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Lecture05 PDF
Lecture05 PDF
NAPL
Gas Solid
(vapor)
Aqueous
solution
Water to gas partitioning (volatilization)
Aqueous ↔ gaseous
Henry’s Law (for dilute solutions)
Dimensionless (CG, CW in moles/m3)
CG
= H′
CW
Dimensional (P = partial pressure in atm)
P
=H
CW
Henry’s Law Constant
H’ is dimensionless
H’ = H/RT
R = gas constant = 8.20575 x 10-5 atm m3/mol °K
T = temperature in °K
NAPL to gas partitioning (volatilization)
NAPL ↔ gaseous
Raoult’s Law:
CG = Xt (P°/RT)
CW = X t CDW
CDW = concentration in equilibrium with pure phase
Using benzene and gasoline as examples:
CW° = 1800 mg/L for benzene
CW = 17 mg/L for benzene in gasoline with Xt = 0.0093
This approximate concentration is found in field measurements
by Cline et al. (1991)
Surface effects in dissolution
PD MW
Vd =
RT
PD
MW +
(760 − PD )
29
RVD = 760 760 for P° in mm Hg
29
Example Relative Vapor Densities
ρ (g/cm3) µ (centipoise) K
Water 1.0 1.0 KWATER
TCE 1.46 0.56 2.6 KWATER
volume of NAPL
Sr =
volume of voids High Sr
Relative
permeability
Three NAPL-water flow
regimes:
I NAPL is continuous
phase, KWATER is low
II Both NAPL and water
continuous, KWATER and
KNAPL reduced
III Water is continuous
phase, KNAPL is low
DNAPL Water
Note behavior at
Relative Permeability
extremes of water
and NAPL
saturation:
residual water and
NAPL exert 0
significant effect 0 Water Content 100%
on Kr 100% DNAPL Content 0
Note: Linear scale
0.8 0.8
Relative Permeability
Relative Permeability
0.6 0.6
krw
0.4 0.4
krnw
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Images adapted from: Fetter, C. W. Contaminant Hydrogeology, Second Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999. Figure 5.7.