By VINEET MISHRA

3D Printing is an additive
manufacturing process that
creates a physical object from a
digital design. A digital model is
turned into a solid three-
dimensional physical object by
adding material layer by layer.
1.Scanning with Scanner

2.Printing with Printer

 3D
SCANNING
TYPES:
1.Photogrammetry: The method is based on taking 2D pictures around an object, from different angles, and stitching
them together into a single 3-Dimensional image. The last part being handled by software.
123D Catch, Trimensional, or Trio are all great apps for this. The software will match all overlapping points of the images and create
a 3D model.

2.Light-based scanning: Two common types :

*Structured light scanners send patterns of light onto the object to capture. Based on the deformations of the pattern it
determines the model form and creates a 3D mesh, or digital replica.
*Laser scanning measures the angle of the reflected lasers which it can translate into coordinates of an object and therefore
into a 3D mesh.
3D Scanning Advantages:

1.Quickly capture all of the physical

measurements of any physical object.
2.Save time in design work.
3.Ensure parts will fit together on the first try.
4.Capture engineering optimizations inherent
in manufactured parts.
5.Utilize modern manufacturing on parts that
were originally manufactured before CAD.
6.Compare “as-designed” model to “as-built”
condition of manufactured parts.
 3D
PRINTING
THE JOURNEY OF 3D PRINTING TECHNIQUE:
3D Printing seems to be a new technology, but in actual started arising from 1980.
This took a long way to develop and come in to the form of today.
Here is the recap of revolution in 3D technique and it’s uses:-
1980: first patent by Japanese Dr Kodama Rapid prototyping
1984: Stereolithography by French then abandoned
1986: Stereolithography taken up by Charles Hull
1987: First SLA-1 machine
1988: First SLS machine by DTM Inc. then buy by 3D system
1990: First EOS Stereos system
1992: FDM patent to Stratasys
1993: Solidscape was founded
1995: Z Corporation obtained an exclusive license from the MIT
1999: Engineered organs bring new advances to medicine
2000: a 3D printed working kidney is created
2000: MCP Technologies (an established vacuum casting OEM) introduced the SLM technology
2005: Z Corp. launched Spectrum Z510. It was the first high-definition color 3D Printer
2006: An open source project is initiated (Reprap)
2008: The first 3D printed prosthetic leg
2009: FDM patents in the public domain
2009: Sculpteo is created
2010: Urbee is the first 3D printed prototype car presented
2011: Cornell University began to build 3D food printer.
2012: The first prosthetic jaw is printed and implanted
2013: “3D printing” in Obama’s State of the Union speech
2015: Carbon 3D issues their revolutionary ultra-fast CLIP 3D printing machine
2016: Daniel Kelly’s lab announces being able to 3D print bone
3D PRINTERS
COMPONENTS OF 3D PRINTER:
1.PRINT BED
2. Filament
3.Extruder
4.Hobbed Gear
5.Idler gear
6.Heater Cartridge
7.Thermistor/Thermocouple/RTD
8.Nozzle
9.Layer cooling fan
10.Motion Control - X, Y, Z Axis:
11.Threaded Rods / Leadscrews
12.Belts
13.Stepper Motors
14.Frame
15.Enclosure
16.Motherboard
17.Power Supply
18.Stepper Drivers
19.User interface
20.SD Card Slot
21.End Stops (one for each axis)
22.Bed Leveling
MATERIALS USED:
ABS –Acrylonitile Butadiene Styrene or 'lego' plastic – a very common choice
for 3D printing.

PLA – Polylactic Acid – Is available in soft and hard grades, is becoming very
popular and may overtake ABS in the near future.

PVA - Polyvinyl Alcohol – This is used as a dissolvable support material.

PC – Polycarbonate – Polycarbonate requires high-temperature nozzle design.

SOFT PLA – Polylactic Acid – Is rubbery and flexible, available in limited colors
and sources.
APPLICATIONS:

1.Aerospace Industry

2.Architecture Industry

3.Automotive Industry

4.Commercial Products

5.Consumer Goods Industry

APPLICATIONS:

6.Consumer Electronics

7.Defense Industry

8.Dental Industry

9.Education Industry

10.Medical Industry

11.Mold Industry
Advantages of 3D printing:
1. Speed by Single step manufacture
2. Cost
(A) Machine operation costs
(B) Material costs
(C) Labor costs
3. Risk mitigation
4. Complexity and design freedom
5. Ease of access
6. Sustainability
7. Clear Communication
8. Feedback
9. Personalize It
10. Build your Imagination
11. Reduced overhead costs
12. Greater creativity
13. Creation of small-scale, lightweight models and prototypes
14. Faster product delivery
15. New Shapes and Structures
Disadvantages:
1.Decrease in Manufacturing Jobs
2.Limited Size
3.Limited Raw Materials.
4.Violation of Copyrights
5.Size
6.Accuracy
7.Material limitation
8.Producuction of dangerous items
including 3D knives, 3D guns , even
3D explosives.
Free 3D Design Software:
1.Autodesk 123D Design
2.Tinkercad
3.3D Tin
4.Blender
5.FreeCAD
6.Open SCAD
7.Sketchup
8.3D Model To Print
9.eMachineShop
10.3D Studio Max
11.AutoCAD
12.Cinema 4D
13.Lightwave 3D
14.Autodesk Maya
15.Rhinoceros
16.Zbrush

Most common and Universal file format for 3D printing:

STL – Stereo lithography
VRML - Virtual Reality Modeling Language
Additive Manufacturing File Format (.AMF) is a new XML-based open standard for 3D printing.
Another file format input for 3D printers in - GCode
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 3D PRINTING & TRADITIONAL MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES:
3D printing has been around for a while, new advancements in the technology have started to lower the cost of
the process to levels that make it more feasible for general manufacturing use.

1.Prototype Production
2.Waste prevention
3.Large-Scale Production
4.Availability of Specific Materials
5.Scale of Produced Parts
6-3D can do complex shapes with less cost than the traditional machining.
7-Traditional machining needs skillful workers but the 3D printing need just the CAD design of the product.
8- No need of different tools for the production of different parts.

In addition of these points some important points are also as-

1- Using only one type of polymers usually (ABS polymer) in 3D but in other Processes you can use what you
want.
2-The 3D printed parts are not strong, they are just for sake of Prototyping.

However, the technology does have incredible utility for small, one-off production runs and the manufacture of
small custom work pieces that would normally need a lot of specialized tooling to make.

Overall, the use of 3D printing isn’t likely to completely replace traditional manufacturing any time soon.
 3D printing’s effects on our environment
3D printing is just one of the many advances in technology that will lead to a healthier environment around the world. Here are three major ways in which this
technology will usher in a cleaner, purer, safer world around us:

#1 Wide Spread Recycling at Our Fingertips

In the Late 80’s and early 90’s we saw a major shift towards recycling waste. Curbside bins were handed out to residents in most areas around the nation, and people
began to think twice before throwing out certain items. 1-plasticThis was due to advances in technology allowing for recycling plants to flourish. Fast forward 20-30
years and we are at the starting line of another major recycling revolution. Plastics, as well as eventually metals and other materials can be ground up and turned into
filament for 3D printers. Over the last year or so, there has been a movement underway to do this. Perpetual Plastic is one of these movements, as well as others like
the Filabot, which received over 300% of it’s goal in funding on Kickstarter back in 2012. Basically anyone with the proper tools can throw a used plastic bottle into a
machine, and after a few steps turn that into any of tens of millions of different items. If that’s not something to get excited about, nothing is. Scientists as well as do-
it-yourselfers are also working with metals, wood materials, and glass to push forward similar initiatives.

#2 Reduction in Fossil Fuel Use From Shipping

Every day millions of barrels of oils are used shipping items across the world. Whether it’s a UPS truck, Fedex 747, freight train, or cargo ship, global trade is a huge
business. Millions of people every day order off of 1-planeinterest sites like Amazon, and receive their products within 2 days time. That takes a lot of fuel. Where
there is fuel, there is pollution. 3D printing is already helping to cut back on shipments in many industries. Thus far, it’s barely made a dent in the amount of fuel
needed each day within the shipping industry, however, trends show it will make a significant dent within the coming decade. Today you can 3D print your child a toy,
yourself a smartphone case, or your loved ones jewellery, instead of having to order those items online and paying to have them shipped, or jumping into your vehicle
and running to the local Wal-Mart. In the future, almost everything will be able to be printed out, cutting costs, saving time, and most importantly preserving the
environment.

#3 Far Less Waste

Finally, 3D printers are cutting back on waste within the manufacturing industry. 3D printing is also known as “additive manufacturing.” That’s because it does just
that, slowly adds material to an item until it is complete. Most other manufacturing methods are subtractive. For instance, when you build a chair out of wood, you
don’t use ever single shred of lumber in that chair. You have scraps as well as saw dust left over. Same thing for
1-grassjust about anything that is manufactured these days. You almost always have waste material, which nine times out of ten, winds up in a landfill, or somewhere
even worse. 3D printers will save money for manufacturers, but most importantly cut back substantially on waste. Many companies include General Electric, Apple,
and Ford are already using, or have plans to use 3D printing within their manufacturing facilities.

IS 3D PRINTING ECO-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGY ?

The reality today does not allow the 3D printing technology to be fully Eco-friendly. Different researchers reveal that this technology uses large amounts of energy,
larger than the amount used by milling and drilling machines. A research (Atkins Project) done at Loughborough University in the United Kingdom revealed that to
produce the same object of the same weight, some 3D printing processes require 50 to 100 times more electrical energy than injection molding machine.
Another setback is the heavy reliance on plastic materials for the printing process. Plastic as a whole is not considered an Eco-friendly material. Studies show that
industrial grade 3D printers have a substantial plastic by-product left behind that in most cases is not suitable for reuse.
Most people are afraid of technology, in that they feel it will lead to the worlds demise.
In my opinion technology will solve some of the most unsolvable problems we face today. Embrace it to the fullest!
 REFERENCES :

https://www.3dhubs.com/what-is-3d-printing

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0EJmBoLq-g

https://youtu.be/BqCA2vfj2Wc

https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/blog/environmental-impacts-
3d-printing

https://consumables.ic3dprinters.com/3d-printer-job-cost-calculator/
Thanks for your Time!