Handout for GEC 001 (Understanding the Self) MIDTERM

Lesson 1 – The Physical Self How to Achieve Physical Well-Being?

• Refers to the body the tangible aspect of the 1. Eat healthy foods
person that can be directly observed and 2. Maintain a healthy lifestyle
examined. (Singh, 2017) 3. Follow proper hygiene
• Defining traits and features of the body like 4. Engage in daily exercise
sex, height, weight, complexion, hair, and 5. Take vitamins and drink fruit juices
facial features. 6. Avoid stress
• Does not include the abstract characteristics 7. Spend less screen times
(e.g. kindness, generosity, loyalty, obedience,
and other qualities).
• The physical appearance is attributed to both Lesson 2 – The Sexual Self
genetics (heredity, DNA, chromosomes) and
environment (physical and social). • Sigmund Freud – all human behavior is
motivated by the desire to feel pleasure.
Impact of Culture on Beauty and Body Image Organized and controlled by two instincts
• Each culture has their own set of beauty called sexuality and aggression. These
standards, which means society prescribes the instincts are driven by a form of psychic
standards of beauty (what is beautiful and energy called libido.
what is not). • An individual becomes physically mature
• Only the physical features like our facial upon reaching the age of puberty.
features and body figure are considered to be • Testosterone –male hormone
bases for beauty. • Estrogen and Progesterone – female
hormones
Beauty as Both an Asset and a Liability • Chromosomes – XY for Males and XX for
Liability Asset Females
• Bullying • More attention
Male Reproductive System
• Catcalling and opportunities
• Harassment • Beauty pageants 1. Penis – primary male sex organ
• Acts of Lasciviousness • Acting career 2. Testes or testicles – responsible for
• Rape • Endorsements production of sperm cells and testosterone
• Stalker 3. Vas Deferens – tube that connects with the
urethra.
Will there be Beauty if there is no Sight? 4. Scrotum – a skin carrying the testes.
5. Sperm – the male sex cell.
• Beauty is always referred to be seen through 6. Prostate Gland – secrets fluid to nourish the
the naked eye. sperm
• Aesthetics have laid down the laws and 7. Epididymis – stores and carries sperm
principles to determine beauty (could be
heard – beautiful voice, melody; felt – Female Reproductive System
contextualized or projected as the purity of
1. Ovary – produces ova or egg cells
the heart; understood – based on
2. Ovum – female reproductive cell, also called
appreciation).
egg cells
• Therefore, blind people could still perceive
3. Fallopian Tubes – carry the eggs from ovary
beauty even if there have no sight, as beauty
to uterus
can have different phases/facets).
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Faculty Member – College of Arts, T.I.P. Manila © 2020 | NOT FOR SALE
Handout for GEC 001 (Understanding the Self)
4. Uterus – nurtures fertilized egg cells that
develops to a fetus
5. Cervix – directs the sperm to the uterus
6. Vagina – receives the penis during sex, and
where the baby passes during birth
7. Vulva – external genital organ of the female
Erogenous Zones – a part of the body that is highly
sensitive and the stimulation of which leads to sexual
responses.
Human Sexual Responses – has four phases
1. Excitement – the body gets ready for sexual
activity. Males experience penile erection and
females experience swelling of the clitoris
and vaginal lubrication.
2. Plateau – a person will retain the conditions
achieved during the excitement phase,
waiting for the climax
3. Orgasm – climax of the cycle. Males release
semen and females experience contraction of
the vagina
4. Resolution – the body gradually returns to its
normal level of functioning
Diversity of Human Sexual Behaviors
1. Masturbation – act of stimulating one’s own
genitals
2. Sex – the act of stimulating one’s genitals
through the actual penetration of an orifice
Types of Sex
• Oral Sex – the stimulation of genitals
through the use of mouth
• Vaginal Sex – the stimulation of genitals
through the penetration of penis to the
vagina
• Anal Sex – the stimulation of genitals
through the anus
• Premarital sex – sexual activities outside
of marriage
• Marital sex – sexual activities within the
bounds of marriage
• Extramarital sex – sexual activities that
married people engage in with people
they are not married to
Prepared by: Mr. Justin Paul D. Gallano
Faculty Member – College of Arts, T.I.P. Manila
MIDTERM
3. Heterosexuality – sexual attraction to the
opposite sex
4. Homosexuality – sexual attraction to the
same sex
5. Bisexuality – sexual attraction with the
opposite or same sex.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
1. HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency
Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome) – a spectrum of conditions
caused by being infected with HIV.
2. Gonorrhea – a bacterial infection of the
mucus membranes. Usual symptom in men
include secretion of yellowish-white fluid, for
women, painful urination with discharge.
3. Syphilis – an infection caused by corkscrew
shaped bacterium called Treponema
pallidum. Causes sores on infected area.
4. Genital Herpes – viral infection which
causes blisters on the genitals.
5. Genital Warts – warts caused by the human
papilloma virus (HPV).
6. Chancroid – a bacterial infection that causes
sores or ulcers on the genitals.
7. Pubic Lice (Crabs) – very small parasites
that infest the genital area.
8. Scabies – a skin condition caused by the tiny
mites called Sarcoptes scabiei.
9. Trichomoniasis – an infection caused by a
parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis.
10. Molluscum contagiosum – a skin condition
characterized by small lumps which are
pearly-white or slightly pink.
11. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – a
complication caused by chlamydia or
gonorrhea.
12. Chlamydia – caused by the bacteria
Chlamydia trachomatis that do significant
damage to the human reproductive system.
Methods of Contraception
1. Folk Method
• Post-coital Douche – washing of
vagina to remove the sperm
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Handout for GEC 001 (Understanding the Self)
• Prolonged Lactation – longer period
of lactation
2. Behavioral Contraceptives
• Rhythm – couples abstain for a
certain period during the fertile time
of woman
• Ovulation – uses the observed mucus
discharge of the vagina at the
beginning of woman’s fertility period
• Withdrawal or Coitus Interruptus – a
man withdraws his penis before
orgasm
• Coitus reservatus – man withholds
ejaculation and lets the erection
subside inside the vagina
3. Mechanical Contraceptives
• Condom – thin rubberized material to
block sperm
• Diaphragm – shallow rubber cup
inserted to the vagina to block sperm
• Cervical Caps – fitted to the cervix by
a doctor
4. Chemical Contraceptives
• Vaginal Suppositories and Tablets –
contains spermicide
• Contraceptive jellies, creams, and
vaginal foams
5. Intrauterine Device – small device inserted to
the uterus be a physician
6. Pills – renders a woman infertile for a
specified period
7. Sterilization – permanent infertility
• Vasectomy – males
• Tubal Ligation - females
8. Injectable – contraceptive injected to women
to prevent ovulation
Lesson 3 – The Material Self
William James (1890) – the Material Self is the self
that consists of the body, clothes, immediate family,
home, and other things one considers to be his or her
own. We invest ourselves in our material
Prepared by: Mr. Justin Paul D. Gallano
Faculty Member – College of Arts, T.I.P. Manila
MIDTERM
possessions – because of it, we feel a deep
connection to them. “I shop, therefore I am.”
• Material possessions are objects of instinctive
preferences that may or may not be related
with a person’s most practical interests in life.
• An individual’s body is the primary
component of our material self (includes the
kinds of clothes one prefers to wear, and what
accessories one would put on. Consumer
Culture – credit cards have allowed people to
buy goods and avail services even without
cash or checks on-hand. Gives both
advantages and disadvantages to users.
Advantage Disadvantage
• Convenience • Debt
• Security of • Abuse of usage
Transactions • Risk of not
• Comfort saving money
• Rewards • Impulse buying
Advertisement – a major force changing/swaying of
consumer options or decisions. Influential in shaping
how and why people consume goods and services.
The reason why companies to tap the services of
famous celebrities to endorse their products.
• Needs – things that are essential for survival
• Wants – synonymous to luxury. Thing you
buy but you can live without.
• Utility – the practical purpose of the object
you own
• Significance – the meaning you attach to the
object you own
Lesson 4 – The Spiritual Self
Religion – introduces the concept of supreme beings
as a cause of reason of all phenomena. A set of rituals
made to coordinate with the goal of either obtaining
or hindering changes in human condition and
nature’s state. Believes that there is an architect of all
things.
• Omnipotent – all powerful
• Omniscient – all knowing
• Omnipresent – ever-present
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• Religion has many functions such as
providing sense of the word, strengthening
norms and identity, setting sanctions for
individual behavior, and giving serenity in
facing life changes.
The Concept of the Soul
Monism – a view that there is only one substance and
only on being. The soul and the body are one.
Dualism – a view that mind and body are two
independent substances.
• For Western Philosophers, a human person is
a rational being constituted of soul and body.
• Soul – a superior of the body and can exist
independently (along with the body),
invisible and immortal, serves as he life-force
of the body.
• Kaluluwa – the Filipino term of soul or spirit.
Has two forms of existence: (i) physical – the
soul is connected on the human body and life,
and (ii) spiritual – the soul exists on its own.
• Dungan – the Bisayan (Ilonggo) concept of
the soul, lacks material substance and is
extremely light that it travels with the wind.
Does not stay in any specific part of the body.
A young person may manifest nausea,
headache, stomachache, fever, etc. due to the
concept of usug.
Religious Rituals
Rituals – patterns of behavior or practices that are
related to the sacred. For Catholics, rituals are called
Sacraments, and there are seven: (i) baptism, (ii)
Holy Eucharist, (iii) confirmation, (iv)
reconciliation, (v) anointing of the sick, (vi)
marriage, and (vii) Holy Order.
• Religious people use rituals to give honor to
the divine power/s they believe in and to
serve as a reminder of their religious
obligations. The interdependence between
rituals and beliefs is possible such that rituals
validate beliefs. Ultimately,
rituals strengthen the sense of belongingness.
Prepared by: Mr. Justin Paul D. Gallano
Faculty Member – College of Arts, T.I.P. Manila
MIDTERM
Rites of Passage – rituals that mark important stages
in individual’s life cycle. Helps individuals through
the crucial crises or major social transitions in their
lives, like birth, puberty, marriage, parenthood,
advancement to a higher class, occupational
specialization, and even death.
Life Crises are Divided into Three Stages:
1. Separation – removes an individual from
everyday society. The concept of isolation.
2. Transition – the individual performs the
necessary rites/rituals to get/attain his/her
new status.
3. Incorporation – formal return and
readmission into society with the new status.
Magic and Witchcraft
Magic – involves the manipulation of the
supernatural for good or evil purposes. Usually
performed to ensure production of good crops, the
replenishment of game, fertility of domestic animals,
and the preventions and cure of illnesses. Sorcery –
makes use of materials, objects, and the medicines to
invoke malevolence.
Witchcraft – accomplish the same ills (as sorcery)
by means of thought and emotion alone. In the
Philippines:
• Barang – done as an act of revenge for
wrongdoing. Natabang – experience illness
like stomachache. Nabarang – more painful
and deadly experience as a swarm of insects
through body openings.
• Kulam
Finding and Creating Meaning in Life
Roman Catholics – God is the architect and designer
of all things
Atheists – there is no God, and everything will end
upon death. Albert Camus – human life is absurd.
Lesson 5 – The Political Self
Aristotle – man is, by nature, a political animal.
This is because man is a social being and that people
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are naturally drawn to various political involvements
in order to satisfy his social needs.
• Politics imbibes man on several things – first,
politics is concerned with power. Second,
politics functions based on a particular social
economic and cultural context. Third, politics
is personal. Fourth, politics goes hand-in-
hand with society.
Political Culture – the pattern of individual attitudes
and orientation towards politics among members of
a political system. (Almond and Verba, 1965)
Characteristics of Philippine Political Culture
1. Dominance of family ties or kinship system
– consanguinity (blood relations) is given
utmost importance. Ritual kinship or the
kumpadre system where the sacredness of
baptism or sacrament of marriage is used to
het favors is evident in politics.
2. Euphemism – officials and employees in
lower positions are not frank or
straightforward in criticizing officials of
higher rank. People use parinig or patutsada
instead of confronting the officials
immediately address the problems.
3. Utang na loob – Filipinos feel obliged to
repay immediately or in the future any favor
they receive from another person.
4. Sense of overdependency – some
constituents rely on an elected official or a
patron politician for their personal and
economic needs.
5. Belief that majority of politicians are
corrupt – the term buwaya has been used to
describe corrupt politicians in the Philippines
signifying their greed for money and power.
6. Lack of political maturity – people elect
officials based on their popularity and
personality, and not on performance and
platform.
Prepared by: Mr. Justin Paul D. Gallano
Faculty Member – College of Arts, T.I.P. Manila
MIDTERM
Establishing a Democratic Culture
Democracy – a system of government in which all
citizens are eligible members of the state.
Sovereignty belongs in the people.
Basic Features of Democracy:
1. Rule of the majority – the decision of the
majority prevails. (Vox populi, vox dei – the
voice of the people is the voice of God.)
2. Protection of human rights
3. Upholding the rule of law
Ideal Citizenship
Citizenship – denotes the status of being a legal
member of a nation-state.
Ideal Citizen – a person who follows the laws,
protects and takes care of the environment, and
contributes to the welfare of the people.
Governance – defined as the traditions and
institutions that determine how authority is exercised
in a particular country. Includes (i) the process by
which governments are selected, held accountable,
monitored, and replaced; (ii) the capacity of
governments to manage resources efficiently; (iii)
the respect of citizens and the state for the institutions
that govern.
Nolan Principles of Good Governance:
1. Selflessness – means caring for what the
people need and want instead of promoting
personal interests.
2. Objectivity – means being neutral and free
from biases in making decisions.
3. Integrity – means maintaining a good name
and character.
4. Honesty – means telling the truth, hiding
nothing, and being transparent at all times.
5. Accountability – means being liable and
responsible for one’s actions.
6. Openness – means being transparent with
whatever information one handles.
7. Leadership – means being able to lead the
way for development that would benefit all.
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Handout for GEC 001 (Understanding the Self) MIDTERM
Positive Filipino Values 9. Pictures or videos revealing one’s financial
status
1. Bayanihan 7. Flexibility
10. Pictures or videos showing family trips
2. Damayan 8. Religious
11. Pictures or videos displaying one doing good
3. Familism 9. Respect for Elders deeds
4. Optimism 10. Remedyo Attitude 12. Pictures or videos in hospitals
5. Hospitality 11. Matiyaga 13. Posts of every single thing you do
6. Regionalism 12. Utang na Loob
Dichotomies of the Self
Negative Filipino Values
1. Producer or consumer – do your material
1. Bahala na attitude possessions define who you are?
2. Colonial mentality/blue-seal mentality 2. Offline versus online – will there be a
3. Crab mentality consistency between what is seen online and
4. Euphemistic what is perceived offline?
5. Filipino time 3. Body versus technology – technology and
6. Gaya-gaya attitude consumerism allow people to easily redefine
7. Jackpot mentality and recreate themselves.
8. Belief in kapalaran
Are You a Responsible Netizen?
9. Mañana habit
10. Ningas cogon/kugon You should know what behaviors are accepted and
11. Oversensitivity what behaviors to avoid.
12. Pakikisama
1. Sharing of Fake News – “Think before you
13. Lack of sportsmanship
click.”
14. Tsamba lang attitude
2. Cyberbullying
3. Sharing of Viruses and Malicious Content
Lesson 6 – The Digital Self How to Fight Social Media Addiction?
Digital Self – consists of how one expresses himself • Limit the time for use of social media.
or herself in various online platforms. • Do not participate in the discussion of
What Not to Post Online? political issues
• Do not post in social media for the sake of
1. Sexy or revealing pictures posting
2. Pictures or videos showing private moments • Read books instead of spending time reading
with loved ones news, articles and issues on social media.
3. Pictures or videos showing bad habits
4. Negative comments on another person’s
attitudes
5. Posts announcing conflicts with other people
6. Posts of the results of a particular competition
with the names of the defeated participants
7. Comments showing strong opposition to
certain issues
8. Comments with foul, vulgar, indecent, and
offensive words

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Prepared by: Mr. Justin Paul D. Gallano
Faculty Member – College of Arts, T.I.P. Manila © 2020 | NOT FOR SALE