1 MAB2023 Course Outcomes

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

Describe the properties and degradation factors involved

1 in engineering materials design and selection

Identify the root cause of the failure problems in

2 engineering materials components.

Propose the immediate possible solution to resolve the identified

3 problem related to material engineering application in industry.

Apply relevant engineering materials knowledge to the

4 respective industry.

5 Set up related material engineering laboratory experiments as well

as interpreting results for further discussion and conclusion.

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2

Metals and
Alloys Wire-
Steel-cord reinforced
tyres cement
(Cermet)
Composites

CFRP GFRP Ceramics and

Polymers
Filled polymers Glasses

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3 Mechanical Properties of Materials

Learning Outcomes: students should be able to address the

following issues...

1. Familiarization with the properties that must be reviewed

when making materials selection.
2. Acquiring the knowledge of how properties apply to
different material systems.
3. An understanding of pitfalls (drawback/consequence) to
avoid in performing property tests and in using property
data.
4. Thorough understanding of the differences among the
properties of stiffness, ductility, strength and toughness.

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4 Tensile Test

The key mechanical properties obtained from a Tensile Test:

1-Modulus of Elasticity, E;
2-Yield Strength, Y.S.
3-Tensile Strength;
4-Ductility, 100xєfailure (elastic recovery occurs after fracture);
5-Toughness (measured under load; hence the dashed line is
vertical)
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5 The tensile test is the most common test for determining such
mechanical properties of materials as strength, ductility, toughness,
elastic modulus, and strain-hardening capability.

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 6 Tensile Test

 When the load is first applied, the specimen elongates

in proportion to the load; this behavior is called linear
elastic.
 The engineering stress (nominal stress) is defined as
the ratio of the applied load, P, to the original cross-
sectional area, A0 of the specimen:

P
Engineering Stress,   [1.1]
Ao

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 7 Tensile Test
 The engineering strain is defined as

(l  lo )
Engineering Strain, e  [1.2]
lo
where l is the instantaneous length of the specimen.
 As the load is increased, the specimen begins (at some level
of stress) to undergo permanent (plastic) deformation.
 The stress at which this phenomenon occurs is known as
the yield stress, Y, of the material.
 Mechanical properties for various metallic and nonmetallic
materials are given in Table 2.2.

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 8 Tensile Test
 Y usually is defined as the point on the
stress–strain curve that is offset by a
strain of 0.002, or 0.2% elongation.
 As the specimen (under a
continuously increasing load) begins
to elongate, its cross-sectional area
decreases permanently and uniformly
throughout its gage length.
 Figure shows a schematic illustration
of the loading and the unloading of a
tensile-test specimen. Note that,
during unloading, the curve follows a
path parallel to the original elastic
slope.
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 9 Tensile Test

 The maximum engineering stress is called the

tensile strength or ultimate tensile strength (UTS)
of the material.
 If the specimen is loaded beyond its ultimate
tensile strength, it begins to neck or neck down.
 As the test progresses, the engineering stress
drops further and the specimen finally fractures at
the necked region.
 The engineering stress at fracture is known as the
breaking or fracture stress.

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 10 Tensile Test
 The ratio of stress to strain in the elastic region is the
modulus of elasticity, E, or Young’s modulus:


Modulus of elasticity, E  [1.3]
e
 This linear relationship is known as Hooke’s law.
 The modulus of elasticity is essentially a measure of
the slope of the elastic portion of the curve and,
hence, the stiffness of the material.
 The absolute value of the ratio of the lateral strain to
the longitudinal strain is known as Poisson’s ratio and
is denoted by the symbol V .
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11
Elastic Deformation:
Stress-Strain Behavior

 Elastic Properties: (isotropic materials)

 Poisson’s ratio ()

x y
 
z z

E  2G 1   
G = shear modulus
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12
Elastic Deformation:
Stress-Strain Behavior
For shear:

  G  G = shear modulus

 Anelasticity:
 time dependent elastic behavior. Elastic strain
recovery with time.
 for metals is small, but significant for some polymeric
materials  viscoelastic behavior.

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13 Mechanical properties for various metallic and nonmetallic materials

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14 Ductility

 Ductility is the extent of plastic deformation that

the material undergoes before fracture.
 There are two common measures of ductility. The
first is the total elongation of the specimen:

(l f  lo )
Elongation  x100 [1.4]
lo

where l and Io are measured.

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15 Ductility

 The second measure of ductility is the reduction of

area:
( Ao  A f )
Reduction of area  [1.5]
Ao

 where A0 and Af are the original and final (fracture)

cross-sectional areas, respectively, of the test
specimen.

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16 Ductility
Figure shows the approximate relationship between elongation and tensile
reduction of area for various groups of metals.

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 17 DUCTILITY Case Study
A cylindrical specimen of steel having an original diameter of 12.8 mm is
tensile tested to fracture and found to have an engineering fracture strength
of 460 MPa. If its cross sectional diameter at fracture is 10.7 mm, determine:
a)The ductility in terms of % reduction area
b)The true stress at fracture.

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 18 Impact Test (Energy Absorbed in Fracture)
 A typical impact test consists of placing a notched specimen in
an impact tester and breaking it with a swinging pendulum.
 In the Charpy test, the specimen is supported at both ends (a); in
the Izod test, it is supported at one end like a cantilever beam (b).

 From the amount of swing of the pendulum, the energy

dissipated in breaking the specimen can be obtained; this
energy is the impact toughness of the material.
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 19 Tensile Case Study

QM(Tensile): A force of 100,000 N is applied to a 10 mm x 20 mm

iron bar having a yield strength of 400 MPa and a tensile
strength of 480 MPa. Determine (a) whether the bar will
plastically deform and (b) whether the bar will experience
necking.

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20 Mechanical Properties Of Metals: Case 2

QM(Design): A tensile testing apparatus is to be

constructed that must withstand a maximum
load of 220,000 N. The design calls for two
cylindrical support posts, each of which is to
support half of the maximum load. Furthermore,
plain carbon steel (1045) steel ground and
polished shafting rounds are to be used; the
maximum yield and tensile strength of this alloy
are 310 MPa and 565 MPa, respectively. Specify
a suitable diameter for these support posts.

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21 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS: Problems

a) A polymer bar’s dimensions are 1 in. x 2 in. x 15

in. The polymer has a modulus of elasticity of
600,000 psi. What force is required to stretch the
bar elastically to 15.25 inches?
b) A common copolymer is produced by including
both ethylene (C2H4) and propylene (C3H6)
monomers in the same chain. Given a degree of
polymerization of 5000, determine the molecular
weight of the polymer produced using 1 kg of
ethylene and 3 kg of propylene.

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22 Hardness Test

 Hardness usually is defined as resistance to

permanent indentation.
 Several test methods have been developed to
measure the hardness of materials, using
different indenter materials and shapes.
 Figure/table shows a general characteristics of
hardness-testing methods and formulas for
calculating hardness.

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23 Hardness Test

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 24 Brinell Hardness Test

 The Brinell hardness number (HB) is

defined as the ratio of the load P to the
curved surface area of the indentation.

 Figure shows the indentation geometry

in Brinell hardness testing:
–(a) annealed metal;
–(b) work-hardened metal;
–(c) deformation of mild steel under a
spherical indenter.

•Note that the depth of the permanently deformed zone is about one order of
magnitude larger than the depth of indentation.
•For a hardness test to be valid, this zone should be developed fully in the material.
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25 Rockwell Hardness Test

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26 Rockwell Hardness Test
 Magnitude of loads dictate the type of test.
 As values rise above 100 or drop below 20 on any scale, better to switch
scales.
 Sample thickness = 10X penetration depth.
 Indentations should be separated by at least 3 indentation diameters.
 Indentations should me made on smooth flat surfaces.

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27 Rockwell Hardness Test
 Rockwell Hardness Test-- Superficial:

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28 Other Hardness Tests

Vickers test
 This test, formerly known as the diamond pyramid hardness
test, uses a pyramid-shaped diamond indenter and a load
that ranges from 1 kg to 120 kg. Indicated by HV.

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29 Hardness

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30 Hardness and Strength

 A relationship has been established between the

ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and the Brinell
hardness (HB) for steels as measured for a load of
3000 kg.
 The following is in SI and English units respectively,

UTS  3.5( HB ) (2.13)

UTS  500( HB ) (2.14)

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31 Bending Strength of Ceramics

 A commonly used test method for brittle materials is the

bend or flexure test.

 Two bend-test methods for brittle materials: (a) three-

point bending; (b) four-point bending.

 The areas on the beams represent the bending-moment

diagrams, described in texts on mechanics of solids.

– Note the region of constant maximum bending

moment in (b); by contrast, the maximum bending
moment occurs only at the center of the specimen in
(a).

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 32 Bending Strength of Ceramics

 Note the region of constant maximum bending moment in (b);

by contrast, the maximum bending moment occurs only at the
center of the specimen in (a).
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33 Bending Strength of Ceramics: Problem

QCe2: A fully stabilized, cubic polycrystalline zirconia

advanced ceramic, ZrO2 sample has a fracture
toughness of KIC = 3.8 MPa m when tested on a four-
point bend testing apparatus. If the sample fails at a
stress of 450 MPa, what is the size of the largest
surface flaw? Assume the shape factor constant,Y = 

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34 Mechanical Properties Of Ceramics: Problems

QCe1: A three-point bend test is performed on a

block of silicon carbide that is 10 cm long, 1.5 cm
wide, and 0.6 cm thick and is resting on two
supports 7.5 cm apart. The sample breaks when
a deflection of 0.09 mm is recorded. Calculate (a)
the force that caused the fracture and (b) the
flexural strength. The flexural modulus for silicon
carbide is 480 GPa. Assume that no plastic
deformation occurs.

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