Chapter 1 Theory and Applications of Transmission Lines - Part 1 PDF

Huynh Phu Minh Cuong
Department of Telecommunications Engineering

Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology
1
2/14/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 1
LINES, FIELDS AND WAVES
Instructor: Huynh Phu Minh Cuong, Ph.D.

Office: Department of Telecommunications Engineering - 108 B1
Office Hours: Thursday 10:00-11:30 AM
E-mail: hpmcuong@hcmut.edu.vn
Website: http://dte.dee.hcmut.edu.vn/en/people/faculty/
Textbook and References:

[1] Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Umberto Ravaioli, Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics
(7th Edition), Pearson, 2014.
[2] Accompanying lecture notes
2/14/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 2 2

GRADING:
 Homework and Quiz: 20%
 Mid-term Exam: 30%
Closed book and One single-side A4 note sheet and Smith Chart are allowed
 Final Exams: 50%
Closed book and One double-side A4 note sheet and Smith Chart are allowed
3
Course outline:
 This course provides students with theory and applications
of Transmission lines, waveguides and cavities, and antenna
theory and their applications in microwave engineering.
 The course consists of 3 chapters:
Chapter1: Theory and applications of transmission lines
Chapter 2: Plane Electromagnetic Wave
Chapter 3: Waveguide and cavity resonators
Chapter 4: Antenna and Radiating systems
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Chapter 1
Theory and Applications of
Transmission Lines
Huynh Phu Minh Cuong

hpmcuong@hcmut.edu.vn
Department of Telecommunications
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology 5
Theory and Apps of Transmission Line
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Lumped-Element Circuit Model for Transmission Lines
3. Transmission Line Equations and Solutions
4. Characteristic Impedance of Transmission Line
5. Propagation constant and velocity
6. Lossless and Lossy Transmission Lines
7. Reflection Coefficient
8. Transmission Line Impedance and Admittance
9. Power Transmission on Transmission Lines
10. Standing Wave and Standing Wave Ratio
11. Smith Charts
12. Impedance Matching
Problems

1. Introduction
 The previous class provided the analysis of EM field and wave
traveling in the free space. This chapter provides the analysis of
wave propagations in the guided mediums : transmission lines
 The key difference between circuit theory and transmission Line
is electrical size.
 At low frequencies, an electrical circuit is completely
characterized by the electrical parameters like resistance, inductance
etc. and the physical size of the electrical components plays no role
in the circuit analysis.
 As the frequency increases however, the size of the components
becomes important. The voltage and currents exist in the form of
waves. Even a change in the length of a simple connecting wire may
alter the behavior of the circuit.
1. Introduction
 The circuit approach then has to be re-investigated with inclusion
of the space into the analysis. This approach is then called the
transmission line approach.
 Although the primary objective of a transmission line is to carry
electromagnetic energy efficiently from one location to other, they
find wide applications in high frequency circuit design.
 Also at high frequencies, the transit time of the signals can not be
ignored. In the era of high speed computers, where data rates are
approaching to few Gb/sec, the phenomena related to the
electromagnetic waves, like the bit distortion, signal reflection,
impedance matching play a vital role in high speed communication
networks. 8

1. Introduction
General problems of the chapter
Characteristic Impedance Zo
At a given location along the line, find:

 Current, voltage and power
 Reflection coefficient, impedance, VSWR
 Design real TLs, such as micro-strip lines, CPW lines 9

 A transmission line is basically a two-conductor line for

guiding the signal power from one point to another.
 A transmission line is a distributed parameter network, where
voltages and currents can vary in magnitude and phase over its
length.
 While ordinary circuit analysis deals with lumped elements,
where voltage and current do not vary appreciably over the
physical dimension of the elements.
 TLs are analyzed using transmission-Line or Distributed-
circuit theory not traditional lumped-circuit theory.


Source Load
x x + x
R, L, G, and C are per-unit-length quantities defined as follows:
 R = series resistance per unit length, for both conductors, in /m.
 L = series inductance per unit length, for both conductors, in H/m.
 G = shunt conductance per unit length, in S/m.
 C = shunt capacitance per unit length, in F/m.
 Series inductance L represents the total self-inductance of the two
conductors,
 Shunt capacitance C is due to the close proximity of the two
conductors,
 Series resistance R represents the resistance due to the finite
conductivity of the individual conductors,
 Shunt conductance G is due to dielectric loss in the material between
the conductors.
 R and G, therefore, represent loss.

Applying Kirchhoff for voltage:

i( x, t )
v( x, t )  v( x  x, t )  R.x.i( x, t )  L.x.
t
Applying Kirchhoff for current:
v( x  x, t )
i( x, t )  i ( x  x, t )  G.x.v( x  x, t )  C.x.
t

In time domain:
 i ( x, t )
 v ( x , t )  v ( x  x , t )  R.x.i ( x , t )  L.x.
t

i ( x, t )  i ( x  x, t )  G.x.v( x  x, t )  C.x. v( x  x, t )
 t
In frequency domain, using voltage and current
phasors:
V ( x,  )  V ( x  x,  )  ( R  j L).x. I ( x,  )

 I ( x,  )  I ( x  x,  )  (G  jC ).x.V ( x  x,  )
Lead to
V ( x  x,  )  V ( x,  )
   ( R  j L).I ( x,  )
x

 I ( x  x,  )  I ( x,  )   (G  jC ).V ( x  x,  )
 x
V ( x  x,  )  V ( x,  )
   ( R  j L).I ( x,  )
x

 I ( x  x,  )  I ( x,  )   (G  jC ).V ( x  x,  )
 x
When x  0  V ( x,  )
 x   ( R  j L).I ( x,  )

 I ( x,  )   (G  jC ).V ( x,  )
 x
  2V ( x,  )
  ( R  j L)(G  jC ).V ( x,  )
x 2
 2
  I ( x,  )  ( R  j L)(G  jC ). I ( x,  )
 x 2
  2V ( x,  )
  ( R  j L)(G  jC ).V ( x,  )
x 2
 2
  I ( x,  )  ( R  j L)(G  jC ). I ( x,  )
 x 2
Where  ( )  ( R  j L)(G  jC ) is propagation constant
 2V ( x,  ) 2
  ( ).V ( x,  )
x 2
 2 I ( x,  ) 2
  ( ). I ( x,  )
x 2
Differential equations of
f ''  a1. f '  a2 . f  0 , a1  0
Wave equation:  2
V ( x,  ) 2
  ( ).V ( x,  )
x 2
Traveling wave solutions can be found as :

 ( ). x  ( ). x
V ( x,  )  V . e  V . e
V ( x)  V .e  . x
 V .e  .x ,
w
   j
h
V ( x)  V .e . x .e j . x  V .e . x .e j . x er
e
Incident voltage Reflected voltage
V and V are constant with a given source, load and TL.

How to calculate V+ and V- ?
Source Reflected wave Incident wave Load
V ( x)  V .e . x .e j . x  V .e . x .e j . x

Incident voltage: V .e  . x .e  j  . x
 .x j .x
Reflected voltage: V .e .e
X=L
Incident voltage: V .e  . x .e  j  . x
 .x j .x
Reflected voltage: V .e .e
Current Solutions:  2
I ( x,  ) 2
  ( ). I ( x,  )
x 2
 . x  .x
I ( x)  I  .e  I  .e
V V V V
Where: I  , I    , Z0  
Z0 Z0 I I
V  . x V  . x
 I ( x)  e  e
Z0 Z0
R  j L R  j L
Where Z 0   is Characteristic

Impedance G  jC

R  j L R  j L Z0 
V

V
Z0  
 G  jC I I
What is the physical meaning of Zo ?
 What are V+ and I+ of an infinitely long TL ?

 Can an infinitely long TL be replaced by a Z0?
 What is the input impedance of a TL terminated by a Z0?
 What is the input impedance of a infinitesimal TL, x length,
23
terminated by a Z0?
Set Z  R  j L , Y  G  jC  1 
 Z 0  Z x   / / Z0 
 Y x 
Z R  j L
When: x  0  Z 0  
Y G  jC
L
Loss Less TL: Z0  R0 ,   
C
 In practice, Z0 is always real.
 In communication systems: Z0 = 50 
 Television: Z0 = 75  - Why 50 or 75 ?
5. Propagation Constant and Velocity
 ( )   ( )  j  ( )  ( R  j L)(G  jC )
 : Attenuation constant - unit: [Np/m] or [dB/m]
 : Phase constant - unit: [rad/s]
2
 Phase constant and wavelength are related as: 
 c 
 Velocity: V   f 
  r ,eff
[ Np / m ]
[ dB / m ]  20.log10 e  (20 log10 e).[ Np / m ]
 8, 68.[ Np / m ]
 A TL having the attenuation constant of 1 Np/m means that when waves
travel on 1 meter of TL, the magnitudes are attenuated by 8.68 dB (2.7
times).
6. Lossless and Low-loss Transmission Lines
 In practice, transmission lines have losses due to finite
conductivity and/or lossy dielectric, but these losses are usually
small.
 In most practical microwave:
 Loss may be neglected  Lossless T.L.
 Loss may be assumed to be very small  Low-loss T.L.
 Lossless Transmission Line:

R  0, G  0
  ( )  ( R  j L)(G  jC )  j LC
  ( )  0
 ( )   LC
 Low-loss Transmission Line:
 When the loss is small, some approximations can be made to
simplify the expressions for the general transmission line parameters
of γ = α + jβ and Z0.
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 Low-loss Transmission Line:
For a low-loss line both conductor and dielectric loss will be small,
and we can assume that R << ωL and G >>ωC. Then, RG << ω2LC
Using the Taylor series expansion for
So:
28
V ( x)  V .e . x  V .e . x
 Voltage reflection coefficient is defined as
reflected voltage V e x V 2 x
v ( x)   V ( x)   x
 e
incident voltage V e V

 . x  .x V  . x V  . x
I ( x )  I  .e  I  .e  e  e
Z0 Z0
 Current reflection coefficient is defined as
V

I  e x I  2 x Z 0 2 x
 I ( x)   x
 e  e  V ( x)
Ie I V
Z0
 It is enough to consider voltage coefficient only:
  V
V 2 l
 At Load: l  e
V
7. Reflection Coefficient – At Load -  l
V (l ) V e  l  V e l
V 2 l ZL   Z0
 At Load: l  e I (l ) V e  l  V e l
V V e l
1
V e  l 1  ( l )
V (l )  V .e  .l  V .e .l Z L  Z0
Ve  l  Z0
1  ( l )
1    l
V  .l V  .l V e
I (l )  e  e
Z0 Z0 Z L  Z0
L  31
Z L  Z0
7. Reflection Coefficient – At any location x -  x
At load V 2 l
l  e
V
V 2 x V 2 ( l d ) V 2 l 2 d
At location x x  (l  d ) :  x  e  e  e .e
V V V
2 d
 x  l .e
7. Reflection Coefficient – Some special cases
 TL is terminated by Z0
Z L  Z0
(l )  0
Z L  Z0
 ( x)  (l ).e2 d  0 , x
There is no reflected wave

 TL is shorted
Z L  Z0
l   1
Z L  Z0
V e l l  l
l   V e  V e
V e  l
Incident and reflected voltages are out of V (l )  0
phase 

 TL is opened
Z L  Z0
l   1   I (l )  1
Z L  Z0
 I  e l   I  e  l  I (l )  0
Incident and reflected currents are out of I (l )  0

phase 

 TL is terminayed by reactance
jX L  R0
(l )   (l )  1
jX L  R0
Complete reflection at load

7. Reflection Coefficient – Presentation on a complex plane
Ref. wave Inc. wave Load
, where    j 
Source
 x  l .e 2 d
 x  l .e 2 d .e  j 2  d
Towards Load
 Locus d  /2
with  = 0
2
 Locus 2 d  2 d
with  > 0 
2 
2  2
 2
Towards source

Source Load
V ( x)
Z ( x) 
I ( x)
V ( x )  V .e  . x  V .e . x
V  . x V  . x V 2 x
I ( x)  e  e x  e
Z0 Z0 V
V ( x) V .e  . x  V .e . x d  ( l  x)
Z ( x)   Z0
I ( x) V .e  . x  V .e . x  x  l .e 2 d
1  ( x ) Z L  Z0
 Z ( x)  Z0 ( l ) 
1  ( x ) Z L  Z0
1  ( x ) Using:
Z ( x)  Z0
1  ( x ) eu  e u
ch(u) 
( Z L  Z 0 ) e d  ( Z L  Z 0 ) e   d 2
Z ( x)  Z0
( Z L  Z 0 ) e d  ( Z L  Z 0 ) e   d eu  e u
sh(u) 
Z L ( e d  e   d )  Z 0 ( e  d  e   d ) 2
Z ( x)  Z0 sh(u) eu  e u
Z L ( e d  e   d )  Z 0 ( e  d  e   d ) th(u)   u u
ch(u) e  e
Z L .ch( d )  Z 0 .sh( d )
Z ( x)  Z0
Z L .sh( d )  Z 0 .ch( d )
Z L  Z 0 .th( d )
Z ( x)  Z0
Z 0  Z L .th ( d )
Z L  Z0 1  ( x )
Or: ( l )   ( x )  (l ).e 2 d  Z ( x )  Z 0
Z L  Z0 1  ( x )39
 Lossless TL   j 

 Z0  R0 , Soáthöïc
So: ej  d  e j  d
th( d)  th( j  d)  j  d  j  d
e e
Using:
e  cos(u)  j sin(u)
ju
2 j sin(  d)
 th( j  d)   j .tg(  d)
2cos(  d)
Z L  j.R0 .tg (  d )
 Z ( x)  R0
R0  j.Z L .tg (  d )
Z L  j.Z 0 .tg (  d )
 Z L  Z0  Z ( x)  Z0  Z 0 , d or x
Z 0  j.Z L .tg (  d )
 Z L  j. X L
jX L  j.R0 .tg (  d )
 Z ( x )  R0 , Imagnary part
R0  X L .tg (  d )
 ZL  0
Z L  j.R 0 .tg(d)
 Z(x)  R 0  j.R 0 .tg(d)
R 0  j.Z L .tg(d)
 Z(x)  j.X(d) : pure react an ce
Z L  0  Z ( x)  j.R0.tg (  d )  j. X (d ) , pure reactance
Open
Shorted
Inductanc
e
At load
Capacitance
 Shorted-circuit transmission lines can be used to realize inductors or

capacitors at specific frequencies  Distributed components
 ZL  
Z L  j.R0 .tg (  d ) R0
 Z ( x )  R0 
R0  j.Z L .tg (  d ) j.tg (  d )
  j.R0 .cotg( d )
 Z ( x )  j. X (d ) , pure reactance
 Opened-circuit transmission lines can be used to realize inductors or

capacitors at specific frequencies  Distributed components

Z L    Z ( x)   j.R0 .cotg( d )  j. X (d ) , pure reactance
Noái taét
Shorted
Hôû
Open
Maïch Inductanc
e
At load
Capacitanc
e

 Quarter-wavelength TL
R0 ZL
Zin

l
4
Z L  j. Z0 .tg (  l ) Z 02
Z in  Z0 Z in 
Z 0  j.Z L .tg (  l ) ZL
Z 02  Z 0  Z L .Z in
 Z in 
ZL Application for
impedance
If Z L    Z in  0 transformation
If Z L  0  Z in  
 Half-wavelength TL
Z0 ZL
Zin

l
2
Zin  Z L

 Reflection coefficient and line impedance
V .e . x
1
V .e . x  V .e . x V .e  . x
Z ( x)  Z 0  . x  .x
 Z0  .x
V .e  V .e V .e
1
V .e . x
1  ( x)
 Z ( x)  Z 0
1  ( x)
Z ( x)  Z 0
 ( x ) 
Z ( x)  Z 0
1
Y ( x)   G( x)  jB( x)
Z( x)
Z L  Z 0 .th( d )
From : Z ( x )  Z 0
Z 0  Z L .th( d )
1 Z 0  Z L .th( d )
 Y ( x)  .
Z 0 Z L  Z 0 .th( d )
1/ Y0  1/ YL .th( d )
 Y ( x)  Y0 .
1/ YL  1/ Y0 .th( d )
YL  Y0 .th( d )
 Y ( x)  Y0 .
Y0  YL .th( d )
Steps to find V and V V ( x )  V .e  . x  V .e . x
Zl  Z0 V  . x V  . x
1. l  I ( x)  e  e
Zl  Z0 Z0 Z0
2  . L
2.  in   l .e
1   in
3. Z in  Z 0 Show that if Zs = Z0,
1   in then V+ = Es/2 ?
Z in
4. Vin  Vs
Z in  Zs
5. Vin  V  V  V (1   in )
Vin
6. V   V   in .V
1   in
 Voltage and Current Calculation

Pt  . Re Vx . I x*  
1
2
1
2Z0
 
. Re V .e  . x  V .e . x  . V*.e  . x .e j . x  V_.e . x .e  j . x 
 2 
1 2 . x  2 j  . x  2 j . x 2 . x 
  V .V .e  V .V .e  V .e 
2
. Re  V .e
2Z0  
Re Im Re
 
 2 . x 
 
2
1 1 V .e
 . V .e 2 . x  V .e 2 . x  . V .e 2 . x .  1   2 2 . x 
2 2 2
2Z0 2Z0  V .e 
 
 x 

1
2Z0
. V .e 2 . x . 1   x
2 2
  Source Ref Load
Pinc inc

 Pinc . 1   x
2
  Pinc  Pinc .  x
2
 Pinc  Pref
(d) The Voltage and current at the Load.

(e) Power delivered at the first end of TL and on the Load
 . x  .x  . x
V ( x )  V e  Ve  V e (1   x )
 . x
V ( x )  V e 1  x
 Standing wave

tt ==
t=T/8
0T/4
3T/8
T/2
Incident,
reflected wave x
VMax
Total wave
x
  VMin
2 4
Vx  V .e x  V .e . x  V .e x 1   x  

 0
Vx  V .e j x 1   x   Vx  V . 1   x
V .e x  V .e . x V  x V  j x V
Ix   .e 1   x  
 0
 I x  .e 1   x   I x  . 1   x
Z0 Z0 Z0 Z0
Vx  Vmax  V . 1   l  khi x   l Re   
Vx  Vmin  V . 1   l  khi x    l Re   
Vmax 1  l
VSWR  
Vmin 1  l
Ex. 3.13 p86

V ( x)
I ( x)
Ex. 3.13 p86

Problems:
Example 9.5
9.18
9.19
9.20
9.22
9.23
9.24, 25,26,27
30, 31, 32,
Smith chart: from P9.41
Ex. 3.13 p86

11. Practical Transmission Lines and Applications
 Prior to 1965 nearly all communication microwave equipment
utilized microwave tubes connected with coaxial lines or
waveguides.
 In recent years - with the advance of microwave solid-state
electronics and the introduction of microwave integrated circuits
(MIC) & monolithic RF/microwave integrated circuits
(RFIC/MMIC) - microstrip lines (), strip line, and coplanar-
waveguide (CPW) lines have been used extensively, on which solid-
state devices can be placed.

Wave Guide
58
59
11. Practical Transmission Lines and Applications
60
HW: 9-18, 8-19, 9-23, 24
61

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Huynh Phu Minh Cuong

Department of Telecommunications Engineering

Instructor: Huynh Phu Minh Cuong, Ph.D.

Textbook and References:

2/14/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 2 2

Huynh Phu Minh Cuong

2/14/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 6

2/14/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 8

At a given location along the line, find:

2/14/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 9

 A transmission line is basically a two-conductor line for

2/14/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 10

2/14/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 11

2/14/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 14

Applying Kirchhoff for voltage:

2/14/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 15

Traveling wave solutions can be found as :

V and V are constant with a given source, load and TL.

V ( x)  V .e . x .e j . x  V .e . x .e j . x

2/14/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 22

 What are V+ and I+ of an infinitely long TL ?

 Lossless Transmission Line:

Using the Taylor series expansion for

2/14/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 29

2/14/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 33

2/14/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 34

Incident and reflected currents are out of I (l )  0

2/14/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 35

Complete reflection at load

2/14/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 36

2/14/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 37

 Shorted-circuit transmission lines can be used to realize inductors or

 Opened-circuit transmission lines can be used to realize inductors or

2/14/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 43

2/14/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 44

2/14/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 46

 Voltage and Current Calculation

(d) The Voltage and current at the Load.

2/14/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 52

Vx  V .e x  V .e . x  V .e x 1   x  

Ex. 3.13 p86

Ex. 3.13 p86

Smith chart: from P9.41

Ex. 3.13 p86

2/14/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 57

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