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Standard Costing ACCA t4 t7 f5
Standard Costing ACCA t4 t7 f5
Standard Costing ACCA t4 t7 f5
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2
The Theory and Practice
of Standard Costing
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After completing this chapter, you will be able to
䉴 explain why and how standards are set in manufacturing and service industries with
particular reference to the maximisation of efficiency and minimisation of waste;
䉴 calculate and interpret material, labour, variable overhead, fixed overhead and sales vari-
ances;
䉴 prepare and discuss a report which reconciles budget and actual profit using absorption
and/or marginal costing principles.
2.1 Introduction
You should be familiar with the basic principles of standard costing and variance
analysis from your foundation (or equivalent) studies. The initial content of this chapter
amounts to a revision of these basic principles. You are advised to devote adequate
time to this revision. The CIMA examination scheme is cumulative and MAPE exami-
nation questions in this particular area may draw heavily on material from foundation
studies.
Standard costing and variance analysis represent a particular approach to performance
evaluation. The concept that underpins them is that efficiency can be monitored by peri-
odically comparing actual costs incurred with standard costs for output achieved. This con-
cept is not valid under all circumstances. In subsequent chapters, the text goes on to explore
both the practice and the limitations of standard costing.
45 2007.1
46 STUDY MATERIAL P1
Standard costing: Control technique that reports variances by comparing actual costs
to pre-set standards so facilitating action through management by exception.
You will see from this definition that there are very close relationships between standard
costing and budgetary control (the practice of making continuous comparison between
budget and actual results). They both compare the actual results with the expected perfor-
mance to identify any variances. The difference is that with standard costing the compari-
son is usually made at a unit level, that is, the actual cost per unit is compared with the
standard cost per unit. The resulting variances may be analysed to show their causes and we
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will see how this is done later in this chapter.
In order to be able to apply standard costing it must be possible to identify a measurable
cost unit. This can be a unit of product or service but it must be capable of standardising: for
example, standardised tasks must be involved in its creation. The cost units themselves do not
necessarily have to be identical: for example, standard costing can be applied in some job cost-
ing situations where every cost unit is unique. However, the jobs must include standardised
tasks for which a standard time and cost can be determined for monitoring purposes.
£ per unit
Direct materials 40 kg @ £5.30 212.00
Direct wages
Bonding 48 hours @ £2.50 120.00
Finishing 30 hours @ £1.90 057.00
Prime cost 389.00
Variable production overhead
Bonding 48 hours @ £0.75 36.00
Finishing 30 hours @ £0.50 015.00
Variable production cost 440.00
Fixed production overhead 040.00
Total production cost 480.00
Selling and distribution overhead 20.00
Administration overhead 010.00
Total cost 510.00
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2007.1
MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING – PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 47
For every variable cost the standard amount of resource to be used is stated, as well
Use of the first basis indicates that management feels that performance levels in a prior
period have been acceptable. They will then use this performance level as a target and con-
trol level for the forthcoming period.
When using the second basis management is being more outward looking, perhaps
attempting to monitor their organisation’s performance against ‘the best of the rest’.
The third basis sets a performance level which will be sufficient to achieve the objectives
which the organisation has set for itself.
2007.1
Chapter extract
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