Integration-Indenite

Concepts and Problems

Vidyalankar Institute

Lecture slides

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Outline

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Integration as reverse of Dierentiation

Denition

A function F (x ) is called the antiderivativea of the function f (x ) on

the interval [a, b ] if at all points of the interval F (x ) = f (x ).
0

a Note
if the antiderivative exists then its not unique, there is a family of
antiderivative for a function which diers among by a constant

Denition

IfF (x ) is the antiderivative of f (x ) then F (x ) + c is dened as the

indenite integral of f (x ) denoted as f (x ) dx , thus we have
R

Z
f (x ) dx = F (x ) + C if F 0 (x ) = f (x )

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Existense of antiderivatives

Example

Is this function derivative of any function continuous on [−1, 1]

, −1 ≤ x < 0
(
0
f (x ) =
1 ,0 ≤ x ≤ 1

Theorem

Continuity of f on [a, b] is sucient for f to have an antiderivative

on [a, b] but note continuity is not the necessarya condition.
x 2 sin 1

, x 6= 0
a Derivative of ϕ is not continuous, where ϕ(x ) = x
0 ,x = 0
Derivative of ϕ(x ) exists (say ψ(x )) at all points but is not continuous on R,
means ψ(x ) is not continuous but is derivative of φ (x )

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Properties of Denite integration

Theorem

1 if F 0 (x ) = f (x ) then
Z 0
f (x ) dx = (F (x ) + C )0 = F 0 (x ) = f (x )

2 Dierential of integral is the integrand

Z 
d f (x ) dx = f (x ) dx

3 Indenite integral of dierential of some function is equal to

this function plus arbitrary constant
Z
dF (x ) = F (x ) + C

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Basic integrals from derivatives

Basic Integrals

d n x n+1
1 x = nx n−1 ⇐⇒ x n dx = +c
R
dx n+1
d
2 sin x = cos x ⇐⇒ cos x dx = sin x + c
R
dx
d
3 cos x = − sin x ⇐⇒ sin x dx = − cos x + c
R
dx
d
tan x = sec x ⇐⇒
4 2 R
sec x dx = tan x + c
2
dx
d
cot x = − csc x ⇐⇒
5 2 R
csc x dx = − cot x + c
2
dx
d
6 sec x = sec x tan x ⇐⇒ sec x tan x dx = sec x + c
R
dx
d
7 csc x = − csc x cot x ⇐⇒ csc x cot x dx = − csc x + c
R
dx

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Basic integrals from derivatives

Basic Integrals

d x
1 e = e x ⇐⇒ e x dx = e x + c
R
dx
d x ax
2 a = ax ln a ⇐⇒ ax dx = +c
R
dx ln a
d 1 R 1
3 ln |x | = ⇐⇒ dx = ln |x | + c
dx x x
d −1 1 1
4 x=√ dx = sin−1 x + c
R
sin ⇐⇒ √
dx 1−x 2 1 − x2
d −1 x = 1 1
5 dx = tan−1 x + c
R
tan ⇐⇒
dx 1+x 2 1 + x2
d −1 x = 1 1
6 dx = sec−1 x + c
R
sec √ ⇐⇒ √
dx |x | x 2 − 1 |x | x 2 − 1

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Problems - elementary integrals

Examples

R (1 + x )3 4 (sec x + tan x )2 dx
R
1 √ dx
x x 5 a b dx
R mx nx

2 sec x cosec x dx
2 2 x
R
tan
6 dx
R
R x 2 + cos2 x sec x + tan x
3 cosec 2 x dx 7
R
sin 2x sin 3x dx
1 + x2

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Properties of indenite integrals

Theorem
1 Integral of sum of two or more functions is sum of their
integrals
Z Z Z
f (x ) ± g (x ) dx = f (x ) dx ± g (x ) dx

2 Integral of scalar multiple of a function is scalar multiple of the

integral of that function
Z Z
c · f (x ) dx = c f (x ) dx

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Methods of integration - Substitution
Substitution

If we need to evaluate Z
f (x ) dx
we can substitute x = ϕ(t ) =⇒ dx = ϕ 0 (t ) dt
Z Z
∴ f (x ) dx = f (ϕ(t ))ϕ 0 (t ) dt

Corollary

1
1 If F 0 (x ) = f (x ) =⇒ f (ax + b) dx = F (ax + b) + c
R
a
Using this extend all the elementary formulae
R f 0 (x )
2 dx = ln |f (x )| + c
f (x )
(f (x ))n+1
3 (f (x ))n f 0 (x ) dx = +c
R
n+1
R Mathematics@Vidyalankar
1 Institute Integration-Indenite
Problems - Substitution

Examples

x +3
1 dx
R
(x + 2)2
8x + 13
2 dx
R
√
4x + 7

1 x4
3 dx = f (x ) + c dx
R R
If then evaluate
x +x 5 x + x5

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Extension of formulae from basic

Extended from elementary

1 x dx = ln | sec x | + c
R
tan

2 cot x dx = ln | sin x | + c
R
 x π 
3 dx = ln | sec x + tan x | + c = ln tan +c
R
sec +
2 4
4 cosec dx = ln |cosec x − cot x | + c = ln | tan (x /2) | + c
R

1 1 x
5 dx = tan−1 + c
R
x +a
2 2 a  a 
1 1 x −a
6 dx x +a+c
R
= ln 
x 2 − a2 2a


1 1
7 dx = − dx
R R
a2 − x 2 x 2 − a2

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Extended from elementary

Extended from elementary that can be further extended

1 x
1 dx = sin−1 + c x = a sin θ
R
√ put
a2 − x 2 a
1
 
dx = ln x + x 2 + a2  + c x = a tan θ
p
2
R
√ put
x2 + a 2
1
 
dx = ln x + x 2 − a2  + c x = a sec θ
p
3
R
√ put
x2 − a 2

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Integration by parts

Theorem

For u and v functions of x, the dierential of their product is

Z Z
d (uv ) = udv − vdu =⇒ udv = uv − vdu

Extended from elementary and used further to extend

R√ x √ 2 2 a2 −1 x
1 a2 − x 2 dx = a − x + sin + c using IBP
2 2 a
R√ x √ 2 2 a2  p 2 2 
2 x 2 + a2 dx = x + a + ln x + x + a  + c IBP
2 2
R√ x √ 2 2 a2  p 2 2 
3 x 2 − a2 dx = x − a − ln x + x − a  + c IBP
2 2
e (f (x ) + f 0 (x )) dx = e x f (x ) + c
R x
4

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Problems - Integration by parts

Examples

1 xe x dx 8
R

(f (x )g 00 (x ) − f 00 (x )g (x )) dx
R 3
x sin x dx
R
2
−1
3 x dx
R
sin
9 Prove the formulae
e sin x dx
R x
4
generated in the previous
5 x ln x dx
R
slide
R sin−1 x
6 e dx x
e dx
R x
10
e sin bx dx
R ax
7
(x + 1)2

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Booklet Problems-Substitution & Integration by parts
Examples

1 + cos 4x 1
dx dx
R R
cot x − tan x x (x n + 1)
sin3 x cos x2 dx 1
dx
R
R
(a2 − x 2 )3/2

For any natural number m, evaluate

1/m
x 3m + x 2m + x m 2x 2m + 3x m + 6 dx
Z  

where x >0
If
4e x + 6e −x
Z
dx = Ax + B ln(9e 2x − 4) + C
9e x − 4e −x
then nd the values of A,B,C

sin(ln x ) dx x ln(x + 1) dx
R R

x sin 2x cos 3x dx
R

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Partial Fractions
To resolve a proper fraction P /Q into its simplest set of partial fractions
1 To a non-repeated factor x − a of Q there corresponds a fractiona of the
form
A
x −a
2 To a factor (x − b)n of Q there corresponds a group of the form
B1 +
B2 +···+
Bn
(x − b ) (x − b )2 (x − b )n
3 To a non-repeated quadratic factor x 2 + px + q of Q there corresponds a
fraction of the form 2
Cx + D
x + px + q
4 To a factor (x 2 + px + q )n of Q there corresponds a group of the form
C1 x + D1 + C 2 x + D2 + · · · + Cn x + Dn
x 2 + px + q (x 2 + px + q )2 (x 2 + px + q )n
where A, Bi , Ci , Di are all independent of x
aA fraction P /Q where P , Q are polynomials, is termed proper fraction if
deg (P ) < deg (Q ) else its dened as improper fraction
Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite
Partial Fractions

Example

1 Use Heaviside Cover up method

a and write
x2 + 1
into its partial fractions form
(x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3)
2x + 7
2 dx into partial
R
fractions form
(x + 1)(x 2 + 4)
R (x − a ) ( x − b ) ( x − c )
3 dx
(x − α) (x − β ) (x − γ)
a But only true for linear factor with no repetition

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Special substitution

Substitutions
 2  2
1 1 1
1 x+ = x− + 4 = x2 + 2 + 2
x x x
   
1 1
2 d x+ = 1 − 2 dx
x x
   
1 1
3 d x− = 1 + 2 dx
x x

x2 + 1 x2
1 dx 3 dx
R R
x4 + 1 x4 + 1
x2 − 1 1
2 dx 4 dx
R R
x4 + 1 x4 + 1

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Quadratic integrands
1
Q dx
Z

factorizing ax 2 + bx + c and then taking help from partial fractions

if notR factorizable Rthen form perfect square format in denominator and
use x 2 +1 a2 dx or x 2 −1 a2 dx

1
dx
Z
√
Q
use √a21−x 2 dx , √x 21−a2 dx , √ 1 dx by completing the square
R R R
x 2 +a 2
format in the denominator

Q dx
Z p

R√ R√ R√
use a2 − x 2 dx , x 2 − a2 dx , x 2 + a2 dx by completing the square
format inside the square-root

Note Q = ax 2 + bx + c
Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite
Problems

1
1 dx
R
2x 2 + 8x + 20
R√
2 x 2 + 2x + 5 dx
1
3 dx
R
√
3−2 x − x2
x
4 dx
R
√
a2 − x 4
x
5 dx
R
x 4 + a2

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Quadratic Integrands

LZ Z
L Z p
dx , √ dx , L Q dx
Q Q
where L = px + q and Q = ax + bx + c
2

dQ
 
Write L = µ + λ and solve to nd µ and λ
dx
R L R µQ0 + λ R λ
dx = dx = µ ln |Q | + dx
Q Q Q
R L R µQ0 + λ √ R 1
√ dx = √ dx = 2µ Q + λ √ dx
Q Q Q
R √ √ Q 3/ 2 R√
L Q dx = (µ Q 0 + λ ) Q dx = µ Q dx
R
+λ
3/2

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Problems

x +3
1 dx
R
x 2 − 2x − 5
x +3
5
2 dx
R
√
x 2 + 4√x + 10
3 (x − 5) x 2 + x dx
R

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Quadratic Integrands

Z
Q1 Z Q1 Z
dx , √ dx , Q1 Q2 dx
p
Q2 Q2
where Q1 = ax + bx + c and Q2 = px + qx + r
2 2

Put Q1 = µ Q2 + λ Q20 + γ , solve to nd µ, λ , γ . So we have

R Q1 R µ Q2 + λ Q20 + γ
dx dx = µ + λ ln |Q2 | + γ Q1 dx
R
=
Q2 Q2 2
R Q1 R µ Q2 + λ Q20 + γ
dx = µ Q2 dx + 2λ Q2 + γ √1 dx
R√ √
√ dx =
R
√
Q2 Q2 Q2
√ √
Q1 Q2 dx = (µ Q2 + λ Q2 + γ) Q2 dx
0
R R

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Quadratic Integrands

√
1 L R L2
1 √ dx , √ 1 dx , dx L2 = t 2
R R
then put
L1 L2 L2 L1
1
2 √ dx L = t2
R
then put
Q L  
1 1 1 1
3 dx L= Note : dx : L =
R R
√ then put √
L Q t Ln Q t
1 1
4 dx x= Qi
R
√ then put note are pure quadratic i.e.
Q1 Q2 t
Qi = ai x 2 + bi then t2 = u

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Problems

1
1 dx
R
√
(x − 1) x 2 + 4
1+x
r
2 (x − 2) dx
R
1−x
1
3 dx
R
√
(1 − x 2 ) 1+ x2
1
4 dx
R
√
(x − 3) x + 1
1
5 dx
R
√
(2x − 3) 4 x − x2

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Quadratic Integrands

ϕ(x )
dx ϕ(x ) n
R
√ where is polynomial of degree
ax 2 + bx + c

ϕ(x ) 1
Z Z
dx = f (x ) ax 2 + bx + c + λ √ dx
p
√
ax 2 + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c
√
Dierentiate and multiply ax 2 + bx + c we get
1
ϕ(x ) = f 0 (x )(ax 2 + bx + c ) + (2ax + b)f (x ) + λ
2

Note here f is a polynomial of degree n − 1

Example
R 2√
x3 − x − 1 x x 2 + 4 dx
dx
R
√
x 2 + 2x + 2
Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite
Rationalization of special algebraic irrational expressions

If integrand is a rational function of fractional powers of an

x R x x x
, p1 /q1 , p2 /q2 , . . . , pk /qk x


independent variable , i.e.
then the integrand can be rationalized by x = t m where
m = LCM (q1 , q2 , . . . , qk )
ax + b
Moreover if x is replaced by in the function R (· · · )
cx + d
ax + b
then we make the substitution = t m where same,
cx + d
m = LCM (q1 , q2 , . . . , qk )

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Problems

Example
√ √
x+ 3x
1 √ dx ,
R
√4 5
x − 6 x7
R (2x − 3)1/2
2 dx
(2x − 3)1/3 + 1
1
3 dx
R
q
3
(x + 1)2 (x − 1)4
1
4 ! dx
R
x −1
r
3
x 2+
x

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Miscellaneous Problems

5 x 4 + 4x 5
1 dx
R
(x 5 + x + 1)2
1+x
2 1

2 dx
R
√
1 − x2 1 + x2 + x4

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Integration of a Binomial dierential

x m (a + bx n )p dx m, n, p ∈ Q
Z

Solvable cases

1 p ∈ Z+ then we expand (a + bx n ) using binomial but if p<0

the we put x = t k where k is common denominator of the
fractions m and n
m+1
2 if ∈ Z then a + bx n = t α where α is denominator of
n
fraction p
m+1
3 if + p ∈ Z then a + bx n = t α x n where α is denominator
n
of fraction p

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Problems

R√ √
2
1 3 x 2+ x dx
R −2/3
−1
2 x 1+ x 2/3 dx
√
3x
p
1+
3 dx
R
√
3
x2
R −11
−1/2
4 x 1+ x4 dx
√
3 4 x
p
1+
5 dx
R
√
x
1
6 dx
R
√
x4 1+ x2

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Euler substitution

√
R (x , ax 2 + bx + c ) dx
R
Integrals of the form can be evaluated
using one of the three euler substituations.
√ √
1 ax 2 + bx + c = t ± x a if a > 0
√ √
2 ax 2 + bx + c = tx ± c if c > 0
√
3 ax 2 + bx + c = (x − α)t if ax 2 + bx + c = a (x − α) (x − β )
Example

1
dx
R
√
1+ x 2 + 2x + 2

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Trigonometric substitution
Z
sinm x cosn x dx

1 if n is an odd number, the substitution sin x = t

2 if m is odd, the substitution cos x = t

3 if m + n is even,

1 m and n both non-negative even numbers then reduce power

1 + cos 2x 1 − cos 2x
using cos2 x = and sin2 x =
2 2
2 either or both of m and n is negative then we put tan x = t or
cot x = t

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Problems
Examples
3
sin x
1 dx t = cos x
R
√
3 power of sin is odd,
cos2 x
cos
3x
2 dx m, n not both non-negative hence t = cot x
R
3
sin x
4
sin x cos x dx m,n even, reduce power but also think!
3
R 6

R sin2 x
4 dx t = tan x
cos6 x
R cos4 x
6 dx
5
sin x
1
6 dx
R
cos4 x
1
7 dx
R
√3 11
sin x cos x
tan x dx
8
R 7

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Trigonometric substitution
Z
R (sin x , cos x ) dx

1 Use universal substitution t = tan x2 =⇒ sin x = 1+2tt 2 ,

1−t 2
cos = x1+t 2 and = 12+dtt 2
dx
2 But before you use universal substitution, try

1 if R (− sin x , cos x ) → −R (sin x , cos x ) : put t = cos x

2 R (sin x , − cos x ) → −R (sin x , cos x ) : put t = sin x
3 R (− sin x , − cos x ) → R (sin x , cos x ) : put t = tan x

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Trigonometric substitution

a cos x + b sin x R ae x + be −x
1 dx , dx : Nr = λ Dr + µ(Dr )0
R
p cos x + q sin x pe x + qe −x
1 1 1
2 dx , dx ,
dx ,
R R R
a cos2 x + b sin
x 2
a + b sin x a + b cos2 x
2
1 1
2 dx ,

dx : Divide by
R R
(a cos x + b sin x ) a + b cos x + c sin2 x
2

cos x both Nr & Dr, t = tan x

2
1 1 1
3 dx , dx , dx
R R R
: Use
a + b cos x a + b sin x a + b cos x + c sin x
universal substitution
p cos x + q sin x + r
4 dx
R
If can be simplied by writing
a cos x + b sin x + c
d
Nr = λ Dr + µ Dr + γ
dx

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Problems

Examples

1 (Using universal substitution)

1
dx Universal substitution
R
1
sin x (2 + cos x − 2 sin x )
1
dx Universal substitution
R
2
5 + sin x + 3 cos x
1
2 dx multi, sin(x), put t = cos x
R
sin x (2 cos2 x − 1)
2
sin x cos x
3 dx Universal substitution
R
sin x + cos x
1
4 dx Dr + µ Dr 0
R
Nr=λ
1 + cot x
1
5 dx t = tan x
R
put
2
2 sin x + 2 sin x cos x + cos2 x

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite

Reduction Formula
Denition

Any formula which expresses an integral in terms of another integral which is

simpler and is of the same class as the rst, is called the reduction formula for
the rst integral

Examples

n cos x sinn−1 x n − 1
1 In = x dx (n ∈ Z+ ) then In = − I
R
sin +
n n n−2
Hence derive sin6 x dx and sin5 x dx
R R
1

x cosn−1 x n − 1
sin
2 In = n x dx (n ∈ Z+ ) I = I
R
cos then n +
n n n−2
tan
n−1 x
3 In = tann x dx (n ∈ Z+ ) then In = − In−2
R
n−1
− cotn−1 x
4 In = cotn x dx (n ∈ Z+ ) then In = − In−2
R
n−1
Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite
Reduction formula

Examples

n−2
tan sec
n−2 x
1 In = n x dx (n ∈ Z+ ) I = I
R
sec then n −
n−1 n − 1 n−2
− cot x cscn−2 x n − 2
2 In = cscn x dx (n ∈ Z+ ) then In = I
R
+
n−1 n − 1 n−2
3 Im,n = sinm x sinn x dx (m, n ∈ Z+ ) then
R
m +1
sin x cosn−1 x n − 1
Im,n = + I
m+n m + n m,n−2
4 Im,n = cosm x cos nx dx (m, n ∈ Z+ ) then
R

cos x sin nx m
m
Im,n = + I
n m + n m−1,n−1

Mathematics@Vidyalankar Institute Integration-Indenite