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Prepared By: Mr. Justin Paul D. Gallano Faculty Member - College of Arts, T.I.P. Manila © 2020 - Not For Sale
Prepared By: Mr. Justin Paul D. Gallano Faculty Member - College of Arts, T.I.P. Manila © 2020 - Not For Sale
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Prepared by: Mr. Justin Paul D. Gallano
Faculty Member – College of Arts, T.I.P. Manila © 2020 | NOT FOR SALE
Handout for GEC 007 FINALS
(Science, Technology, and Society)
5. Global Climate Change – the increase in the 4. Increase growth rate – GMOs have higher
Earth’s average temperature could cause loss yield compared to normal species.
in biodiversity loss and habitat damage.
GMOs in Non-Food Crops and Microorganisms
1. Flower production – GMOs have modified
Lesson 3: Genetically Modified Organisms colors and longer vase lives
GMO – a plant, animal, microorganism, or other 2. Paper production – modified traits of trees
organism whose genetic makeup has been modified lead to higher yield of wood pulp for paper
using recombinant DNA methods (also called gene production
splicing, gene modification, or transgenic 3. Pharmaceutical, enzyme, and drug
technology. productions – modified plants and other
Process of creating a GMO: organisms are used to produce
pharmaceutical products, making it more
1. Identification – identify the desired trait affordable. Enzymes are used for food
from another organism to be transferred to processing, and drugs are used to treat
another. illnesses. (ex. insulin)
2. Isolation – the gene containing the desired 4. Bioremediation – GMOs can help in
trait will be isolated (separated) bioremediation (biological rehabilitation) of
polluted areas
3. Replication – the isolated gene shall be
reproduced (multiplied). Benefits of GMOs
4. Insertion – the isolated and replicated trait is 1. Higher efficiency in farming
inserted to the genes of the receiving 2. Increase in harvest
organism, but only in sections of the gene that 3. Control in fertility
carry the particular characteristic. 4. Increase in food processing
5. Transfer – the modified gene shall be 5. Improvement of desirable traits
transferred to the receiving organism. After 6. Nutritional and pharmaceutical enhancement
successful insertion, the modified organism 7. Reduction of the use of fertilizers and
should be able to grow and replicate. pesticides
Potential Risks of GMOs
GMOs in Food and Agricultural Industries
1. Risk in gene flow – modified genes could be
1. Pest, viral, and herbicide resistance – plants
transferred from a GMO crop to a wild
can be modified to resist certain pests,
relative or organism in the soil.
viruses, and herbicides.
2. Emergence of new forms or resistance and
2. Fortification – plants could be modified to be
secondary pests and weed problems – pest-
fortified with certain minerals. (Ex. Golden
resistance of GMOs could trigger new forms
rice – rich in beta-carotene (Vitamin A)
of pest resistance
3. Cosmetic preservation – GMO plants could
3. Recombination of virus and bacteria – the
resist natural discoloration, making them
modified gene could be transferred and
more presentable for a longer period of time.
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Prepared by: Mr. Justin Paul D. Gallano
Faculty Member – College of Arts, T.I.P. Manila © 2020 | NOT FOR SALE
Handout for GEC 007 FINALS
(Science, Technology, and Society)
integrated to viral and bacterial genes, Stem Cell Gene Therapy – a type of gene therapy
making new pathogens. that uses stem cells (mother cells) that are self-
renewing. This characteristic could be tapped to
Cloning – the asexual reproduction of an organism
develop other types of cells. There are two sources of
using parent cell through genetic engineering. In
stem cells: (i) embryonic – derived from four- or
1996, the first-ever cloned animal, Dolly the sheep,
five-day-old human embryos; and (ii) somatic – cells
was born.
that exist throughout the body after the embryonic
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety – an international development and are found inside different types of
agreement to ensure the safe handling, transport, and tissues.
use of living modified organisms resulting from
modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects
on biological diversity, taking also into account the Lesson 4: Nanotechnology
risks to human health.
“Nano” - refers to a unit meaning one billionth, or
Gene Therapy – an experimental technique that uses 10 raised to negative nine (10-9).
genes to treat or prevent diseases. This will use the
Nanoscience – deals with materials that are very
insertion of a gene into the body using vectors to treat
small using specialized microscopes and other
diseases, instead of using drugs or surgery.
nanodevices.
Basic Process of Gene Therapy
Nanotechnology – the manipulation of matter on an
1. Replacement of a mutated gene – doctors atomic or subatomic scale.
will determine the gene that causes the
Nanomanufacturing – scaled-up, reliable, and cost-
problem and will attempt to replace this with
effective manufacturing of nanoscale materials,
a health gene
structures, devices, and systems.
2. Inactivation – the mutated gene will be
Approaches in Nanomanufacturing
“turned off” to stop the improper functioning.
1. Bottom-up – manufactures products by
3. Introduction of new gene – a new gene will
building them up from atomic- and
be introduced into the body to help fight the
molecular-scale components.
disease.
2. Top-down – trims down large pieces of
• The gene cannot be inserted into a human
materials down to nanoscale.
gene or cell, the insertion shall be through the
use of a carrier or a vector (like a virus).
Types of Gene Therapy: Lesson 5: Climate Change
1. Somatic – involves the manipulation of Climate – the long-term weather patterns prevailing
genes in cells that will be helpful to the over a given area of the planet. This came from the
patient, but not inherited to the next Greek word klinein meaning “to slope.” It then
generation. evolved to klima, connoting a zone or region of the
Earth as characterized by its atmospheric conditions.
2. Germ-line – the genetic modification of
germ cells or the origin cells that will pass the
changes to the next generation.
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Prepared by: Mr. Justin Paul D. Gallano
Faculty Member – College of Arts, T.I.P. Manila © 2020 | NOT FOR SALE
Handout for GEC 007 FINALS
(Science, Technology, and Society)
Earth’s Movement around the Sun Effects of Climate Change:
• Since the Earth is constantly revolving 1. Melting of Ice Caps – leads to the rise in sea
around the Sun, and the fact that it has a tilt levels, the dissolution of salt in the ocean, and
of 23.5 degrees, it will have a natural effect the disruption of natural ocean currents.
on the Climate. 2. Coral Bleaching
3. More Severe Weather Patterns
Elements of Sun and Earth Interaction: 4. More Intense Heatwaves – leads to drought,
1. Aphelion – the point in the orbit of the Earth wildfires, and desertification.
that is farthest from the Sun 5. Food Security Issues
2. Perihelion - the point in the orbit of the Earth Combating Climate Change:
that is closest to the Sun
1989 Montreal Protocol - designed to protect
3. Earth’s Axial Tilt – inclination angle of the the ozone layer by phasing out the production of
Earth (23.5 degrees) in relation to a numerous substances that are responsible for ozone
perpendicular line to its orbital plane. depletion. Banned the use of chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) which were used as refrigerants but are
4. Precession – the change in the orientation of known to be ozone-depleting agents. Signed by 46
the rotational axis of the Earth countries and ratified by 197 countries.
5. Equinox – the time the Sun at noon is 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate
directly over the Equator. It happens twice a Change (Rio Summit) – provided the framework
year, causing an almost equal length of day convention for combating Climate Change. This led
and night. to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol.
6. Solstice – happens when the Sun at noon sits 1997 Kyoto Protocol – promoted the reduction of
above the Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of greenhouse gas emissions based on the consensus
Capricorn, the summer solstice has the that global warming is caused by human activities.
longest period of daylight, while the winter Signed by 192 countries, Canada pulled out on 2012.
solstice has the shortest period.
2015 Paris Accord – limits the increase of global
7. Precession of the Equinoxes – the motion of average temperature to 1.5o C above the pre-
the equinoxes relative to the precession of the Industrial Revolution levels. Signed by 195
Earth’s axis of rotation. This happens over countries, with the United States notably backing out
thousands of years. of the deal.
Global Warming - the resulting phenomena caused
by the trapping of solar radiation by certain gases in
the atmosphere. Carbon Dioxide is often cited as the
most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere.
Greenhouse Gases – these are certain gases that
cause the trapping of solar radiation in the Earth’s
surface by blocking its natural dissipation to Space.
Examples are Carbon Dioxide and Methane.
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Prepared by: Mr. Justin Paul D. Gallano
Faculty Member – College of Arts, T.I.P. Manila © 2020 | NOT FOR SALE