318-19 Seminar En-Si Cam Final 200222

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ACI 318-19 Learning Objectives
1. Understand where higher grades of

Changes to the Concrete reinforcement are accepted and changes to
Design Standard the requirements for structural concrete to
allow the higher reinforcement grades,
including development lengths and phi-
factors.
2. Identify the added requirements to address
shotcrete as a concrete placement method.
3. Explain the expanded scope of deep
foundation provisions, including seismic
requirements.
WWW.CONCRETE.ORG/ACI318 1 WWW.CONCRETE.ORG/ACI318 2
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Learning Objectives
ACI 318-19
4. Learn the new requirements for post-
installed screw type anchors and shear lug
Changes to the Concrete
design for anchoring to concrete. Design Standard
5. Describe the changes to shear design
provisions and equations. Introduction
6. Identify new tension longitudinal
reinforcement requirements in special
structural walls
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Today’s Seminar Today’s Seminar
• Major changes • Major changes

• Grouped by topic • Grouped by topic
• Organization • Loads & analysis • Member requirements • Seismic design
• New materials • Section design strength • Min. reinforcement • Appendix A
• High strength Phi-factors • Slabs • Strut-and-tie
reinforcement Circular sections • Post-tensioning method
• Shotcrete Shear • Precast/Prestressed • Anchorage to
• Cements • Development lengths • Walls concrete
• Durability • Foundations • Existing structures
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Today’s Seminar Why Do We Change ACI 318?
• Changes from ACI 318M-14 to ACI 318-19 • Reflects new research

• Construction practices change
• Sometimes tragic events provide introspect
– Earthquakes or other natural disasters
318M-14 318-19 – Collapses or construction accidents

– Observed in-service performance
• New materials
– Or better ways of making established materials
• More powerful analytical tools
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Resources ACI 318-19
• ACI 318 Variety of formats, including:

• Printed copy
– Softcover and hardcover
• Speaker notes • Enhanced PDF
• ACI Reinforced Concrete Design Handbook Versions

• English
• ACI 318 Building Code Portal • Spanish
• In.-lb units
• SI units
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Speaker Notes ACI Design Handbook

• 15 chapters
• Explanatory text
Today’s presentation
• Design aids
• 2019 version
expected early next
year
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ACI Design Handbook ACI 318 Building Code Portal
• 1: Building Systems • 9: Columns

• 2: Structural Systems • 10: Walls
• 3: Structural Analysis • 11: Foundations
• 4: Durability • 12: Retaining Walls
• 5: One-Way Slabs • 13: Serviceability
• 6: Two-Way Slabs • 14: Strut-and-Tie
• 7: Beams • 15: Anchorage
• 8: Diaphragms
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ACI 318-19 Major goals of ACI 318 organization
• Ease of use
• Find the information you need quickly
Design Standard – Consistent organization
– Organized in the order of design
Organization • Increase certainty that a design fully meets
the Code
– A chapter for each member type
– All member design provisions in one chapter
WWW.CONCRETE.ORG/ACI318 15 16
WWW.CONCRETE.ORG/ACI318
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Navigation Navigation
10 Parts 10 Parts
• General • General
• Loads & Analysis
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ACI 318 Style Navigation
10 Parts
• General • Materials &
• Loads & Analysis Durability
• Members • Strength &
• Joints/Connections/ Serviceability
Anchors • Reinforcement
• Seismic • Construction
• Evaluation
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23 24
Part 1: General Part 1: General
• 1: General • 3: Referenced Standards

Materials
Design
• 2: Notation and Terminology Inspection loads
– dagg = nominal maximum size of coarse Precast/

Prestressed
Load paths
aggregate, mm
• 4: Structural System
– aggregate—granular material, such as sand,
Requirements Fire Structural
analysis
gravel, crushed stone, iron blast-furnace slag, or Safety
recycled aggregates including crushed hydraulic

Structural Strength
cement concrete, used with a cementing integrity
medium to form concrete or mortar. Serviceability

Sustainability
Durability
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25 26
Part 2: Loads & Analysis Part 3: Members
• 7: One-Way Slabs • 11: Walls

• 5: Loads
• 8: Two-Way Slabs • 12: Diaphragms
• 6: Structural Analysis • 9: Beams • 13: Foundations

– Simplified, first-order, second-order
– Linear, nonlinear • 10: Columns • 14: Plain Concrete
– Slenderness
– Materials and section properties
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Typical member chapter sections ACI 318-19

Organization
• X.1 Scope Anchorage, Ch. 9
Ch. 12
• X.2 General
• X.3 Design Limits Ch. 10
Flexure, Ch. 9
• X.4 Required Strength
• X.5 Design Strength
• X.6 Reinforcement Limits
Δ
• X.7 Reinforcement Detailing Shear, Ch. 9
Ch. 11
• X.? ?
Deflection, Ch. 9
Ch. 9
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Part 4: Joints / Connections / Anchors Part 5: Seismic
• 15: Beam-column and

slab-column joints • 18: Earthquake
Resistant Structures
• 16: Connections
between members
• 17: Anchoring to
concrete
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Part 6: Materials & Durability Part 7: Strength & Serviceability
• 19: Concrete: Design and Durability

Properties
• 21: Strength Reduction Factors 𝜙
(Credit: PCA) • 22: Sectional Strength

• 20: Steel Reinforcement Properties,
Durability, and Embedments
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Organization Part 7: Strength & Serviceability

Member Chapter Toolbox Chapter
9.5 — Design strength
9.5.2 — Moment • 23: Strut-and-Tie Method
9.5.2.1 — If Pu < 0.10f’cAg, 22.3 —Flexural strength…
Mn shall be calculated in
accordance with 22.3. 22.3.3.4 …
9.5.2.2 — If Pu ≥ 0.10f’cAg, • 24: Serviceability

22.4 — Axial strength or
Mn shall be calculated in combined flexural and axial
accordance with 22.4. strength…
Δ l/360, 𝐼
22.4.3.1 …
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Part 8: Reinforcement Part 9: Construction
• 26: Construction Documents and Inspection

• 25: Reinforcement Details
– 318 is written to the engineer, not the contractor.
– Construction requirements must be
communicated on the construction documents.
– All construction requirements are gathered
Lap ≥ 150 mm
together in Chapter 26.
– Design information – job specific
– Compliance requirements – general quality
– Inspection requirements
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Part 10: Evaluation Benefits of ACI 318 organization
• Organized from a designer’s perspective

• 27: Strength Evaluation of Existing Structures • Easier to find specific requirements
• Intuitive location of information
– Applies when strength is in doubt • Clarified cross references
– Well understood – analytical evaluation
• Tables improve speed of understanding
– Not well understood – load test
• Consistent language in text
• Single idea for each requirement
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N 233
ACI 318-19 ACI 318-19

Changes to the Concrete Changes to the Concrete
Design Standard Design Standard
New Materials & High-Strength
Durability Reinforcement
37 38
N N
Bar instability and low-cycle fatigue
180 1200
A1035, Grade 100 (690)
160
1000
Stress, MPa
140
Stress, ksi
120 A706, Grade 100 (690) 800

100 A706, Grade 60 (420)
80 600
A615, Grade 40 (280)
60 400
40
200
20
0 0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Strain
Ghannoun, UT San Antonio
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239 240
Ch. 20 –Seismic Requirements for A615 Gr. 420 Ch. 20 – Seismic Requirements for A615
• Section 20.2.2.5(b) permits ASTM A615 • For seismic design ASTM A615 GR. 550 and
Grade 420 if: 690 are not permitted
– fy,actual ≤ fy + 125 MPa
– Provides adequate ductility (min. ft/fy ≥ 1.25)
– Min. fracture elongation in 200 mm (10-14%)
– Minimum uniform elongation (6-9%)
• Section 20.2.2.5(b) provides the A706
elongation properties
41 42
236 237
Table 20.2.2.4(a) Ch. 20 – Steel Reinforcement Properties
• Main changes
– Gr. 550
– Gr. 690
– Footnotes
– Clarifications
43 44
238 241
Ch. 20 –Seismic Requirements for A615 Gr. 420 Ch. 20 – Steel Reinforcement Properties
• Section 20.2.2.5 specifies

– ASTM A706 Gr. 420 allowed
– Requirements for ASTM A615, Gr. 420
• Section 20.2.2.5(a) permits ASTM A706
– Grade 420
– Grade 550
– Grade 690
– (as discussed previously)
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ACI 318-19
Ch. 20 – Steel Reinforcement Properties

Design Standard
Shotcrete
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418 419
Shotcrete Shotcrete
• Shotcrete equals Why Shotcrete?

regular concrete • Several applications – new or repair
• Placement • Economical
method • Effective
• Additional • Excellent bond
information in
ACI 506R and
ACI 506.2
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420 421
Shotcrete Shotcrete
• Requirements for freezing-and-thawing exposure
Two processes • 19.3.3.3: Air entrainment
• Wet mix – Wet-mix shotcrete subject to Exposure Classes F1, F2, or F3
– Dry-mix shotcrete subject to Exposure Class F3
• Dry Mix – Air content shall conform to Table 19.3.3.3.
– Exception in 19.3.3.6 (similar to concrete)
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422 423
Shotcrete - Minimum Spacing of Shotcrete - Minimum Spacing of

Reinforcement Reinforcement
• 25.2.7: Parallel
nonprestressed
reinforcement • 25.2.10
– (a) at least the – For ties, hoops, and spiral reinforcement in
greater of 6db columns to be placed with shotcrete, minimum
and 65 mm 12db clear spacing shall be 75 mm
– (b) If two curtains Max (6db, 65 mm)
of reinforcement
are provided,
• At least 12db in
the curtain nearer
the nozzle Max (6db, 65 mm) ≥ 75 mm
• remaining curtain 12db
confirm to (a)
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424 425
Shotcrete –Splices Shotcrete
• 25.5.1.6 Non-contact lap

splices Mockup panels
– Clear spacing - No. 19 and
smaller bars, at least greater of
6db and 65 mm
• To demonstrate proper encasement of the
– Clear spacing - No. 22 and larger
bars, use mockup panel reinforcement
• 25.5.1.7 Contact lap splices
– Plane of the spliced bars be
perpendicular to the surface
• Represent most complex reinforcement
of the shotcrete configurations
– Need approval of the LDP
based on a mockup panel
Reinforcement laps
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426 427
Shotcrete Shotcrete
• Mockup panels Construction Documents and Inspection

• 26.3.1-26.3.2: Where shotcrete is required
– Identify the members to be constructed using
shotcrete
• 26.4.1.2 – 26.4.1.7: Materials
– Aggregate gradation - ASTM C1436.
– Admixtures – ASTM C1141.
– Packaged, preblended, dry, combined materials
for shotcrete – ASTM 1480
Crew shooting
Mockup panel
mockup panel
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428 429
Shotcrete Shotcrete
• 26.4.2 - Concrete mixture requirements • 26.5.2.1: Placement and consolidation

– Maximum coarse aggregate size ≤ 13 mm – Remove rebound and overspray prior to placement
of a new layer
– Cuttings and rebound shall not be incorporated into
the Work
– Roughen existing surface to 6 mm amplitude before
placing subsequent shotcrete
– Before placing additional material onto hardened
shotcrete,
• Remove laitance
• clean joints
• dampen surface
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430 431
Shotcrete Shotcrete
• 26.5.2.1: Placement and consolidation 26.5.3: Curing Satisfying (1) – (3)

– Remove and replace in-place fresh shotcrete (1) Initial curing : for first 24 hours
that exhibits sags, sloughs, segregation, (i) Ponding, fogging, or continuous sprinkling
honeycombing, and sand pockets
(ii) Absorptive mat, fabric, or other protective
covering kept continuously moist
– Shotcrete nozzle operator (iii) Application of a membrane-forming curing
• must be certified
compound
• able to shoot an approved
mockup panel
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432 433
Shotcrete Shotcrete
26.5.3: Curing Satisfying (1) – (3) 26.5.6: Construction, contraction, and isolation
• (2) Final curing: After 24 hours joints
(i) Same method used in the initial curing process
(ii) Sheet materials • cut at a 45° unless a square joint is
(iii) Other moisture-retaining covers kept continuously designated
moist
• Submit locations to LDP for approval
• (3) Maintain final curing – For joints not shown on the construction
for a minimum duration of: documents
– 7 days
– 3 days if either a high-early-strength cement or an
accelerating admixture is used
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Shotcrete Shotcrete
150 mm
26.12—Evaluation and 26.12.2 Frequency of testing

acceptance • Prepare a test panel
• Strength test – For each mixture
– Average strength of – For each nozzle operator
minimum three 75 mm – at least once per day or for every 38 m3
diameter cores from a 300 mm 450 mm
• whichever results in the greater number of panels
test panel
– Tested at 28 days or at
test age designated for
fc′ 75 mm
13 mm welded wire
reinforcement
Material test panel sketch showing
where to cut five cores
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436 437
Shotcrete Shotcrete
26.12.4 Acceptance criteria for shotcrete 26.12.4 Acceptance criteria

• 26.12.4.1(b): Strength to
satisfy (1) and (2):
• 26.12.4.1(a): Test specimens to satisfy (1)
(1) average strengths from three Take steps to
and (2): increase strength
consecutive test panels ≥ fc′
(1) Test panels shall be prepared if not satisfied
(2) average compressive
• in the same orientation
strength of three cores from a
• by same nozzle operator
single test panel ≥ 0.85fc′ and Investigate
(2) Cores as per ASTM C1604 no single core strength < 0.75fc′
if not satisfied
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ACI 318-19 Changes in materials

• Changes in material (26.4.1)
Changes to the Concrete – Alternative cements
– New aggregates
Design Standard • Recycled aggregates
• Mineral fillers
Cements &
Aggregates
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358 359
New materials allowed New materials allowed
• Alternative cements (26.4.1.1) Courtesy: PCA

Permitted if: Courtesy: PCA
– Inorganic cements used as 100% replacement of • Documented test data confirms

PC mechanical properties are met for design of
– Recycled glass and others in ITG-10 structural concrete (strength, durability, fire)
• Approved by LDP and Building official
• Alternative aggregates and mineral fillers • Ongoing testing program and QC program
(26.4.1.2 and 3) (alternative recycled aggregates) to
– Recycled aggregated from crushed concrete achieve consistency of properties of
– Mineral fillers – finely ground recycled glass or concrete
others
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342 343
ACI 318-19 Changes in durability

• Changes in material properties (19.2)
Changes to the Concrete – Additional minimum f’c requirements
– Ec requirements
Design Standard
• Changes in durability (19.3)
Concrete Durability and – Calculating chloride ion content
Materials – Sulfate exposure class S3
– Water exposure class W
– Corrosion exposure class C0
• Evaluation and acceptance (26.12)
– Strength tests
• Inspection (26.13)
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Table 19.2.1.1 –
19.2.2.1R Modulus of Elasticity
Additional minimum strength, f’c
Structural walls in SDC D, E, and F

Min. f’c • Ec from Code equations is appropriate for
(MPa)
Special structural walls with Grade 100 reinforcement 35
most applications
• Large differences for HSC (f′c > 56 MPa),

LWC, and mixtures with low coarse of
Higher strength concrete used with higher strength steel
aggregate volume
• Enhances bar anchorage
• Reduces neutral axis depth for improved

performance
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19.2.2.2 Modulus of Elasticity Contract Document Information
Ec can be specified based on testing • Members for which Ec testing of concrete

of concrete mixtures: mixtures is required (26.3.1(c))
• Proportioning (26.4.3.1(c))
a) Use of specified EC for proportioning
– Ec is average of 3 cylinders
concrete mixture
– Cylinders made and cured in the lab
b) Test for specified EC – Ec ≥ specified value
c) Test for EC at 28 days or as
indicated in construction
documents
Source: Engineering Discoveries
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Changes in durability and materials Table 19.3.2.1 – Allowable chloride limits

• Percent mass Maximum water‐soluble
of total chloride ion (Cl–) content
in concrete, by percent
cementitious Max
Min. mass of cementitious
Additional
Class f’c,
• Changes in durability (19.3) materials w/cm
MPa
materials provisions
– Calculating chloride ion content

rather than Non‐
prestressed
Prestressed
concrete
percent concrete
– Sulfate exposure class S3
weight of C0 N/A 17 1.00 0.06 None
– Water exposure class W cement C1 N/A 17 0.30 0.06
– Corrosion exposure class C0 Cover
C2 0.40 35 0.15 0.06
per 20.5
For calculation, cementitious

materials ≤ cement
79 80
350 351
Determining chloride ion content Sulfate Attack – Change in S3
• 26.4.2.2(e) - 2 methods to calculate total

chloride ion content
(1) Calculated from chloride ion content from

concrete materials and concrete mixture
proportions
(2) Measured on hardened concrete in accordance

with ASTM C1218 at age between 28 and 42 days
Credit: PCA
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352 353
Table 19.3.2.1 – Added advantage of sulfate exposure S3 –

Exposure Category S – ‘S3’ Options 1 and 2 Option 2
Class Max. Min. f’c Cementitious Materials, Type Calcium chloride
w/cm (MPa) admixture
C150 C595 C1157 • Option 1: 18 month test results
SO N/A 17 No restriction • Option 2: 6 and 12 month test results
IP, IS, or IT
S1 0.50 28 II Types with MS No restriction
(MS)
IP, IS, or IT
S2 0.45 31 V Types with HS Not permitted
(HS)
IP, IS, or IT
HS +
S3 V + Pozz Types with
0.45 31 Pozz or Not permitted
Option 1 or slag (HS) + Pozz
Slag
or slag
S3 Types with
0.40 35 V HS Not permitted
Option 2 (HS)
83 84
354 355
Exposure W1 and W2 check for reactive

Table 19.3.2.1 – Water Exposure Category W
aggregates
Two Categories – concrete in contact with water: W1 and W2
• 26.4.2.2(d) – Concrete
Class Condition Example exposed to W1 and W2,
WO Concrete dry in service Interior concrete concrete mixture to comply
with
W1 Concrete in contact with water where low Foundation member
permeability is not required below water table
W2 Concrete in contact with water where low Pavement parking deck • ASR susceptible
permeability is required surface aggregates not permitted
unless mitigated
Class Max. w/cm Min. f’c Additional
requirements
(MPa)
WO N/A 17 none
• ACR susceptible
W1 N/A 17 26.4.2.2(d)
aggregates not permitted
W2 0.50 35 26.4.2.2(d)
85 86
356 360
26.4.2 Concrete Mixture Requirements Changes in durability and materials

26.4.2.2(g) Concrete placed on or against
stay-in-place galvanized steel forms, max.
chloride ion content shall be 0.30 percent by
mass of cementitious materials unless a
more stringent limit for the member is
specified MW40xMD40x250
welded wire mesh
150 mm concrete slab
• Evaluation and acceptance (26.12)

– Strength tests
75 mm ribs
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26.12—Evaluation and acceptance of

26.12.6 Investigation of strength tests
hardened concrete
• 26.12.1.1 (d) Cores testing:

– Added ASTMs for sampling, cylinders, and testing • Min. 5 days after being wetted
– Sample taken at point of delivery • Max. 7 days after coring
– Certified field and lab testing technicians
required Unless otherwise approved by LDP or
– Clarified that “Strength test” is the average of at building official
least two 150 x 300 mm or three 100 x 200 mm
cylinders
Source: The Constructor
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363 364
Changes in durability and materials 26.13—Inspection
26.13.1.1 Concrete construction inspection per:

• General building code (GBC)
• ACI 318 in absence of GBC
• Inspection (26.13)
Source: Galvanizeit
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26.13—Inspection Seismic Inspections (26.13.1.3)
Inspection performed by:

Inspector must be certified when inspecting: • LDP responsible for the design
• Formwork, • An individual under the supervision of LDP
• Certified inspector
• Concrete placement,
Elements to be inspected:
• Reinforcement, • Placement and reinforcement for SMF
• Embedments • Boundary elements of SSW,
• Coupling beams, and
• Precast concrete diaphragms in SDC C, D,
E, or F using moderate or high-
deformability connections
• Tolerances of precast concrete
diaphragm connections per ACI 550.5
Source: NIST page
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367 368
Other Inspections (26.13.1) 26.13.3.2 Items requiring continuous inspection
• Reinforcement welding → qualified welding

inspector
• Expansion, screw, and undercut anchors →
inspector certified or approved by LDP and
building official
• Adhesive anchors → certified inspector
95 96
369 370
26.13.3.3 Items requiring periodic inspection 26.13.3.3 Items requiring periodic inspection
97 98
46 47
ACI 318-19 Superposition of loads (R5.3.1)
• Added commentary
Changes to the Concrete – If the load effects such as internal forces and
Design Standard moments are linearly related to the loads, the
required strength U may be expressed in terms of
load effects with the identical result. If the load
Loads & Analysis effects are nonlinearly related to the loads, such
as frame P-delta effects (Rogowsky et al. 2010),
the loads are factored prior to determining the
load effects. Typical practice for foundation
design is discussed in R13.2.6.1. Nonlinear finite
element analysis using factored load cases is
discussed in R6.9.3.
99 100
48 49
Superposition of loads (R5.3.1) Wind Loads (R5.3.5)
In other words: • Added commentary

• First order, linear analysis – ASCE 7-05
• Wind = service-level wind
M1.2D+1.6L = 1.2 MD + 1.6 ML
• Use 1.6 load factor
• Second order or nonlinear analysis – ASCE 7-10 & ASCE 7-16

M1.2D+1.6L ≠ 1.2 MD + 1.6 ML • Wind = strength-level wind
• Use 1.0 load factor
101 102
50 51
Inelastic First-Order Analysis (Chapter 6) Consistent Stiffness Assumptions (6.3.1.1)

• Not mentioned in ACI 318M-
14 • ACI 318M-14 dropped “consistent
• Nonlinear material properties throughout the analysis” language
• Equilibrium satisfied in No top steel required
Moment
undeformed shape
• Several revisions
– Must consider column
slenderness No bottom steel required
– No further redistribution Curvature
– Clarifies requirements for each
No steel required
type of analysis
103 104
52 53
Torsional Stiffness (R6.3.1.1) Torsional Stiffness
• Clarification in commentary Equilibrium torsion

• Two factors
• Torsion in beam
– Torsional vs. flexural stiffnesses
required to maintain
equilibrium
GJ vs. EI Cantilever
slab
• Torsion and torsional
stiffness of the beam
– Equilibrium requirements must be considered
Beam
105 106
54 55
Torsional Stiffness Torsional Stiffness
Compatibility torsion
Compatibility torsion
• Torsion in girder not
• Torsion in girder not
equilibrium
equilibrium
stiffness of the girder
stiffness of the beam
should be included
may be neglected
Beam Beam
Interior Exterior
girder girder
107 108
56 57
Shear Area (6.6.3.1) Floor Vibrations (R24.1)
Table 6.6.3.1.1(a)— Moments of Inertia and cross‐sectional areas permitted for • Typical floors

elastic analysis at factored load level
– Good performance
Cross‐sectional Cross‐sectional
Moment of
Member and condition area for axial area for shear
inertia
deformations deformations
• Areas of concern
Columns 0.70Ig
Uncracked 0.70Ig
– Long/open spans
Walls
Cracked 0.35Ig 1.0Ag bwh – High-performance (precision machinery)
Beams 0.35Ig – Rhythmic loading or vibrating machinery
Flat plates and flat slabs 0.25Ig – Precast
• No previous guidance • Commentary references

109 110
58 59
Floor Vibrations Concerns about deflection calculations
• Resources • Service level deflections based on Branson’s

– ATC Design Guide 1, “Minimizing Floor Vibration,” equation underpredicted deflections for ρ
– Fanella, D.A., and Mota, M., “Design Guide for below ≈ 0.8%
CIP
Vibrations of Reinforced Concrete Floor Systems,” 𝟑 𝟑

𝑴𝒄𝒓 𝑴𝒄𝒓
– Wilford, M.R., and Young, P., “A Design Guide for 𝑰𝒆 𝑰𝒈 𝟏 𝑰𝒄𝒓
𝑴𝒂 𝑴𝒂
Footfall Induced Vibration of Structures,”
• Reports of excessive slab deflections
P‐T Precast
– PCI Design Handbook

– Mast, R.F., “Vibration of Precast Prestressed (Kopczynski, Stivaros)
Concrete Floors
– West, J.S.; Innocenzi, M.J.; Ulloa, F.V.; and Poston,
• High-strength reinforcement may result in
R.W., “Assessing Vibrations” lower reinforcement ratios
• No specific requirements
111 112
60 61
Heavily reinforced Lightly reinforced

Midspan moment
Midspan moment
Experimental Experimental
Branson’s Eq. Branson’s Eq.
Bischoff’s Eq. Bischoff’s Eq.
Midspan deflection Midspan deflection
113 114
62 63
Comparison of Branson’s and Bischoff’s Ie
• Branson
𝐼 𝐼 1 𝐼 𝐼
• Bischoff
Ie should be the average of flexibilities 1
Branson combines stiffnesses. Bischoff combines flexibilities.

115 116
64 104
Effective Moment of Inertia

ACI 318-19
• Table 24.2.3.5 ~ Inverse of Bischoff Eqn.
𝐼 Changes to the Concrete
𝑀 2⁄3 𝑀 , 𝐼
2⁄3 𝑀 𝐼 Design Standard
1 1
𝑀 𝐼
Sectional Strength
𝑀 2⁄3 𝑀 , 𝐼 𝐼
• 2/3 factor added to account for:
– restraint that reduces effective cracking moment
– reduced concrete tensile strength during
construction
• Prestressed concrete
117 118
104 244
ACI 318-19 Design limits

ACI 318M-14ACI 318-19

Design Standard
Strain Limits and
Design Moment
Strength
t ≥ 0.005
t ≥ (ty + 0.003)
119 120
245 248
Design limits Design limits

ACI 318-19
ACI 318-19 Provisions 7.3.3.1, fy

8.3.3.1, and 9.3.3.1 require  ty 
slabs and beams be tension Es
controlled
Reinforcement ratio, tcl
f’c = 28 MPa f’c = 70 MPa

t ≥ (ty + 0.003)
GR 420 t ≥ 0.0051 1.79% 3.42%
fy GR 550 t ≥ 0.00575 1.24% 2.37%
 ty 
Es GR 690 t ≥ 0.0065 0.92% 1.75%
121 122
249 246
Design limits Design limits

ACI 318-14
GR 420 GR 690
As,tcl = 3866 mm2 As,tcl = 1987 mm2
Mn,tcl = 738 kNm Mn,tcl = 649 kNm
Reinforcement ratio, tcl
Grade f’c = 28 MPa f’c = 70 MPa

400 x 600 mm beam 420 1.79% 3.42%
d = 540 mm 550 1.24% 2.37%
f’c = 28 MPa 690 0.92% 1.75%
123 124
247 282
Design limits
ACI 318-19 ACI 318-19
Design Standard
Shear Modifications
125 126
283 284
Shear equations change Why shear equations changed in 318-19
• One-way beam/slab shear – provision 22.5 • Reasons for

– Size effect changes
– Reinforcement ratio – Evidence shows
• Size effect
• Two-way slab shear – provision 22.6
• Low w effect
– Size effect
– Reinforcement ratio
• More prevalent
– Deeper beams
– Deep transfer slabs
127 128
285 286
Other shear changes

ACI 318-19
• Wall shear equations
– Chapter 11 now similar to Chapter 18
• Shear leg spacing Design Standard
– Section spacing requirements One-way Shear
• Biaxial shear Equations
– Engineer must consider
• Hanger reinforcement
– Commentary suggestion
129 130
288 N
Why one-way shear equations changed in 318-19

d = 250 mm
Vc  0.17 f c' bw d
Av  Av ,min
Vtest/Vn = 1
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Depth, d (mm)
Figure: Strength Ratio (Vtest/Vn) that was calculated by 318M-14 Simplified Collins, et al., Concrete International, November 2015
131 132
290 291
Why one-way shear equations changed in 318-19 Why one-way shear equations changed in 318-19
0.0018 – min. slab w d = 250 mm
Vc  0.17 f c' bw d
Av  Av ,min
Av  Av ,min
Vtest/Vn = 1
Vtest/Vn = 1
0 250 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Depth, d (mm)
Figure: Strength Ratio (Vtest/Vn) that was calculated by the Simplified Method of ACI318-19 including size effect Figure: Strength Ratio (Vtest/Vn) that was calculated by the Simplified Method of ACI 318M-14
133 134
296 299
ACI 318-19 New one-way shear equations
Table 22.5.5.1 - Vc for nonprestressed members Size effect – what is s? 2
 s   1 .0
Criteria Vc 1  0 .0 0 4 d
𝑁 1.2
0.17𝜆 𝑓′ 𝑏 𝑑 (a)
Either 6𝐴 1
Av ≥ Av,min
of: ⁄ 𝑁 0.8
0.66𝜆 𝜌𝑤 𝑓′ 𝑏 𝑑 (b)
6𝐴
λs
0.6
⁄ 𝑁 0.4
Av < Av,min 0.66𝜆 𝜆 𝜌𝑤 𝑓′ 𝑏 𝑑 (c)
6𝐴 0.2
0
Notes:
00 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000
12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120
1. Axial load, Nu, is positive for compression and negative for tension
2. Vc shall not be taken less than zero. Depth in mm
Depth in inches
135 136
N 300
ACI 318-19 New one-way shear equations
Table 22.5.5.1 - Vc for nonprestressed members Other limitations for Table 22.5.5.1
Criteria Vc
• Provision 22.5.5.1.1:
𝑁
0.17𝜆 𝑓′ 𝑏 𝑑 (a) – Limits the maximum value of Vc
Either 6𝐴
Av ≥ Av,min Vc  0.42 f c' bw d
of: ⁄ 𝑁
0.66𝜆 𝜌𝑤 𝑓′ 𝑏 𝑑 (b)
6𝐴 • Provision 22.5.5.1.2:
– Limits the maximum value of the Nu/6Ag term
⁄ 𝑁
Av < Av,min 0.66𝜆 𝜆 𝜌𝑤 𝑓′ 𝑏 𝑑 (c) Nu
6𝐴  0.05 f c'
6 Ag
Notes:
1. Axial load, Nu, is positive for compression and negative for tension
2. Vc shall not be taken less than zero.
137 138
N 301
RC Beams without shear reinforcement 9.6.3.1 - Minimum shear reinforcement
ACI 318‐14 ACI 318‐19
• ACI 318-14
/ 𝑁
𝑉 2𝜆 𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 𝑉 8𝜆 𝜆𝜌 𝑓
6𝐴
𝑏 𝑑 – Av,min required if Vu > 0.5 Vc
3.0 3.0
Satisfies ACI 318
2.5 criteria 2.5
• ACI 318-19
Does not satisfy
Vtest/Vn
Vtest/Vn
2.0 ACI 318 criteria 2.0
1.5 1.5
1.0 1.0 – Av,min required if Vu > λf’c bwd
0.5 0.5
0.0 0.0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Depth, mm Depth, mm • Exceptions in Table 9.6.3.1
Kuchma et al., ACI Str. J., July 2019
139 140
302 N
22.5.6.2.3—Prestressed members: Key points in application of new equations
• Only applicable to non-prestressed

members.
• Minimal effect for members having Av,min.
• For members without Av,min, the more
complicated equation is required.
• For foundation elements, the size effect
term can always be taken as s = 1.0.
141 142
303 304
Examples: SP-17(14) 5.7 One-way slab Example 1 Examples: SP-17(14) 5.7 One-way slab Example 1
• Span = 4.3 m
• SP-17(14) One-way shear calc ACIM 318-14
• Live load = 490 kg/m2
• Slab = 175 mm thick
• f’c = 35 MPa Vc  0.17 f c' bd
• No. 16 bars at 300 mm Vc  (0.75)(0.17)(1) 28
35 MPa
MPa (1000 mm)(150 mm)
• d ~ 150 mm
Vc  101.2
113 kNkN  35.0 kN  OK
• b = 300 mm
• Av = 0 mm2
• As = 632 mm2/ft
• Vu= 35 kN/m
143 144
305 309
Examples: SP-17(14) 5.7 One-way slab Example 1

Examples: SP-17(14) 11.6 Foundation Example 1
• ℓ = 3.6 m
• SP-17(14) One-way shear calc ACI 318-19
• h = 750 mm
• Av ≤ Av,min, therefore use Eq. 22.5.5.1(c)
• d ~ 650 mm 500 mm x 500 mm
1 • f’c = 28 MPa 150 mm basement slab

Vc  0.66 s ( w ) 3
f c' bd
• 13-No. 25 bars
900 mm 0 in.
653
3 ft –
w   0.0044  low  w • b = 3.6 m
(1000)(150) • Av = 0 mm2
1 • As = 6630 mm2
Vc  (0.75)(0.66)(1)(1)  0.0044  3
28(1000)(150)
35 1000 150
• Analysis Vu= 1028 kN
Vc  64.4
72 kNkN  35 kN  OK
145 146
310 311
Examples: SP-17(14) 11.6 Foundation Example 1 Examples: SP-17(14) 11.6 Foundation Example 1
• SP-17(14) One-way shear calc ACI 318-19
• SP-17(14) One-way shear calc ACI 318M-14 • Av ≤ Av,min, Eq. 22.5.5.1(c)
• Per ACI 318-19 (13.2.6.2), neglect size effect
for:
Vc  0.17 f c' bd
– One-way shallow foundations
Vc  (0.75)(0.17)(1) 28 MPa (3600 mm)(650 mm) – Two-way isolated footings
– Two-way combined and mat foundations
Vc  1579 kN  1028 kN  OK
1
Vc  0.66 ( w ) 3
f c' bd
147 148
312 104
Examples: SP-17(14) 11.6 Foundation Example 1

• SP-17(14) One-way shear calc ACI 318-19 ACI 318-19
• Av ≤ Av,min, Eq. 22.5.5.1(c) Changes to the Concrete
Design Standard
1
Vc  0.66 ( w ) 3
f c' bd
6630 mm 2 Circular Sections
w   0.0028
(3600 mm)(650 mm)
1
Vc  (0.75)(0.66)(1)  0.0028  3
28 MPa (3600 mm)(650 mm)
Vc  864 kN  1028 kN  NG No good
149 150
105 106
Variable definitions (22.5) Variable definitions (22.5)
• 22.5 One-way shear • 22.5.2.2 – calculation of Vc and Vs

– Interpretation for hollow circular sections – d = 0.8 x diameter
– bw = diameter (solid circles)
– bw = 2 x wall thickness (hollow circles)
t
d?
opening d = 0.8D
opening
ρw ?
bw ? ρw = As/bwd
bw = D bw = 2t
151 152
107 108
Variable definitions (22.5) Torsion for circular sections (R22.7.6.1.1)
• What about As? • Do ACI 318 torsion equations apply to

circular cross sections?
• Code Eqns are based on thin-tube theory
• Examples added to figure
(2/3)D
As
125
153 154
109 317
Circular Column Joints

ACI 318-19
• Based on equivalent
square column
– Aj for joint shear strength h = 0.89D Design Standard
(15.4.2)
– Width of transverse
Two-way Shear
beams required for joint Equations
to be considered
confined (15.2.8)
– Column width ≥ 20 db for
special moment frames
(18.8.2.3)
155 156
318 319
Why two-way shear provisions changed in 318-19 Two-way shear size effect
• Eqn. developed in 1963 for slabs with • Table 22.6.5.2 — vc for two-way members
t < 125 mm and  > 1% without shear reinforcement
• Two issues similar to one-way shear vc where
– Size effect 0.33 s  f c' (a)
Table 22.6.5.2 – Calculation of vc for two‐way shear
– Low ρ 2
 2 s  1
0.17  1    s  f c' (b) 1  0.004d
Least of (a), (b),
 
and (c):
 d
0.083  2  s   s  f c' (c)
 bo 
157 158
332 332
0 1
Two-way shear low effect Why two-way shear provisions changed in 318-19:
New two-way slab reinforcement limits
• D, L only, cracking ~0. 𝟏𝟕 𝒇𝒄 ; punching 8.6.1—Reinforcement limits
0. 𝟑𝟑 𝒇𝒄
• Aggregate interlock • As,min ≥ 0.0018Ag
• Low   bar yielding, ↑ rotation, ↑crack • If vuv  0.17 s  f c' on the critical section
size, allows sliding of reinforcement
• Punching loads < 0. 𝟑𝟑 𝒇𝒄 0.42vuvbslabbo
• Then As ,min 
 s f y
Source: Performance and design of punching –
shear reinforcing system, Ruiz et al, fib 2010
159 160
325 N
Coordination of Chap. 11 and 18 Wall Shear Eqs.

ACI 318-19
Changes to the Concrete • 318M-14 • 318M-19
– Chapter 11 – Chapter 11
Design Standard
𝐴 𝑓 𝑑
𝑉 0.17𝜆 𝑓 ℎ𝑑 𝑉 𝛼 𝜆 𝑓 𝜌𝑓 𝐴
Wall Shear Equations 𝑠
– Chapter 18 – Chapter 18
𝑉 𝛼 𝜆 𝑓 𝜌𝑓 𝐴 𝑉 𝛼 𝜆 𝑓 𝜌𝑓 𝐴
161 162
N N
Coordination of Chap. 11 and 18 Wall Shear Eqs. Coordination of Chap. 11 and 18 Wall Shear Eqs.
• 318-19 Eq. 11.5.4.3 and Eq. 18.10.4.1 • Maximum permissible shear

Vn   c  f  t f yt Acv
c
'
 – 318-14: 𝑽𝒏 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑 𝒇𝒄 𝑨𝒄𝒗 where typically 𝑨𝒄𝒗 𝟎. 𝟖ℓ𝒘 𝒉
– 318-19: 𝑽𝒏 0.67 𝒇𝒄 𝑨𝒄𝒗 where typically 𝑨𝒄𝒗 ℓ𝒘 𝒉
• Net result: Maximum permissible shear
essentially the same in Chapter 11 of ACI 318-
0.25
14 and ACI 318-19
0.17
163 164
330 331
ACI 318-19 Maximum spacing of legs of shear reinforcement

Design Standard
Spacing of Shear
Reinforcement
Source: Lubell et. al, “Shear Reinforcement Spacing in Wide Members, ACI Structural Journal 2009
165 166
333 N
2
Table 9.7.6.2.2—Maximum spacing of legs of Maximum spacing of legs of shear reinforcement
shear reinforcement
Example stirrup layout
Beam stirrup configuration with three
closed stirrups distributed across the beam
Maximum s, mm width
Nonprestressed beam Prestressed beam Single U‐stirrup (with 135‐degree hooks)
Required Vs across the net width of the beam, two
Across Along Across identical U‐stirrups (each with 135‐degree
Along length s maximum = d or d/2 nonprestressed, 3h/2 or 3h/4 prestressed
length length length hooks) distributed across the beam interior,
d/2 d 3h/4 3h/2 and a stirrup cap
 0.33 f c' bw d Lesser of:
600 mm s maximum = d or d/2 nonprestressed, 3h/2 or 3h/4 prestressed
d/4 d/2 3h/8 3h/4 Single U‐stirrup across the net width of the
 0.33 f c' bw d Lesser of beam, two smaller‐width U‐stirrups nested in
300 mm the beam interior, and a stirrup cap
s maximum = d or d/2 nonprestressed, 3h/2 or 3h/4 prestressed
167 168
334 335
ACI 318-19 Interaction of shear forces
• Biaxial shear
• Symmetrical RC circular sections
Design Standard – Vc equal about any axis
– Vu on 2 centroidal axes, Vu = resultant
Bi-directional Shear
vu  (vu , x ) 2  (vu , y ) 2
vu,y
vu,x
169 170
336
Interaction of shear forces Interaction of shear forces

• Approximately elliptical
• Biaxial shear interaction diagram.
Vexp(y)/Vpre(y)
1.5
• Rectangular RC sections • 22.5.1.10 Neglect interaction if

– Vc differs between axes vu,x/vn,x ≤ 0.5, or vu,y/vn,y ≤ 0.5 1
– Vu on 2 axes, Vc≠ resultant • 22.5.1.11 Design for interaction if 0.5

vu,x/vn,x > 0.5, and vu,y/vn,y > 0.5
0
vu,y 𝑣 , 𝑣 , 0 0.5 1 1.5
Vexp(x)/Vpre(x)
1.5
𝜙𝑣 , 𝜙𝑣 ,
vu,x
vu
171 172
339 341
ACI 318-19 Monolithic beam-to-beam joints: Hanger steel

Design Standard
Hanger
Reinforcement
173 174
340 250
Monolithic beam-to-beam joints: Hanger steel

ACI 318-19
• Commentary added: R9.7.6.2
• Hanger reinforcement
– Suggested where both the following are true: Design Standard
– Beam depth ≥ 0.5 girder depth
– Stress transmitted from beam to girder ≥ 0.25√f’c of Development Length
the beam
175 176
251 252
Development Length Development Length
• Deformed Bars and Deformed Wires in • Deformed Bars and Deformed Wires in
Tension Tension
– Simple modification to 318M-14 • Standard Hooks in Tension
– Accounts for Grade 550 and 690 • Headed Deformed Bars in Tension
• Standard Hooks and Headed Deformed

Bars
– Substantial changes from 318M-14
177 178
253 254
Development Length of Deformed Bars and Development Length of Deformed Bars and
Deformed Wires in Tension Deformed Wires in Tension
• Modification in
simplified
provisions of
25.4.2.3
• Ψg : new
modification
factor based on
grade of
0 140 280 420 550 700 830 970 1100 1250
0 140 280 420 550 700 830 970 1100 1250
fcalc (MPa)
reinforcement
fcalc (MPa)
Unconfined Test Results Confined Test Results
• Modification in
Table 25.4.2.3
ftest = reinforcement stress at the time of failure
fcalc = calculated stress by solving ACI 318M-14 Equation 25.4.2.3a
179 180
255 256
Development Length of Deformed Bars and Development Length of Deformed Bars and
Deformed Wires in Tension Deformed Wires in Tension
Table 25.4.2.5—Modification factors for development of deformed
bars and deformed wires in tension
• Modification in general development length Value of
equation 25.4.2.4(a) Modification factors
Modification factor Condition
Lightweight concrete
factor
0.75
Lightweight λ
 : Lightweight Normalweight concrete 1.0
  t : Casting position Grade 280 or Grade 420 1.0
  e : Epoxy
Reinforcement
f     Grade 550 1.15
d  
y t e s g  grade g
d s : Size Grade 690 1.3
 1.1 f '  cb  K tr   b g : Reinforcement grade Epoxy‐coated or zinc and epoxy dual‐coated reinforcement
 c
 d  with clear cover less than 3db or clear spacing less than 6db
1.5
  b  Epoxy[1] Epoxy‐coated or zinc and epoxy dual‐coated reinforcement for
e all other conditions
1.2
• Provision 25.4.2.2 Uncoated or zinc‐coated (galvanized) reinforcement 1.0
Ktr ≥ 0.5db for fy ≥ 550 MPa , if longitudinal bar Size s

No. 22 and larger bars 1.0
No. 19 and smaller bars and deformed wires 0.8
spacing < 150 mm More than 300 mm of fresh concrete placed below horizontal
1.3
Casting position[1] t reinforcement
Other 1.0
181 182
257 258
Example—Development Length of Deformed Example—Development Length of Deformed

Bars and Deformed Wires in Tension Bars and Deformed Wires in Tension
Check development length of No. 25 longitudinal
bar in a beam. Assume f’c = 28 MPa NWC, Grade 550 Substituting in Eq. 25.4.2.4a:
reinforcement, 50 mm cover and no epoxy coating. 550 1 1 1 1.15
  ℓ
1.1 1 28 2.5
25 1090 mm
 
f    
d   d
y t e s g
 1.1 f  cb  K tr   b
'
 = 1.0  c
 d  In comparison a similar bar with Grade 420 reinforcement;
e = 1.0   b 
420 1 1 1 1
s = 1.0 From Table 25.4.2.5 ℓ 25 722 mm
1.1 1 28 2.5
t = 1.0 Grade 280 or Grade 420 1.0
te = 1.0 < 1.7 g Grade 550 1.15
g = 1.15 Grade 690 1.3 Increase of ~ 50 percent in development length for Grade 550
confinement term (cb + Ktr)/db = 2.5 (using the upper limit)
183 184
259 260
Development Length of Deformed Bars and

Development Length
Deformed Wires in Tension
• Differences in higher grade steel for 28 MPa • Deformed Bars and Deformed Wires in
concrete Tension
• Standard Hooks in Tension
• Headed Deformed Bars in Tension
Grade g ℓd,Gr#/ℓd,Gr60
420 1.0 1.0

550 1.15 1.5
690 1.3 2.2
185 186
261 262
Development Length of Std. Hooks in Tension Development Length of Std. Hooks in Tension
0.24𝑓 𝜓 𝝍𝒄 𝝍𝒓
𝐴𝐶𝐼 318𝑀 14: ℓ 𝑑
• Failure Modes 𝜆 𝑓
No. 16
No. 19
No. 22 No. 16
No. 25 No. 19
No. 29 No. 25
No. 36 No. 22
No. 16 No. 36
No. 19 No. 16
No. 22 No. 19
No. 25
No. 25
No. 22
No. 29
No. 36
No. 36
Front Pullout Front Blowout Side splitting Side blowout Tail kickout
• Mostly, front and side failures 0 35 70 105 140

Concrete Compressive Strength (MPa)
0 35 70 105 140
Concrete Compressive Strength (MPa)
– Dominant front failure (pullout and blowout) Unconfined Test Results Confined Test Results
– Blowouts were more sudden in nature
fsu = stress at anchorage failure for the hooked bar
fs,ACI = stress predicted by the ACI development length equation
187 188
263 264
Table 25.4.3.2: Modification factors for development of hooked bars in
- 25.4.3.1—Development length of standard hooks in tension
tension is the greater of (a) through (c): Modification Condition Value of
factor factor
 f y  e r  o c  ACI 318S ‐ 14
For 90-degree hooks of No. 36 and smaller 0.8
(a)  dh    d 1.5  0.24 f y  e c  r 
 23 f '  b 318M-14 bars
 c   dh    db Confining (1) enclosed along ℓdh within ties or stirrups
  f c'  reinforcement, perpendicular to ℓdh at s ≤ 3db, or
(b) 8db   r (2) enclosed along the bar extension
beyond hook including the bend within ties
(c) 150 mm or stirrups perpendicular to ℓext at s ≤ 3db
Other 1.0
- Modification factors
318-19 For No.36 and smaller bars with 1.0
𝝍𝒓 : Confining reinforcement (redefined) Confining Ath ≥ 0.4Ahs or s ≥ 6db
𝝍𝒐 : Location (new) reinforcement,
Other 1.6
𝝍𝒄 : Concrete strength (new – used for cover in the past) r
189 190
265 266
25.4.3.3: • (1) Confining

• Confining reinforcement (Ath) reinforcement placed
shall consists of (a) or (b) parallel to the bar (Typical
in beam-column joint)
– (a) Ties or stirrups that enclose
the hook and satisfy 25.3.2 – Two or more ties or stirrups
parallel to ℓdh enclosing
Fig. R25.4.3.3a the hooks
– (b) Other reinf. that extends at – Evenly distributed with a
least 0.75ℓdh from the enclosed center-to-center spacing
hook in the direction of the bar in ≤ 8db
tension and in accordance with
(1) or (2) – within 15db of the
Fig. R25.4.3.3a
• parallel or perpendicular
centerline of the straight
(Fig. R25.4.3.3a and Fig. R25.4.3.3b) portion of the hooked bars
Fig. R25.4.3.3b
191 192
267 268
Table 25.4.3.2: Modification factors for development of hooked bars in
• (2) Confining tension
reinforcement placed Modification Condition Value of
factor factor
perpendicular to the
For No. 36 bar and smaller hooks with side 0.7
bar 318M-14 cover (normal to plane of hook) ≥ 65 mm
– Two or more ties or stirrups Cover and for 90-degree hook with cover on bar
perpendicular to ℓdh ψc extension beyond hook ≥ 50 mm
enclosing the hooks Other 1.0
318-19 For No.36 and smaller diameter hooked bars 1.0
– Evenly distributed with a Location, o (1) Terminating inside column core w/ side
center-to-center spacing cover normal to plane of hook ≥ 65 mm.,
≤ 8db Fig. R25.4.3.3b or
(2) with side cover normal to plane of hook ≥
6db
WWW.CONCRETE.ORG/ACI318 193 WWW.CONCRETE.ORG/ACI318

Other 1.25 194
193 194
269 270
Development Length of Std. Hooks in Tension Example—Development Length of Std Hook
Table 25.4.3.2: Modification factors for development of Check hooked bar anchorage of longitudinal beam
hooked bars in tension reinforcement, 3-No. 32 bars in a 500 x 500 mm exterior
column. Assume f’c = 28 MPa NWC, Grade 420
Modification Condition Value of factor reinforcement, 65 mm cover normal to plane of hook, and
no epoxy coating. Steel confinement is provided such that
factor
Ath = 0.4 Ahs.
Concrete For f’c < 42 MPa f’c/105 +0.6 𝑓 𝜓 𝝍𝒓 𝝍𝒐 𝝍𝒄
strength, c ℓ 𝑑𝟏.𝟓
For f’c ≥ 42 MPa 1.0  = 1.0 23𝜆 𝑓
e = 1.0
r = 1.0
o = 1.0
c = f’c/105 + 0.6 = 28/105 + 0.6 = 0.87
195 196
271 272
Example—Development Length of Std Hook Example—Development Length of Std Hook

Standard Hooked Bars; f'c = 28 MPa
Substituting in the equation:
700
420 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.87 . 600 𝑓𝜓 𝜓 𝜓 𝜓

ℓ 32 ℓ 𝑑 .
Development Length, ℓdh (mm)
23 1.0 28 500
23𝜆 𝑓
400
ℓdh = 543 mm > 500 mm No good 300
200
Standard Hooked Bars; f'c = 40 MPa
318‐14
700
In comparison to the equation in 318S-14:
100
318‐19
600
0
Developmet Length, ℓdh (mm)
e = 1.0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
500
0.24𝑓 𝜓 𝜓 𝜓 Bar Diameter, mm
ℓ 𝑑 c = 0.7 (65 mm side cover and 50 mm 400
𝜆 𝑓 back cover) 300
r = 1.0 200
0.24𝑓 𝜓 𝜓 𝜓 318‐14
ℓ 𝑑
100 318‐19
ℓdh(318S-14) = 427 mm < 500 mm OK 𝜆 𝑓 0

10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Bar diameter; mm
197 198
273 274
Development Length of Headed Deformed

Development Length
Bars in Tension
25.4.4.1 Use of a head to develop a deformed bar in
• Deformed Bars and Deformed Wires in tension shall be permitted if conditions (a) through (f)
Tension are satisfied:
• Standard Hooks in Tension (a)Bar shall conform to 20.2.1.6
(b)Bar fy shall not exceed 420 MPa
• Headed Deformed Bars in Tension
(b) Bar size shall not exceed No. 36
(c) Net bearing area of head Abrg shall be at least 4Ab
(d) Concrete shall be normalweight
(e) Clear cover for bar shall be at least 2db
(f) Center-to-center spacing between bars shall be at
least 3db
199 200
275 276
Development Length of Headed Deformed Development Length of Headed Deformed

Bars in Tension Bars in Tension
0.19𝑓 𝜓
ACI 318𝑀 14: ℓ 𝑑
𝑓 - 25.4.4.2: Development length ℓdt for headed
No. 16a
No. 16b
No. 16a deformed bars in tension shall be the longest of (a)
through (c):
No. 16b
No. 25a
No. 25a
No. 25b
No. 25b
No. 25c
No. 36a
No. 25c
ACI 318M - 14
𝑓𝜓 𝜓 𝜓 𝜓
No. 25d
No. 25d
No. 36a
No. 36b
No. 36c
No. 36b
(a) ℓ 𝑑 . 0.19𝑓 𝜓
ℓ 𝑑
No. 36c
31 𝑓
No. 16a
No. 16a
No. 16b
𝑓
No. 16b
No. 25a
No. 25a
(b) 8db
No. 25b
No. 25b
No. 25c
No. 36a
No. 25c
No. 25d
’
f c ≤ 40 MPa
No. 25d
No. 36a
No. 36a
No. 36b
No. 36b
(c) 150 mm
0 35 70 105 140 No. 36c
Concrete Compressive Strength, fcm (Mpa) 0 35 70 105 140

Concrete Compressive Strength, fcm (Mpa)
Unconfined Test Results Confined Test Results
- Modification factors
𝝍𝒑 : Parallel tie reinforcement
fsu = stress at anchorage failure for the headed bar
𝝍𝒐 : Location
fs,ACI = stress predicted by the ACI development length equation 𝝍𝒄 : Concrete strength
201 202
277 278
Development length of Headed Development Length of Headed Deformed

Deformed Bars in Tension Bars in Tension
Table 25.4.4.3—Modification factors for development of headed bars in • Parallel tie reinforcement (Att)
tension
– locate within 8db of the centerline of the headed bar
Modification Condition Value of factor toward the middle of the joint
factor
Parallel tie For No. 36 and smaller bars with Att ≥ 0.3Ahs or 1.0
reinforcement, s ≥ 6db
p Other 1.6
For headed bars 1.0
(1) Terminating inside column core w/ side
Location, o cover to bar ≥ 60 mm, or
(2) with side cover to bar ≥ 6db
Others 1.25
Concrete For f’c < 42 MPa f’c/105+0.6
strength, c For f’c ≥ 42 MPa 1.0
203 204
229 280
Example—Development Length of Headed Example—Development Length of Headed

Deformed Bars in Tension Deformed Bars in Tension
Check development length of No. 29 longitudinal bar Substituting in the equation :
in a beam. Assume f’c = 28 MPa NWC, Grade 420 420 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.87 .
reinforcement, 65 mm cover, and no epoxy coating. ℓ 29
31 1 28
Steel confinement is provided such that Att = 0.3 Ahs.
ℓdt = 348 mm
𝑓𝜓 𝜓 𝜓 𝜓 .
e = 1.0 ℓ 𝑑 In comparison to the equation in 318M-14:
31 𝑓 0.19 1.0 420
p = 1.0 ℓ 29
o = 1.0 28
c = f’c/105 + 0.6 = 28/105 +0.6 = 0.87 ℓdt(318S-14) = 437 mm

• Decrease in development length of headed bars in tension
as per 318-19 in this example
– No. 36 and smaller bars with Att 0.3Ats
– bars terminating inside column core with side cover to bar ≥ 65 mm
205 206
281 65
Example—Development Length of Headed

Deformed Bars in Tension
900
Headed bars, f'c = 28 MPa , Unconfined
ACI 318-19
𝑓𝜓 𝜓 𝜓 𝜓
800
Developmet Length, ℓdt (mm)
.
ℓ 𝑑
318‐14
700
600
318‐19
31 𝑓
Design Standard
500
400
300 0.19𝑓 𝜓
200 ℓ 𝑑
100 𝑓
0
10 15 20 25
Bar diameter; mm
30 35 40
600
Headed bars, f'c = 70 MPa, confined
One-Way Slabs
Headed Bars, f'c = 28 Mpa, Confined
600 500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200 318‐14
318‐14
100 318‐19
100 318‐19
0 0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Bar diameter; mm Bar diameter; mm
207 208
66 67
Structural Integrity Reinforcement Structural Integrity Reinforcement
Structural integrity provisions have been • 7.7.7 Structural integrity reinforcement in

added cast-in-place one-way slabs
• To improve structural integrity – 7.7.7.1 Longitudinal reinf. consists of at least ¼ of
– To ensure that failure of a portion of a slab does max. positive moment to be continuous
not lead to disproportional collapse 1/4 M+ continuous
• To be similar to that for beams
– bring one-way cast-in-place slab structural
integrity in line with beam structural integrity Beam
provisions
209 210
68 69
Structural Integrity Reinforcement Structural Integrity Reinforcement
– 7.7.7.2 Longitudinal reinf. at noncontinuous – 7.7.7.3 Splices

supports to be anchored to develop fy at the • Splice near supports
face of the support • mechanical or welded in accordance with 25.5.2 or
25.5.7
• or Class B tension lap splices in accordance with 25.5.2
Beam
Beam
Splice
211 212
70 71
Minimum Flexural Reinforcement in

Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement
Nonprestressed Slabs – One way
7.6.4.1 → 24.4 Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement 7.6.1.1:
24.4.3.2 : Ratio of deformed shrinkage and temperature • 318M-14: As,min as per Table 7.6.1.1
reinforcement area to gross concrete area
• 318M-14: as per Table 24.4.3.2
• 318-19: Ratio ≥ 0.0018

• 318-19: As,min = 0.0018Ag
213 214
72 73
The Direct Design Method and The Equivalent

ACI 318-19 Frame Method
– Removed: The direct design method (8.10) and the
Changes to the Concrete equivalent frame method (8.11)
Design Standard – Provisions in 318M-14
– 8.2.1 … The direct design method or the equivalent

Two-Way Slabs frame method is permitted.
– 6.2.4.1 Two-way slabs shall be permitted to be

analyzed for gravity loads in accordance with (a) or
(b):
(a) Direct design method for nonprestressed slabs
(b) Equivalent frame method for nonprestressed and
prestressed slabs
215 216
74 75
Opening in Slab Systems

Shearheads
Without Beams
ACI 318M -14: 8.5.4.2(d)
• Removed Shearhead • within a column strip or closer
provisions in 318M-14 than 10h from a concentrated
load or reaction area satisfy
– 8.4.4.1.3 Slabs – 22.6.4.3 for slabs without shearheads
reinforced with – or 22.6.9.9 for slabs with shearheads
shearheads shall be
evaluated for two-way • 22.6.4.3: Reduced perimeter of
critical section (bo)
shear at critical sections – Fig. R22.6.4.3
in accordance with Fig. R22.6.4.3—Effect of openings
22.6.9.8. • 22.6.9.9: Reduction to bo is ½ of and free edges (effective perimeter
that given in 22.6.4.3 shown with dashed lines)
Note: Openings shown are located
within 10h of the column periphery
217 218
76 77
Opening in Slab Systems Minimum Flexural Reinforcement in

Without Beams Nonprestressed Slabs – Two way
ACI 318 -19: 8.5.4.2(d) 8.6.1.1
• closer than 4h from the • 318M-14 : As,min as per Table 8.6.1.1.
periphery of a column,
concentrated load or
reaction area satisfying
22.6.4.3
• 22.6.4.3: Reduced perimeter

of critical section (bo) • 318-19: As,min of 0.0018Ag, or as defined in
Fig. R22.6.4.3—Effect of openings and
– Fig. R22.6.4.3 8.6.1.2 (discussed under two-way shear)
free edges (effective perimeter shown
with dashed lines).
219 220
78 79
Reinforcement Extensions for Slabs without Punching shear failure - Podium Slab
Beams
Top steel (34 No. 29 bars)
50% to 0.2L (2400 mm)
ACI 318M-14: 8.7.4.1.3 - 50% to 0.2L (1600 mm)

Column strip top bars
35 mm
• Extend to at least 0.3ℓn

600 mm
• May not be sufficient

for thick slabs
– may not intercept
critical punching shear
crack
– Reduce punching shear
strength Punching shear cracks in slabs
300x1100 column
with reinforcement extensions (reinforcement not shown for clarity)
• The failure crack did not intercept the top reinforcement.
221 222
80 81
Reinforcement Extensions for Two-Way Slabs Reinforcement Extensions for Two-Way Slabs
without Beams without Beams
ACI 318-19: 8.7.4.1.3 - d
Column strip top bars
• Extend to at least
0.3ℓn but, not less
150 mm
than 5d d
Fig. R8.7.4.1.3 ‐ Punching shear cracks in ordinary
and thick slabs
223 224
82 83
ACI 318-19 Residential P-T Slabs (1.4.6)
• Past confusion about P-T slab foundation

Changes to the Concrete design on expansive soils
Design Standard – Intent was for residential, but not mentioned with
residential design provisions
Post-tensioning • Commentary clarifies use of PTI DC10.5-12
for P-T residential slabs and foundations on
expansive soils
225 226
84 85
Residential P-T Slabs (1.4.6) Max. Spacing of Deformed Reinf. (7.7.2.3)
• Coordinates with 2015 IBC requirements • Class C (Cracked) and T (Transition) one-
• Adds reference to ACI 360 if not on way slabs with unbonded tendons rely on
expansive soil bonded reinforcement for crack control
• Previously no limits for spacing of deformed
reinforcement for Class C and T prestressed
slabs
• Industry feedback provided
227 228
86 87
P-T Anchorage Zone Reinforcement

Max. Spacing of Deformed Reinf. (7.7.2.3)
(25.9.4.4.6)
• New limit is s ≤ 3h and 450 mm • Referenced from slab and beam chapters
• Same as non-prestressed slabs • Applies for groups of 6 or more anchors in thick
slabs
• Anchorage zone requires backup bars for
bearing and hairpins for bursting
Unbonded P-T Deformed • Hairpins must be anchored at the corners
reinforcement
Hairpins
Slab Section s ≤ 3h and 450 mm

Backup bars
Anchor bars
229 230
88 89
P-T Anchorage Zone Reinforcement

(25.9.4.4.6)
• Thin slabs ≤ 200 mm → Anchor bars serve as

backup bars
• Thick slabs > 200 mm → Both backup bars

and anchor bars required
Hairpins
Backup bars
Anchor bars
231 232
90 91
233 234
92 93
Design of Formwork for P-T (26.11.1.2 (5) and (6))
• Members may move when P-T strand is

stressed
• Movement may redistribute loads
• Added requirement to allow for movement
during tensioning
• Added requirement to consider
redistribution of loads on formwork from
tensioning of the prestressing reinforcement
235 236
94 95
ACI 318-19 Precast/Prestressed Concrete
• Confinement for
Changes to the Concrete column/pedestal
Design Standard tops
• Connection forces
Precast/Prestressed • Construction
document
requirement
•  at ends of precast
members
237 238
96 97
Confinement Confinement
• 10.7.6.1.5: confinement required at tops of • 10.7.6.1.6: extends confinement

columns/pedestals requirement to precast columns/pedestals
• Assists in load transfer
• Not a new provision Anchor Future precast
bolts member
125 mm Mechanical 125 mm
coupler
Two No. 13 or
Three No. 10 ties Two No. 13 or
Three No. 10 ties
239 240
98 99
Volume Change in Precast Connections Volume Change in Precast Connections
• Volume change • Load magnitude?

– Creep • Load factor?
– Shrinkage • Past guidance for
– Temperature brackets and corbels
• May induce connection reactions if restrained – Use Nuc ≥ 0.2Vu as
restraint force
– Use a 1.6 load factor
• Approach was often
to design around
forces
241 242
100 101
Volume Change and Connections Brackets and Corbels
318-19 changes (16.2.2.3) • 26.6.4.1(a) Details for welding of anchor

• Nuc = factored restraint force, bars at the front face of brackets or corbels
shall be (a) or (b) designed by the licensed design
– (a) restraint force x LL factor (no
bearing pad) professional in accordance with 16.5.6.3(a).
– (b) 1.6 x 0.2(sustained unfactored
vertical load) for connections on
bearing pads
• Nuc,max ≤ connection capacity x
LL factor
• Nuc,max ≤ 1.6 x μ x (sustained
unfactored vertical load) if μ is
known, (See 16.2.2.4) Fig. R16.5.6.3b Fig. R16.5.1b
243 244
102 103
Strength Reduction Factor Strength Reduction Factor
Near end of Near end of

precast member precast member
• Linear • Similar for
interpolation debonded
of  strand
•  p depends
on state of
stress
245 246
110 111
ACI 318-19 Scope of walls
• Change in scope
Changes to the Concrete 11.1.4 - Design of cantilever retaining walls shall be
Design Standard in accordance with Chapter 13 (Foundations)
Walls
247 248
112 113
Scope of walls 11.7.2.3 Bar placement
• Added scope • If wall thickness h > 250 mm

11.1.6 - CIP walls with insulated forms shall be • Two layers of bars near each face
permitted by this code for use in one or two-story • Exception, single story basement walls
buildings
• Design according to Chapter 11 • 318M-14
• Guidance – ACI 560R and PCA 100-2017 • ½ to 2/3 of reinf. placed near exterior face
• Unique construction issues • Balance of reinf. placed near interior face
• Confusion with exterior and interior

– Face versus wall location
• ½ to 2/3 was arbitrary
Photo courtesy Larry Novak
249 250
114 115
14.6 Plain concrete

At windows, door openings, and similarly sized
ACI 318-19
openings Changes to the Concrete
• At least two No. 16 bars (similar to walls Design Standard
11.7.5.1)
• Extend 600 mm beyond or to develop fy Foundations
2‐No. 16 bars
≥ 600 mm
251 252
116 117
Ch. 13 – Foundations – significant changes Foundations and 318

• Added design provisions • ACI 318-71 (318M-89) to
ACI 318M -11 (Ch. 15)
– Cantilever retaining walls
• Shallow footings, pile caps
– Deep foundation design
• ACI 318M-14 (Ch. 13)
• Other
– Minimum concrete strengths for shallow and deep
foundations
– Cover
253 254
118 119
Foundations and 318 Cantilever retaining walls

• ACI 318-71 (318M-89) to
ACI 318M-11 (Ch. 15) It’s a slab
(2019)
• Shallow footings, pile caps It’s a wall
(2014)
• ACI 318M-14 (Ch. 13)
• ACI 318-19 (Ch. 13)

• Shallow footings, pile caps,
deep foundations, and walls
of cantilevered retaining
walls
255 256
120 121
13.3.6.1—Cantilever stem walls 13.3.6.2—Cantilever stem wall with counterfort

• Design as two-way slab (Ch. 8)
• Design as one-way slab (Ch. 7)
257 258
122 123
Maximum bar spacing in stem wall Minimum reinforcement in stem wall
Wall Slab ACI 318M‐14 ACI 318‐19

Maximum Design as
Design as Maximum Minimum Design as
Stem wall bar one‐way
wall bar spacing Minimum Design as reinforcement one‐way
reinforcement spacing slab
(2014) (2019) reinforcement, ρ wall As,min slab
(2014) (2019)
Longitudinal
Lesser of: ≤ No. 16
bars
ρℓ = 0.0012 As,min = 0.0018 Ag
Long. (Wall) or 3h, or 7.7.2.2 11.6.1 7.6.1.1
11.7.2.1 > No. 16
Flexural (Slab) 450 mm (24.3) s Transverse ρℓ = 0.0015
bars
≤ No. 16
ρt = 0.0020 AS+T = 0.0018 Ag 7.6.4.1
11.6.2
Trans. (Wall) or 3h, or 5h, or > No. 16 (24.4)
11.7.3.1 7.7.6.2.1 ρt = 0.0025
S & T (Slab) 450 mm 450 mm
259 260
124 125
1.4.7— Scope changes – deep foundations Deep Foundations (13.4)

• Scope: This code does not govern design and
installation of portions of concrete pile, drilled piers,
• 13.4.1 General
and caissons embedded in ground, except as
provided in (a) through (c) • 13.4.2 Allowable axial strength
• 13.4.3 Strength design
• (a) For portions in air or water, or in soil incapable of providing
adequate lateral restraint to prevent buckling throughout • 13.4.4 Cast-in-place deep foundations
their length • 13.4.5 Precast concrete piles
• (b) For precast concrete piles supporting structures assigned • 13.4.6 Pile caps
to SDC A and B
• (c) For deep foundation elements supporting structures

assigned to SDC C, D, E, and F (SDC C is added to scope)
261 262
126 127
Pre- ACI 318-19 – design of deep

Deep foundation – combine IBC & ASCE 7
foundations
• ACI 318 – 19 – • ACI 543 - Piles (diam. < 750 mm)
IBC
– combined IBC 2015, ASCE 7-10, ASCE 7
2015 • ACI 336.3 - Design of drilled
piers (diam. ≥ 750 mm)
and ACI 318M-14 with regards to ACI
318M‐
Not code language
design of deep foundations for
14
documents
earthquake resistant structures
Also used deep footing provisions
ACI 318 - 19
(SDC C, D, E, and F) from:
Allowable axial
strength/stress
capacities IBC and ASCE/SEI 7
263 264
128 129
Design of deep foundation members-

Allowable axial strength method (13.4.2)
compressive axial force (13.4.1)
13.4.2.1 It shall be permitted to design a deep foundation
• Design axial strength of member using load combinations for allowable stress
members in accordance to design in ASCE / SEI 7, Section 2.4, and the allowable
two methods: strength specified in Table 13.4.2.1 if (a) and (b) are
– Allowable Axial Strength Design satisfied
(13.4.2) (a)Deep foundation is laterally supported for its entire
– Strength Design (13.4.3) height
(b)Applied forces causing bending moments less than
moment due to an accidental eccentricity of 5
percent of the pile diameter or width.
Photos courtesy Larry Novak
265 266
130 131
13.4.2 deep foundation design Confinement of metal casing (13.4.2.3):

Diam ≤ 400 mm
• not used to resist axial load

• sealed tip and mandrel-driven
• seamless or welded seamless
Physical properties Metal

casing
• wall thickness ≥ 14 gage (1.7 mm)
• fy ≥ 210 MPa (2100 kg/cm2)
• fy ≥ 6 f’c , and
• nominal diameter ≤ 400 mm Sealed
tip
267 268
132 133
Deep foundations – strength design (13.4.3) Strength design (13.4.3) – axial force, no moment
Pu Nominal axial compressive strength; Pn Pu
• Method may be used any time Mu≥ 0 Mu= 0
𝝓 Pn,max ≥ Pu
• Method must be used when pile Maximum axial strength
does not meet criteria for - For deep foundations members with ties
allowable axial strength design conforming to Ch. 13 (new in Table
– Soils do not provide lateral support 22.4.2.1)
– Moment is not negligible Pn,max = 0.80 Po
• Use Section 10.5 (columns) Where:

– 𝝓 Pn ≥ Pu Po = nominal axial strength at zero
– 𝝓 Mn ≥ Mu eccentricity
– Combined Pn and Mn calculated by Po = 0.85f’c(Ag – Ast) + fyAst
22.4
269 270
134 135
Strength design (13.4.3) – axial force, no moment Deep foundations

• Reduction factor – Table 13.4.3.2 Pu Mu= 0
13.4.4.1 CIP deep
foundations that are subject
to (a) uplift or (b) Mu > 0.4Mcr Confined for ductility
shall be reinforced, unless
enclosed by a steel pipe or
tube
0.55 to Reinforced for flexure
0.70
Reinforced for tension
Unreinforced
271 272
136 137
Table 19.2.1.1 –
Concrete cover – deep foundations
Additional minimum strength, f’c Steel pipe
Min. f’c
Shallow foundations (MPa) Table 20.5.1.3.4
Foundations in SDC A, B, or C 17
Foundation for Residential and Utility …. 2 stories or less
17
….stud bearing construction …… SDC D, E, or F
Foundation for Residential and Utility …. More than 2
21
stories….stud bearing construction …… SDC D, E, or F
Deep foundations 75 mm 40 mm
Drilled shafts or piers 28 Cast‐in‐place against Cast‐in‐place enclosed

ground by steel pipe,
Precast nonprestressed driven piles 28
permanent casing, or
Precast prestressed driven piers 35 stable rock socket
273 274
138 174
Concrete cover – deep foundations

ACI 318-19
Table 20.5.1.3.4
Design Standard
Seismic Design
Philosophy
40 mm precast nonprestressed 60 mm precast nonprestressed

and precast prestressed 50 mm precast prestressed
In contact with ground Exposed to seawater

275 276
175 N
Seismic Seismic – Ω, Cd, and R Factors (ASCE 7)

Lateral
• Both concrete and

seismic
force, V E
reinforcement are 𝑉
permitted to
respond in the Idealized elastic
response of
structure
inelastic range 𝑉
Ω
Fully yielded strength (b) Sequence of plastic hinge
𝑅 ⁄𝐼 formation (Degenkolb)
• This is consistent Successive yield
hinges
with the strength

Member
𝑉 overstrength
of first hinge Design force level
𝑅 ⁄𝐼
design approach Lateral drift, 
Δ C Δ
adopted throughout
the Code (a) Relationship between base‐
shear and roof drift (ASCE 7)
277 278
177 178
Seismic – Parameters Seismic

Parameter in ASCE 7-16 Example
Table 12.2-1 • Controlled inelastic action is permitted at pre-
Seismic Force Resisting
Special reinforced determined locations, called plastic hinges
concrete shear walls
System
(building frame system) • Typical plastic hinge locations are at the ends
ASCE 7 Section Where
ASCE 7 Section 14.2 of beams in moment frames, and at the bases
Detailing Requirements Are
Specified
“Concrete” of shear walls
Response Modification
6
Coefficient, R
Overstrength Factor, Ω0 2.5
Deflection Amplification
5
Factor, Cd
SDC B No limit
Structural System SDC C No limit
Limitations, Including SDC D 160 ft
Structural Height Limits SDC E 160 ft
SDC F 100 ft
WWW.CONCRETE.ORG/ACI318 279
2 WWW.CONCRETE.ORG/ACI318 280
279 280
179 180
Seismic
• Prescriptive rules for
ACI 318-19
detailing of Changes to the Concrete
reinforcement are
enforced, creating Design Standard
robust plastic hinges Special and
• Plastic hinging Intermediate
reduces the stiffness Moment Frames
of the structure,
which lengthens the
period; and plastic
hinges dissipate
earthquake energy
281 282
181 182
18.6.3.1 and 18.8.2.3—Special moment frame

18.6.4.4—Special moment frame beams
beams (and joints)
• Longitudinal Reinforcement • Transverse reinforcement

hc/20 (Gr 420) d/4
@ interior joints, 𝑑 hc
hc/26 (Gr 550) s≤ 150 mm
6db (Gr 420), 5db (Gr 550)
0.025𝑏 𝑑 (Gr 420)
hc 𝐴 or 𝐴 max a)
𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝒃𝒘 𝒅 (Gr 550) 𝑠 𝑑/2 d/4
50 𝑚𝑚 s ≤ 100 mm
b)
2ℎ
𝑀 c)
𝑀 min 2 bars continuous
hb
hb
𝑀 Hoops Hoops @ lap splice

𝑀 𝑀 Stirrups with seismic hooks
𝑀 2 along 2hb
2
max 𝑀 at either joint
𝑀 𝑜𝑟 𝑀 at any section
4
283 284
243 186
Ch. 26 – Tolerances for seismic hoops 18.7.5.3 and 18.7.5.5—Columns in special
26.6.2.1(c) moment frames
• First hoop at so/2 from the

joint face ℓ /6 clear span ℓo
u
ℓo ≥ [c1, c2]max
450 mm
so
6db,min (Gr 420), 5db,min (Gr 550)
s ≤
150 mm
s
6db,min (Gr 420), 5db,min (Gr 550) so ℓo

so ≤ ¼[c1, c2]min
4 , ≤ 150 mm; ≥ 100 mm
285 286
N 184
18.7.4.3—Bond splitting failure in columns of

18.7.2, 18.7.3—Columns of SMF
special moment frames
Moment
Diagram Strong Column/Weak Beam Mnc
Splitting can be • Column dimensional limits,
controlled by 18.7.2 Beam
ℓu ⁄2 restricting the – Smallest dimension ≥ 300 mm

– Short side/long side ≥ 0.4 Mnb Mnb
longitudinal bar
size to meet: • Flexural strength check, Column
18.7.3.2
– ∑Mnc ≥ (6/5)∑Mnb, Mnc
ℓu ⁄2 1.25ℓd ≤ ℓu/2 – Exception, 18.7.3.1
• Ignore check at top story where
𝑷𝒖 𝟎. 𝟏𝑨𝒈 𝒇𝒄
Sokoli and Ghannoum (2016)
287 288
183 188
18.4.3.3—Columns in intermediate moment

frames
• Hoops or spirals required
ACI 318-19
• First hoop at so/2 from the joint ℓo Changes to the Concrete
face Design Standard
ℓu /6 clear span
ℓo ≥ [c1, c2]max Special Structural
450 mm
Walls
so ℓ
oo
8db (Gr 420) and 200 mm
so ≤ 6db (Gr 550) and 150 mm
1/2[c1, c2]min
289 290
189
Mu
Ch. 18.10—Special structural wall δu
Wall longitudinal reinforcement fracture
Pu
Vu
• Reinforcement ratios at
ends of walls
• Cutoff of longitudinal
bars in special hw Special
boundary elements boundary
element
• Detailing in special
boundary elements
• Drift capacity check
• Shear demand ℓw
• Ductile coupled walls
Shear wall El Faro Building, Viña del Mar, Gallery Apartment: Christchurch, 2011
Chile, 1985 (Photo Credit: Des Bull)
291 292
Minimum boundary element reinforcement Test results

𝐴 𝑓 0.25 𝑓
𝜌 , MPa
ℓw Uncracked 𝑓
ℓ 0.15ℓ section
Cracked
section
𝜌 𝐴 𝑓
Design requirement:
𝑓 0.5 𝑓 Single major crack
𝜌 ≅ 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓 𝑓
Rick Henry, U. Auckland
293 294
197
18.10.2.4—Longitudinal reinforcement ratio

Test results
𝜌
0.5 𝑓 at ends of walls
, MPa
𝑓
Walls or wall piers with hw/ℓw ≥ 2.0 must satisfy:
a) Long. reinf. ratio within 0.15 ℓw and minimum

6 f c'

fy
b) Long. reinf. extends above and below critical
section the greater of ℓw and Mu/3Vu
c) Max. 50% of reinf. terminated at one section
Rick Henry, U. Auckland
295 296
190 191
18.10.2.3(a)—Longitudinal bar cutoffs 18.10.2.3(a)—Longitudinal bar cutoffs
• Previously, (a) Except at the top of ℓd

– tension (vertical boundary) reinforcement in a wall, longitudinal Floor
level
special structural walls to extend 0.8ℓw beyond reinforcement shall ≥ 3.6 m
the point at which it is no longer required to resist extend at least 3.6 m
flexure above the point at
which it is no longer Bars “a”
• Overly conservative required to resist
– This was an approximation of d flexure but need not
– Similar to beams which extend d, 12db and ℓn/16 extend more than ℓd Bars “a”
no longer
– Actual behavior is different above the next floor required
level. Floor
level
297 298
192
18.10.2.3(c)—Longitudinal bars 2010 Chile earthquake

• Lap splices not
permitted over hsx
above (6.0 m, max)
and ℓd below
critical sections
299 300
Wall boundary tests  = 0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
WWW.CONCRETE.ORG/ACI318 Arteta and Moehle, 2015 301 WWW.CONCRETE.ORG/ACI318 302
301 302
Insufficient detailing 18.10.6.4—Special Boundary Elements

1. Thin wall leaves even thinner confined • Single perimeter hoops with 90/135 or 135/135-
core. degree crossties show inadequate performance
2. Thin core prone to buckling out of plane.
3. Crossties don’t perform as well as intended
4. Wide spacing leaves too much of wall
unconfined
Cross section
303 304
211
Special boundary element detailing – slender walls 18.10.6.5(b)—If the maximum longitudinal  at
the wall boundary exceeds 400/fy
Table 18.10.6.5b—Maximum vertical spacing of transverse reinforcement at wall boundary
(smax = 300 mm) 𝐴 𝐴 𝑓
0.3 1 Grade of primary Transverse reinforcement Vertical spacing of transverse reinforcement1
𝑠𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 flexural reinforcing required
𝑓 bar (MPa)
0.09 Within the greater of ℓw and 6 db
𝑓 Mu/4Vu above and below Lesser of:
critical sections2 150 mm
Maximum permitted longitudinal 420 8 db
Other locations Lesser of:
ℓ 2𝑏 ℓ 2𝑏 spacing of hoops and crossties 200 mm
within special boundary elements Within the greater of ℓw and 5 db
Mu/4Vu above and below Lesser of:
Grade of primary Spacing critical sections2 150 mm
flexural 550 6 db
ACI 318‐19 Other locations Lesser of:
reinforcement 150 mm
60 (420) 6db, 150 mm Within the greater of ℓw and 4db
Mu/4Vu above and below Lesser of:
80 (550) 5db, 150 mm critical sections2 150 mm
690 6db
100 (690) 4db, 150 mm Other locations Lesser of:
150 mm
305 306
Wall deformation capacity 18.10.6.2—Displacement capacity check
(b) If special boundary elements are required,

then satisfy either (i) or (ii)
ℓ 𝑐
Segura and Wallace, 2018 (i) 𝑏
40
(ii) c/hwcs ≥ 1.5 u / hwcs , where

𝛿 1 1 ℓ 𝑐 𝑉
4 0.015
ℎ 100 50 𝑏 𝑏 0.66 𝑓 𝐴
Stability depends on and .
Abdulla and Wallace
307 308
203
Design for shear in slender walls (18.10.3) 18.10.4.4—Clarification of Acv

• Tests and analyses of building nonlinear response
Wall
10
Acv = gross area of concrete Acv wall = Acw1+Acw2+Acw3
9
section bounded by web
thickness and length of
8
Run 1
7
Run 2
1 2 3
section in the direction of
6
Level Run 3 Run 3
5
Run 2
shear force considered in the

4
3
case of walls, and gross area

Run 1
2 Acw2
1
0
0.0 5.0 kN 0 20 40 kN 0 20 40 kN‐m of concrete section in the Vertical wall segments
(a) Test structure (b) Lateral inertial force, kN
Eberhard and Sozen, J. Structural Engineering, 1993
(c) Shear, kN (d) Moment, kN‐m
case of diaphragms. Gross
• Design approach to avoid shear failure (ACI 318-19)
area is total area of the
𝑉 Ω 𝜔 𝑉 3𝑉 defined section minus area of
Ω ,
1.5, Mpr,CS based on 1.25fy. any openings.
,
𝑛 𝑛
𝜔 0.9 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 6; 1.3 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 6
10 30
309 310
212 213
18.10.9—Ductile Coupled Walls 18.10.9—Ductile Coupled Walls

Issues preventing ductile behavior ℓw ℓn ℓw
• Individual walls satisfy ℓw ℓn ℓw
• Inadequate quantity or – hwcs/ℓw ≥ 2
distribution of qualifying • All coupling beams must
coupling beams satisfy:
h h
• Presence of squat walls causes – ℓn/h ≥ 2 at all levels
the primary mechanism to be – ℓn/h ≤ 5 at a floor level in at
hwcs hwcs
shear and/or strut-and-tie least 90% of the levels of the
failure in walls building
• Coupling beams are – Development into adjacent
inadequately developed to wall segments, 1.25fy (18.10.2.5)
provide full energy dissipation
311 312
214 215
ACI 318-19 18.13.4—Foundation seismic ties
SDC C through F
Changes to the Concrete • Seismic ties or by other means
SDC D, E, or F, with Site Class E or F
Design Standard • Seismic ties required
Seismic Foundations Other means, 18.13.4.3

• Reinforced concrete beams within the slab-on-
ground
• Reinforced concrete slabs-on-ground
• Confinement by competent rock, hard cohesive
soils, or very dense granular soils
• Other means approved by the building official
313 314
216 217
18.13.4.3—Seismic ties 18.13.5—Deep foundations

Column
load
Minimum tensile and • (a) Uncased CIP concrete drilled or
compressive force in tie augered piles
• Load from pile cap or • (b) Metal cased concrete piles
column • (c) Concrete filled pipe piles
– Largest at either end Tie force
• (d) Precast concrete piles
• 0.1SDS x Column factored
dead and factored live
load
315 316
218 219
18.13.5.2—Deep foundations 18.13.5.3—Deep foundations

Pile cap
SDC C through F SDC C through F
• Resisting tension loads • Transverse and
 Continuous longitudinal longitudinal
reinforcement over full length to reinforcement to
resist design tension extend:
– Over entire unsupported
length in air, water, or
loose soil not laterally
supported
Source: Ground Developments
317 318
220 221
18.13.5.4 and 18.13.5.5—Deep foundations 18.13.5.6—Deep foundations

SDC C through F
• Hoops, spirals or ties • SDC D, E, or F
terminate in seismic – Piles, piers, or caissons and
hooks D
foundation ties supporting
one- and two-story stud
Soft bearing walls
SDC D, E, or F, with Site strata
– Exempt from transv. reinf. of
Class E or F 7D
18.3.5.3 through 18.3.5.5
• Transv. reinf. per column
req. within seven 7D
member diameter Hard
• ASCE 7, soil strata strata
319 320
222 223
18.13.5.7—Uncased cast-in place piles 18.13.5.7—Uncased cast-in place piles

Pile cap
SDC C Pile cap SDC D, E, and F with Site
Class A, B, C, and D
Closed ties or spirals
1/3 ℓpile
≥
•ℓbar ≥ 3m 1/2 ℓpile No. 10 (≤ 500 mm) or
Closed ties or
3dpile • ℓbar ≥ 3m No. 13 (> 500 mm);
spirals ≥ No.10
Distance to 0.4Mcr > Mu 3dpile 18.7.5.2
Distance to 0.4Mcr > Mu
•Transverse confinement zone •Transverse confinement zone
• 3 dpile from bottom of pile cap • 3 dpile from bottom of pile cap
ℓbar
ℓbar
s s
• s ≤ 150 mm; 8db long. bar • s of 18.7.5.3
dpile
• min ≥ 0.06 fc′/fyt dpile
•Extended trans. reinf.
• s ≤ 16db long. bar •Extended trans. reinf.
min ≥ 0.0025 min ≥ 0.005
12db long. bar
s≤ 0.5dpile
300 mm
ℓbar = minimum reinforced pile length ℓbar = minimum reinforced pile length
321 322
224 225
18.13.5.7—Uncased cast-in place piles 18.13.5.8—Metal cased concrete piles

Pile cap Pile cap
SDC D, E, and F with Site SDC C through F
Class E and F
≥
No. 10 (≤ 500 mm) or •Longitudinal same as
•ℓbar Full length of pile (some No. 13 (> 500 mm); uncased piles
exceptions) 18.7.5.2
•Metal casing replaces
•Transverse confinement zone transverse reinforcement in
uncased piles
ℓbar
ℓbar
• 7 dpile from bottom of pile cap s

• s of 18.7.5.3
• min ≥ 0.06 fc′/fyt dpile •Extend casing for ℓbar dpile
•Extended trans. reinf. min ≥ 0.005 t ≥ 14 gauge (1.7 mm)

12db long. bar
s≤ 0.5dpile
300 mm ℓbar = minimum reinforced pile length
323 324
226 227
18.13.5.9—Concrete-filled pipe piles 18.13.5.10—Precast nonprestressed piles

Pile cap
SDC C through F SDC C Pile cap
ℓpile cap
≥
•min ≥ 0.01 •ℓbar Full length of pile No. 10 (≤ 500 mm) or
2ℓpile cap ≥
No. 13 (> 500 mm);
ℓd
•ℓd,pile ≥ 2ℓpilecap •Transverse confinement zone 18.7.5.2
• 3 dpile from bottom of pile cap
ℓdt,bar • s ≤ 150 mm; 8db long. bar
ℓbar
s
•Extended trans. reinf.
dpile • s ≤ 150 mm dpile
Steel pipe min ≥ 0.01
325 326
228 229
18.13.5.10—Precast nonprestressed piles 18.13.5.10—Precast prestressed piles

SDC D, E, and F Pile cap SDC C through F Pile cap
≥
•Same as SDC C No. 10 (≤ 500 mm) or
•Satisfy 18.13.5.10.4 through
No. 13 (> 500 mm); 18.13.5.10.6
•Satisfy Table 18.13.5.7.1 for 18.7.5.2 •Minimum amount and
SDC D, E, and F spacing of transverse
reinforcement
ℓbar
ℓbar
s s
dpile dpile
min ≥ 0.01
327 328
230 231
18.13.6—Anchorage of piles, piers and 18.13.6—Anchorage of piles, piers and

caissons caissons
SDC C—F
Dowel
18.13.6.2 SDC C—F
ℓd compr.
ℓdt tension
• Tension loads: load path • Anchor dowel between piles and

pile cap
to piles, piers, or caissons
• Transfer to longitudinal
reinforcement in deep Source: Dailycivil
18.13.6.3 SDC D—F
foundation
• If tension forces and dowel post-
installed in precast pile
• Grouting system to develop min.
1.25 fy (shown by test) 1.25fy
Source:
Source: Stockqueries Gayle Johnson
329 330
232 438
21.2.4.3—ϕ, Foundation elements

ACI 318-19
SDC C—F
• For foundation elements supporting the
primary seismic-force-resisting system Design Standard
• ϕ for shear shall ≤ the least value of Design Verification
– ϕ for shear used for special column
Using Nonlinear
Dynamic Analysis
– ϕ for shear used for special wall
331 332
Appendix A. Design Verification Using

Building codes and guidelines
Nonlinear Response History Analysis
A.1 Notation and definitions
A.2 Scope
A.3 General
• How to use Appendix A in conjunction with ASCE 7‐16
and the other provisions of ACI 318.
333 334
Appendix A. Design Verification Using Appendix A. Design Verification Using

Nonlinear Response History Analysis Nonlinear Response History Analysis
A.1 Notation and definitions A.1 Notation and definitions
A.2 Scope A.2 Scope
A.3 General A.3 General
A.4 Earthquake ground motions A.4 Earthquake ground motions
A.5 Load factors and combinations A.5 Load factors and combinations
A.6 Modeling and analysis A.6 Modeling and analysis
A.7 Action classification and criticality A.7 Action classification and criticality
A.8 Effective stiffness A.8 Effective stiffness
A.9 Expected material strength A.9 Expected material strength
A.10 Acceptance criteria for deformation‐controlled actions
A.11 Expected strength for force‐controlled actions
A.12 Enhanced detailing requirements
A.13 Independent structural design review
335 336
371
Appendix A. Design Verification Using

Nonlinear Response History Analysis
ACI 318-19
Design Standard
Strut-and-Tie Method
337 338
372 373
Why strut-and-tie method? Strut and Tie Method
• Valuable tool where plane-sections

assumption of beam theory does not apply
• Truss analogy used to analyze concrete
structures
R 23.1 ‐ The idealized truss specified in 23.2.1, which forms the basis of the strut‐and‐
tie method, is not intended to apply to structural systems configured as actual trusses
because secondary effects, such as moments, are not included in the model.
339 340
374 376
Deletion of bottle-shaped strut R23.2.7 Angle between strut and tie

Bottle-shaped strut
• Concentrated load spreads out at a slope of 2:1 25° ≤  ≤ 65°
• Leads to splitting stress, which weakens strut
• Mitigate cracking
• This was used to explain why strut strength was less than
0.85fc’, but actual behavior in a shear span more • Compatibility
complicated.
• Bottle-shaped strut concept dropped in ACI 318-19
341 342
387
23.4 Strength of struts 23.4 Strength of struts

Strut coefficient, βs → Table 23.4.3
• 3 components
Strut location Strut type Criteria s
– Struts Tension members or
– Ties tension zones of
members
Any All cases 0.4 (a)
– Nodal zones Boundary

All cases 1.0 (b)
strut
Strut strength: Reinforcement satisfying (a)

or (b) of Table 23.5.1
0.75 (c)
All other cases
Interior
Fns = fce Acs + A’s f’s struts
𝑽𝒖 𝝓 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑 𝝀𝝀𝒔 𝒇𝒄 𝒃𝒘 𝒅 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 0.75 (d)
Beam‐column joints 0.75 (e)
and All other cases 0.4 (f)
fce = cs0.85f’c
343 344
395
23.5 Minimum distributed reinforcement 23.5 Minimum distributed reinforcement

Table 23.5.1—Minimum distributed
reinforcement Distributed reinforcement
Reinforcement Minimum distributed must satisfy:
configuration reinforcement ratio
Orthogonal grid
0.0025 in each
(a)*
(a) Spacing not greater than
direction
Reinforcement 300 mm
in one direction
0.0025/(sin2i)
crossing strut
(b)*
(b) 1 not less than 40
at angle i
degrees
*(a) is required for beams. Either (a) or (b) is
required for other struts, except no distributed
reinforcement is required where the strut is
restrained laterally by surrounding concrete.
345 346
395 379
23.2.11 Shear-friction reinforcement 23.2.8 Effect of Prestressing

1600
The shear friction requirements of 22.9

shall apply where it is appropriate to
consider shear transfer across any
12‐13 Strand
1140
given plane, such as an existing or 1187 mm2

1233 kN
110
potential crack, an interface between

1820 1820
dissimilar materials, or an interface

1600
between two concretes cast at

800 800
different times.
800
800
430 369 430

1233 kN 1233 kN
800 800
910 910 910 910
347 348
380
23.2.8 Effect of Prestressing in STM 23.7 Strength of ties
Tensile strength:
• Use as an external load
• Prestress force applied at end of strand • Fnt = Atsfy +Atpfp
transfer length • = 0.75 for all ties
• Load factors per 5.3.13 • Δfp = 420 MPa for bonded prestressed reinforcement
– LF of 1.2 if PT effects increase net force in struts or and 70 MPa for unbonded prestressed reinforcement
ties
– LF of 0.9 if PT reduce net force in struts or ties • Δfp,max = fpy - fse
349 350
384 385
23.8.2 Strength of ties 23.8.3 Development of Tie Forces

• Tie force is developed in
each direction at the point
where the centroid of the
reinforcement in the tie
leaves the extended nodal
zone.
• Removed requirement to
develop difference in tie
force within the extended
nodal zone.
351 352
401 N
23.10 Curved-bar Nodes 23.10 Curved-bar Nodes
(a)
Why curved nodes? Some examples
Nodal zones are often

too small to allow
development
A curved-bar node (b)

can simplify some
design problems
353 354
405 402
23.10 Curved-bar Nodes 23.10 Curved-bar Nodes

C-T-T
 < 180 degree bend T T1
Two issues that need to
2 Ats f y be addressed: Circumferential
C
rb  stress
b f ' 1. Slipping of bar

s c
Radial stress
2. Concrete crushing
but not less than half bend T C
diameter of Table 25.3 T2
355 356
412 413
23.11 Earthquake-resistant design using STM Earthquake-resistant design using STM
Distributor/Collector Compression strut Tension tie Seismic-force-resisting system assigned to

SDC D-F and designed with STM must satisfy:
Develop tension tie
beyond node Basement wall
1. Chapter 18
Wall Transfer
a b force e f 2. Strut forces are increased by overstrength
Opening factor Ωo = 2.5 or Ωo < 2.5 if based on
d c h g rational analysis
357 358
414 415
23.11 Earthquake-resistant design using STM 23.11 Earthquake-resistant design using STM
If condition 2 is not satisfied then the following 2. Two options for strut detailing,
Provisions 23.11.3 and 23.11.4:
must be addressed, Provisions 23.11.2 - 23.11.5
1. Provisions 23.11.2 and 23.11.5
Reduce strut and node effective
• Strut w/min. 4 bars
compressive strength, fce, of concrete by 0.8
• Transverse ties perpendicular to strut
fce = (0.8)(0.85 βcβs/n fc′) • Detailing of ties per Ch. 18 column
requirements and Ch. 23 Tables
23.11.3.2 and 23.11.3.3 Section A‐A
359 360
139
ACI 318-19 Chapter 17 – Anchoring to Concrete
• Reorganized
• New content/design
Design Standard information
Anchorage to – Screw anchors
Concrete – Caution about using
reinforcement for
anchorage
– Shear lugs
361 362
142
Sections Ch. 17 – Anchoring to Concrete
• 17.1 Scope • 17.9 Edge distances, Scope

• 17.2 General spacings, and • Headed studs and
thicknesses to
• 17.3 Design limits headed bolts
preclude splitting
• 17.4 Required strength failure • Hooked bolts
• 17.5 Design strength • Post-installed
• 17.10 Earthquake-
• 17.6 Tensile strength resistant design undercut anchors
• 17.7 Shear strength requirements • Post-installed
• 17.8 Tension and • 17.11 Attachments expansion anchors
shear interaction with shear lugs • Post-installed
adhesive anchors
363 364
145
Screw Anchors (17.3.4) Minimum Spacing (17.9.2a)
• For screw anchors satisfying: • Screw anchor spacing limited per Table
– hef ≥ 40 mm and 17.9.2a Greatest of:
– 5da ≤ hef ≤ 10da (a) Cover
Spacing > 0.6hef
• Manufacturer provides hef, Aef, hhole hef
and 6da
(b) 2 x max. agg.
and pullout strength hnom
(c) 6da or per
ACI 355.2
• Concrete breakout evaluated
similar to other anchors da
– 17.6.2 in tension
– 17.7.2 in shear
365 366
N 146
17.1.6 – Reinforcement used as anchorage 17.1.6 – Reinforcement used as anchorage
Consider an anchorage plate with many bars Check anchorage for bars
anchored in concrete. developed per Ch. 25
Is it sufficient to only provide ℓd for the bars? • Check concrete
breakout in tension (and
maybe shear)
• Greater development
ℓd length should be
considered
anchorage
plate
photo compliments of P. Carrato
367 368
148 151
Shear Lugs (17.11.1) Shear Lug Detailing (17.11.1.2)
Shear lugs are • Steel plate to have 25 mm dia. (min.) hole

fabricated from: • Single plate – one on each side
• Rectangular plates
or • Cross / cruciform plate - one each quadrant
• Steel shapes • More vent holes are not detrimental
composed of plate-
like elements,
welded to an
attachment base
plate
369 370
156 149
Stiffeners Shear Lugs (17.11.1)
• 17.11.2.3 - If used, the length of shear lug • Minimum four

stiffeners in the direction of the shear load anchors
shall not be less than 0.5hsl • Anchors do not
need to resist shear
forces if not welded
T/Conc • Anchors welded to
steel plate carry
Stiffener hsl
0.5hsl portion of total
shear load
Shear lug
371 372
150 152
Shear Lug Detailing (17.11.1.1.8) Shear Lug Overturning (17.11.1.1.9)
• Anchors in tension, satisfy both (a) and (b):

(a) hef/hsl ≥ 2.5
(b) hef/csl ≥ 2.5
hsl
hef
tsl
Csl
373 374
153 N
Bearing (17.11.2) Bearing Strength

Vbrg ,sl  1.7 f c' Aef ,sl  brg ,sl
Direction of
•  Vbrg,sl ≥ Vu shear load
• Where  = 0.65
Direction of
shear load
Source: Peter Carrato
375 376
157 158
17.11.2.2 – Bearing factor 17.11.2.4 – Bearing for Multiple Shear Lugs
Tension load
V
brg , sl  1.7 f A
ef , sl c
'
brg , sl  • If τ ≤ 0.2 f’c, use bearing from
• Ψbrg,sl = 1 + Pu/(nNsa) ≤ 1.0 both lugs
• Pu – negative for tension
• n – number of anchors in tension
• Nsa – Nominal tension strength of a single anchor
τ = Vu/(A1 + A2)
No applied axial load: Ψbrg,st = 1 A2

A1
Compression load: Ψbrg,sl = 1 + 4Pu/(Abpfc’) ≤ 2.0

• Pu – positive for compression
377 378
159 160
17.11.3 – Concrete breakout strength of

17.11.3.4 – Breakout for Multiple Shear Lugs
shear lugs
• Nominal concrete breakout strength of a • Determine for each potential breakout

shear lug surface
– Use Anchor provisions of 17.7.2 • Commentary directs to Fig. R17.7.2.1b
A
Vcb ,sl  Vc  ed ,V  c ,V  h,V Vb
AVco
• Where:
379 380
161 162
Shear Lug Example Shear Lug Example

• Can we replace upper ties with shear lug?
• Reinforced Concrete Design Manual – Remove shear from anchor rod design
• Anchorage example 20 75 mm – May reduce bolt size/length 400
Non‐shrink 110
• See handout grout – Simplify design
50 typ.
40 mmx 535 mmx 535 mm
(2) #13 diamond ties in top 125 mm steel plate
DV = 265 kN No. 13
LV = 335 kN 200 mm ties ties
(8) No. 25
W360
WV = ±755 kN 200 400 800
DH = ± 36 kN
75
800 mm
LH = ± 40 kN 300

WH = ±53 kN 75
660 mm 800
200 mm
Pedestal
800 mm
f’c = 31 MPa
381 382
163 164
Size Shear Lug Shear Lug Example
• Size shear lug so entire lug is effective • Check anchor rod depth (only required if
– tsl = 40 mm attachment has tension)
– Width = 40 mm+ 4(40 mm) – hef/hsl ≥ 2.5 → hef = 2.5 (75 mm) = 190 mm
V
= 200 mm – hef/csl ≥ 2.5 → hef = 2.5 (200 mm) = 500 mm (controls)
– Depth = 75 mm + 75 mm T/Conc
= 150 mm 75 mm – Increase rod embedment
– Stiffeners at least 0.5 hsl or 40 mm wide 40 mm from 450 mm to 500 mm hsl = 75
hef
csl = 200
400
383 384
165 166
Strength Checks Bearing Strength Check

V
• Vua,g ≤ Vbrg,sl (bearing) • Vua,g ≤ Vbrg,sl (bearing)
≤ Vcb,sl (concrete breakout) – Vua,g = 133 kN 1.7 f’c
•  = 0.65 – Vbrg,sl = 1.7 f’c Aef,sl Ψbrg,sl
40 mm x 535 mm x 535 mm • For tension on attachment, bearing is reduced
steel plate
W360
– Pu = -516 kN (Max. vertical tension from, 1.2D ± 1.0W)
– Ψbrg,sl = 1+Pu/(nNsa)
75 – = 1+(-516 kN)/(4 rods(323 kN/rod))= 0.601
75
– Vbrg,sl = 1.7 (31 MPa)(200 mm)(75 mm)(0.601) = 475 kN
660 mm
• Vbrg,sl = 0.65 (475 kN) = 309 kN > 133 kN OK

385 386
167 168
Concrete Breakout Strength Check Concrete Breakout Strength Check
• Vua,g ≤ Vcb,sl (concrete breakout) • Vcb,sl = (AVc/AVc0) Ψed,V Ψc,V Ψh,V Vb

• Vcb,sl = (AVc/AVc0) Ψed,V Ψc,V Ψh,V Vb – AVc0 = 4.5 ca12 = 4.5(380 mm)2 =649,800 mm2
– AVc = [75 + 1.5 (800 -75)/2](800)-(75)(200) = 6,498 cm2
= 501,000 mm2 = 5,010 cm2
AVco
V ca1 = 380 mm ca1 = 380 mm
1.5 ca1
75 mm
1.5 ca1
572 mm
800 mm
800 mm 800 mm
387 388
169 170
Concrete Breakout Strength Check Concrete Breakout Strength Check
• Vcb,sl = (AVc/AVc0) Ψed,V Ψc,V Ψh,V Vb • Vcb,sl = (AVc/AVc0) Ψed,V Ψc,V Ψh,V Vb
– Ψed,V = edge effect modification factor – Ψc,V = concrete cracking modification factor
= 0.7 + 0.3ca2/(1.5ca1) – Assume cracking and No. 4 ties between lug and
= 0.7+0.3(300)/(1.5(380))=0.86 edge (see Table 17.7.2.5.1)
– Ψc,V = 1.2
ca1 = 380 mm
– Ψh,V = member thickness modification factor

ca2 = 300 mm
=1.0 (depth > 1.5 ca1)
800 mm
– Vb = 3.7λaf’c(ca1)1.5
= 3.7(1)(31 MPa)(380 mm)1.5 = 153 kN
389 390
171 39
Concrete Breakout Strength Check

ACI 318-19
• Vcb,sl = (AVc/AVc0) Ψed,V Ψc,V Ψh,V Vb
= (5,010 cm2/6,498 cm2)(0.86)(1.2)(1.0)(153 kN)
Design Standard
= 122 kN
Existing Structures
• Vcb,sl = 0.65 (122 kN)
= 79 kN < 133 kN No Good
391 392
40 41
1.4—Applicability Concrete designs governed by other ACI codes
1.4.1 This Code shall apply to concrete

structures designed and constructed under the
requirements of the general building code.
216 - Fire 307 - Chimneys 313 - Silos 332 – Residential
349 – Nuclear Facilities 350 – Environmental 359 – Nuclear Contain.

1.4.3 Applicable provisions of this Code shall
be permitted to be used for structures not
governed by the general building code.
369 – Seismic Retrofit 376 – RLG Containment 437 – Strength Evaluation 562 - Repair
393 394
42 43
Design recommendations provided in guides 1.4.2—Repair

• Slabs-on-ground (ACI 360R)
1.4.2 Provisions of this Code shall be permitted
• Blast-resistant structures (ACI 370R) to be used for the assessment, repair, and
• Wire Wrapped Tanks (ACI 372R) rehabilitation of existing structures.
R1.4.2 Specific provisions for assessment,

repair, and rehabilitation of existing concrete
structures are provided in ACI 562-19. Existing
structures in ACI 562 are defined as structures
that are complete and permitted for use.
395 396
44 45
Chapter 27 – Strength Evaluation of Existing

27.4.6.2—Total test load, Tt
Structures
Applies when strength is in doubt Greatest of:
• Well understood – analytical evaluation (a) Tt = 1.15D + 1.5L + 0.4(Lr or S or R)
• Not well understood – load test →Tt = 1.0Dw + 1.1Ds + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
– Monotonic procedure, ACI 318 (b) Tt = 1.15D + 0.9L + 1.5(Lr or S or R)
– Cyclic procedure, ACI 437.2
→ Tt = 1.0Dw + 1.1Ds + 1.0L + 1.6(Lr or S or R)
(c) Tt = 1.3D
→Tt = 1.3(Dw + Ds)
397 398
443 446
ACI 318-19 An Invitation to Join – ACI Membership

Design Standard
Closing Remarks 30,000 members form the premier community

dedicated to the best use of concrete
– Free access to ACI’s 200+ guides reports
– Concrete International, Structural Journal, Materials Journal
– ACI University, discounts, Q+A opportunities, and more
Learn more and join: concrete.org/membership
399 400
447
WWW.CONCRETE.ORG/ACI318 401
401

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1 3

ACI 318-19 Learning Objectives

1. Understand where higher grades of

Today’s Seminar Today’s Seminar

• Major changes • Major changes

Today’s Seminar Why Do We Change ACI 318?

• Changes from ACI 318M-14 to ACI 318-19 • Reflects new research

318M-14 318-19 – Collapses or construction accidents

Resources ACI 318-19

• ACI 318 Variety of formats, including:

• ACI Reinforced Concrete Design Handbook Versions

Speaker Notes ACI Design Handbook

ACI Design Handbook ACI 318 Building Code Portal

• 1: Building Systems • 9: Columns

ACI 318-19 Major goals of ACI 318 organization

ACI 318 Style Navigation

Part 1: General Part 1: General

• 1: General • 3: Referenced Standards

– dagg = nominal maximum size of coarse Precast/

recycled aggregates including crushed hydraulic

medium to form concrete or mortar. Serviceability

Part 2: Loads & Analysis Part 3: Members

• 7: One-Way Slabs • 11: Walls

• 6: Structural Analysis • 9: Beams • 13: Foundations

Typical member chapter sections ACI 318-19

Part 4: Joints / Connections / Anchors Part 5: Seismic

• 15: Beam-column and

Part 6: Materials & Durability Part 7: Strength & Serviceability

• 19: Concrete: Design and Durability

(Credit: PCA) • 22: Sectional Strength

Organization Part 7: Strength & Serviceability

9.5.2.2 — If Pu ≥ 0.10f’cAg, • 24: Serviceability

Part 8: Reinforcement Part 9: Construction

• 26: Construction Documents and Inspection

Part 10: Evaluation Benefits of ACI 318 organization

• Organized from a designer’s perspective

ACI 318-19 ACI 318-19

Bar instability and low-cycle fatigue

120 A706, Grade 100 (690) 800

Table 20.2.2.4(a) Ch. 20 – Steel Reinforcement Properties

• Section 20.2.2.5 specifies

Changes to the Concrete

• Shotcrete equals Why Shotcrete?

Shotcrete - Minimum Spacing of Shotcrete - Minimum Spacing of

Shotcrete –Splices Shotcrete

• 25.5.1.6 Non-contact lap

• Mockup panels Construction Documents and Inspection

• 26.4.2 - Concrete mixture requirements • 26.5.2.1: Placement and consolidation

• 26.5.2.1: Placement and consolidation 26.5.3: Curing Satisfying (1) – (3)

26.12—Evaluation and 26.12.2 Frequency of testing

26.12.4 Acceptance criteria for shotcrete 26.12.4 Acceptance criteria

ACI 318-19 Changes in materials

New materials allowed New materials allowed

• Alternative cements (26.4.1.1) Courtesy: PCA

– Inorganic cements used as 100% replacement of • Documented test data confirms

ACI 318-19 Changes in durability

Structural walls in SDC D, E, and F

• Large differences for HSC (f′c > 56 MPa),

• Reduces neutral axis depth for improved

19.2.2.2 Modulus of Elasticity Contract Document Information

Ec can be specified based on testing • Members for which Ec testing of concrete

Changes in durability and materials Table 19.3.2.1 – Allowable chloride limits