Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Curso de Inglés Ii
Curso de Inglés Ii
TEMARIO
Tema de la clase
1. The simple and continuous present
2. Phrasal verbs (verbos compuestos)
3. Forms of "There is"
4. The simple past
5. The verb "To get"
6. The use of "It"
7. Contractions
8. El gerundio
9. Pronombres: complementos
10. Pasado vs. Perfecto
11. Pronounciation
12. The verb "to like"
13. El "Does" en inglés
14. "Como"
15. The imperative
16. The past of irregular verbs
17. "To be" + Participle
18. As much ... as, as much ... as and as ... as
19. Pronouns
20. Transitions
CURSO DE PERFECCIONAMIENTO DE LA LENGUA INGLESA
CLASE 1 - THE SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS PRESENT
Sonido Stop
DIALOG (diálogo)
TOUR GUIDE: We are leaving Cibeles Circle. We are heading toward Neptune Circle.
We are now getting to Neptune Circle. On the other side of the circle
is the Prado Musuem. The Prado has Spain´s most famous Painters.
Can anyone name Spain´s 2 most famous painters?
TOUR GUIDE: Right. We are now taking a right. On your left is the Palace Hotel. The
building on your right, with the two big lions, is the Cortes or Spanish
Parliament Building. We are now going up Jeranimo Street. We are
now taking a right, and now another left. We are on Alcala Street.
Behind you is Cibeles, where the main post office is. We are getting
to Puerta del Sol Plaza. What does "Puerta del Sol" mean in English?
TOUR GUIDE: Right. "Puerta" normally means "door ". It can also mean "gate". If it
is the main, open gate of a big place, it means "gateway". We are
now going down Arenal Street. What does "arenal" mean?
TOUR GUIDE: Right again. We are coming into Isabel II Plaza. That building behind
Isabel II´s statue is The Royal Theater. Is it really a theater?
TOUR GUIDE: Excellent. Now we´re coming into Oriental Square, and in front of you
is The Royal Palace. It reminds me of King Charles III.
TOURIST: We know who Charles III is. His statue is the Puerta del Sol.
VOCABULARY (vocabulario)
OBSERVA:
En inglés es necesario utilizar uno u otro dependiendo del momento en el que se produzca
la acción. Por ejemplo, "Do you leave home now?" es incorrecto; debería ser "Are you
leaving home now?". En español las 2 frases significan "¿Sales de casa ahora?"
NOTA:
Para más información sobre el tiempo presente de los verbos, consultar la Clase 6 y la Clase 7
del curso introductorio.
Sonido Stop
TEXT (texto)
Sonido Stop
VOCABULARY (vocabulario)
OBSERVA LO SIGUIENTE:
Dentro de un texto, incluso en un texto con verbos muy parecidos como el anterior, no
represente un gran problema si lo leemos dentro de su contexto.
Sonido Stop
TEXT (texto)
All states in the U.S. are divided into counties. There are 67 counties in Florida.
Since it is the fastest-growing state, there have been many changes in the
highway system. One example of these changes is Escambia County in northwest
Florida.
In Escambia there were 11 surveys in the year 2000 to determine the traffic on
secondary roads. The Florida Department of Transportation conducted the
survey. Residents were asked the following questions:
There will be 6 new secondary highways in Escambia in the year 2001, but not
because of the survey. The results were lost in the computer system. So why
was the mix-up in the presidential elections a big surprise?
Sonido Stop
VOCABULARY (vocabulario)
country condado to conduct a survey hacer una encuesta
survey encuenta rush hours horas punta
fastest el más rápido mix-up lío, confusión
to grow crecer
OBSERVA LO SIGUIENTE:
TEXT (texto)
Ben enjoyed several long careers, as a statesman, writer, inventor, and womanizer.
He helped create and signed the Declaration of Independence (1775), which separated the
13 American colonies from England. He negociated England´s acceptance of the
document (1783).
VOCABULARY (vocabulario)
"To do" significa "hacer". Sin embargo, en inglés, se emplea también de una forma
puramente gramatical para contruir las preguntas y las frases negativas.
Sonido Stop
EJEMPLO:
Para poner los verbos regulares en pasado (afirmativos), se pone "d" o "ed" detrás del
infinitivo.
NOTA:
Para más información sobre los tiempo pasados de los verbos, consultar la Clase 8, la
Clase 9 y la Clase 10 del curso introductorio.
EJERCICIOS (ejercicios)
Click on each speaker icon and repeat the sound (pincha en cada uno de los
altavoces y repite el sonido).
Sonido Stop
TEXT (texto)
I got in late - at 12 o´clock. Before I got to bed, I got a shower, but the water got too hot,
so I got out of the shower, got dry, and got to bed.
The next morning, I got up really garage early - at 6. I got downstairs, got a kiss from my
wife, got out of the house, and got into the garage, where my chauffeur had got the door
open for me.
He got in and I got in. Before I got to work, my secretary called and told me that I had got
a lot of faxes. By then, I realized that I had got a cold but would get over it quickly.
When I got up to my office, things were getting worse. Ten reporters were waiting for
me. I couldn´t get around them. Already, I had got tired before I got through the first 2
minutes of my working day!
Sonido Stop
VOCABULARY (vocabulario)
"To get" tiene los siguientes significados: llegar, recibir, coger, sacar, conseguir. En
realidad, hay que pensar que "to get" es obtener o conseguir algo. Por ejemplo, "to get my
mother a Christmas present" es literalmente "conseguir un regalo de navidad para mi
madre", o sea, "comprar un regalo de navidad para mi madre".
Entonces, "to get" es "lograr algo" de alguna forma. Por ejemplo, "to get away"
(escaparar) es "conseguir alejarse".
Cuando hay una palabra añadida (phrasal verbs), tiene otros significados: to get by
(apañarse, defenderse), to get over (recuperarse), to get through (pasar), to get a cold
(resfriarse), etc.
Hay más, La clave para entender los significados son las palabras que siguen a "get": "up",
"down", etc.
Sonido Stop
TEXT (texto)
THE SOUTH
"The South" is the southeastern U.S. It consists of such states as Virginia, Kentucky, Florida,
etc.
It has its own dialect called the "Southern drawl", which is spoken very slowly. Two of its
common words are "ain´t" (negative of the present forms of "to be": "they ain´t" = they aren
´t) and "ya´ll" (all of you).
It also has its own cooking, customs, and climate. "Southern fried chicken" ("Kentucky fried
chicken") and corn bread are typically from that area. Before the 60s, taking a nap after lunch
was quite common.
The climate is hot and humid. Its commercial center is Atlanta. It has a large Black population
and in the past was principally an agricultural region, mostly cotton and corn. Its most famous
novel is "Gone with the Wind". Also in the past, it was known in foreign countries for its racial
conflicts. Today it is the fastest growing area in the nation, and its racial practices and
attitudes have changed, thank God!
Sonido Stop
VOCABULARY (vocabulario)
Se emplea "it" para todo aquello que es neutro, cosas que no tienen vida: un coche,
una mesa, un país, etc. Cuando es en plural se utiliza "they" como por ejemplo para una
empresa, o un equipo de fútbol.
Por ejemplo, la gente en Atlanta (people in Atlanta) es plural, porque "gente" siempre
es plural. En cambio, si hablamos de Atlanta como ciudad, entonces hay que usar "it".
Sonido Stop
SOLUTIONS (soluciones)
1. The states of Florida, Alabama, and Virginia are in the South.
They are in the South.
Sonido Stop
TEXT (texto)
A LETTER OF COMPLAINT
Dear Sir:
I´ve got a bottle of your olives in front of me on my kitchen table. I´ve also got
part of my broken tooth next to the bottle.
Your label on the bottle is clear: "There are no seeds in the olives".
I am going to sue you. My broken tooth caused an infection and problems to my
other teeth. Please send your insurance adjuster to my home. I want a fair
settlement. My dentist bills are $600, but what about my pain and suffering?
Sonido Stop
VOCABULARY (vocabulario)
OBSERVA:
EJEMPLOS:
NORMAL
- No, I don´t want to go to Toledo.
MÁS ENFASIS
- No, I do not want to go to Toledo.
NORMAL
- No, I didn´t kill my wife.
MÁS ENFASIS
- No, I did not kill my wife.
Sonido Stop
TEXT (texto)
In my college days, taking my girl friend home was marvelous. She had a dark
complexion, big blue eyes, and other interesting features. Her name was Cherry.
(The sad part of this story is that later she became my wife.)
On that cold night, after leaving the highway, I parked off a small dirt road.
While listening to the radio, we heard that a dangerous convict had escaped from
the local prison. He had a metal hook for a hand.
At her university dormitory, I got out of the car and went around to open her
door. Hanging on her door handle was the hook!
Sonido Stop
VOCABULARY (vocabulario)
to take home llevar a casa to get out, to leave salir
features características to go around ir alrededor
dirt road carretera de tierra to hang colgar
hook gancho dangerous peligroso
cherry cereza highway carretera de asfalto
dark complexion morena dormitory residencia de estudiantes
handle tirador de puerta college universidad
to become llegar a ser, convertirse
EJEMPLO:
I am speaking = Yo estoy hablando
De vez en cuando un verbo se convierte en sustantivo ( por ejemplo. "el
hablar"). En este caso se utiliza el gerundio.
EJEMPLO:
Speaking is probably the most important part of a language.
(El hablar es probablemente la parte más importante de un idioma)
EJEMPLO:
What time of day are you thinking of going?
¿A qué hora del día piensas ir?
EJEMPLO:
Madrid es estupendo para vivir. (TAMBIÉN: Madrid está bien para vivir.)
Madrid is fine for to live. (INCORRECTO)
Madrid is fine for living. (CORRECTO)
Sonido Stop
TEXT (texto)
When Mrs.Wilson saw Linda in the hall, she asked her (Linda) about the keys,
and she (Linda) said:
- "I gave them (the keys) to them (the 2 students), but they (the 2 students)
gave them (the keys) to Susan to give to me. She (Susan) couldn´t find me, so
she gave them (the keys) to Robert, who took off the blue key from the ring and
gave it (the blue key) to Mr. Johnson (another teacher). Robert put the key ring
in your mail box. Mr. Johnson just gave it (the blue key) to me, and I was going
to use it (the blue key) to open your mail box to put it (the blue key) on them
(the key ring) and give them (all the keys) to give to you. Here, take it (the blue
key), and you can put it (the blue key) on them (the key ring) yourself."
- "Thanks, Linda," said Mrs. Wilson. "I´ve only wasted 30 minutes looking for
you in order to find out that I have to waste another 10 minutes to get my
keys."
- "You´re welcome, Mrs.Wilson. Any time you need a favor, I´ll be glad to help
you."
Sonido Stop
VOCABULARY (vocabulario)
EJEMPLO:
Se lo da.
Sonido Stop
TEXT (texto)
This year, in the late spring, I went to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to paint the ocean
waves crashing against the rocks.
If you fill out this form and are a professional, we will reduce your bill by 15%. I filled
out the form and showed it and my credentials as a painter to the man at the desk.
Sonido Stop
VOCABULARY (vocabulario)
El perfecto (yo he ido = I have gone) es una mezcla del presente con el pasado. En
realidad, el perfecto es un pasado indeterminado, y el pasado simple (yo fui = I went) es
una acción ya concluida.
En español, en conversación, el perfecto está más cerca del presente que en inglés.
Sonido Stop
TEXT (texto)
THE MOST COMMON MISTAKE
By Dr. Richard Grayson, University of West Florida
They have a tendency to put an "e" in front of such words. For instance, the word
"special", they pronounce "e-special"; "speak", "e-speak"; "Spanish", "e-Spanish", etc.
The following is an exercise to correct this. Pronounce the word first in Spanish, the
second in English incorrectly, and the third in English correctly:
Sonido Stop
I speak special Spanish; you speak special Spanish; he speaks special Spanish.
If you listen to my pronunciation and copy it, you will have elimated the most common
error made by Spanish-speaking peoples.
Sonido Stop
VOCABULARY (vocabulario)
Las reglas de pronunciación en inglés son más complicadas que la simple pronunciación
del inglés.
slow lento
slowly lentamente
quick rápido
quickly rápidamente
foundation fundación
imagination imaginación
Ejemplos:
Hablas muy rápido.
You speak very quickly.
Observe:
Hay un verbo que es difícil de pronunciar para los españoles en inglés y para los ingleses
en español: amenazar = to threaten
Sonido Stop
TEXT (texto)
WHY I LIKE SPAIN SO MUCH (A radio interview with Brian Ard about his recent trip
to Spain)
I liked it so much because they were really friendly and liked to party. They don´t like to
go to bed. Four o´clock in the morning there is like four in the afternoon here. In fact, you
can´t find a cafeteria or a restaurant that has few people.
They do drive fast over there. Everybody was passing us on the highway, and I saw a sign
that said "120". I asked my cousin if "120" was miles per hour or not, if it was the
maximum or minimum, and if there were any cops to stop people from driving so fast.
Also, people liked me. I was driving slow, and a cop with a machinegun stopped me and
asked me for my driving license. I only had my fishing license from Asturias, and he
laughed a lot and let me go on driving.
In Segovia, in a church, I saw a dead person, a saint probably, laying in a glass casket. He
was decayed and nasty. It made me sick. So in Spain they leave some people in churches
to die.
The country is a little crazy, but a lot of fun. They are always celebrating something.
They have all these statues for virgins, which is rather odd. We must have some virgins in
the States, but we don´t make statues for them!
Sonido Stop
VOCABULARY (vocabulario)
COMPARE:
Reflexivo:
Él se gusta. He likes himself.
Él se gustó. He liked himself.
No reflexivo:
A él le gustan las mujeres. He likes women.
Él gusta a las mujeres. Women like him.
Sonido Stop
TEXT (texto)
When Sigmund Freud died in 1939, psychology was beginning to be accepted worldwide by the
inteligensia. Universities soon began to accept it in their curricula.
When Carl Jung died in 1961, parapsychology was beginning to be accepted worldwide by the
inteligensia.
Today there are no universities or even university departments for parapsychology. There are,
however, departments of psychology and physics that conduct parapsychological experiments:
the universities of North Carolina, London, Stanford, etc.
For instance, Stanford does experiments on mind control; the University of N. C. on telepathy;
the University of London on forecasting.
Ask Dr. Jung, Mesmer, Pauli, Brosse, Schrödinger, Minkowski, etc.: all those scientists and
Nobel Prize winners, who have added on to our knowledge of the field!
Sonido Stop
VOCABULARY (vocabulario)
To die morir
Worldwide universal
la comunidad de los
Inteligensia
intelectuales
Prize premio
Winner ganador
To add on añadir
Knowledge conocimiento
Field campo
However sin embargo
Recuerde la famosa regla del "do": se usa para hacer preguntas (asking questions) y
contestar en negativo:
Esta regla es así, excepto para la tercera persona singular: El "do" se convierte en "does"
cuando es tercera persona del singular (he, she, or it).
Sonido Stop
TEXT (texto)
Next, you write a one-page story, which must be divided into 3 parts (like a theater play): the
beginning, the middle, and the end. A script is generally 120 pages, one page per minute of
screen time.
The beginning is 30 pages long; the middle, 60 pages long; the end, 30 pages long. Of course
you write the end first: you must know where the story will go.
Next, you write the beginning, and after that, the middle, which is the hardest part.
Certainly, you must include 2 plot points (pages 28 and 88). A plot point is a surprise, where
the story goes into another direction. Also, scenes must be connected by transitions (no
camera directions please).
For instance, if you finish a scene by closing a door, begin the next scene by opening another
door. Wait until the script is finished before you write the dialogues.
Actually, it takes about 6 years, 8 hours a day, 5 days a week to learn how to write a
screenplay. If it were easy, everybody would write one!
Sonido Stop
VOCABULARY (vocabulario)
Examples:
I am like you.
Yo soy como tú.
LAS EXCEPCIONES
Sin embargo, aparte de emplear "how" con el "cuanto" (¿Cuánto tiempo? = How long?,
etc.) y ¿Te apetece? o ¿Te parece? (¿Qué te parece si damos un paseo? = How about a
walk?), empleamos "how" de otra forma: para explicar que sabemos como realizar una
actividad.
Example:
Sé nadar. I know how (como) to swim.
Esta forma simple seguida por un infinitivo y el verbo "saber" o "conocer", no se traduce.
Another example:
Sé jugar el tenis. I know how to play tennis.
Observa:
La gente de habla inglesa ha mezclado "like" y "as", que ya no distinguen la diferencia.
Sonido Stop
TEXT (texto)
Dear Son:
Don´t do as I did. Do as I tell you to do. If you don´t, you will. Why? Because I have the
money and you don´t.
Do I love you? Yes, I do, but you aren´t doing what you should - study. Actually, you´re
doing exactly what I did, until my father told me like I´m telling you: stop loafing! You
´re grades have gone down. I´ve paid a speeding ticket, a big one, since you were
intoxicated, but not romatically. Then again, your mother noticed that there have been
different colors of lipstick on your collars. Your credit card shows that you´ve charged
enough gas (gasoline) to go to Cadiz and back. Etc.
So some partying is fine, but remember: I am not your mother!
You need not answer this letter. I will accept your actions as an answer.
Sonido Stop
VOCABULARY (vocabulario)
GRAMMAR - EL IMPERATIVO
(gramática - el imperativo)
EXAMPLES:
He sees you. Te ve.
He believes you. Te cree.
Sonido Stop
TEXT (texto)
I knew you needed a more youthful point of view. You wanted someone with a feminine
touch, too. You said my attitude was very refreshing.
It is true that I got my degree in interstate relations several years ago. You said that there
was a position, which was especially for me.
Remember I told you that I didn´t mind working late, very late.
Sonido Stop
VOCABULARY (vocabulario)
Sin ninguna duda, aparte de los verbos compuestos, esta es la parte más difícil del inglés.
PRESENTE PASADO
I go (yo voy ) I went (yo fuí)
I see I saw
I am ( yo soy ) I was (yo fuí)
I have I had
I take I took
I got ( yo llego ) I get (yo llegué)
I know I knew
I say I said (pronuncie como sed en español)
I speak I spoke
I understand I understood
Esta regla para los verbos pasados regulares se mantiene en pie: Para preguntar y contestar
en negativo, se cambia el "do" por el "did".
Sonido Stop
TEXT (texto)
A NATION OF JOINERS
England is called "a nation of shopkeepers", just as the U.S.A. is called "a nation of
joiners".
There are members of a country club, the MDA (American Medical Association), and
consumer groups.
There are also groups who give awards to the worst artists, films, and politicians of the
year, etc. If there is a pro-abortion group, there is a pro-life group.
Foreigners don´t realize just how important these associations are. In fact, many groups
put pressure on governmental instituations and individuals to obtain their goals.
This is called "lobbying". Lobbying groups are those groups who pressure Congress and
the President to pass laws for their causes.
It was President Carter who expressed the danger of being pressured to act for a single
cause instead of the national interests.
Sonido Stop
VOCABULARY (vocabulario)
Para formar este tiempo verbal hay que usar el presente o pasado del verbo "estar" mas el
participio.
Ejemplo:
I am = yo estoy
Gone = ido
Estoy fuera. = I am gone.
Otros ejemplos:
Él está parado en la carretera por la poli.
He is stopped on the highway by the cops.
Sonido Stop
TEXT (texto)
Orientation is a university course that teaches students how to study. By 1960 these
courses were in as many universities as colleges, both private and public. They saved
students as much as time as work. They also improved grades by 80%.
In these courses students learned "spaced cramming", speed reading, etc. Specifically,
they learned not to listen to music while studying: the brain consumes more oxygen (more
energy, more effort). They also learned to put their notes on only one side of the page: the
other side can be used for extra notes. They learned not to use a pencil. Pencil marks
smear or become blurred.
They learned not to study one hour before an exam, since this is the weakest point of your
recall curve.
Actually students began to learn more in the U.S. than Europe in less time. Of course less
failures saved the U.S. federal government a lot of money and students a lot of headaches.
Sonido Stop
VOCABULARY (vocabulario)
failures fracaso
how to study como hay que estudiar
to save ahorrar ( salvar )
to improve mejorar
spaced cramming estudiar en cortos espacios de tiempos todos los temas importantes
to wrangle discutir
to smear emborronar (la tinta)
to recall recordar
headaches dolores de cabeza
weakest el más debil
Tan...como
As...as
EXAMPLES
Sonido Stop
TEXT (texto)
Newspaper articles answer the following questions: who, what, when, where, and how?
Whose, which, how much and how many are simply variations of those.
The first and last sentences are also summaries of the article.
In addition, like other news media, newspapers do not present a realistic picture of the
world.
About 95% of the news concerns negative things. The other 5% is positive in order to
make the 95% appear realistic. For instance, no U. S. articles say that in one day:
180,000,000 people in U.S. arrived to work safely; 240,000 lives were saved in hospitals;
11,000 peoples´ lives were saved by heroic acts; etc.
Not only does the news media distort reality, but it also presents different distortions.
Studies confirm that the the news in Spain is different than in Italy or England.
Of course news is also fabricated. If the amount of news varies, the news media´s
coverage does not: radio news lasts the same 5 minutes every day; TV news usually lasts
30 minutes; a newspaper has the same number of pages (except Sundays).
So why do we read, listen and see the news? What news? How much news? Whose news?
Sonido Stop
VOCABULARY (vocabulario)
GRAMMAR - PRONOUNS
(gramática - los pronombres)
It´s my office.
Es mi oficina (despacho).
Por eso, la regla dice que, cuando la comparación es indirecta (no declarada),
emplea el "what"; cuando la comparación es entre 2 cosas declaradas, hay que usar el
"which".
Sonido Stop
TEXT (texto)
In the year 2000, there were 3 different surveys asking Americans if they were middle class or
not.
In the first, 91% said yes; the second, 93%; the third, 97%.
This means that Americans don´t understand the word "class". Of the working population,
96% are employed. Fictional unemployment (students, people job-hunting, housewives, etc.)
is between 2 and 3%. The crime rate has gone down for the last 11 years, simply because
people don´t have time to commit crimes? Even with foreign emigration flooding in (the U.S.
accepts 90% of the world´s official emigration), there aren´t enough people to fill the jobs
available.
Every day, TV is filled with long lists of jobs. Truly, the U.S. has become exactly what Marx
envisioned: a classless society. Even 80% of the unemployed say they are middle class!
Sonido Stop
VOCABULARY (vocabulario)
Sonido Stop
Las transiciones se emplean para suavizar los cambios que producen las locuciones y
párrafos.
A veces son adverbios (truly) pero también son conjunciones (and, but, etc.) o frases (in
the first, etc.).