OBJECTIVE:

To determine the eutectic temperature and eutectic composition for naphthalene-p-

nitrotoluene system.
LABORATORY REPORT
INTRODUCTION:
CHM 213
A eutectic system is a mixture of chemical compounds or elements that has a single chemical
composition that solidifies(PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY)
at a lower temperature than any other composition. The
composition
1. MUHAMMAD MIRZA HIZAMI BIN RAJIEI the temperature
is known as eutectic composition and is known as eutectic
2019289394
temperature. If the eutectic composition and eutectic temperature is plotted on a phase
diagram, the intersection between them is called eutectic point.
Eutectic
GROUPreaction is an invariant reaction because : 1 it is in thermal equilibrium, so another way
to define this is the Gibbs free energy is equal to zero. This means the liquid and two solid
PROGRAMME
solution all coexist at the same time and are in:chemical
AS115 2A equilibrium. There is also a thermal
arrest for the duration of
NO. AND TITLE OF EXPERIMENT the reaction. :6 - Phase Equilibrium 1 (Phase Diagram)

PROCEDURES:
DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 15 / 4 / 2020
1.DATE OFsubstance
2 set of REPORTare
SUBMISSION : 8 / 5 / 2020
weighed: Set 1 p-nitrotoluene are added into naphthalene
NAME OF LECTURER (procedure A): DR. NUR ROYHAILA MOHAMAD
Set 2 naphthalene are added into p-nitrotoluene
(procedure B)
Laboratory Report Marking Scheme:
Procedure A Criteria Full Marks (to be filled by
Mark(s) lecturer)
p-nitrotoluene
Objective of the(g)
Experiment 0 1 2 3
naphthalene (g)
Introduction 3 3 3 3
Experimental Procedure
Results and Observations
Procedure B
Calculations
Discussion
naphthalene (g) 0 1 2 3
Conclusion
p-nitrotoluene (g) 3 3 3 3
Answers to Questions
References
Format
2. For each composition, the solid composition are put into a large test tube. The test tube are
Total Marks
warmed in the water bath for the solid to dissolved completely. The test tube are placed in an
empty beaker. The freezing point temperature are noted when the mixture start to cool.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

Procedure A:

p-nitrotoluene (g) 0 1 2 3
naphthalene (g) 3 3 3 3
Freezing point temperature (°C) 80 69 57 34
Percentage of naphthalene (%) 100 88 75 50

Procedure B:

naphthalene (g) 0 1 2 3
p-nitrotoluene (g) 3 3 3 3
Freezing point temperature (°C) 100 78 56 34
Percentage of naphthalene (%) 0 17 40 50

1. Plot the phase diagram naphthalene/p-nitrotoluene system (temperature versus percent

naphthalene). In the diagram label the following:

Eutectic temperature
Eutectic composition
All areas
Freezing/melting point of pure solid

120

100
Freezing point temperature (°C)

80

60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
2. What are the precautions that you take while doing the experiments? Give a few examples.
The precautions that need to be taken is make sure that the test tubes is clean from any
chemical or compound. To avoid the parallax error, the correct way to take the reading need
to be known to get accurate reading of temperature. Handle the experiment with care as there
is a need to use hot water so injury can be avoid during the experiment.

QUESTION:

1. What is the effect of adding p-nitrotoluene to the freezing points of naphthalene?

The effect of adding p-nitrotoluene into the naphthalene decrease the freezing point of
naphthalene. Its decrease as solutes can change the freezing point of solvent.

2. Define a eutectic mixture.

A eutectic mixture is defined as a mixture of two or more components which usually do
not interact to form a new chemical compound but, which at certain ratios, inhibit the
crystallization process of one another resulting in a system having a lower melting point than
either of the components.

3. The melting points of cadmium and bismuth are 321°C and 271°C respectively. A mixture
of cadmium and bismuth forms a eutectic mixture at 147°C containing a mole fraction of
cadmium of 0.6.
i) Skech the freezing point-composition (eutectic) diagram for the cadmium-bismuth system
on a sheet of graph paper.

350

300

250
The Melting Point °C

200

150

100

50

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ii) And, then describe the physical nature of a mixture of cadmium and bismuth, in the mole
ratio of 1:3, at 180°C.
Cadmium – a shiny metal with bluish cast (shade) to it. It is very soft and can almost be
scratched with a fingernail.
Bismuth – a soft, silvery metal with a bright, shiny surface and a yellowish or pinkish
tinge. The metal breaks easily and cannot worked with at room temperature.

CONCLUSION:

For this experiment, the eutectic temperature and the composition of the eutectic mixture for
the naphthalene and p-nitrotoluene system were determined.