺣﺒﺎﺑﻬــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣــﻴﻦ ﺟﺮﻳــﺎﻥ ﻣــﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻮﻗــﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺑﭙﻴﻮﻧﺪﺩﺁﺳﻴﺒﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺟـﺖ‬
‫‪ ،((Jet Impact‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤـﻖ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻔـﻮﺫ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٣٥-٢‬ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﻜﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻴﻐﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺗـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺒـﻪ ﻫـﺪﺍﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﭘـﺸﺘﻲ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘـﺎﻃﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﻟﻘـﻲ ﻣﺘﺤـﺮﻙ )‪ (Running Clearance‬ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺟﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺯﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻴﻐـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻫـﺪﺍﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺑﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﻣﻲﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٣٥-٢‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬

‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺫﻛﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ" ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺮﺍﺑﻲﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯﺑﺮﻭﺯﭘﺪﻳـﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺣـﺎ ﻝ ﺁﻧﻜـﻪ ﺧﺮﺍﺑـﻲﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩﻣﻤﻜﻦﺍﺳـﺖ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯﭘﺪﻳـﺪﻩ ﺧـﻮﺭﺩﮔﻲ )‪(Corrosion‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺎﺳﺎﻳﺶ )‪ (Erosion‬ﻭﻳﺎﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﺯﺩﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺳـﻪ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﻩ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻋﻠـﺖ ﺧﺮﺍﺑـﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻭﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻃﺮﻑ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻭﻳﺎﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯﺁﻥ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑـﺴﺰﺍﺋﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :22-2‬روﺷﻬﺎي ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎوﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮن‬
‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﻣﻲﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜـﺶ‬
‫)ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ( ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺤﻮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ )ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﺣﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ( ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺗﺒـﺪﻳﻞ ﻧـﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺟﻠـﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺶ ﺗﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﻓﻲﺍﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ‪ NPSHA‬ﺍﺯ ‪ NPSHR‬ﭘﻤـﭗ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺑـﻲ ﺑﻬـﺮﻩ ﺑـﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻛﺜـﺮ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٨٤‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﺯﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨـﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ NPSHA‬ﺣـﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ٥ .٠‬ﻣﺘـﺮﺍﺯ ‪ NPSHR‬ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌـﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺍﺟـﻊ ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ NPSHA‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺏ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ٢٠‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ١٠‬ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪ NPSHR‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٥ .٠‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪NPSHA ≥ NPSHR + ٠.۵(m‬‬ ‫)‪(١٩-٢‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻤﻜﻦﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﮔﻔﺘـﻪ ﺷـﺪ ‪) NPSH‬ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﻭ‬
‫ﻭ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻗـﺒ ﹰ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ( ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ‪ NPSHA‬ﻭ ‪ NPSHR‬ﺑﺮ ﺣـﺴﺐ ﺩﺑـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷـﻜﻠﻲ ﺳـﻬﻤﻲﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪ NPSHA .‬ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺑﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ )ﺑﺠﻬﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ(‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻋـﻮﺽ‬
‫‪ NPSHR‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺑﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣـﻲﻳﺎﺑـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺷـﻜﻞ )‪ (٣٦-٢‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ‪ NPSHA‬ﻭ ‪NPSHR‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺩﺑﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ‪NPSHA‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ‪NPSHR‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ :‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٣٦-٢‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ‪ NPSHA‬ﻭ ‪ NPSHR‬ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺩﺑﻲ‬

‫‪ :23-2‬روﺷﻬﺎي اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ‪NPSHA‬‬
‫‪ NPSHA‬ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪ NPSHA‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻜﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻲ ‪ +‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ‪ -‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻜﺶ = ‪NPSHA‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜﺶ ‪ -‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻜﺶ ‪±‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪(PS − PV ) × ١٠.٢ V١٢‬‬
‫= ‪NPSHA‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪± Z − ∑ hL‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٠-٢‬‬
‫‪SG‬‬ ‫‪٢g‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٨٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‪:‬‬
‫= ‪PS‬‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫= ‪V١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻜﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
‫=‪Z‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﭘﻤﭗ‬
‫‪∑h‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫= ‪SG‬‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ‪ :‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻜﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )‪ ،(Head‬ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ‪ Z‬ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﮔـﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻜﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )‪ ،(Lift‬ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ‪ Z‬ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﻭ ﺩﻫﺎﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ‪ Z=٠‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ‪ NPSHA‬ﻻﺯﻡﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻼﻣـﺖ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫‪ NPSHA‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ )ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ(ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪. .‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ‪ NPSHA‬ﺩﺭﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲﻛﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺒـﻊ ﻣﻜـﺶ ﺑـﺴﺘﻪ )ﺷـﻜﻞ‪-٢‬‬
‫‪(٣٧‬ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﺏ = ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ‬
‫‪t = ۵۵oC‬‬
‫‪SG = ٠.٩٨۵٧‬‬
‫‪PV (at ۵۵oC ) = ٠١۵٧۴‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫) ‪bar (a‬‬
‫‪Pa = ١٠٢۵‬‬
‫) ‪. bar (a‬‬
‫) ‪P ′(Tank ) = ٠.٣٨bar ( g‬‬
‫‪Z = −٣۵‬‬ ‫‪.m‬‬
‫‪∑h‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪= ۴.۵m‬‬

‫‪PS = Pa + P ′ = ١٠٢۵‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪+ ٠.٣٨ = ١۴٠۵‬‬
‫) ‪. bar (a‬‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪V١٢‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ ) ( ﺻﺮﻑ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢g‬‬
‫‪(١۴٠۵‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪− ٠١۵٧۴‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪) × ١٠.٢‬‬
‫= ‪NPSHA‬‬ ‫‪− ٣۵‬‬
‫‪. − ۴.۵ = ۴.٩١m‬‬
‫‪٠.٩٨۵٧‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٨٦‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(٣٧-٢‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ‪ NPSHA‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻜﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻳﺎﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻜﺶ ﺭﻭﺑﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﻧﻈﻴﺮﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮ ﻭ ﭼﺎﻩ ﺁﺏ(‪ P ′ = ٠ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪NPSHR‬ﭘﻤﭙﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ‪ ٥‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ‪ ٥ .٠‬ﻣﺘﺮﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨـﺎﻥ ﺍﺯﻋـﺪﻡ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ‪NPSHA ،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ٤ .٥‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :24-2‬روﺷﻬﺎي ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎوﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮن از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ‪NPSHA‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ‪ NPSHA‬ﻻﺯﻡﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٧-٤‬ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ﹰ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻜﺶ ) ‪( PS‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﺍﺟـﺮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺳـﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺎ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ﹰﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺧﺎﺹ )ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺧﻨﺜـﻲ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ( ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ﹰﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺯﺕﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﺮﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﻻ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ )ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ(‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺪﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺪﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﺒـﺪﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗـﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٨٧‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻣﺒﺪﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻬﻨﮕـﺎﻡ ﻋﺒـﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺘـﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﻜـﺎﻥ ﻛـﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨـﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻧﺴﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠـﻮﺑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭘـﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺁﺏ ﮔﺮﻡ )ﺑﺎ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ١۶٣oC‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ (٣٢۵oF‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﺁﺏ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪) ٧٩ oC‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ( ١٧۵oF‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ‪ ٤‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ‪ NPSHA‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ‪٢٠‬ﻓـﻮﺕ )‪١ .٦‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷـﻜﻞ )‪ (٣٨-٢‬ﻧﺤـﻮﻩ ﺗﺰﺭﻳـﻖ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺳـﺮﺩ ﺑـﻪ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜـﺶ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻜﺶ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻜﺶ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ‪ NPSHA‬ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣـﻞ ﺳـﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﮔﺮ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ﹰﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺁﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﭼﻪ ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑـﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻨﺒـﻊ ﻣﻜـﺶ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ﹰﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻤﻠـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﻜﺂﻥﺭﺍ ﻣﻬﻴﺎ ﻣﻲﺳـﺎﺯﺩ ﺗـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻧﺘﺮ ﻭﺑﺎﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ ﺧﺮﻳـﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ )ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ( ﻭ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ) ‪ :(٣٨-٢‬ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜﺶ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﺮﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺩ‪ :‬ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﭘﻤﭗ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻜﺶ )‪ (Lift‬ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ )‪ (Head‬ﺁﺳﺎﻥﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ )ﺑﻨﺪﺝ( ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺁﻥﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺯﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻳﺎﻃﺎﻗﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻳﺎﻃﺎﻗﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٨٨‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻳﺎ ﺧﻴﺮ؟ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴـﻪ ﻳﺎﻃﺎﻗﺎﻧﻬـﺎ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﺷـﺪﻩﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻳﺎﻃﺎﻗﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ﹰﺎ ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺒﺎﻳـﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻈـﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺷـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻋﻤـﺮ ﻣﻔﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﻳﺎﻃﺎﻗﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﻭﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻳﺲ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪ ﻋﻤـﺮ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫـﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫـ‪ :‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺯﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻜﺶ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻜﺶ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﭼﺸﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ )ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ(ﺗـﻮﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﺮ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﻲﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﻓـﺖ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒـﻮﺭ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻜـﺶ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ‪ NPSHA‬ﻣـﺆﺛﺮ ﻭﺍﻗـﻊ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺑﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺶ‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻜﺶ‬
‫‪-٥‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺮﻳــﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗــﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓــﻮﻕ ﺗــﺄﺛﻴﺮﻱ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛــﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳــﺖ ﺭﻓــﺖ ﺍﻧــﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻮﻟــﻪ ﻣﻜــﺶ‬
‫)ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ‪ (NPSHA‬ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ‬
‫)ﻭﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﻲﺗﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ ( Q ١.٨۵‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺑـﻲ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫‪ NPSHR‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٣٦-٢‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺑـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺻـﻠﻪ ‪ NPSHA‬ﺍﺯ ‪NPSHR‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺗﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻣﻦﺗﺮ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﺩﺑﻲ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺶ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺩﻫﺶ )ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺩﺑﻲ( ﻭ‪ ...‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜﺶ )‪ (Suction Throttling‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ ﻣﻜـﺶ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺑﻲ ﭘﻤـﭗ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺧﻔﮕﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺩﻫﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﺩﺑﻲ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺑﻬﺘـﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﻩﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺷـﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٨٩‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ ﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻤﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺯﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ ﻣﻜـﺶ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ‪ NPSHA‬ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﻛﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺯﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻜﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻜﺶ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺯﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺎ ‪ ٢‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻜﺶ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ٣٢‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ)ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ( ٢ ۵‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﻛـﻢ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻜﺶ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ )‪ ،(Size‬ﺍﺯ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺩﻫﺶ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺣﺬﻑ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ‪ NPSHA‬ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻭﺧﻢ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺶ ﺧﻮﺩﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻨﺒـﻊ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺶ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻫﺎﻧـﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﺼﺐ ﺷـﻴﺮ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮﺍﺗـﻲ ‪(Repair‬‬
‫)‪ Valve‬ﺩﺭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻜﺶ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﻲ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳــﺖ ﺭﻓــﺖ ﺍﻧــﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺯﺍﻧــﻮﺋﻲ ﺷــﻌﺎﻉ ﺑﻠﻨــﺪ )‪ (Long Radius Elbow‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳــﺴﻪ ﺑــﺎ‬
‫ﻣــﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺯﺍﻧﻮﺋﻲﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ )‪ (Standard Elbow‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕـﺎﻡ ﻋﺒـﻮﺭ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺋﻲ )‪ (Gate Valve‬ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺗﻮﭘﻲ )‪ (Globe Valve‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤــﻴﻦ ﺧــﺎﻃﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨــﺎﺏ ﺍﺗــﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﻧــﺼﺐ ﺩﺭ ﻗــﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜــﺶ ﭘﻤﭙﻬــﺎ ﺑﺎﻳــﺪ ﺳــﻌﻲ ﺷــﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺗﻲﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ‪:‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺘﻲ )‪ (Booster Pump‬ﺩﺭﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻜﺶ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ )ﻓﺸﺎﺭ( ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ ﺷـﺪﻩﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴـﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺘﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ﹰﺎ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻢ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﻳـﻚ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑـﺎ ‪ NPSHR‬ﻛـﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺟﺰﺋـﻲ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ‪ NPSHA ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﺎﻧـﻪ ﻣﻜـﺶ ﭘﻤـﭗ ﺍﺻـﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٩٠‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٩١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻓﺼﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺨﺎﺭﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ‪،‬ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﮏ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﯼ ﻭ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﯼ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺎﺯﯼ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٩٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪١-٣‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯﯼ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻃﻦ ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻪ ﻳﮏ‬
‫ﺗﺌﻮﺭﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺑﮑﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﺍﻍ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﮔﺎﺯ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺻﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﮐﺮﺩ ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﻂ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺑﺮﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﮑﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺑﮑﺎﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺭﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﯼ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭼﺎﺭﻟﺰ ﭘﺎﺭﺳﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﻭ ﻳﮏ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺗﺎﺑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﯽ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮐﻴﻠﻮ ﻭﺍﺕ ﺗﺎ ‪ ٦٠٠‬ﻣﮕﺎﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﻍ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻮﻳﻠﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻍ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺪﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺎﮐﺰﻳﻤﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺟﺬﺏ ﮐﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻳﮑﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﯼ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻮ ﺟﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻮ ﻓﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻥ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﭽﺮ ﺧﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﯼ ﻓﺴﻴﻠﯽ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻫﺎیﮑﺸﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺤﺮﮎ ﺑﺨﺎﺭﯼ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﮑﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺭﻭﯼ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﺋﯽ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺎﺯﯼ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮ‬
‫ﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺎﺯ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﯽ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺒﺸﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﯼ ﻳﮏ ﺳﺮﯼ ﺗﻄﻐﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺛﺎ ﺑﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﮎ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﯽ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﻫﺎیﻤﺘﺤﺮﮎ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻭﯼ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻭﯼ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻳﺎﺑﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺩ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﮐﻢ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﯽ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﯼ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٩٣‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺳﺮﯼ ﺷﻴﭙﻮﺭﻩ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺎ ﺻﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺮﯼ ﺷﻴﭙﻮﺭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﯼ ﺷﻴﭙﻮﺭﻩ ﻫﻤﮕﺮﺍ ﺑﻼ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪١-٣‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻨﯽ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮ‬
‫ﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﯽ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ‪ .‬ﺩﻭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭﯼ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﮑﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﯽ ﻭ ﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯼ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻳﮏ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺷﮑﻞ )‪ (٢-٣‬ﻭ)‪ (٣-٣‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﯼ ﻭ ﻋﮑﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﯽ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﮐﻞ ﻫﻤﮕﯽ ﺍﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎ ﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﯽ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﺷﻴﭙﻮﺭﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪ .‬ﻳﮏ ﺳﺮﯼ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﻳﮏ‬
‫ﺳﺮﯼ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺮ ﺣﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٩٤‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫‪C‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ‪٢-٣‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺍﯼ‬

 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٩٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫‪C‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﮑﺲ‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ‪٣-٣‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪-١‬ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ‬
‫‪-٢‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﯼ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﮐﺮﺩ‬
‫‪-٣‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﯽ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫‪٢-٣‬ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺗﺮﻣﻮ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮑﯽ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺗﺮﻣﻮ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮏ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﺑﻮﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺷﮑﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﮐﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ‪ ،‬ﻳﮏ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﯼ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫‪Q − Wt = ∆U + ∆Pe + ∆K e‬‬ ‫)‪(١-٣‬‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪ Q‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﻨﻘﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫‪ Wt‬ﮐﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٩٦‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪ ÌU‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ‬

‫‪ ÌPe‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻧﺮﺯﯼ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‬
‫‪ ÌKe‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺍﮐﺮ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺷﻔﺖ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﻠﻪ ﺳﻄﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪Wt = W + ( Pv.∆m)out − ( Pv.∆m)in‬‬ ‫)‪(٢-٣‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫‪ W‬ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﻔﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫‪ P‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫‪ V‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫‪ Ìm‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ‪:‬‬
‫‪H=U+W‬‬ ‫)‪(٣-٣‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪Q − W = ∆H + ∆K e‬‬ ‫)‪(٤-٣‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺁﺩﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﺗﻴﮏ(‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺷﻔﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪W = ∆H + ∆K e‬‬ ‫)‪(٥-٣‬‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪ W‬ﮐﺎﺭ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻔﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫‪ ÌKe‬ﺍﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﯽ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

‫‪٣-٣‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﺮ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺯﻟﻬﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ‪ C١‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﮐﺎﻧﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﮐﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﺯﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺷﮑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪ W١‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻧﺤﻨﺎﯼ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ‬
‫‪ U١‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﻮﮎ ﭼﺮﺥ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٩٧‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‪ C٢‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﭼﺮﺥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ W٢‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ U٢ == U١‬ﺳﺮ ﻋﺖ ﻧﻮﮎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻧﺮﺯﯼ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫‪C ٢٢ C١٢‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﯽ‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﯽ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻳِﮑﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪،‬‬
‫‪W١٢ W٢٢‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪٤-٣‬‬
‫‪U ٢٢ U ١٢‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻮﮊ‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﺎ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫= ‪W‬‬
‫‪١ ٢‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫([‬ ‫( )‬ ‫( )‬
‫‪U ٢ − U ١٢ + C ٢٢ − C١٢ + W٢٢ − W١٢‬‬ ‫])‬ ‫)‪(٦-٣‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ‪ U٢ =U١‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫= ‪W‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫[‬
‫‪١ ٢‬‬
‫‪C ٢ − C١٢ + W١٢ − W٢٢‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫)‪(٧-٣‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٩٨‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪٤-٣‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺗﮏ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ‪٥-٣‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻻ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﺤﻮﺭیﻤﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﻫﻴﭻ ﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬
‫ﺷﻔﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪Wnozzel=٠ :‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ‪ C١‬ﺧﻴﻠﯽ ﭘﺎ ﺋﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(٩-٣‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ‪ H٢-H١‬ﺍﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﯽ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺰﮔﯽ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻔﺮﺩ ﭼﺮﺥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﻫﺎﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺗﺎ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ‪W١=W٢‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪C١٢ − C ٢٢‬‬
‫= ‪W‬‬ ‫)‪(١٠-٣‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻔﺖ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻓﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﯽ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩﻭ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺍﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﭼﺮﺥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪٩٩‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪C ٢٢‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﯽ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩ‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻳﮏ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﯼ ‪ C٢‬ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﯼ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(١١-٣‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺷﻔﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‪ W=٢U٢‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -٥- ٣‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﮑﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﯽ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺯﻟﻬﺎﯼ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ ﺭﺩﻳﻔﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﯽ ﺭﺥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺍﺭﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻳﮑﻬﺪﺭ ﺷﮑﻠﻬﺎﯼ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻫﺮﺩﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻳﮏ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﺮ ﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺭﺥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺗﺮﻡ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﺮﻩ‬
‫ﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‬

‫)‪(١٢-٣‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﯽ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺷﻔﺖ‪ W ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(١٣-٣‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(١٤-٣‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(١٥-٣‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(١٦-٣‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺮﺥ ﻋﮑﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(١٧-٣‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‪ W١=C٢:‬ﻭ ‪ W٢=C١‬ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(١٨-٣‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﻮﮎ ﻳﮑﺴﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻋﮑﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﯽ ﻧﻴﻤﯽ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺍﯼ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻄﻦ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ )‪ ١٠٠-٨٠‬ﺑﺎﺭ( ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﺎﻻﯼ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﯽ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﮑﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍ ﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺫﺍﺗﺎ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯﻗﻄﺮ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﯽ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١٠١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺘﺎ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﻋﮑﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﯽ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﮐﻮﺭﺗﻴﺲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻧﺎ ﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻧﺞ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﺟﺰﺋﯽ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫‪٦-٣‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﮑﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﯽ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﮏ ﺑﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﯼ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ)"‪ ("the reaction‬ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻳﮏ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﺲ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎﯼ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻨﺪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﮎ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ‬
‫ﻟﻘﯽ ﮐﻤﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﻳﮏ ﺳﻴﻞ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﯼ )‪ (labyrent seal‬ﺑﺎﻻﯼ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺮﻭﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻟﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻴﺰ)ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﺩ ﻧﺸﻮﻧﺪ(ﺍﺳﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺍﯼ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﻳﺴﮑﯽ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫‪٧-٣‬ﻣﺰﺍ ﻳﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺰﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺻﻄﮑﺎﮐﯽ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺭﻧﺞ‬
‫‪U‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﻣﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻌﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺮﺧﻬﺎﯼ‬
‫‪C١‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١٠٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ ٦-٣‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﮑﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﯽ‬

‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١٠٣‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪٧ -٣‬ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬

‫‪٨-٣‬ﺑﮑﺎﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ‪:‬‬

‫ﭼﺎﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻳﮑﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﮏ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺍﯼ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﮐﻮﺭﺗﻴﺲ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺍﯼ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١٠٤‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻋﮑﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﯽ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪١_٣‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﮐﺰﻳﻤﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﮎ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍ ﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٩-٣‬ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎ ﺑﯽ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳﮑﺎﻝ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﮏ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ‪ l١‬ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ‪l٢‬‬
‫)ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻳﮏ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﭘﯽ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ( ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(١٩-٣‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ‪:‬‬
‫‪P١=٤٠bar at ٣٣٠٠c‬‬ ‫‪l١=٣٠٥٠kj/kg‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ‪:‬‬
‫‪P٢=٢,٤bar‬‬ ‫‪l٢=٢٥٠٠kj/kg‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳﮑﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﺮ ﮐﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ = ‪٥٥٠kj/kg=l٢-l١‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١٠٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻳﮏ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﺲ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ‪ ٣٠٠٠kw‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ‪ ٦‬ﺍﺯ ﭼﺎﺭﺕ ﺫﻳﻞ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ %٧٢‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ ٨-٣‬ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﮏ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﺭ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻧﺼﻒ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ٢-٣‬ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﺭﺕ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ)ﺷﮑﻞ‪(٨-٤‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١٠٦‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ ٩-٣‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ‬

 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١٠٧‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ ١٠-٣‬ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﺭ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﯼ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺮﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ‪ ٤٠‬ﺑﺎﺭ ‪ ٢٥٠‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١٠٨‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫⇒ ‪=٣٣٠- ٥٠‬ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﯽ‬ ‫) ﺍﺯ ﺷﮑﻞ ‪( ٩-٢‬‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ=‪١,٠١‬‬

‫‪=١,٠١ × ٠,٧٢ × ٥٠ =٤٠٠ kj/kg‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ‬ ‫⇐‬
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺁﻧﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮﮐﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ‪ ٤٠٠‬ﮐﻴﻠﻮ ﻭﺍﺕ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺁﺷﮑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺠﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﺭ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(١٩-٣‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪C=٣٠٠٠ × ٣,٦/٤٠٠=٢٧t/h‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﺭﻭﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﯽ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫‪١٠-٣‬ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺭﺳﻤﻬﺎﯼ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺘﺎ" ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ )‪ x=٠,٩٧(٣٪water‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١٠٩‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪١١-٣‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺎﺯﯼ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﮑﻞ ﺑﺎﺯ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ‪،‬ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ :P‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫‪ T‬ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﮐﻠﻮﻳﻦ‬
‫‪ Qa‬ﻧﺮﺥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺟﺮﻣﯽ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬
‫‪ Qf‬ﻧﺮﺥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺟﺮﻣﯽ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﻳﮏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺎﺯﯼ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪١١-٣‬ﺳﻴﮑﻞ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫‪p٢‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺗﺶ ‪T٣‬ﻭ ﻧﺮﺥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﺗﮏ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﻃﺒﻖ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﺮﺥ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫‪p١‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ‪ Qa‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ‪١,٠١٣‬ﺑﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ‪ ١٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١١٠‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪ ١-١١-٣‬ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﺁﻳﺰﻧﺘﺮﻭﭘﻴﮏ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﮐﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ )ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ(ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪H‬ﺍﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻄﻦ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﺎﺗﯽ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﮏ‬
‫ﺩﻗﺖ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺯﺩ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(٢٠-٣‬‬
‫ﮐﻪ ‪ CP‬ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ‪Kcal/kg٠C‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﻤﺎﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪J=٤,١٨٥٥:‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﺍﻳﺰﻧﺘﺮﻭﭘﻴﮏ ﮔﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻝ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻧﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﮔﺎﺯ ‪ T٢‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(٢١-٣‬‬

‫‪ :K‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻳﺰﻧﺘﺮﻭﭘﻴﮏ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﮏ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ‪CP‬ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ)ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺁﻧﺘﻮﻧﻴﻦ(‬

‫)‪(٢٢-٣‬‬

‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻳﺰﻧﺘﺮﻭﭘﻴﮏ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ )‪(٢٣-٣‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺁﻳﺪ‪:‬‬

 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١١١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫)‪(٢٣-٣‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪١٢-٣‬‬
‫‪ :٢-١١-٣‬ﮐﺎﺭ ﭘﻠﯽ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﮏ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ‪:‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﺰ ﻧﺘﺮﻭﭘﻴﮏ ﮐﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(٢٤-٣‬‬

‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﺠﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺰﻧﺘﺮﻭﭘﻴﮏ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﺮﺥ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﭘﻠﯽ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﮏ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻔﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﭘﻠﯽ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﮏ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺷﻮﺩﻭ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١١٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺮﺯﯼ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﮑﯽ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫)‪(٢٥-٣‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﺭ ﭘﻠﯽ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﮏ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﭘﻠﯽ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﮏ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬ﻭ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(٢٦-٣‬‬

‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ‪ hereunder‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(٢٧-٣‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺎﺭﺕ ‪ hereunder‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ‪ CP‬ﻭ ‪ K‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺯﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪١٣-٣‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١١٣‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫‪١٢-٣‬ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ‪:‬‬
‫‪١-١٢-١٣‬ﻧﺮﺥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﺮﺥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ Qt=Qa+Qa‬ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﺮﺥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(٢٨-٣‬‬

‫‪ CP‬ﻭ‪LHV‬ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﻳﮑﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬

‫‪ LHV‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﭘﭙﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫‪ ec‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﭼﺎﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ )‪ ( hereunder chart‬ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ CP‬ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺭﻗﻴﻖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ‪١٤-٣‬‬
‫‪٢-١٢—٣‬ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ‪:‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﺮ ﮐﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﻨﺒﺴﻂ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(٢٩-٣‬‬

‫‪ H‬ﺍﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻕ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﯽ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﯽ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺷﻬﺎﯼ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﮐﺮﺑﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻨﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﮐﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﯽ ﻳﺎﺑﺪﮐﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻳﮏ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪co٢‬ﻭ ‪ o٢‬ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﯼ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪CP‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﮐﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺯﺩ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(٣٠-٣‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١١٤‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺗﺶ ‪ T٣‬ﻳﮏ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﮐﻠﻴﺪﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(٣١-٣‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ‪ NG‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪Cpg‬ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﮏ ﭼﺎﺭﺕ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺯﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ‪١٥-٣‬‬
‫‪ ١٣-٣‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺨﺘﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺭﺍ ﻳﮏ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻭ ﺭﻗﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻥ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺯﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﻭﺩﮐﺶ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﭘﺲ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﮑﺎﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪١٤-٣‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﮏ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﯼ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺯﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻳﮏ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﺪﺭﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺳﺮﺩ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﮑﺎﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ %١٠‬ﻧﺮﺥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١١٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺛﺮ ﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ ∆H t‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬
‫‪ T۴‬ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﭼﺎﺭﺕ )‪ ( hereunder‬ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺯﺩ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(٢٥-٣‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻳﮑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ‪ ∆Tcor‬ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ‪ T٣‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪١٦-٣‬‬

‫‪١٥-٣‬ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ١-١٥-٣‬ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﮑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(٣٦-٣‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١١٦‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(٣٧-٣‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﮑﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻴﺮﺑﮑﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻨﯽ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(٣٧-٣‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮑﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ‪ ،KW‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(٣٨-٣‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﯽ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ λ alt‬ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ‪ ٠,٩٨‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٢-١٥-٣‬ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻧﺮﺥ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(٣٩-٣‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﮐﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺩﺭﭼﺎﺭﺕ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫‐ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﯼ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻮ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﮑﯽ‪:‬‬
‫‪ HR‬ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ‪ BTU/HP.hr‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺒﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ ٧٦٤‬ﻭﺍﺕ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(٤٠-٣‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١١٧‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(٤١-٣‬‬

‫‐ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﮐﻴﻠﻮ ﻭﺍﺕ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(٤٢-٣‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﻒ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ‪HR‬ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ‪ Kcal‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﯼ ‪BTU‬ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻳﮑﺴﺎﻥ ﺭﻭﯼ ﭼﺎﺭﺕ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻼﻭﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﮑﺴﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺬﮐﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫‪HR‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﭼﺮﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺗﺮﻡ ﻋﮑﺲ ﻳﮑﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ٤٠‬ﺍﻟﯽ ‪ ٥٠‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﮔﺎﺯﯼ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﯼ ﻧﮑﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﮐﺮﺍﻓﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮ ﻧﻪ ﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ %٢٠‬ﺭﺳﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻴﮑﻠﻬﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺻﺎﺩﻕ ﺑﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺳﻴﮑﻠﻬﺎﯼ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﯽ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﻳﯽ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ %٥٠‬ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﮑﻞ ﮐﺎﺭﻧﻮ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ) .‬ﺳﻴﮑﻞ ﺑﺨﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﯽ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ(‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١١٨‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮﯼ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﯼ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺭﻧﺞ ﻳﮑﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﻥ ﻳﮏ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﮔﺎ ﻫﻬﺎ ﯼ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﮔﺎﺯﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﮑﻠﻬﺎﯼ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﯽ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(٤٣-٣‬‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻳﮏ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﺎ‬
‫‪HR‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺋﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺗﯽ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‪)):‬ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺎﺯﯼ ﻣﺪﻝ ‪MS٩٠٠٠E-‬‬
‫‪ classGE‬ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ(‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺎﺭﺕ ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١١٩‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﺰﻧﺘﺮﻭﭘﻴﮏ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺏ(‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﺭﺕ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫⇐‬

‫ﻭ‬

‫ﺝ(‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ‪::‬‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ ﭼﺎﺭﺕ ﮔﺎﺯﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ‪ λt = ٠.٨٨‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ‪ ، p٣ = ٠.٩۴ × p ٢ = ١٣.٣۴٨bar‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١٢٠‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﮏ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﯽ ‪ T۴‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪⇒ T۴ = ١٢۶٠ − ۶١٩ = ۶۴١٠ C‬‬

‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪T۴cor = ۵٧١٠ c‬‬

‫⇒‬
‫‪∆H tcor = ٣٧۵.۶kj / kg‬‬
‫ﺩ(‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺷﻔﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬

‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬

 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ‫‪١٢١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺘﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪٣۴١٢ ٣۴١٢‬‬
‫= ‪λth‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= ٠.٣٣۵‬‬
‫‪HR ١٠١٩١‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮑﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

 ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬ ١٢٢ ‫ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬،‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

:‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬

Reference
١-Compressor Performance Aerodynamic for User, M.Theodoro Gresh
٢-Compressor Handbook (MC.GRAW.HILL), Paule.hanlon
٣-Marks Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers E, ugene A.Avallone
٤-steam turbine operation , ifp institute,npc training centre
٥-gas turbines , ifp institute
٦-centrifugal pump, larry bachuse and angel custodid
٧-Benson, R.S.,A review of methods for assessing loss coefficients in radial gas turbines, Int.j.
Mech,sci,vol,١٢،١٩٧٠
‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬، ‫ ﺩﮐﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺷﺠﺎﻋﯽ ﻓﺮﺩ‬،‫‐ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻮ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬٨
١٣٨٤ ‫ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬،‫ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﯽ‬،‫‐ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﮐﺎﻭﻳﺎﻧﯽ؛ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﭘﻤﭙﻤﻬﺎ‬٩